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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2022 7:59:19 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Military Hans Högman Copyright © Hans Högman 2020-02-20 Made with Xara Army Rank Insignias, Sweden Insignias:Previous page IntroductionFöljande gradbeteckningar är de som gäller från den 1 oktober 2019, enligt 2019-års befälsordning. Arméns gradbeteckningar bärs på axelklaffarna. Detta gäller både för skjorta och uniformsjacka/rock. På fältuniformens jackor bärs gradbeteckningen på vänster kragspegel.På skjortan till fältuniformen bärs gradbeteckningarna på vänster bröst.På uniformsjackorna bärs tecknet för truppslaget på höger kragspegel (infanteri, artilleri etc).Bilderna på gradbeteckningarna nedan som visas med grön botten är de som används på fältuniformen m/90. På den sk. permissionsuniformen, m/87A, har gradbeteckningarna en botten av blå/grå färg.På alla gradbeteckningar upp till överste finns förutom själva gradbeteckningen även förbandstecknet. I exemplen nedan används kavalleriets förbandssymbol .The rank insignias below are valid from 1 October 2019. The rank insignias of the Swedish Army are worn on shoulders only. That is true for both shirt as well as jacket/coat. No insignias are worn on sleeves or collars.However, the insignias worn on the combat uniform are worn on the left collar. The emblem of the branch of the army that the regiment belongs to (infantry, artillery etc.) is worn on the right collar.The insignias worn on the shirt of the combat uniform are worn on the left side of the chest. The images of the rank insignias shown below on a green bottom are the insignias worn on the combat uniform. The rank insignias below on a blue/grey bottom are the ones used on the service dress uniform of the army. For all ranks up to colonel, the emblem of the unit is on the insignias as well. In the examples below the emblem is the cavalry emblem - two crossed swords.Menig / Private soldiers Corresponding US ranks:1.Menig, menig 1 & 2 = Private (E-1) 2.Menig 3 & 4 = Private (E-2)3.Vicekorpral = Private First Class (E-3)--•Menig, menig 1 & menig 2 = OR 1•Menig 3 & menig 4 = OR 2•Vicekorpral = OR 3Gradbeteckningarna i grönt är de som används fältuniformen m/90 och de i blå/grått på uniform m/87A.Corresponding US ranks:1.Korpral = Corporal (E-4)2.Furir = Sergeant (E-5)3.Överfurir = -----Korpral = OR 4Furir och överfurir = OR 5Related links•Militära tjänstegrader 2019, Jämförelse SWE / UK / USA, Comparison of Military Ranks•Befälsordningen i det svenska försvaret, nutid •Militära tjänstegrader Armén - Historik•Militära tjänstegrader Flottan - Historik •Uniformer vid den svenska Armén•Uniforms of the Swedish ArmyReference Literature•Militära tjänstegrader, Försvarsmakten / Swedish military ranks: www.mil.se/sv/ •Militärordbok på engelska och svenska av Sven krigsman och Jörgen Svensson, 1999•Wikipedia•NationalencyklopedinIs it OK to copy material (text or images) from this page or from any other page on this website and publish it on your own homepage?The answer is NO! However, it is OK to have a link to my pages.Top of pageMilitära gradbeteckningar - Armén, 2019-års befälsordning / Military rank insignias - The Swedish Army from 2019Contents on this page:Gruppbefäl / Lower ranksOfficerare / Officers Corresponding US ranks:1.Fänrik = Second Lieutenant [OF 1]2.Löjtnant = First Lieutenant [OF 1]3.Kapten = Captain [OF 2] 4.Major = Major [OF 3] 5.Överstelöjtnant = Lieutenant Colonel [OF 4]6.Överste = Colonel [OF 5]Generaler / GeneralsCorresponding US ranks:1.Brigadgeneral = Brigadier General [OF 6]2.Generalmajor = Major General [OF 7]3.Generallöjtnant = Lieutenant General [OF 8]4.General = General [OF 9]Gradbeteckningarna i grönt är de som används fältuniformen m/90 och de i guld på uniform m/87A. xxxxx Swegen xxxxxxxxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLast updated 2020-02-24 07:34:02xxxx Mil xxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxSpecialistofficerare / Non Commissioned Officers (Enlisted ranks or Other ranks)Specialistofficerarnas gradbeteckningar hos gardesregementen är silverfärgade. Hos övriga arméregementen har de av bronsfärg. The enlisted ranks of the Life Guard regiments have insignias of silver, like on the image. Enlisted ranks of other regiments have insignias of bronze color.Corresponding US ranks:1.Sergeant = Staff Sergeant (E-6) [OR 6)2.Översergeant = -- [OR 6)3.Fanjunkare = Sergeant First Class (E-7) [OR 7)4.Förvaltare = Master Sergeant (E-8) [OR 8)5.Regementsförvaltare = Command Sergeant Major [OR 9) Åter till Militaria Insignias - HomeArmy Navy Air Force Amphibious Corps GenealogyHistoryMilitarySwedishIntroductionMeniga/PrivatesGruppbefäl/Lower ranksSpecialistofficerare/NCOsOfficersGeneralsPrevious pageNext page
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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2022 8:00:22 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Military Hans Högman Copyright © Hans Högman 2020-02-20 Made with Xara Navy Rank Insignias, Sweden Insignias:Previous pageIntroductionFöljande gradbeteckningar är de som gäller från den 1 oktober 2019, enligt 2019-års befälsordning.Flottans gradbeteckningar bärs på ärmarna. Detta gäller uniformsjacka/rock. På skjortor bärs dock gradbeteckningarna på axelklaffarna. Amiralspersoner bär gradbeteckningarna både på axelklaffarna och ärmarna till jacka/rock.Gradbeteckning bärs på båda ärmarna till innerkavaj m/48, kappa m/1878 och mässjacka m/1878.Gradbeteckning bärs på axelklaffshylsa till jacka och kappa m/87 samt till blå ylletröja m/87, trenchcoat m/84, skinnjacka m/90, sjörock 93, svart regnkappa och till vit skjorta m/78.På alla gradbeteckningar från korpral och upp till fänrik finns förutom själva gradbeteckningen även tecken för typ av tjänst, exempelvis tecken för maskin, artilleri etc. The rank insignias below are valid from 1 October 2019. The rank insignias of the Swedish Navy are worn on sleeves. That is true for the jacket/coat. However, the insignias worn on shirts are worn on the shoulders. Admirals wear the insignias on both sleeves and shoulders. The shoulder insignias looks different from those on the sleeves. Menig / Privates Corresponding US ranks:1.Menig, menig 1 & 2 = Seaman Recruit (E-1) 2.Menig 3 & 4 = Seaman Apprentice (E-2)3.Vicekorpral = Seaman (E-3)--•Menig, menig 1 & menig 2 = OR 1•Menig 3 & menig 4 = OR 2•Vicekorpral = OR 3Corresponding US ranks:1.Korpral = Petty Officer third Class (E-4)2.Furir = Petty Officer Second Class (E-5)3.Överfurir = -----Korpral = OR 4Furir och överfurir = OR 5Related links•Militära tjänstegrader 2019, Jämförelse SWE / UK / USA, Comparison of Military Ranks•Befälsordningen i det svenska försvaret, nutid •Militära tjänstegrader Armén - Historik•Militära tjänstegrader Flottan - Historik •Uniformer vid den svenska Flottan•Uniforms of the Swedish NavyReference Literature•Militära tjänstegrader, Försvarsmakten / Swedish military ranks: www.mil.se/sv/ •Militärordbok på engelska och svenska av Sven krigsman och Jörgen Svensson, 1999•Wikipedia•NationalencyklopedinIs it OK to copy material (text or images) from this page or from any other page on this website and publish it on your own homepage?The answer is NO! However, it is OK to have a link to my pages.Top of pageMilitära gradbeteckningar - Flottan, 2019-års befälsordning / Military rank insignias - The Swedish Navy from 2019Contents on this page:Gruppbefäl / Lower ranksOfficerare / Officers Corresponding US ranks:1.Fänrik = Ensign [OF 1]2.Löjtnant = Lieutenant Junior Grade [OF 1]3.Kapten = Lieutenant [OF 2] 4.Örlogskapten = Lieutenant Commander [OF 3] 5.Kommendörkapten = Commander [OF 4]6.Kommendör = Captain [OF 5]Amiraler / AdmiralsCorresponding US ranks:1.Flottiljamiral = Rear Admiral [OF 6]2.Konteramiral = Rear Admiral [OF 7]3.Viceamiral = Vice-Admiral [OF 8]4.Amiral = Admiral [OF 9] xxxxx Swegen xxxxxxxxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLast updated 2020-02-24 07:34:02xxxx Mil xxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxSpecialistofficerare / Non Commissioned Officers (Enlisted ranks or Other ranks)Corresponding US ranks:1.Sergeant = Petty Officer First Class (E-6) [OR 6)2.Översergeant = -- [OR 6)3.Fanjunkare = Chief Petty Officer (E-7) [OR 7)4.Förvaltare = Senior Chief Petty Officer (E-8) [OR 8)5.Regementsförvaltare = Command Master Chief Petty Officer [OR 9) Åter till Militaria Insignias - HomeArmy Navy Air Force Amphibious Corps GenealogyHistoryMilitarySwedishIntroductionMeniga/PrivatesGruppbefäl/Lower ranksSpecialistofficerare/NCOsOfficersAdmiralsPrevious pageNext page
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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2022 8:00:43 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Military Hans Högman Copyright © Hans Högman 2020-02-20 Made with Xara Air Force Rank Insignias, Sweden Insignias:Previous pageIntroductionGradbeteckning av guldfärgad galon bärs på axelklaff till vapenrock, jacka och kappa m/87 samt på axelklaffshylsa till blå ylletröja och skjorta m/78, på trenchcoat m/84, skinnjacka m/90, sjörock 93, svart regnkappa och på båda ärmarna till vapenrock m/30 och jacka m/38.Följande gradbeteckningar är de som använts i den svenska flygvapnet från 1 oktober 2019, 2019-års befälsordning:The same rank insignia are worn both on the sleeves as well as on the shoulders. Depending on the uniform they are either worn on the sleeves or the shoulders. The following rank insignia has been used by the Swedish Air Force from 1 October 2019.Menig / Privates Corresponding US ranks:1.Menig, menig 1 & 2 = Airman Basic (E-1) 2.Menig 3 & 4 = Airman (E-2)3.Vicekorpral = Airman First Class (E-3)--•Menig, menig 1 & menig 2 = OR 1•Menig 3 & menig 4 = OR 2•Vicekorpral = OR 3Corresponding US ranks:1.Korpral = Senior Airman (E-4)2.Furir = Staff Sergeant (E-5)3.Överfurir = -----Korpral = OR 4Furir och överfurir = OR 5Related links•Militära tjänstegrader 2019, Jämförelse SWE / UK / USA, Comparison of Military Ranks•Befälsordningen i det svenska försvaret, nutid •Militära tjänstegrader Armén - Historik•Militära tjänstegrader Flottan - Historik •Uniformer vid det svenska Flygvapnet•Uniforms of the Swedish Air ForceReference Literature•Militära tjänstegrader, Försvarsmakten / Swedish military ranks: www.mil.se/sv/ •Militärordbok på engelska och svenska av Sven krigsman och Jörgen Svensson, 1999•Wikipedia•NationalencyklopedinIs it OK to copy material (text or images) from this page or from any other page on this website and publish it on your own homepage?The answer is NO! However, it is OK to have a link to my pages.Top of pageMilitära gradbeteckningar - Flygvapnet, 2019-års befälsordning / Military Rank Insignias - The Swedish Air Force from 2019Contents on this page:Gruppbefäl / Lower ranksOfficerare / Officers Corresponding US ranks:1.Fänrik = Second Lieutenant [OF 1]2.Löjtnant = First Lieutenant [OF 1]3.Kapten = Captain [OF 2] 4.Major = Major [OF 3] 5.Överstelöjtnant = Lieutenant Colonel [OF 4]6.Överste = Colonel [OF 5]Generaler / GeneralsEnbart Axelklaffar/ Only shouldersCorresponding US ranks:1.Brigadgeneral = Brigadier General [OF 6]2.Generalmajor = Major General [OF 7]3.Generallöjtnant = Lieutenant General [OF 8]4.General = General [OF 9] xxxxx Swegen xxxxxxxxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLast updated 2020-02-24 07:34:03xxxx Mil xxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxSpecialistofficerare / Non Commissioned Officers (Enlisted ranks or Other ranks)Corresponding US ranks:1.Sergeant = Technical Sergeant (E-6) [OR 6)2.Översergeant = -- [OR 6)3.Fanjunkare = Master Sergeant (E-7) [OR 7)4.Förvaltare = Senior Master Sergeant (E-8) [OR 8)5.Flottiljförvaltare = Command Chief Master Sergeant [OR 9) Åter till Militaria Insignias - HomeArmy Navy Air Force Amphibious Corps GenealogyHistoryMilitarySwedishIntroductionMeniga/PrivatesGruppbefäl/Lower ranksSpecialistofficerare/NCOsOfficersGeneraler/GeneralsPrevious pageNext page
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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2022 8:02:25 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Military Hans Högman Copyright © Hans Högman 2020-02-20 Made with Xara Amphibious Corps Rank Insignias, Sweden Insignias:Previous pageIntroductionDe gradbeteckningar som Amfibiekåren använder idag liknar i stort de gradbeteckningar som Flottan använder. Innan dess använde fd. Kustartilleriet samma gradbeteckningar som Armén. Däremot använder Amfibiekåren samma namn på tjänstegraderna (major, överste etc) som armén.Följande gradbeteckningar är de som används i Amfibiekåren från den 1 oktober 2019, 2019-års befälsordning. Amfibiekårens och Flottans gradbeteckningar bärs på ärmarna. Detta gäller uniformsjacka/rock. På skjortor bärs dock gradbeteckningarna på axelklaffarna. Amiralspersoner bär gradbeteckningarna både på axelklaffarna och ärmarna till jacka/rock.Gradbeteckning bärs på båda ärmarna till innerkavaj m/48, kappa m/1878 och mässjacka m/1878.Gradbeteckning bärs på axelklaffshylsa till jacka och kappa m/87 samt till blå ylletröja m/87, trenchcoat m/84, skinnjacka m/90, sjörock 93, svart regnkappa och till vit skjorta m/78. På fältuniformens (m/90) vapenrock bärs gradbeteckningen på vänster kragspegel.På alla gradbeteckningar från korpral och upp till fänrik inom Amfibiekåren (fd. Kustartilleriet) finns förutom själva gradbeteckningen även tecken för truppslaget, två stycken korslagda kanoner etc. The rank insignias used by the Amphibious Corps today are very similar to the ones of the Navy. However, the Amphibious Corps use the same names of the military ranks as the Army.The rank insignias below are the ones used from 1 October 2019 by the Amphibious Corps.The rank insignias of the Amphibious Corps as well as the Navy are worn on sleeves. That is true for the jacket/coat. The insignias worn on shirts are worn on the shoulders. However, the insignias worn on the combat uniform are worn on the left collar. Generals wear the insignias on both sleeves and shoulders. The shoulder insignias looks different from those on the sleeves. Menig / Privates Corresponding ranks in the US Marine Corps:1.Sergeant = Staff Sergeant (E-6) [OR 6)2.Översergeant = -- [OR 6)3.Fanjunkare = Gunnery Sergeant (E-7) [OR 7)4.Förvaltare = Master Sergeant (E-8) [OR 8)5.Regementsförvaltare = Master Gunnery Sergeant [OR 9)Related links•Militära tjänstegrader 2019, Jämförelse SWE / UK / USA, Comparison of Military Ranks•Befälsordningen i det svenska försvaret, nutid •Militära tjänstegrader Armén - Historik•Militära tjänstegrader Flottan - Historik •Uniformer vid den svenska Amfibiekåren•Uniforms of the Swedish Amphibious CorpsReference Literature•Militära tjänstegrader, Försvarsmakten / Swedish military ranks: www.mil.se/sv/ •Militärordbok på engelska och svenska av Sven krigsman och Jörgen Svensson, 1999•Wikipedia•NationalencyklopedinIs it OK to copy material (text or images) from this page or from any other page on this website and publish it on your own homepage?The answer is NO! However, it is OK to have a link to my pages.Top of pageMilitära gradbeteckningar - Amfibiekåren, 2019-års befälsordning / Military rank insignias – The Swedish Amphibious Corps from 2019Contents on this page:Specialistofficerare / Non Commissioned Officers (Enlisted Ranks and Other Ranks)Officerare / Officers Corresponding ranks in the US Marine Corps:1.Fänrik = Second Lieutenant [OF 1]2.Löjtnant = First Lieutenant [OF 1]3.Kapten = Captain [OF 2] 4.Major = Major [OF 3] 5.Överstelöjtnant = Lieutenant Colonel [OF 4]6.Överste = Colonel [OF 5]Generaler / Generals Corresponding ranks in the US Marine Corps:1.Brigadgeneral = Brigadier General [OF 6]2.Generalmajor = Major General [OF 7]3.Generallöjtnant = Lieutenant General [OF 8]4.General = General [OF 9] xxxxx Swegen xxxxxxxxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxLast updated 2020-02-24 07:34:03xxxx Mil xxxxx StatCounter - Free Web Tracker and Counter xxxxxxxxxxxxx Gruppbefäl / Lower ranks Corresponding ranks in the US Marine Corps:1.Korpral = Corporal (E-4)2.Furir = Sergeant (E-5)3.Överfurir = -----Korpral = OR 4Furir och överfurir = OR 5 Corresponding ranks in the US Marine Corps:1.Menig, menig 1 & 2 = Private (E-1) 2.Menig 3 & 4 = Private First Class (E-2)3.Vicekorpral = Lance Corporal (E-3)--•Menig, menig 1 & menig 2 = OR 1•Menig 3 & menig 4 = OR 2•Vicekorpral = OR 3 Åter till Militaria Insignias - HomeArmy Navy Air Force Amphibious Corps GenealogyHistoryMilitarySwedishIntroductionMeniga/PrivatesGruppbefäl/Lower ranksSpecialistofficerare/NCOsOfficersGeneraler/GeneralsPrevious pageNext page
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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2022 8:05:57 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
History Hans Högman
Copyright © Hans Högman 2021-05-02
Made with Xara
The Swedish CustomsCustoms is an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out of a country. Traditionally, customs has been considered as the fiscal subject that charges customs duties (i.e. tariffs) and other taxes on import and export.The Swedish Customs (Swe: Tullverket or simply Tullen) is the customs service of Sweden. It is a department of the Government of Sweden and It is one of the oldest governmental agencies in Sweden, founded in 1636. It is also Sweden's de facto border guard.The Customs supervises the flow of goods and travelers in and out of Sweden. Goods subject to duty and other charges are paid to the Customs. The image to the right shows the official logotype of the Swedish Customs Service. Image: Wikipedia.Medieval TimesCustoms duties have existed at least since the 1100s. However, there is very little information around about how the Customs was organized and worked back then. The purpose of customs duties was fiscal, first introduced to raise revenue for the state. Royal Customs Service EstablishedThe Swedish Customs Services was reorganized and strengthened in 1636 under a reform initiated by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna. The Kungliga Tullverket (The Royal Customs Service) was founded in 1636 and this year is considered the year of birth of the Swedish Customs. Its first head was Mårten Augustinsson (1600 – 1656). On 26 September 1636, he was appointed Collector-General of the Customs (Generaltullförvaltare).Augustinsson became a very wealthy man. Being the Director-General, he had a personal right to claim 5% of the revenue of the customs duties. Augustinsson was raised to the nobility in 1645 and then adopted the name Leijonsköld. In the 1600s the customs service was let out on lease to customs inspectors in the respective Swedish county, who in their turn had local customs agents in the cities. In former days, goods arriving in Sweden were transported by sea. Vessels calling at ports in Sweden were subjects to the "Great Sea Toll" (Swe: Stora sjötullen) and customs duties were being paid. However, there was also a domestic toll, known as the "Little Toll" (Swe: Lilla tullen). Anyone bringing goods and items to a town to be sold was forced to pay toll duty on these items, an important source of income for the Swedish monarchy. Goods put up for sale could only be done in towns, not in the countryside. Towns and cities had a monopoly on trade and commerce.In 1825, the Swedish Customs Service was reorganized and received a modern organization which at large is similar to today’s organization, headed by a Director-General (Swe: Generaltulldirektör). In 1825, the Swedish Board of Customs (Swe: Generaltullstyrelsen) was founded as an Administrative Government Agency.The Great Sea Toll (“Stora sjötullen”)The Great Sea Toll (Swe: Stora sjötullen or Stora tullen) was introduced in the first half of the 1500s and existed until the 1700s. It was a customs duty on imported and exported products transported by sea to or from Sweden. All goods arriving by ship from other countries were subject to the toll and had to pass the Great Sea Toll Customs House where the duty was paid. Accounting records for the Great Sea Toll are available from 1533. Great Sea Toll stations existed in ports such as Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö, Karlshamn, Kalmar, Norrköping, Dalarö, Gävle, Härnösand, and others.The Border Toll (“Gränstullen”)In 1638, a border toll (Swe: Gränstullen) was introduced in the regions of Sweden with a land-frontier and was a land toll corresponding to the sea toll. A border toll had been initiated at the beginning of the 1600s but was abolished already in 1613. It was reintroduced in 1638 under the initiative of Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna.The Little Toll (“Lilla tullen”)The Little Toll or the Town Toll (Swe: Lilla tullen or Stadstullen) was a toll on domestic trade introduced in Sweden in 1622 by King Gustav II Adolf. It was introduced foremost to finance the Swedish military campaigns taken place in the 1620s and the Swedish entry into the Thirty Years’ War. The Little Toll was a customs duty on consumables such as foods, clothes, wood and metal goods, and animals for consumption brought to towns to be sold there. At the same time, the commercial sale of goods in the countryside was made illegal. In 1686, the Little Toll was extended to comprise types of products brought to towns for sale, unless sea toll already been paid for the items. To prevent the smuggling of goods into towns to avoid the toll, toll fences were built around the towns with a few gates, toll gates. There was a customs house at each gate where officials inspected the goods entering the town for sale. If it was an item subject to duty the owner had to pay the toll fee. The duty was 1/32 of the value of the goods. This duty rate remained until the Little Toll was abolished in 1810. If someone tried to smuggle items or use an unauthorized way into a town they were fined 40 Daler (Swedish currency at the time). If someone was sabotaging the toll fence he was fined 100 Daler for the first offense and 200 Daler for the second. The image to the right shows the Roslag toll gate (Roslagstull) in Stockholm in 1670. The image shows the toll fence and the toll gate. Image: Wikipedia.Stockholm city implemented the Little Toll on 20 November 1622. Still today we can see the remains of the Little Toll in many Swedish towns, foremost on the names of streets, squares, etc which names include the word “tull” (toll) or “port” (gate). In Stockholm, we have names of places such as Norrtull and Roslagstull on the northern side, Skanstull and Hornstull on the southern side, and Danvikstull on the eastern side, etc. Further, In many towns, the toll houses still stand. The Little Toll was abolished in 1810. However, in Stockholm, the toll gates remained until 1866.Staple Towns and Approach StationsThe term "staple" refers to the entire medieval system of trade and its taxation. Under this system, the government or the ruler required that all overseas trade in certain goods be transacted at specific designated market towns or ports, referred to as the "staple ports".In 1636, there were seven staple towns in Sweden, entitled to transact trading with foreign nations. These seven towns were Stockholm, Nyköping, Norrköping, Söderköping, Västervik, Kalmar, and Göteborg. In Norrland, the northern half of Sweden, there were no staple towns (Swe: Stapelstad) at all. The so-called Bottniska Handelstvånget (Gulf of Bothnia Trade Act) prohibited this. This was a Swedish trade policy measure introduced in 1350 and wasn’t abolished until 1765. The Act prohibited shipping from ports in Norrland and Finland (then Swedish) to towns south of Stockholm or Åbo in Finland. The Ports of Norrland and Finland were also prohibited from receiving overseas imports. One city in the southern part of Norrland, Gävle, was permitted to import and export goods from overseas, however, the customs clearance had to be made in Stockholm.Besides Kalmar, most staple towns were located in the inner part of an archipelago. Therefore special customs stations were established in the outer part of the archipelago to prevent the smuggling of goods. These outer customs stations were called Approach Stations (Swe: Inloppsstationer). Mariners calling a port were therefore forced to declare their goods in the outer archipelago before they reached the port of call. Examples of approach stations: Dalarö, Barösund, and Spårösund on the east coast and Älvsborg on the west coast. At the approach station, the master had to hand over a specification of the cargo aboard the vessel to the customs officers. However, the customs duty was paid in the port of call. Between 1636 and 1928, Dalarö in the southern Stockholm archipelago was the approach customs station for the port of Stockholm. In the 1690s, special customs warehouses (Swe: Tullpackhus), a type of warehouse for undeclared goods, were established where the masters were able to unload their cargo; The customs duty was paid when the goods were collected from the customs warehouse. “Packhus” is an older Swedish term for warehouse and a “tullpackhus” was a storage building for customs clearance of goods on which duty was payable and for short-term keeping before inspection and clearance and sale of imported items etc. The image to the right shows the customs warehouse (Tullpackhus) in Sundsvall circa 1903 - 1913. Image: Sundsvalls museum, ID: SuM-foto032832.The Stockholm Customs warehouse was located on Skeppsholmen. It was built at the beginning of the 1700s and was used by the Customs until 2000 even if it then hadn’t been used as a customs warehouse for many decades. This current customs warehouse replaced an older one in 1785. The Gothenburg Customs warehouse was built in 1710.At the customs warehouses, the imported goods were unpacked, inspected, counted up, measured out, and quality controlled. This heavy and chore work was performed by customs warehousemen while customs officers calculated the customs duty to be paid by the importers. The Customs House (Swe: Tullkammare) was the local customs administration and they have existed since the 1600s. Customs Houses were established in all staple towns and they had the unrestricted right to perform all customs clearance. The Sea Customs House in Gothenburg was set up in 1636 for the clearance of imported goods. The head of a Customs House was the Customs Administrator (Swe: Tullförvaltare), directly subordinated to the Swedish Board of Customs (Swe: Generaltullstyrelsen). The image to the right shows the Customs House (Tullkammare) (to the left) in Karlskrona, 1890s. Image: Marinmuseum, ID: MM07111.Under the 1831 Customs Regulations, there were both customs houses and customs inspections. In 1876, customs stations were introduced. The coastal customs stations had a restricted right to perform customs clearance.In 1919, there were Customs Inspection stations (Swe: Tullinspektion) in, among others, Dalarö, Sandhamn, and Furusund. The local Customs Inspection station was headed by a Customs Inspector (Swe: Tullinspektör). In 1923, the Customs Inspection stations were closed, and their service was merged with the Customs stations. The customs stations are the smallest unit within the Swedish Customs Service and are only located at places where the is a minor traffic load to foreign countries. Passport & Passport ControlIn 1860, the compulsory passport system for travel abroad was abolished in Sweden. Before 1860, everyone needed to bring passport documents on foreign travel. The passport had to be shown both upon the outward journey abroad as well as when arriving back home to Sweden. The passport was shown to the customs officers and the officers kept a journal in which they noted each travelers name, place of residence, the purpose of the journey, and the date of the exit journey/entry home. The compulsory passport system was abolished in 1860 as an effect of increasing traveling with the then-new means of transport such as rail transport and steamboats. However, in 1914, at the beginning of World War I, the compulsory passport system was reintroduced in Sweden, now with the Police as the responsible authority. Court of Customs & Court of Excise - Special CourtsCustoms duty and clearance were administered by the Customs Service which was organized under the National Board of Trade (Swe: Kommerskollegium). The National Board of Trade was thereby the Court of Customs Appeals. The customs courts are called “Tull and Accisrätt” (“Toll and Excise Court) in Swedish.An excise, or excise tax, is any duty on manufactured goods that is levied at the moment of manufacture rather than at sale. Excises are often associated with customs duties. Customs are levied on goods that come into existence – as taxable items – at the border, while excise is levied on goods that came into existence inland. Excise was a consumption tax introduced in Sweden under the Toll and Excise Act of 1572. In 1622, a decree stipulated excise on the manufacture and sale of products produced by brewers, butchers, fish peddlers, etc.Customs officers with the Little Toll (Town Toll) also worked with the goods liable to excise and collected its fees. Court of ExciseTo pass sentences in court proceedings on criminal cases regarding offenses with the excise and duty regulations, a special court was created between 1664 and 1672, the Court of Excise (Swe: Accisrätt). This type of court was established in cities.The Court of Excise also passed sentences in cases regarding unlawful purchasing of land and other crimes against sales excise (such as selling brewery products without proper authorization). The sentences were usually confiscation and fines.Under the Court of Excise Act of 1672, an Inspector General (Swe: Generalinspektör) was the chairman of the court assisted by legal assessors which usually was the Mayor (Swe: Borgmästare) and a court judge (Swe: Rådman).The court of excise was abolished in 1811. Court cases regarding excise were thereafter processed by the City Court, a district court in cities, Swe: “Rådhusrätten”) and the Court of Customs (Swe; Sjötullrätt).Court of Customs, “Tullrätt or Sjötullrätt”The Court of Sea Customs or Court or Customs (Swe: Sjötullrätt or Tullrätt) was s special court for cases regarding crimes against the Sea Customs statues and existed in all staple towns. A Court of Customs was accepting cases brought to light in the vicinity it the town where it was located.The Court of Customs was abolished in 1831 and criminal cases that this court formerly was responsible for were thereafter processed by the City Court, a district court in cities, Swe: “Rådhusrätten”). From 1831, both Stockholm and Gothenburg had special sections with respective City Court for cases regarding customs cases. The Court of Customs was under the regulation of the Sailing Order (Swe: Seglationsordningen). Its object was the regulation of the foreign trade, foremost by restricting the number of towns, staple towns, i.e., towns with the right to take deliveries of shipments from foreign ships in their ports. The Sailing Order made it more difficult for ships to make land at Swedish ports. Ships arriving or departing Swedish ports were compelled to report to the Customs Station which supervised that the correct customs duty was paid and that the masters upheld the law. The sentences passed by the Court of Customs were usually confiscation and fines. Serious offenses could result in the loss of the office held by the perpetrator or loss of burgher-ship. Free-holding farmers could be deprived of their properties. The prosecuting attorney in customs cases was called “Tullfiskal” in Swedish (Customs Fiscal Prosecutor). In regions of Sweden with land-frontier, foremost in Jämtland and Torneå in Norrbotten, there were special Frontier Courts (Swe: Gränstullrätt) passing sentences in cases regarding smuggling. In 1933, the Haparanda Frontier Court in Norrbotten was the last to be disestablished.
Related Links•Historic rank insignias of the Swedish Customs and Coast Guard•Historic images of Swedish Customs and Coast Guard•History of Swedish Lighthouse and Pilotage Services•History of Swedish Police•Domestic Travel Certificates•Citizenship and Passports, SwedenSource References•Tullverket (Swedish Customs)•Tullmuseum (Swedish Customs Museum)•Kustbevakningen (Swedish Coast Guard)•Wikipedia•Förvaltningshistorik. 8. Tull, gräns- och kustbevakning, Beata Losman.•Kriget mot smugglarna, artikel av Magnus Olofsson i Populär Historia 8/2015.Top of pagePrevious pagexxxxx Swegen xxxxxxxxxxx
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History of Swedish Customs Service - 1Swedish Border GuardA border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard and rescue service duties. Guarding of the land-frontiers was performed to stop people from unlawfully entering Sweden and this duty was one of the Customs Service’s three major tasks. The border surveillance in the provinces Dalsland, Värmland, and Dalarna along the Norwegian border was carried out in a special department of the Customs. In the 1860s, the guarding of the frontier in these provinces was carried out by 7 “gränsridare”, mounted frontier guards, employed by the Customs Service. Their major task was to counteract smuggling across the border. In the 1880s, the number of customs stations and frontier outposts. In the 1930s, these stations and outposts were as most numerous. Land-Frontier Guards “Gränsridare”:The frontier guards patrolled their respective districts on foot, on horsebacks, by bike, motorcycle, and boats. These land-frontier guards were called “Gränsridare” in Swedish. However, from 1923 they were called frontier supervisors (Swe: gränsuppsyningsmän). In 1908 there were 141 land-frontier guards of which 52 were mounted. The image two the right shows two “gränsridare” in Bohuslän in 1924 wearing uniform. Image: Bohusläns museum, ID: UMFA53671:0176.In other words, a “Gränsridare” was a customs officer attached to the Border Guard performing border surveillance patrolling the Swedish land-frontiers. A “Gränsinspektion” was a frontier checkpoint with a restricted customs clearance service managed by a Frontier Inspector (Swe: Gränsinspektör). Under the 1923 Customs reform, the operation of these checkpoints was passed on to the frontier customs stations (Swe: Gränstullstationer). the customs stations were located by public roads along the border with Norway and Finland. The stations had unrestricted customs clearance service managed by a Frontier Supervisor (Swe: Gränsuppsyningsman). In 1928, the frontier customs stations were conformed under the organization of the Customs Stations.The Customs border surveillance in Värmland was established in 1638 when the border toll was introduced.Swedish Coast GuardSince the 1600s, the Swedish Coast Guard was a subdivision within the Customs Service. However, in 1988 the Coast Guard became an independent government agency under the Ministry of Defense. Today the Swedish Coast Guard is organized under the Ministry of Justice.Frontier surveillance on land was performed by the Border Guard and the sea borders by the Coast Guard. Sea border surveillance was carried out by both the Navy as well as the Coast Guard. So, the Customs Service carried out certain military commissions since they were handling land and sea border surveillance, and its managers were referred to as officers or commanders. [The term “officer” is usually only used by the military in Sweden.]From the 1600s, surveillance of the sea borders and the war against smuggling at sea was conducted by customs yachts (Swe: tulljakter) at sea and by mounted guards on the seashores (Swe: Stranridare).The image to the right shows a customs officer with the Coast Guard with his official bicycle in the 1930s. Image: Kustbevakningen (Coast Guard).Mounted Seashore Guards “Strandridare”In 1638, a service was established which later developed into the Coast Guard. Special seashore guards called “Strandridare” in Swedish were used to prevent smuggling and plundering of wrecks. A “Strandridare” was a mounted customs officer attached to the Coast Guard department within the Customs Service patrolling the shores of the Swedish sea borders. The first two seashore guards were employed in 1638 in Kalmar on the southern part of the Swedish east coast. Their 250 km long patrol district was carried out on foot or on horsebacks. In the first decades of the 1900s patrolling was also performed on bicycles. These surveillances of the sea shores was the major duty of the Coast Guard for 300 years, up to World War II. In 1832, this service was reorganized and the former “Strandridare” were replaced by Coast Supervisors (Swe: Kustuppsyningsmän). Under a regulation for the Maritime Pilotage Service (Swe: Lotsverket), the pilots were to cooperate with the Coast Guard of the Customs Service to prevent smuggling. The coast surveillance carried out by the Coast Guard was done in former days by customs yachts and smaller boats. During the first half of the 1800s, smuggling and other trickeries were very intensive and large-scaled, therefore the Coast Guard was in some customs districts organized like military units between 1833 and 1904. The guards were armed and stood under military laws. Their ranks were Coast Commander (Kustchef), Coast Sergeant (Kustsergeant), and coast guard (Kustvakt). The civilian ranks with the Coast Guard were Coast Inspector (Kustinspektor), Coast Supervisor (Överuppsyningsman ), and Yacht Supervisor (Jaktuppsyningsman). Lower in rank were the men; Coast oarsman (Kustroddare) and Yacht Man (Jaktbåtsman).In the 1910s, motorboats were introduced which was were a far better means in the surveillance of coastal areas than oars and sails. The image to the right shows a customs yacht (tulljakt) in Bohuslän in the 1910s. Image: Bohusläns museum, ID: UMFA53247:0051.The image to the left shows a coast guard officer wearing his uniform in 1932. Photo: Julius Johnson. Image: Trelleborgs museum, ID: TM.EJJ:1141.During World War II, the Swedish Coast Guard was assigned new tasks such as the supervision of navigation, inspections of ships and crew, passports, radio transmitters, etc.As mentioned above, a “Strandridare” was a mounted customs officer attached to the Coast Guard department within the Customs Service. There is another profession with a similar name, “Strandfogde”. Note, “Strandridare” and “Strandfogde” were not the same profession. The “Stranfogde” was a Royal official (Bailiff) with the duty to supervise the shores of Sweden (fishery, etc.) and to ensure that the revenue from stranded wrecks was added to the Royal treasury. Therefore, among the bailiff’s duties was to report all things that were cast up by the sea and wrecked ships. These bailiffs were usually appointed among coastal people, for example fishermen. The Coast Guard Becomes an Independent Government AgencyIn 1988 the Coast Guard was separated from the Customs Service and became an independent government agency under the Ministry of Defense. As of 2015, the Swedish Coast Guard is organized under the Ministry of Justice, as a civilian government agency. The Coast Guard Headquarters are located in Karlskrona.Sea border surveillance is carried out by both the Navy as well as the Coast Guard. The Sea Surveillance Centers (Swe: Sjöbevakningscentraler) are therefore jointly operated by the Navy and the Coast Guard.The Coast Guard has the same right as the Customs Service to check up and inspect ships. Within their area of responsibility, the Coast Guard has the same authority as the Police. Further, like police officers, members of the Coast Guard are equipped with personal firearms.The Coast Guard monitors the Sea in coastal areas and performs inspections and other supervising activities. They also carry out environmental rescue operations, for example when there is an oil discharge. The Coast Guard operates 23 coast guard stations and a coast guard airbase at Skavsta airport. The stations are organized under two regional headquarters, Stockholm and Gothenburg. The head of the Coast Guard is a Director-General. The image to the right shows the official logotype of the Swedish Coast Guard. Image: Wikipedia.
Customs OfficersA customs officer is a law enforcement agent who enforces customs laws, on behalf of a government.In 1638, the so-called “strandridare” was introduced, mounted customs officer attached to the Coast Guard department within the Customs Service, to be used to prevent smuggling and plundering of wrecks. In 1832, this service was reorganized and the former “Strandridare” were replaced by Coast Supervisors (Swe: Kustuppsyningsmän). In the 1700s, the customs officers were equipped with special insignias or badges as identification of customs officers on duty. At the beginning of the 1800s, several uniform regulations were introduced for the customs officersDuring the Swedish Great Power period, which ended in 1721, the Swedish borders were next to endless. After the loss of Finland in 1809, Sweden still had a very long coastline, 2,400 km (1,491 mi) (as the crow flies). Then, add about 100,000 islands in the coastal areas. Besides these sea borders, there are also long land-frontiers, often in rugged terrain. The Swedish land-frontier with Norway is 1,619 km (1,006 mi) and with Finland 586 km (364 mi), i.e. in total 2,205 km (1,370 mi). So, the size of the country made the borders difficult to guard. In 1638, there were 55 customs officers employed. However, the force gradually grew and in 1821 there were 1,022 customs officers. However, the number of officers was still inadequate to watch over all ports, coastlines, islands, and frontiers at all hours all the year-round. The government’s ambition and financial assets were quite the reverse and in this gap, the smuggling thrived. The Customs Service was underfinanced which of course affected the customs officers’ salaries which were low. This was a breeding ground for corruption which was widespread at the beginning of the 1800s. Besides, people, as a rule, didn’t consider smuggling as a criminal offense. The smugglers that were caught weren’t regarded as criminals among the public, but rather as a kind of hero and people sympathized with them. Smuggling reached a peak in the 1820s. As a result, in 1825, the Swedish Board of Customs (Swe: Generaltullstyrelsen) was founded and the Customs now got new effective management. The customs service braced up, the staffs’ salaries were raised, the discipline sharpened and in 1831 a new service regulation was adopted. The coast guard was reinforced, put in uniform, and was armed with sabers, pistols, and rifles. In 1835, the coast guard officers were placed under martial laws and received a military type of ranks. The coast guard became more or less a military corps. The coast guard became a forceful unit and the smuggling was successfully restricted. Even if the war against smuggling was successful, the Coast Guard wasn’t able to stop all smuggling. Instead, the smugglers equipped themselves with arms, and since the Customs and the Coast Guard kept a tight rein on the smugglers, a war-like situation arose between the Coast Guard officers and the smugglers. In the 1820s and 1830s, the confrontations between the Coast Guard and the smugglers could develop into violent battles. The violence was substantial, and the Coast Guard officers were often threatened or maltreated by organized gangs of smugglers. From time to time the Customs had to bring in army units to protect and reinforce the Coast Guard units. However, the violence wasn’t one-sided, the Coast Guard officer could also be heavy-handed. However, the era of organized smuggling was coming to an end. The introduction of several free trade reforms in the middle of the 1800s took the edge off large-scale smuggling. Lower customs tariffs and elimination prohibitions made organized smuggling unprofitable. Protectionism was reintroduced in the 1880s, and the free trade era was finished. Smuggling stepped up and was gradually increasing to formerly exploded in the 1920s when a more restrictive policy concerning alcohol. The smuggling of liquor that commenced in the 1920s was huge. The image to the right shows a Swedish customs officer in 1935. Photo: Ingeborg Enander (1880 - 1976). Image: Bohusläns museum, ID: UMFA53690:16318.Today, customs officers work with different tasks, much depending on the customs department, an officer is attached to. The Customs field officers in uniform working at border crossings have the same authority as the Police regarding smuggling offenses. They are equipped with body armor, handcuffs, expandable batons, communication radios, OC-spray, etc. However, the officers in uniform do not usually carry personal firearms. However, Customs officers in plain clothes carry concealed firearms.
The Organization of the Swedish Customs Service TodayThe Swedish Customs (Swe: Tullverket or simply Tullen) is headed by a Director-General (Swe: Generaltulldirektör). The agency also has a Deputy Director-General (Swe: Överdirektör). It is a law enforcement agency.The Customs Service is organized into ten departments. The operational departments are: Intelligence Department (Underrättelseavdelningen), Customs Check Dept (Kontrollavdelningen), Revenue Dept (Uppbördsavdelningen), and Customs Criminal Investigation Dept (Tullkriminalavdelningen). Each operational department consists of several subunits. Other departments are: Fiscal Department (Ekonomiavdelningen), Judicial Department (Rättsavdelningen), HR-dept, IT-dept, Administration Dept (Administrationsavdelningen), and Communication Dept (Kommunikationsavdelningen).The Customs Check Department is responsible for supervising and checking vehicles and vessels to and from Sweden. Border protection units (Gränsskyddsgrupper) carry out frontier control and are deployed in all regions of Sweden. The border control units are part of the Check Department. The Customs Criminal Investigation Department conducts all preliminary investigations within the Customs. The criminal investigation department has three fields of activities; reconnaissance, investigations of major crimes, and investigations of crimes in large numbers. The investigators are equipped with guns. The Customs has the use of an Intelligence Department.The Revenue Department is responsible for the establishment of customs duties and to impose duties, sales tax and other taxes, and fees. The Customs is organized into 4 territorial divisions: Öst, Väst, Syd och Nord (East, West, South, and North). See the map to the right. Wikipedia.Today’s rank insignias - Swedish Customs, Historic rank insignias
The Organization of the Swedish Coast Guard TodayThe Swedish Coast Guard is tasked with maritime surveillance and other control and inspection tasks as well as environmental cleanup after oil discharges at sea. If needed, the Coast Guard carries out search and rescue operations. The Swedish Coast Guard also carries out surveillance by air, and in the wintertime by hovercraft on the ice-covered waters of the Bay of Bothnia in northern Sweden.The Coast Guard is a law enforcement agency and has within their field of activities partly the same power as the Police. The Coast Guard officers carry guns (Glock 17), pepper spray (OC spray), batons, and handcuffs.The Swedish Coast Guard was reorganized in 2016 and consists today of six departments. The Operational Department is responsible for all Coast guard maritime operations. They are also responsible for the about 20 coastal stations along the coast of Sweden and the Coast Guard airbase at Skavsta Airport in Nyköping. The Headquarters is located in the naval town Karlskrona. The service has operational centers in Karlskrona, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Härnösand, and Nyköping.The Coast Guard has a large number of vessels of various sizes and these provided bases for its operations. The types of vessels are: surveillance vessels (patrol vessels), environmental protection vessels, multipurpose vessels, hovercraft, barges, and boats such as high speed/go fast, rib-boats, dinghies, jet-skis, and workboats. The Coast Guard Aviation Service consists of three Bombardier Dash 8 Q-300 aircraft bases at Skavsta Airport. The aircraft patrols the coast of Sweden on regular basis.Today’s rank insignias - Swedish Coast Guard, Historic rank insignias
A Swedish Customs vehicle, Volvo V90 Cross Country. Image: Wikipedia. Three Customs officers wearing uniform and yellow vest. Tull = Customs. Image: Tullverket. Swedish Customs, badge on the upper sleeve. "TULL, Customs". Image: Tullverket. Side cap, Swedish Customs. Image: Tullverket. Three different Swedish law enforcement officers, in a joint operation against organized crime. From left: Customs, Coast Guard, Police, and Coast Guard.
Swedish Coast Guard offshore vessel KBV 003 Amfitrite. Length: 81 meters (266 ft), width: 16 meters (53 ft). Image: Kustbevakningen (Swedish Coast Guard). Swedish Coast Guard officers in a patrol vessel, surveillance at sea. Photo: Johnny Söderberg. Image: Kustbevakningen. The rank of the coast guard officers in the photo is “Förste kustuppsyningsman”. Swedish Coast Guard, badge on the upper sleeve with the Swedish flag and the text: "SWEDISH COAST GUARD". Rank insignia: “Kustbevakningsinspektör”. Image: Kustbevakningen. Side cap, Swedish Cost Guard. Image: Kustbevakningen. Coast Guard officer wearing uniform and life jacket. Photo: Pontus Björkman Goltz. Image: Kustbevakningen. Coast Guard officer wearing uniform hat, and life jacket. Rank: “Kustuppsyningsman”. Photo: Valdemar Lindekrantz. Image: Kustbevakningen. Swedish Coast Guard patrol vessel KBV 313 of the fleet KBV 301 class vessels. Top speed 34 knots. Length: 20 m (66 ft). Image: Kustbevakningen. Swedish Customs sea surveillance aircraft KBV 502. Image: Kustbevakningen. The Swedish Coast Guard introduced the high-speed vessel Cobra 38 in 2004. It was usually equipped with two petrol-powered V8 engines of 420 hp each. Top speed 56 knots. Some vessels were equipped with two Volvo Penta diesel engines of 350 hp each. Top speed 52 knots. Length: 12.60 m (41 ft), width: 2.70 m (9 ft), Draft: 1 m (3.3 ft). The Cobra 38 is no longer part of the fleet of the Swedish Coast Guard.
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