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đ The Global Network đen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership_training_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)Hide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. This is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected Order of the Arrow From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Order of the Arrow Order of the Arrow.svg Owner Boy Scouts of America Age range 11â20 (Co-ed youth) 21 and over (Co-ed adults) Headquarters Irving, Texas Location United States, Puerto Rico, Japan, Germany, Philippines Country United States Founded July 16, 1915[1] (105 years, 9 months and 13 days ago) Founders E. Urner Goodman Carroll A. Edson Membership 84,707 youth 63,854 adults 271 lodges (2017)[2] National Chief Derek Porter[3] National Vice Chief Greg Brown[3] National Chairman Michael G. Hoffman[3] National Director Matt Dukeman[3] Website Order of the Arrow website Scouting portal The Order of the Arrow (OA) is the National Honor Society of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA),[4] composed of Scouts and Scouters who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law in their daily lives as elected by their peers. The society was created by E. Urner Goodman, with the assistance of Carroll A. Edson, in 1915 as a means of reinforcing the Scout Oath and the Scout Law. It uses imagery commonly associated with American Indian cultures for its self-invented ceremonies. These ceremonies are usually for recognition of leadership qualities, camping skills, and other scouting ideals as exemplified by their elected peers. Influenced by Scout camp customs, the OA uses "safeguarded" (privy only to members) symbols, handshakes, and private rituals to impart a sense of community. Native Americans have criticized the OA's various symbols and "rituals" as cultural appropriation based on non-Native stereotypes of American Indians.[5][6] Inducted members, known as Arrowmen or Brothers, are organized into local youth-led lodges that harbor fellowship, promote camping, and render service to Boy Scout councils and their communities. Each lodge corresponds to a BSA council in the area. Lodges are further broken down into chapters, which correspond to a district in scouting. Members wear identifying insignia on their uniforms, most notably the OA pocket flap that represents their individual OA lodge and the OA sash worn at official OA functions. The OA program sponsors several events, awards, and training functions. Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding and editing the Order of the Arrow 1.2 21st century 2 Membership 2.1 Ordeal 2.2 Brotherhood 2.3 Vigil Honor 3 Organization 4 Symbols 5 Ceremonies 6 Awards 7 Events 7.1 High Adventure Program 7.2 National Order of the Arrow Conference 8 Training 9 Association with Native American Cultures 9.1 Concerns of cultural appropriation and stereotypes 10 References 11 External links History Founding and editing the Order of the Arrow E. Urner Goodman (c. 1917), founder of the Order of the Arrow In 1915, E. Urner Goodman, a newly hired field executive for the Philadelphia Council, was assigned to serve as director of the council's summer camp at Treasure Island Scout Reservation on the Delaware River. He believed that the summer camp experience should do more than just teach proficiency in Scoutcraft skills; rather, the principles embodied in the Scout Oath and Scout Law should become realities in the lives of Scouts. Along with his assistant camp director, Carroll A. Edson, he started an experimental honor society to acknowledge those campers he felt best exemplified these qualities, calling the program, Wimachtendienk, or "Brotherhood" in one of the Lenape dialects.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The full original name for the organization was Wimachtendienk Wingolauchsik Witahemui (Brotherhood of Those Who Serve Cheerfully). It is still referred to via the inclusion of the letters "W W W" on most lodge patches.[14] Goodman and Edson decided that a "camp fraternity" was the way to improve the summer camp experience and to encourage older Scouts to continue attending Scout summer camp. In developing this program they borrowed from the traditions and practices of several other organizations. Edward Cave's Boy's Camp Book (1914) was consulted for the concept of a camp society that would perpetuate camp traditions.[15] College fraternities were also influential for their concepts of brotherhood and rituals, and the idea of new members pledging themselves to the new organization.[16][17] Inspired by Ernest Thompson Seton's previous Woodcraft Indians program, American Indian motifs were used to make the organization interesting and appealing to youth.[12][18][19] Other influences include the Brotherhood of Andrew and Phillip, a Presbyterian church youth group with which Goodman had been involved as a young man, and Freemasonry.[20] The traditions and rituals of Freemasonry contributed more to the basic structure of the OA ritual than any other organization. In fact, there appears to be no known fraternal organization more faithful in form to Freemasonry than the OA. Familiar terms such as "lodge" and "obligation" were borrowed from Masonic practice, as were most of the ceremonial structures and ritual formulae. Even the early national meeting was called a "Grand Lodge," a Masonic reference.[21][20][22][16][17] Goodman and Edson ultimately devised a program where troops chose, at the summer camp's conclusion, those boys from among their number who they felt best exemplified the ideals of Scouting. Those elected were acknowledged as having displayed, in the eyes of their fellow Scouts, a spirit of unselfish service and brotherhood. Edson and Goodman said they "based the OA's lore and ceremonies on the lore of the Lenni Lenape Indians who had occupied Treasure Island in earlier times"[23] and based the group's structure "on a loose interpretation of Hiawatha and Last of the Mohicans", both popular works of fiction by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and James Fenimore Cooper, respectively.[19][24] The Scouts considered this move a success, and went on to repeat this pattern the following summer at Treasure Island. Those Scouts honored at Treasure Island in 1915 and 1916 would become members of what is now Unami Lodge.[25][19] By 1921, Goodman had spoken to Scout leaders in surrounding states about their honor society, which resulted in multiple lodges being established by Scout councils in the northeastern United States.[13] The name of the society was then changed to Order of the Arrow, and in October 1921, Goodman convened the first national meeting of what at that time was called the "National Lodge of the Order of the Arrow" in Philadelphiaâwhere Goodman was elected as Grand Chieftain.[19][12][26] Committees were organized to formulate a constitution, refine ceremonial rituals, devise insignia, and plan future development.[20] In the early 1920s, many Scout executives were skeptical of what they called "secret camp fraternities." By September 1922, opposition to the Order of the Arrow was such that a formal resolution opposing "camp fraternities" was proposed at a national meeting of Scout executives. Goodman argued against the motion: "Using the Scout ideals as our great objective", he said, a camp activity that will "further the advancement of those ideals" should not be suppressed.[12][27] The motion was narrowly defeated, and the fledgling Order continued as an experimental program throughout the 1920s and 1930s. In 1931, there were OA lodges in 7 percent of BSA councils nationwide. By 1948, about two-thirds of the BSA's councils had established OA lodges.[27] That year, the OA was also integrated as an official part of the Scouting program.[28][29] 21st century "The Order of the Arrow is a 'thing of the spirit' rather than of mechanics. Organization, operational procedure, and paraphernalia are necessary in any large and growing movement, but they are not what count in the end. The things of the spirit count: Brotherhood, in a day when there is too much hatred at home and abroad; Cheerfulness, in a day when the pessimists have the floor; Service, in a day when millions are interested only in getting or grasping rather than giving." â E. Urner Goodman[13] Over the century since the Order of the Arrow's founding, more than one million Scouts and Scouters have worn the OA sash on their uniforms, denoting membership in the Brotherhood. The four stated purposes of the Order of the Arrow are: "(1) Recognize those who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law in their daily lives and through that recognition cause others to conduct themselves in a way that warrants similar recognition; (2) Promote camping, responsible outdoor adventure, and environmental stewardship as essential components of every Scoutâs experience, in the unit, year-round, and in summer camp; (3) Develop leaders with the willingness, character, spirit and ability to advance the activities of their units, our Brotherhood, Scouting, and ultimately our nation; and (4) Crystallize the Scout habit of helpfulness into a life purpose of leadership in cheerful service to others.[30] In a new program of national service conducted from June through August 2008, the OA offered ArrowCorps5 to both youth and adult Arrowmen.[31] Described as "one of the largest conservation efforts in Scouting's history" by the Boy Scouts of America, approximately 3,500 Arrowmen converged on five national forests to work on various conservation projects such as building new trails and helping preserve nearly extinct species, as well as removing invasive species, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service.[32] The five national forests are: Mark Twain National Forest, Manti-La Sal National Forest, George Washington and Jefferson National Forests, Shasta-Trinity National Forest and Bridger-Teton National Forest.[33] With the introduction of the Scouts BSA program on February 1, 2019, unit elections are now permitted in Scouts BSA, Venturing and Sea Scouting units.[34] Membership National Chief Brad Lichota presenting the Report to the Nation to Robert Gates in 2010 More than 160,000 youth and adults are members of the Order of the Arrow.[35] Unit elections of the OA are allowed in Scouts BSA, Venturing, and Sea Scout units. To be eligible for induction, a youth must have spent at least 15 days and nights camping within the last two years including one long-term camp consisting of at least five consecutive nights, be under the age of 21, hold the Scouts BSA First Class rank, the Venturing Discovery Award, or the Sea Scout Ordinary rank or higher, be approved by their unit leader and be elected by the youth members of their unit. Adults age 21 or older may be nominated after meeting the camping requirements and being approved by the lodge adult selection committee. Honorary membership was once bestowed in special circumstances, as with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower, but this practice was officially discontinued in 1953.[36] Ordeal After being elected or nominated, candidates may participate in a call-out ceremony to recognize those Scouts and Scouters that were selected before they attend their Ordeal. The call-out ceremony may be performed at summer camp, a camporee, a call-out weekend or at a unit meeting. Candidates subsequently participate in an Ordeal, intended to emphasize service and selflessness. During the induction, "candidates maintain complete silence, receive small amounts of food, work on camp improvement projects, and are required to sleep alone, apart from other campers, which teaches significant values."[35] If they succeed in their ordeal the candidates are then welcomed as Ordeal members in a formal Ordeal Ceremony.[37][38] Brotherhood Ordeal members are entitled to all the same rights and privileges of membership in the Order as Brotherhood and Vigil Honor membersâthere are no ranks within the Order. However, moving on to Brotherhood membership offers an opportunity to reaffirm one's commitment to the Order. Arrowmen may "seal" their membership after six months by demonstrating their knowledge of the traditions and obligations of the OA. They then participate in an induction ceremony and become Brotherhood members.[13] While the Ordeal consists primarily of physical impressions, "the Brotherhood ceremony is one of the deeper and quieter mental impressions."[13] Vigil Honor The Vigil Honor is a recognition given to Arrowmen for distinguished contributions beyond the immediate responsibilities of their position or office to their lodge, the Order of the Arrow, Scouting, or their Scout Camp.[35] The Vigil Honor may be conferred upon Arrowmen who have completed a minimum of two years as a Brotherhood member and have performed exceptional service above and beyond their immediate responsibilities through leadership, exemplary efforts, and dedication. However, under no circumstances should tenure in Scouting or the Order of the Arrow be considered as reason enough for a Vigil Honor recommendation.[35] Selection is annual and is limited to one person for every 50 members of the lodge,[35] and members of the Order can be inducted into the Vigil Honor only with the written approval of the National Order of the Arrow Committee.[35] As a part of the Vigil Honor induction, each new Vigil Honor member is given a Vigil Honor name in the language of the Lenni Lenape or the language of their local Lodge. An English translation of the Vigil Honor name is also provided, and the name often represents a characteristic of the individual.[39] Organization Original emblem of Unami Lodge, the first OA lodge The Order of the Arrow places great emphasis on being a youth-led organization. Only youth under the age 21 are voting members and are eligible to hold elected offices. Professional and volunteer adults are appointed to non-voting advisory positions at the chapter, lodge, and section levels. The smallest level of organization in the Order of the Arrow is the chapter. The chapter is usually corresponding to a district in the local council. The chapter is led by the elected youth chapter chief, chapter vice chiefs, secretary, and a volunteer adult is appointed as the adviser, the district executive is the professional (staff) adviser. The chapters often hold monthly meetings together. The next largest unit of the OA is the lodge, which is chartered by a local BSA council. The lodge chief is the elected youth leader, the lodge adviser is a BSA adult volunteer appointed by the Scout Executive, and the lodge staff adviser is the council Scout executive or his designated council professional Scouter. The lodge youth officers, consisting of the lodge chief, one or more vice chiefs, a secretary, and a treasurer are responsible for organizing and leading the various programs and activities of the lodge.[40] Many lodges have standing committees responsible for ceremonies, service projects, publications, unit elections, camp promotions, and dance teams composed of youth members.[41] Boy Scouts of America regions as of 1992 Lodges are grouped into sections that are then grouped into regions. The section chief is the elected youth leader, a volunteer adult is appointed as the section adviser, and the area director (or his designate) is the professional (staff) adviser. In addition to the section chief, the section has two additional elected officers. The vice chief and secretary are elected immediately following the election of the section chief at the section's annual business meeting. All sections gather annually at a section conclave held in the late spring or early fall. It is the main duty of the section officers to lead the planning of this weekend with the help of the lodge chiefs in the section.[41] Like the Boy Scouts of America's Areas, The Order of the Arrow is organized into four regions, Central, Southern, Northeast and Western Region; the boundaries of each OA region correspond with the boundaries of the BSA's regions. Each region has an elected region chief, a volunteer adult who is appointed as the region chairman to oversee its region Committee, and an appointed professional (staff) adviser. Each region chief is elected at the national planning meeting the day after the election of the national chief and vice chief by a caucus of the section chiefs from the given region. The members of the region committee consist of the region chief, the region chairman, all national committeemen from the region, and other appointed adult volunteers. Each region annually has a gathering of all section officers and advisers. As a region, they are trained in topics relevant to their jobs. Each region also provides opportunities for Order of the Arrow members to go through a National Leadership Seminar. This weekend course is highly rated and a lasting memory for many members.[41] The national chief and the national vice chief are selected by a caucus of the section chiefs at the outset of the Order of the Arrow's national planning meeting. At the national level, the OA is headed by the National Order of the Arrow committee of which the national chief and national vice chief are voting members.The national adult leadership includes the volunteer national chairman and the OA director, a professional Scouter.[41] Symbols Order of the Arrow pocket device OA membership and Lodge affiliation are indicated by the wearing of the lodge emblem (commonly known as a lodge flap), an embroidered patch is worn on the right pocket flap of the uniform shirt. Each lodge flap has a unique design, generally reflecting the name, geography or history of the lodge. Part of this is a totem that represents the lodge.[42] Special issues of flaps may be created to commemorate anniversaries and other events and are a popular item for those who engage in Scouting memorabilia collecting.[43] At formal events or Order of the Arrow functions, Arrowmen can be readily identified by a white sash bearing a red arrow that is worn over their right shoulder. An Ordeal member wears a sash with a lone arrow. The Brotherhood member wears a sash bearing an arrow with a red bar at each end of the arrow. A Vigil Honor member wears a sash with the same bars of as the Brotherhood sash at each end of the arrow, and a Vigil Honor triangle on the center of the shaft. The OA sash is not worn at the same time as the merit badge sash, nor worn folded in the belt.[44] The sash as a form of recognition dates to the founding of the Order and has a long history of changes in usage and design.[44] Arrowmen also exchange a special handshake as a token of brotherhood, along with other signs and passwords. A signature acronym, WWW (Wimachtendienk Wingolauchsik Witahemui - Brotherhood of Those Who Serve Cheerfully), is often depicted in publications, regalia, etc.[45] Additionally, Order members may choose to wear the OA Universal Ribbon suspended from the right uniform shirt pocket button.[44] Ceremonies The Guide leads others into the Ordeal Ceremony The Guide greets the Guard at the entrance Order of the Arrow ceremonies were once considered to be secret, and consequently, the OA has been viewed by some as a secret society. With the introduction of Youth Protection program guidelines in 1980s, the BSA has made clear that any concerned parent, guardian, or religious leader may view a video of the ceremonies, attend meetings, or read ceremonial texts upon request to a council, district, lodge, or chapter official to assure themselves that there is nothing objectionable.[46][47] Such persons are asked to safeguard (conceal) the details relating to ceremonies for the sake of the participants. The intent of the provision for parents and religious leaders to be allowed access to ceremonies is to ensure that there is no religious conflict or violations of youth protection guidelines occurring. Parents have long been discouraged in many Lodges from seizing the opportunity to use the provision for photo opportunities with their sons, and some lodges have instituted bans on photography during the ceremonies. Hazing or demeaning initiation pranks are also prohibited by the OA and the BSA.[46][48] The ceremonies utilize symbolic settings, rites, and principles to convey various Scouting ideals to participants. "The values of the Order of the Arrow, 'a brotherhood of cheerful service,' were passed on during a night-time ceremony: an arrowhead outlined with stones on the ground, candles on the stones, a huge bonfire at the base of the arrowhead, and at the point of the arrow a lectern from which was read, and danced, the story of heroic sacrifice for others."[49] Ceremonies also utilize the OA song, commonly referred to by its first line of lyrics as Firm Bound in Brotherhood, and titled Order of the Arrow Official Song and The Order of the Arrow Song in the printed music score of official OA publications.[13][50][51] It was written in 1921 by OA founder E. Urner Goodman to the Russian hymn tune God Save the Tsar!, composed by Alexei Lvov in the 19th century.[17][52] Awards Main article: Order of the Arrow honors and awards Awards are separate and distinct from the membership levels of Ordeal and Brotherhood. Awards available through the Order of the Arrow include: Vigil Honor, Founder's Award, Distinguished Service Award, Lifetime Achievement Award, Red Arrow Award, E. Urner Goodman Camping Award.[53] Events The national OA committee also sponsors various national service opportunities, the oldest of which is the National OA Service Corps at the national Scout jamborees, at which Arrowmen have helped with many functions including shows and the Outdoor Adventure Program exhibit.[54] High Adventure Program Two Arrowmen working on a trail in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. Main article: High adventure programs of the Order of the Arrow The Order of the Arrow, in its focus on service and humility, sponsors service groups to the four National High Adventure Bases that focus on conservation. Inspired by three gentlemen, Edward Pease, Eugene "Gene" Schnell and Marty Tschetter who gathered at a leadership summit at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1979, the Order of the Arrow High Adventure program was established. Originally starting with the Order of the Arrow Trail Crew at the Philmont Scout Ranch working to build new trails and repair old ones. This expanded to the Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases with the OA Wilderness Voyage, repairing the portage trails in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, and then to Florida National High Adventure Sea Base in 2005 with Ocean Adventure, which works to remove invasive species on some of the Keys and promoting and carrying out of the Bleach watch program in the Florida Keys. After the addition of the third High Adventure Base, the Order of the Arrow implemented the OA Triple Crown Award in the summer of 2009, the OA began the OA Canadian Odyssey program which provided service similar to the OA Wilderness Voyage to the Quetico Provincial Park. In 2014, The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve began hosting the Order of the Arrow Summit Experience[55] which gives service to the New River Gorge National River. National Order of the Arrow Conference Main article: List of Order of the Arrow national events The National Order of the Arrow Conference (NOAC) is a multi-day event which usually takes place on a university campus, bringing together thousands of delegates from OA lodges around the nation for training and activities. NOACs are held every two years, with exceptions made to align the event with significant anniversaries. As a youth-led organization, these national conferences are organized and directed by the elected section and region youth officers, who serve on committees responsible for various conference aspects under the leadership of the conference vice-chief. Events include training for programs, leadership and American Indian culture; competitions in athletics, ceremonies, cooking and American Indian dances; and exhibits on OA history, outdoor activities, and camping. There are also opportunities to talk with national leaders, perform service work and trade patches. Evening shows have different themes, including American Indian culture and recognition of dance competition winners, presentations of awards including the OA Distinguished Service Award and other entertainment.[54] Training In addition to training courses available at a NOAC or section conclave, the OA offers specialized leadership training as weekend events for members: Lodge Leadership Development (LLD), National Leadership Seminars (NLS), and National Lodge Adviser Training Seminar (NLATS). LLD is a one-day or two-day event conducted by a lodge to train their officers and advisers. NLS's are conducted by regions for lodge officers and advisers. Many lodges send key officers to receive training. Typically, each region schedules three or four NLS weekends annually, at geographically dispersed locations within the region. NLATS is a training event for adults, usually held in conjunction with an NLS and conducted by regions, on the role of advisers in the OA.[56] Largely considered the adult equivalent of the NLS program, NLATS's primary objective was to provide advanced training to adults in each lodge. NLATS and NLS usually happened concurrently on the same weekend. The events were planned and executed by a staff of adults. After successful pilots in 2016, the Developing Youth Leadership Conference curriculum began replacing NLATS in early 2017.[57] Association with Native American Cultures Goodman and Edson, the founders of the Order of the Arrow, opted to portray what they saw as Native American characteristics "as a sign of scouting excellence,"[19] and that the imagery, costuming, titles and imitation rituals "evoked a primitivist exterior Indian Other, vanished from the modern world but still accessible through ritual and its accompanying objects."[19] Goodman and Edson established the OA at Treasure Island Scout Reservation as a Scouting honor society "based on a loose interpretation of" Hiawatha and the novel The Last of the Mohicans. Inductions of new OA members at Treasure Island involved OA members meeting around bonfires in "ritual Indian costume".[19] In the past, members of the OA have used face paint, performed dances with religious significance, and used terms now considered objectionable in reference to Native Americans. The OA officially no longer allows these practices, stating that this is in recognition of preferences of Native American groups that found such actions offensive.[58] The Chief Seattle Council of the BSA has written that modern ceremonies conducted by each OA lodge are "influenced by" the history and traditions of the Native American tribes indigenous to the areas the lodge serves.[59] A 2003 Ceremonial Team Training guide of the Shawnee Lodge of the OA advised Arrowmen that among the factors to be considered pertaining to the outfits they design to wear in their rituals, "The first and foremost is respect for Native Americans, especially those whose tribal style you are emulating."[60] According to the Indian Affairs team of the Atta Kulla Kulla Lodge: Some individual Native Americans may still find fault with people who are not Native Americans performing ceremonies and dances. It is not possible to please everyone no matter what you do, so members of the Order should note that their practices are discussed at length with representatives of other tribes and found acceptable. This approval puts such critics in the odd position of attempting to dictate practices to other Native American groups.[58] On July 23, 2018 the National Order of the Arrow Committee announced that they had received "many complaints surrounding these ceremonies from various American Indian tribes due to the manner in which they are conducted as well as the inconsistent nature in which they are performed." and that effective as of January 1, 2019, "lodges and chapters that are asked to conduct Arrow of Light or crossover ceremonies for Cub Scout packs will only be permitted to conduct them using the new approved official ceremonies which can be found in the OA Inductions Portal. These ceremonies are to be conducted in a Scout uniform and are no longer permitted to be done in American Indian regalia."[61] Concerns of cultural appropriation and stereotypes The Order of the Arrow has been protested and criticized for engaging in cultural appropriation[62][5][63][19] and spreading stereotypes of, and racism against, Native Americans.[64][65] Protester concerns include OA's imitation of Native American ceremonies, regalia, and artwork they consider to be offensive.[64][66][63][5] In 2015, OA member Philip Rice wrote a letter to The State News of Michigan State University to protest hosting the National Order of the Arrow Conference on the MSU campus. He felt the OA's former logo, "a stylized image of a generic 'native' face with a swirling headdress" was offensive, but better than Central Michigan University's defunct "Chippewa" logo and the Washington Redskins logo. He also objected to a prominent image of the original chief bonnet worn by a young white man on the OA's website. He acknowledged the recent changes toward social awareness such as changing the logo to a rough-hewn arrowhead, but concluded that the OA "remains guilty of flagrant cultural appropriation and borderline racism".[62] Use of Native American sacred objects by non-Native groups such as the Boy Scouts has been condemned by Native activists.[62][5][63] Mother of former scouts, Ozheebeegay Ikwe, writes, "While native children in residential schools had their culture and language beaten from them, the Boy Scouts were using the language and their version of âIndian cultureâ in their OA ceremony."[67] She stresses that the proper use of "the Drum, Pipe, and Eagle Feather", along with other sacred ways, is a great responsibility in Native American cultures, that "traditional ways are not a costume", and that these sacred ways are still part of the lives of Native American people who want them preserved intact for their own children, rather than used by "just anyone."[67] She called the OA's use of headdresses, face paint, eagle feathers, and dancing with a pipe, "downright offensive". After researching the OA and watching their ceremonies she said, "Use of these items by Boy Scouts indicates that there is very little understanding of the Native people they claim to admire and respect."[67] David Prochaska, professor in the University of Illinois History Department states the Order of the Arrow is one element that "exemplifies the much larger phenomenon of 'playing Indian'...Boy Scouts, Eagle Scouts, Order of the Arrow. Order of Red Men. Campfire Girls. Woodcraft. Boston Tea Party. 'White Indians' - white New Agers as Native American 'wannabes.' ... To pursue the argument a step further, what is 'playing Indian,' 'playing Native,' 'playing an Other,' all about? It is about play, for one thing, in the sense of dressing up, masquerade, the Bakhtinian carnivalesque...It is also about appropriation, in the sense of taking on, assuming an other's identity, taking another's identity. The implication here is replacing one with another, silencing another, speaking for another."[68] References "NOAC 1998 Memories: A Life of Service". Order of the Arrow. August 4, 1998. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 17, 2012. "2017 Annual Report" (PDF). Order of the Arrow. "National Order of the Arrow Leadership". Order of the Arrow. "Scouting's National Honor Society - Fact Sheet" (PDF). Order of the Arrow, BSA. 2014. Argillander, Matthew (August 15, 2015). "Indigenous Grad Students Protest Boy Scouts". PopularResistance.org. Retrieved March 4, 2019. Edelman, Gretchen (August 12, 2015). "Mich. State Students Protest Boy Scouts for 'Cultural Appropriation'". CampusReform.org. Retrieved March 4, 2019. Townley, Alvin (2007). Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. St Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-8395-5000-6. "Extended History of the Order of the Arrow". Quelqueshoe Lodge 166. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2009. "OA Words". The Totem. Passoconaway Lodge #220, Daniel Webster Council #330. September 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2019. âWimachtendienkâ is a word used by the Moravians, German and Dutch missionaries who first interacted with the Lenape in the 1700s, to describe themselves and their church (The United Brethren). It is grammatically correct LĂ«nape and translates as âwe who are brothers to one anotherâ and thus, by extension, was used to convey the meaning of the European concept of a âbrotherhoodâ. This European concept did not exist in the LĂ«nape tradition, thus there was no word, so the Moravians had to invent one. But at least itâs grammatically correct. Daniel Garrison Brinton 1837-1899; David Zeisberger 1721-1808; Albert Seqaqkind (1888). "A LenĂąpĂ©-English dictionary; From an anonymous ms. in the archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pa". Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 4, 2019. "The Lenape / English Dictionary - W". gilwell.com âą a website for things Scouting. Retrieved June 4, 2019. Peterson, Robert W. (1984). The Boy Scouts: An American Adventure. American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-1173-1. Order of the Arrow Handbook. Boy Scouts of America. 1977. ISBN 0-8395-5000-6. history.oa-bsa.org/node/3045 Cave, Edward (1914). The Boy's Camp Book: A Guidebook Based upon the Annual Encampment of a Boy Scout Troop. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page & Company. OL 6567202M.open access Davis, Ken (2000). Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A History of the Order of the Arrow (3rd ed.). Order of the Arrow. Block, Nelson (2000). A Thing of the Spirit, The Life of E. Urner Goodman. Boy Scouts of America. Grove, Dr. Terry (2007). Kekeenowin of the Wimachtendienk: The Record and Ritual Book of the Order of the Arrow 1915-1948. Apopka, FL: Reliance Media Inc. p. 38. ISBN 9780977653478. Deloria, Philip J. (1999). Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 105, 108, 126â7, 165, et al. ISBN 9780300080674. Retrieved February 28, 2019. Adkins, S.M. "Freemasonry, Scouting and the Order of the Arrow". Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasons for Dummies. Wile. pp. PT300âPT301. Goodwin, John R. (January 25, 1997). "The Order of the Arrow, Another Masonic Ritual?". Grand Chapter Royal Arch Masons of Virginia. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved March 19, 2008. Peterson, Robert (JanuaryâFebruary 2000). "Celebrating 90 Years of Strong Values and Leadership". Scouting. Retrieved October 20, 2007. Deloria, Philip J. (1999). Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 107â114 et al. ISBN 9780300080674. Retrieved February 28, 2019. Geller, Allan (1983). The Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A Pictorial History of Unami Lodge. Philadelphia: Unami Lodge. Dordick, Bruce (July 4, 2004). "Unami Lodge One History". Cradle of Liberty Council. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved October 16, 2007. Block, Nelson R. (2000). A Thing of the SpiritâThe Life of E. Urner Goodman. Irving, Tx: BSA. LCCN 2001277208. Lindgren, Jim (JanuaryâFebruary 2007). "Honoring a Legacy of Service". Scouting. Retrieved October 20, 2007. "OA Basics: The Order of the Arrow is Scouting's National Honor Society". Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2007. "Purpose and Mission" (PDF). Order of the Arrow. Retrieved November 23, 2009. "ArrowCorps5 pamphlet" (PDF). Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007. Retrieved April 3, 2007. "ArrowCorps5". U.S. Forest Service. Retrieved October 11, 2008. "Order of the Arrow â ArrowCorps5". Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved January 29, 2008. "2018 Membership Update". Order of the Arrow. May 23, 2018. "Membership". Boy Scouts of America. 2019. Davis, Kenneth P (1990). The Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A History of the Order of the Arrow. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. ISBN 0-8395-4998-9. Untiedt, Kenneth L. (2005). Inside the Classroom (and Out). University of North Texas. pp. 44â45. ISBN 1-57441-202-7. Howes, Jim (2007). "History of the Order of the Arrow". Atlas Communications. Retrieved February 9, 2009. "The Vigil Honor". Cowikee Lodge. Archived from the original on March 6, 2009. Retrieved February 19, 2009. Order of the Arrow Guide for Officers and Advisers (PDF). Order of the Arrow. p. 8. "Field Operations Guide" (PDF). Order of the Arrow. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2008. "FIRST INSIGNIA -TOTEM PINS". ORDER OF THE ARROW. BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA. Retrieved October 4, 2019. "Pocumtuc Lodge Flaps". Pocumtuc Lodge. Retrieved February 19, 2009. "History of the OA Sash". OA Sections. Retrieved July 30, 2008. "The Handclasp of the Lodge". Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original on July 20, 2006. Retrieved April 11, 2006. "Youth Protection Guidelines for Adult leaders and Parents". Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. 2006. Physical hazing and initiations are prohibited and may not be included as part of any Scouting activity ... The BSA does not recognize any secret organizations as part of its program. All aspects of the Scouting program such as Order of the Arrow are open to observation by parents and leaders Order of the Arrow Handbook. Boy Scouts of America. 2008. If after discussing the ceremony with the lodge adviser, the parent, Scout leader or religious leader continues to have questions about the content of the ceremony, that person will be permitted to read the ceremonial text and view the Ordeal's ceremony training DVD. Following this, parents will be in a position to decide whether to allow their son to participate in the ceremony. Nonmembers should not attend the ceremonies. Donchak, Lisa (April 10, 2008). "The Secret Behind the Order of the Arrow". City on a Hill Press. Retrieved January 30, 2012. Wicks, Robert J. (2000). Handbook of Spirituality for Ministers. Paulist Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-8091-3971-5. Ceremony for the Brotherhood. Boy Scouts of America. 1999. p. 18. 34994A. Ceremony for the Ordeal. Boy Scouts of America. 1999. p. 14. Sanchez, Diana (1989). The Hymns of the United Methodist Hymnal. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. ISBN 0-687-43149-2. Scholarships, Grants and Prizes 2007. Peterson's. 2007. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-7689-2314-8. "National OA Events". Order of the Arrow. Retrieved February 9, 2009. High Adventure Service: OA Summit Experience Retrieved August 5, 2016 "OA Training Central". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved March 5, 2013. www.oa-bsa.org/pages/content/developing-youth-leadership-conference-info "AIA Team". Atta Kulla Kulla Lodge, Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved November 2, 2017. "What is the Order of the Arrow?" (PDF). Chief Seattle Council, Boy Scouts of America. 2009. pp. 6, 7. Retrieved November 2, 2017. "Awake My Friends! A Resource for Ceremonial Team Planning" (PDF). Shawnee Lodge, Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. August 31, 2003. pp. 24, 25. Retrieved November 2, 2017. "Official Arrow of Light and crossover ceremonies". Boy Scouts of America - Order of the Arrow. July 23, 2018. Retrieved March 4, 2019. "LETTER: Boy Scouts on campus demonstrate insensitivity to Native American traditions". The State News. Kader, Charles (August 25, 2015). "Boy Scouts Playing Indians". Indian Country Today. Retrieved November 2, 2017. Brantmeier, Edward J. (August 1, 2002). "Scout Gathering Allows Stereotypes of American Indians to be Repeated". The Herald-Times.(subscription required) Keene, Adrienne (October 1, 2013). "The one stop for all your 'Indian costumes are racist' needs!". Native Appropriations. Retrieved March 4, 2019. No, you can't wear your Boy Scout Order of the Arrow regalia, even if a "real Indian" taught you how to make it. It's not respectful to wear it as a costume, and Iâll argue that it's not respectful for you to wear it ever. "Daily Local News". WFHB Firehouse Broadcasting (Podcast). WFHB Community Radio. July 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009. Ikwe, Ozheebeegay. "Boys Scouts Order of the Arrow Guilty of Cultural Appropriation". Last Real Indians. Archived from the original on August 1, 2016. Retrieved July 1, 2019. King, C. Richard; Springwood, Charles Fruehling (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. U of Nebraska Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0803277984. External links The Internet Guide to OA Insignia vte Boy Scouts of America vte WikiProject Scouting fleur-de-lis dark.svg Scouting and Guiding topics Authority control Edit this at Wikidata LCCN: n79122833VIAF: 145407065WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79122833 Categories: Order of the ArrowBoy Scouts of AmericaYouth organizations established in 1915Honor societies Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadView sourceView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ© Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 18:43 (UTC). 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Post by Freddie on May 5, 2021 20:50:33 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đList of councils (Boy Scouts of America) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America Philly Scout.png The Ideal Scout, a statue by R. Tait McKenzie in front of the Bruce S. Marks Scout Resource Center, the former headquarters of the Cradle of Liberty Council in Philadelphia Scouting portal The program of the Boy Scouts of America is administered through 272 local councils, with each council covering a geographic area that may vary from a single city to an entire state. Each council receives an annual charter from the National Council and is usually incorporated as a charitable organization.[1] Most councils are administratively divided into districts that directly serve Scout units. Councils fall into one of four regions: Western, Central, Southern, and Northeast.[1] Each region is then subdivided into areas. The total number of councils depends on how they are counted: There are 272 individual local councils. Direct Service covers units outside of local councils. Although technically not a council, it is assigned a council number. Greater New York Councils has five boroughs, each with an assigned council number. Michigan Crossroads Council has four field service councils, each with an assigned council number. Each of the four regions has an assigned council number. Contents 1 Current councils of the Boy Scouts of America 2 Further reading 3 See also 4 External links 5 References Current councils of the Boy Scouts of America Current councils of the Boy Scouts of America[2] Council number Council name Headquarters city Headquarters state Lodges Camps 1 Greater Alabama Council Birmingham Alabama Coosa Lodge Comer Scout Reservation Camp Jack Wright Camp Jackson Camp Sequoyah Camp Westmoreland 3 Alabama-Florida Council Dothan Alabama Cowikee Lodge Camp Alaflo 4 Mobile Area Council Mobile Alabama Woa Cholena Lodge Maubila Scout Reservation Boy Scout Camp Pinetreat 5 Tukabatchee Area Council Montgomery Alabama Alibamu Lodge Camp Dexter C. Hobbs Camp Tukabatchee 6 Black Warrior Council Tuscaloosa Alabama Aracoma Lodge Camp Horne Camp O'Rear White Bluff Scout Reservation 10 Grand Canyon Council Phoenix Arizona Wipala Wiki Lodge Camp Geronimo Camp Raymond Camp Theodore Roosevelt / R-C Scout Ranch Heard Scout Pueblo Lake Pleasant Camp Little Grand Canyon Ranch 11 Catalina Council Tucson Arizona Papago Lodge Double V Scout Ranch Camp Lawton 13 De Soto Area Council El Dorado Arkansas Abooikpaagun Lodge Camp De Soto 16 Westark Area Council Fort Smith Arkansas Wachtschu Mawachpo Lodge Camp Orr Camp Spencer Rogers Scout Reservation 18 Quapaw Area Council Little Rock Arkansas Quapaw Lodge Blass Scout Reservation 23 Golden Gate Area Council Pleasant Hill California Ut-In SĂ©lica Lodge Achewon Nimat Lodge Kaweah Lodge Camp Wolfeboro Camp Herms Camp Lindblad Rancho Los Mochos Camp Royaneh Wente Scout Reservation 27 Sequoia Council Fresno California Tah-Heetch Lodge Camp Chawanakee Camp Wortman 30 Southern Sierra Council Bakersfield California Yowlumne Lodge Camp Kern 31 Pacific Skyline Council Foster City California Ohlone Lodge Camp Oljato Cutter Scout Reservation Boulder Creek Scout Reservation 32 Long Beach Area Council Long Beach California Puvunga Lodge Camp Tahquitz Aquatics Sea Base 33 Greater Los Angeles Area Council Los Angeles California Tuku'ut Lodge Camp Cherry Valley Camp Trask Camp Holcomb Valley Firestone Scout Reservation Cabrillo Beach Youth Waterfront Sports Center Forest Lawn Scout Reservation Log Cabin Wilderness Camp 35 Marin Council San Rafael California Talako Lodge Camp Tamarancho Marin-Sierra Slane's Flat 39 Orange County Council Santa Ana California Wiatava Lodge Irvine Ranch Outdoor Education Center Newport Sea Base Oso Lake Boy Scout Camp Schoepe Scout Reservation 41 Redwood Empire Council Santa Rosa California Orca Lodge Camp Masonite-Navarro Camp Noyo 42 Piedmont Council Piedmont California Hungteetsepoppi Lodge 45 California Inland Empire Council Redlands California Cahuilla Lodge Boseker Scout Reservation 47 Golden Empire Council Sacramento California Amangi Nacha Lodge Camp Robert Cole Camp Lassen Camp Nauvoo Camp Pahatsi Camp Pollock Camp Winton 49 San Diego-Imperial Council San Diego California Tiwahe Lodge Mataguay Scout Ranch Camp Balboa Youth Aquatic Center 51 Western Los Angeles County Council Van Nuys California Malibu Lodge Camp Emerald Bay Camp Whitsett Camp Josepho 53 Los Padres Council Santa Barbara California Chumash Lodge Rancho Alegre Camp French 55 Silicon Valley Monterey Bay Council San Jose California Saklan Lodge Camp Chesebrough Camp Hi-Sierra Camp Pico Blanco 57 Ventura County Council Camarillo California Topa Topa Lodge Camp Three Falls Camp Willett 58 Verdugo Hills Council Glendale California Spe-Le-Yai Lodge Camp Verdugo Oaks Camp Silver Fir 59 Greater Yosemite Council Modesto California Toloma Lodge Camp John Mensinger Pendola Sierra Adventure Base Camp McConnell Camp Isom 60 Pikes Peak Council Colorado Springs Colorado Ha-Kin-Skay-A-Ki Lodge Camp Alexander Glen Aspen Ranch 61 Denver Area Council Denver Colorado Tahosa Lodge Peaceful Valley Scout Ranch Tahosa High Adventure Base 62 Longs Peak Council Greeley Colorado Kola Lodge Ben Delatour Scout Ranch Camp Laramie Peak Camp Patiya Jack Nicol Cub Scout Camp Chimney Park Scout Ranch 63 Rocky Mountain Council Pueblo Colorado Tupwee Lodge Rocky Mountain High Adventure Base San Isabel Scout Ranch 64 Western Colorado Council Grand Junction Colorado Mic-O-Say Lodge Steve Fossett Spirit of Adventure Ranch 66 Connecticut Rivers Council East Hartford Connecticut Tschitani Lodge Camp Barbour Camp Mattatuck Camp Workcoeman Mark Greer Scout Reservation June Norcross Webster Scout Reservation 67 Greenwich Council Greenwich Connecticut Achewon Netopalis Lodge Ernest Thompson Seton Scout Reservation 69 Housatonic Council Derby Connecticut Paugassett Lodge Edmund D. Strang Scout Reservation 70 Old North State Council Greensboro North Carolina Tsoiotsi Tsogalii Lodge Cherokee Scout Reservation Woodfield Scout Preservation Hemrick Scout Reservation Hagan Sea Base 72 Connecticut Yankee Council Milford Connecticut Owaneco Lodge Camp Sequassen Deer Lake Scout Reservation Hoyt Scout Reservation Wah Wah Tay See Camp Pomperaug 81 Del-Mar-Va Council Wilmington Delaware Nentego Lodge Henson Scout Reservation Rodney Scout Reservation Akridge Scout Reservation 82 National Capital Area Council Bethesda Maryland Amangamek Wipit Lodge Camp William B. Snyder Goshen Scout Reservation 83 Central Florida Council Apopka Florida Tipisa Lodge Leonard and Marjorie Williams Family Scout Reservation 84 South Florida Council Miami Lakes Florida O-Shot-Caw Lodge 85 Gulf Stream Council Palm Beach Gardens Florida Aal-Pa-Tah Lodge 87 North Florida Council Jacksonville Florida Echockotee Lodge Camp Shands St Johns River Base 88 Southwest Florida Council Fort Myers Florida Osceola Lodge Dr. Franklin Miles Camp Camp Flying Eagle 89 Greater Tampa Bay Area Council Tampa Florida Timuquan Lodge Camp Soule Sand Hill Scout Reservation Camp Owen J. Brorein Camp Soule Flaming Arrow Scout Reservation Big Foot Wilderness Camp Camp Alafia 91 Chattahoochee Council Columbus Georgia Chattahoochee Lodge Camp Frank G Lumpkin Camp Pine Mountain 92 Atlanta Area Council Atlanta Georgia Egwa Tawa Dee Lodge Camp Woodruff Camp Bert Adams 93 Georgia-Carolina Council Augusta Georgia Bob White Lodge Robert E. Knox Scout Reservation Camp Daniel Marshall 95 Flint River Council Griffin Georgia Ini-To Lodge Camp Thunder 96 Central Georgia Council Macon Georgia Echeconnee Lodge 97 South Georgia Council Albany Georgia Withlacoochee Lodge 99 Coastal Georgia Council Savannah Georgia I-Tsu-La Lodge Black Creek Scout Reservation Camp Tolochee 100 Northwest Georgia Council Rome Georgia Waguli Lodge Camp Sidney Dew Camp Westin 101 Northeast Georgia Council Jefferson Georgia Mowogo Lodge Camp Rainey Mountain Scoutland Camp Rotary 102 Maui County Council Wailuku Hawaii Maluhia Lodge 104 Aloha Council Honolulu Hawaii Na Mokupuni O Lawelawe Lodge 106 Mountain West Council[3] Boise Idaho Tukarica Lodge Camp Morrison Salmon River High Adventure Base (SRHAB) Camp Bradley Camp Murtaugh 107 Grand Teton Council Idaho Falls Idaho Shunkah Mahneetu Lodge 117 Prairielands Council Champaign Illinois Illini Lodge 127 Three Fires Council St Charles Illinois Lowaneu Allanque Lodge Camp Freeland Leslie Camp Big Timber 129 Northeast Illinois Council Highland Park Illinois Ma-Ka-Ja-Wan Lodge Camp Makajawan 133 Illowa Council Davenport Iowa Konepaka Ketiwa Lodge 138 W. D. Boyce Council Peoria Illinois Wenasa Quenhotan Lodge 141 Mississippi Valley Council Quincy Illinois Black Hawk Lodge 144 Abraham Lincoln Council Springfield Illinois Illinek Lodge 145 Hoosier Trails Council Bloomington Indiana Nischa Chuppecat Lodge 156 Buffalo Trace Council Evansville Indiana Kiondaga Lodge Old Ben Scout Reservation 157 Anthony Wayne Area Council Fort Wayne Indiana Kiskakon Lodge Anthony Wayne Scout Reservation 160 Crossroads of America Council Indianapolis Indiana Jaccos Towne Lodge Ransburg scout reservation Camp Krietenstein Camp Kikthawenund Camp Belzer 162 Sagamore Council Kokomo Indiana Takachsin Lodge 165 La Salle Council South Bend Indiana Sakima Lodge Wood Lake Scout Reservation/Camp Tamarack Camp ToPeNeBee Rice Woods Camp 172 Hawkeye Area Council Cedar Rapids Iowa Cho-Gun-Mun-A-Nock Lodge Howard H. Cherry Scout Reservation 173 Winnebago Council Waterloo Iowa Sac-N-Fox Lodge Camp Ingawanis 177 Mid-Iowa Council Des Moines Iowa Mitigwa Lodge 178 Northeast Iowa Council Dubuque Iowa Timmeu Lodge 192 Coronado Area Council Salina Kansas Kidi-Kidish Lodge 194 Santa Fe Trail Council Garden City Kansas Mandan Lodge Spanish Peaks Scout Ranch 197 Jayhawk Area Council Topeka Kansas Dzie-Hauk Tonga Lodge 198 Quivira Council Wichita Kansas Kansa Lodge Camp Kanza Quivira Scout Ranch 204 Blue Grass Council Lexington Kentucky Kawida Lodge 205 Lincoln Heritage Council Louisville Kentucky Nguttitehen Lodge 209 Calcasieu Area Council Lake Charles Louisiana Quelqueshoe Lodge Camp Edgewood[4] 211 Istrouma Area Council Baton Rouge Louisiana Quinipissa Lodge Avondale Scout Reservation Camp Carruth 212 Evangeline Area Council Lafayette Louisiana Atchafalaya Lodge 213 Louisiana Purchase Council Monroe Louisiana Comanche Lodge 214 Southeast Louisiana Council Metairie Louisiana Chilantakoba Lodge 215 Norwela Council Shreveport Louisiana Caddo Lodge 216 Katahdin Area Council Orono Maine Pamola Lodge 218 Pine Tree Council Portland Maine Madockawanda Lodge 220 Baltimore Area Council Baltimore Maryland Nentico Lodge Broad Creek Memorial Scout Reservation 221 Mason-Dixon Council Hagerstown Maryland Guneukitschik Lodge Sinoquipe Scout Reservation 224 Cape Cod and the Islands Council Yarmouth Port Massachusetts Abake Mi-Sa-Na-Ki Lodge 227 Spirit of Adventure Council Woburn Massachusetts Pennacook Lodge T.L. Storer Scout Reservation, Barnstead, New Hampshire New England Base Camp, Milton, Massachusetts Parker Mountain Scout Camp, Barnstead, New Hampshire Wah-Tut-Ca Scout Reservation, Northwood, New Hampshire Lone Tree Scout Reservation, Kingston, New Hampshire 230 Heart of New England Council Lancaster Massachusetts Catamount Lodge Camp Wanocksett, Dublin, New Hampshire Camp Split Rock, Ashburnham, Massachusetts Treasure Valley Scout Reservation 234 Western Massachusetts Council Westfield Massachusetts Pocumtuc Lodge Horace Moses Scout Reservation 251 Mayflower Council Framingham Massachusetts Tantamous Lodge 250 Northern Star Council Saint Paul Minnesota Totanhan Nakaha Lodge Base Camp[5] Fred C. Anderson Scout Camp[6] Kiwanis Scout Camp[7] Many Point Scout Camp[8] Phillippo Scout Reservation[9] Rum River Scout Camp[10] Stearns Scout Camp[11] Tomahawk Scout Reservation[12] 283 Twin Valley Council Mankato Minnesota Wahpekute Lodge[13] Cuyuna Scout Camp[14] Cedar Point Scout Camp[15] Norseland Scout Camp[16] 286 Voyageurs Area Council Hermantown Minnesota Ka'niss Ma'ingan Lodge 296 Central Minnesota Council Sartell Minnesota Naguonabe Lodge 299 Gamehaven Council Rochester Minnesota Blue Ox Lodge 302 Choctaw Area Council Meridian Mississippi Ashwanchi Kinta Lodge Camp Binachi 303 Andrew Jackson Council Jackson Mississippi Sebooney Okasucca Lodge Warren Hood Scout Reservation 304 Pine Burr Area Council Hattiesburg Mississippi Ti'ak Lodge 306 Ozark Trails Council Springfield Missouri Wah-Sha-She Lodge Camp Arrowhead Frank Childress Scout Reservation Cow Creek Scout Reservation 307 Heart of America Council Kansas City Missouri Tamegonit Lodge Theodore Naish Scout Reservation (Kansas) H. Roe Bartle Scout Reservation (Missouri) 311 Pony Express Council Saint Joseph Missouri O Ni Flo Camp Geiger Scout Reservation 312 Greater Saint Louis Area Council (includes former Lewis and Clark Council and former Lincoln Trails Council in Illinois) Saint Louis Missouri Shawnee Lodge Anpetu-we Lodge Nisha Kittan Lodge Woapink Lodge Beaumont Scout Reservation S-F Scout Ranch Camp Lewallen Pine Ridge Scout Camp Camp Joy Camp Warren Levis Camp Vandeventer Rhodes France Scout Reservation Swift High Adventure Base 315 Montana Council Great Falls Montana Apoxky Aio Lodge Camp Melita Island K-M Scout Ranch Camp Arcola Grizzly Base Camp 322 Overland Trails Council Grand Island Nebraska Tatanka-Anpetu-Wi Lodge 324 Cornhusker Council Walton Nebraska Golden Sun Lodge 326 Mid-America Council Omaha Nebraska Kit-Ke-Hak-O-Kut Lodge 328 Las Vegas Area Council Las Vegas Nevada Nebagamon Lodge 329 Nevada Area Council Reno Nevada Tannu Lodge 330 Daniel Webster Council Manchester New Hampshire Passaconaway Lodge Hidden Valley Scout Camp Camp Bell 333 Northern New Jersey Council Oakland New Jersey Lenapehoking Lodge Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco Floodwood Mountain Reservation Alpine Scout Camp Dow Druckker Scout Reservation Camp Lewis Camp Yaw-Paw 334 Southern New Jersey Council Millville New Jersey Te'kening Lodge 341 Jersey Shore Council Toms River New Jersey Japeechen Lodge 347 Monmouth Council Morganville New Jersey Na Tsi Hi Lodge Forestburg Scout Reservation Quail Hill Scout Reservation 358 Patriots' Path Council Cedar Knolls New Jersey Woapalanne Lodge Winnebago Scout Reservation Mt. Allamuchy Scout Reservation Sabattis Adventure Camp 364 Twin Rivers Council Albany New York Kittan Lodge Camp Wakpominee Rotary Scout Reservation 368 Baden-Powell Council Binghamton New York Otahnagon Lodge Camp Barton[17] Tuscarora Scout Reservation[18] 373 Longhouse Council Syracuse New York Lowanne Nimat Lodge 374 Hudson Valley Council Newburgh New York Nacha Nimat Lodge 375 Five Rivers Council Elmira New York TKĂ€en DoD Lodge Camp Brule Camp Gorton 376 Iroquois Trail Council Batavia New York Ashokwahta Lodge Camp Dittmer Camp Sam Wood 380 Greater Niagara Frontier Council Buffalo New York Ho-De-No-Sau-Nee Lodge 382 Allegheny Highlands Council Falconer New York Ho-Nan-Ne-Ho-Ont Lodge Camp Merz Elk Lick Scout Reservation 386 Theodore Roosevelt Council Massapequa New York Buckskin Lodge Onteora Scout Reservation Schiff Scout Reservation 388 Westchester-Putnam Council Hawthorne New York Ktemaque Lodge 393 Otschodela Council Oneonta New York Onteroraus Lodge 397 Seneca Waterways Council Rochester New York Tschipey Achtu Lodge Camp Babcock-Hovey J. Warren Cutler Scout Reservation Massawepie Scout Camps 400 Revolutionary Trails Council Utica New York Ga-Hon-Ga Lodge 404 Suffolk County Council Medford New York Shinnecock Lodge Baiting Hollow Scout Camp 405 Rip Van Winkle Council Kingston New York Half Moon Lodge 412 Great Southwest Council Albuquerque New Mexico Yah-Tah-Hey-Si-Kess Lodge 413 Conquistador Council Roswell New Mexico Kwahadi Lodge 414 Daniel Boone Council Asheville North Carolina Tsali Lodge Camp Daniel Boone Lumpkin High Adventure Base 415 Mecklenburg County Council Charlotte North Carolina Catawba Lodge 416 Central North Carolina Council Albemarle North Carolina Itibapishe Iti Hollo Lodge Camp John J. Barnhardt 420 Piedmont Council Gastonia North Carolina Eswau Huppeday Lodge 421 Occoneechee Council Raleigh North Carolina Occoneechee Lodge Camp Durant (part of the Occoneechee Scout Reservation (OSR))[19] Camp Reeves (part of the Occoneechee Scout Reservation (OSR))[19] Camp Cambell[19] 424 Tuscarora Council Goldsboro North Carolina Nayawin Rar Lodge Camp Tuscarora 425 Cape Fear Council Wilmington North Carolina Klahican Lodge Camp Bowers Camp McNeil (Cub Scout World) 426 East Carolina Council Kinston North Carolina Croatan Lodge 427 Old Hickory Council Winston-Salem North Carolina Wahissa Lodge Camp Raven Knob 429 Northern Lights Council Fargo North Dakota Pa-Hin Lodge Camp Wilderness Scout Camp Heart Butte Scout Reservation Big 4 Scout Camp Tom Brantner Memorial Camp 433 Great Trail Council Akron Ohio Marnoc Lodge Camp Manatoc Camp Stambaugh (Ohio) 436 Buckeye Council Canton Ohio Sipp-O Lodge Camp McKinley Camp Rodman Seven Ranges Scout Reservation 438 Dan Beard Council Cincinnati Ohio Ku-Ni-Eh Lodge Camp Friedlander Camp Michaels 439 Tecumseh Council Springfield Ohio Tarhe Lodge Camp Hugh Taylor Birch 440 Lake Erie Council Cleveland Ohio Erielhonan Lodge Beaumont Scout Reservation (Ohio) Camp Stigwandish Firelands Scout Reservation 441 Simon Kenton Council Columbus Ohio Tecumseh Lodge Camp Lazarus Camp Falling Rock Chief Logan Reservation Camp Oyo[20] 444 Miami Valley Council Dayton Ohio Miami Lodge Woodland Trails Scout Reservation Cricket Holler Scout Camp 449 Black Swamp Area Council Findlay Ohio Mawat Woakus Lodge 450 Heart of Ohio Council Ashland Ohio Portage Lodge 456 Pathway to Adventure Council Chicago Illinois Michigamea Lodge Owasippe Lodge Pachsegink Lodge Lakota Lodge 460 Erie Shores Council Toledo Ohio Tindeuchen Lodge 463 Greater Western Reserve Council Warren Ohio Wapashuwi Lodge 467 Muskingum Valley Council Zanesville Ohio Netawatwees Lodge 468 Arbuckle Area Council Ardmore Oklahoma Wisawanik Lodge 469 Cherokee Area Council Bartlesville Oklahoma Washita Lodge 474 Cimarron Council Enid Oklahoma Ema 'O Mahpe Lodge Will Rogers Scout Reservation 480 Last Frontier Council Oklahoma City Oklahoma Ma-Nu Lodge Kerr Scout Ranch at Slippery Falls 488 Indian Nations Council Tulsa Oklahoma Ta Tsu Hwa Lodge Tom Hale Scout Reservation 491 Crater Lake Council Central Point Oregon Lo La 'Qam Geela Lodge 492 Cascade Pacific Council Portland Oregon Wauna La-Mon'tay Lodge Camp Pioneer[21] Camp Baldwin[22] Camp Cooper[23] Camp Meriwether[24] Camp Ireland[25] Camp Lewis[26] Butte Creek Scout Ranch[27] Camp Clark[28] 497 Juniata Valley Council Reedsville Pennsylvania Monaken Lodge 500 Moraine Trails Council Butler Pennsylvania Kuskitannee Lodge Camp Bucoco[29] Camp Agawam[30] 501 Northeastern Pennsylvania Council Moosic Pennsylvania Lowwapaneu Lodge 502 Minsi Trails Council Lehigh Valley Pennsylvania Witauchsoman Lodge Camp Minsi Akelaland Settler's Camp 504 Columbia-Montour Council Bloomsburg Pennsylvania Wyona Lodge 509 Bucktail Council Du Bois Pennsylvania Ah'Tic Lodge Camp Mountain Run 512 Westmoreland-Fayette Council Greensburg Pennsylvania Wagion Lodge 524 Pennsylvania Dutch Council Lancaster Pennsylvania Wunita Gokhos Lodge Camp Bashore 525 Cradle of Liberty Council Philadelphia Pennsylvania Unami Lodge Musser Scout Reservation Resica Falls Scout Reservation 527 Laurel Highlands Council Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Allohak Menewi Lodge 528 Hawk Mountain Council Reading Pennsylvania Kittatinny Lodge Hawk Mountain Scout Reservation 532 French Creek Council Erie Pennsylvania Langundowi Lodge 533 Susquehanna Council Williamsport Pennsylvania Woapeu Sisilija Lodge 538 Chief Cornplanter Council Warren Pennsylvania Gyantwachia Lodge 539 Chester County Council West Chester Pennsylvania Octoraro Lodge Horseshoe Scout Reservation Camp John H. Ware, III 544 New Birth of Freedom Council Mechanicsburg Pennsylvania Sasquesahanough Lodge Hidden Valley Scout Reservation Camp Tuckahoe 546 Narragansett Council East Providence Rhode Island Tulpe Lodge Cachalot Scout Reservation Camp Norse Yawgoog Scout Reservation 549 Palmetto Area Council Spartanburg South Carolina Skyuka Lodge 550 Coastal Carolina Council Charleston South Carolina Unali'Yi Lodge Camp Ho Nan Wah 551 Blue Ridge Council Greenville South Carolina Atta Kulla Kulla Lodge Camp Old Indian 552 Pee Dee Area Council Florence South Carolina Santee Lodge Camp Coker[31] 553 Indian Waters Council Columbia South Carolina Muscogee Lodge Camp Barstow 556 Cherokee Area Council Chattanooga Tennessee Talidandaganu' Lodge 557 Great Smoky Mountain Council Knoxville Tennessee Pellissippi Lodge Camp Buck Toms 558 Chickasaw Council Memphis Tennessee Ahoalan-Nachpikin Lodge Camp Currier Camp Sardis 559 West Tennessee Area Council Jackson Tennessee Ittawamba Lodge Camp Mack Morris Grimes Canoe Base 560 Middle Tennessee Council Nashville Tennessee Wa-Hi-Nasa Lodge Boxwell Scout Reservation Latimer Reservation Parrish Reservation 561 Texas Trails Council Abilene Texas Penateka Lodge Camp Tonkawa Camp Billy Gibbons 562 Golden Spread Council Amarillo Texas Nischa Achowalogen Lodge 564 Capitol Area Council Austin Texas Tonkawa Lodge Lost Pines Scout Reservation Cub World at Camp Tom Wooten Griffith League Scout Ranch Camp Alma McHenry Camp Green Dickson Roy D. Rivers Wilderness Camp Smilin V Scout Ranch 567 Buffalo Trail Council Midland Texas Tatanka Lodge 571 Circle Ten Council Dallas Texas Mikanakawa Lodge Camp Constantin Camp Wisdom Camp Trevor Rees-Jones Camp James Ray 573 Yucca Council El Paso Texas Gila Lodge 574 Bay Area Council Galveston Texas Wihinipa Hinsa Lodge 576 Sam Houston Area Council Houston Texas Colonneh Lodge Bovay Scout Ranch[32] (McNair Cub Scout Adventure Camp & Tellepsen Scout Camp[33]) Camp Brosig[34] Camp Strake[35] (under construction) 577 South Texas Council Corpus Christi Texas Karankawa Lodge 578 Three Rivers Council Beaumont Texas Hasinai Lodge 580 NeTseO Trails Council Paris Texas Loquanne Allangwh Lodge 583 Alamo Area Council San Antonio Texas Aina Topa Hutsi Lodge McGimsey Scout Park Bear Creek Scout Reservation Mays Family Scout Ranch 584 Caddo Area Council Texarkana Texas Akela Wahinapay Lodge 585 East Texas Area Council Tyler Texas Tejas Lodge 587 Northwest Texas Council Wichita Falls Texas Wichita Lodge Perkins Scout Reservation 590 Crossroads of the West Council Ogden Utah El-Ku-Ta Lodge Awaxaawe' Awachia Lodge Tu-Cubin-Noonie Lodge Camp Kiesel Camp Maple Dell Camp Tracy Camp Hunt Camp Loll Camp Maple Dell Ogden Ropes Course Teton High Adventure Base 592 Green Mountain Council Waterbury Vermont Ajapeu Lodge 595 Colonial Virginia Council Newport News Virginia Wahunsenakah Lodge Bayport Scout Reservation (closed) 596 Tidewater Council Virginia Beach Virginia Blue Heron Lodge Pipsico Scout Reservation 598 Shenandoah Area Council Winchester Virginia Shenshawpotoo Lodge Camp Rock Enon 599 Blue Ridge Mountains Council Roanoke Virginia Tutelo Lodge Blue Ridge Scout Reservation 602 Heart of Virginia Council Richmond Virginia Nawakwa Lodge Heart of Virginia Scout Reservation Camp T. Brady Saunders Camp Douglas S. Fleet Cub and Webelos Adventure Camp Albright Scout Reservation Eagle Point 604 Blue Mountain Council Kennewick Washington Wa-La-Moot-Kin Lodge 606 Mount Baker Council Everett Washington Sikhs Mox Lamonti Lodge 609 Chief Seattle Council Seattle Washington T'Kope Kwiskwis Lodge Camp Edward Camp Parsons Camp Pigott Camp Sheppard 610 Great Alaska Council Anchorage Alaska Nanuk Lodge 611 Inland Northwest Council Spokane Washington Es-Kaielgu Lodge Camp Cowles Camp Easton Camp Grizzly 612 Pacific Harbors Council Tacoma Washington Nisqually Lodge 614 Grand Columbia Council Yakima Washington Tataliya Lodge 615 Mountaineer Area Council Fairmont West Virginia Menawngihella Lodge 617 Buckskin Council Charleston West Virginia Chi-Hoota-Wei Lodge 618 Allohak Council Parkersburg West Virginia Nendawen Lodge 619 Ohio River Valley Council Wheeling West Virginia Onondaga Lodge 620 Glacier's Edge Council Madison Wisconsin Bigfoot Lodge Camp Indian Trails, Ed Bryant Scout Reserve 624 Gateway Area Council La Crosse Wisconsin Ni-Sanak-Tani Lodge Camp Decorah 627 Samoset Council Weston Wisconsin Tom Kita Chara Lodge Tesomas Scout Camp 635 Bay-Lakes Council Appleton Wisconsin Kon Wapos Lodge Bear Paw Scout Camp Gardner Dam Scout Camp Camp Rokolio (Cub Scout World) Camp Hiawatha Jax Camp 636 Three Harbors Council Milwaukee Wisconsin Kanwa tho Lodge Indian Mound Reservation, Camp Oh-Da-Ko-Ta 637 Chippewa Valley Council Eau Claire Wisconsin Otyokwa Lodge L.E. Phillips Scout Reservation 638 Central Wyoming Council Casper Wyoming Tatokainyanka Lodge 640 Greater New York Councils New York New York Kintecoying Lodge Ten Mile River Scout Camps Alpine Scout Camp Pouch Camp 651 Potawatomi Area Council Waukesha Wisconsin Wag-O-Shag Lodge Camp Long Lake 653 Great Rivers Council Columbia Missouri Nampa-Tsi Lodge 660 Blackhawk Area Council Rockford Illinois Wulapeju Lodge Camp Lowden Canyon Camp 661 Puerto Rico Council Guaynabo Puerto Rico Yokahu Lodge Guajataka Scout Reservation 662 Longhorn Council Hurst Texas Netopalis Sipo Schipinachk Lodge 664 Suwannee River Area Council Tallahassee Florida Semialachee Lodge 690 Burlington County Council Rancocas New Jersey Hunnikick Lodge 691 Pushmataha Area Council Columbus Mississippi Watonala Lodge Camp Seminole 694 South Plains Council Lubbock Texas Nakona Lodge 695 Black Hills Area Council Rapid City South Dakota Crazy Horse Lodge Medicine Mountain Scout Ranch 696 Midnight Sun Council Fairbanks Alaska Toontuk Lodge 697 Oregon Trail Council Eugene Oregon Tsisqan Lodge Camp Baker Camp Melakwa 702 Rainbow Council Morris Illinois Waupecan Lodge 713 Sequoyah Council Johnson City Tennessee Sequoyah Lodge 733 Sioux Council Sioux Falls South Dakota Tetonwana Lodge 741 Texas Southwest Council San Angelo Texas Wahinkto Lodge 748 Yocona Area Council Tupelo Mississippi Chicksa Lodge 763 Virginia Headwaters Council Waynesboro Virginia Shenandoah Lodge Camp Shenandoah 773 Gulf Coast Council Pensacola Florida Yustaga Lodge Spanish Trail Scout Reservation 775 Rio Grande Council Harlingen Texas Wewanoma Lodge 777 Washington Crossing Council Doylestown Pennsylvania Ajapeu Lodge Ockanickon Scout Reservation 780 Michigan Crossroads Council Lansing Michigan Agaming Maangogwan Lodge Great Lakes Sailing Adventure Cole Canoe Base Camp Rotary Gerber Scout Reservation Rota-Kiwan Scout Reservation D-Bar-A Scout Ranch Camp Munhacke 781 President Gerald R. Ford Field Service Council Grand Rapids Michigan Nataepu Shohpe Lodge 782 Water and Woods Field Service Council Flint Michigan Agaming Maangogwan Lodge 783 Southern Shores Field Service Council Ann Arbor Michigan Kishahtek Lodge 784 Great Lakes Field Service Council Detroit Michigan Noquet Lodge 800 Direct Service Irving Texas Gamenowinink Lodge 802 Transatlantic Council Livorno Italy Black Eagle Lodge 803 Far East Council Camp Zama Japan Achpateuny Lodge 901 Northeast Region n/a n/a n/a none 902 Southern Region n/a n/a n/a none 903 Central Region n/a n/a n/a none 904 Western Region n/a n/a n/a none 999 National Council Irving Texas n/a none Further reading Hook, James; Franck, Dave; Austin, Steve (1982). An Aid to Collecting Selected Council Shoulder Patches with Valuation. See also Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America Local council camps of the Boy Scouts of America Defunct local councils of the Boy Scouts of America List of councils (Girl Scouts of the USA) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America. "Search engine for councils and districts". "Local Council Locator for BSA - Boy Scouts of America". "Philmont - Council Names and Regions". Media related to Boy Scouts of America Council maps at Wikimedia Commons References Nelson, Bill. "Organization of the Boy Scouts of America". U.S. Scouting Service Project. Archived from the original on February 15, 2008. Retrieved March 12, 2008. Staff writer (January 2013). "Current Councils". Retrieved February 15, 2013. "Mountain West Council Website". "Camp Edgewood". "Base Camp". "Fred C. Anderson Scout Camp". "Kiwanis Scout Camp". "Many Point Scout Camp". "Phillippo Scout Reservation". "Rum River Scout Camp". "Scout Camp Stearns". "Tomahawk Scout Reservation". "Wahpekute Lodge". "Cuyuna Scout Camp". "Cedar Point Scout Camp". "Norseland Scout Camp". "Camp Barton". "Tuscarora Scout Reservation". "Camp Properties | Boy Scouts of America". www.ocscouts.org. Retrieved December 27, 2016. "Simon Kenton Council". "BSA: Camp Pioneer | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Camp Baldwin | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Camp Cooper | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Camp Meriwether | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Camp Ireland | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Camp Lewis | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Butte Creek | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA: Camp Clark | BSA : Cascade Pacific Council". www.cpcbsa.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "BSA Camp Bucoco | BSA: Moraine Trails Council". www.morainetrails.org. Retrieved May 18, 2017. "BSA Camp Agawam | BSA: Moraine Trails Council". www.morainetrails.org. Retrieved May 18, 2017. "Camp Coker (General Info) â Pee Dee Area Council". Retrieved July 8, 2020. "Bovay Scout Ranch". "Tellepsen Scout Camp". "Camp Brosig". "Camp Strake". vte Boy Scouts of America vte Scouting in the United States Categories: Local councils of the Boy Scouts of AmericaLists of organizations based in the United StatesScouting-related lists Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 30 December 2020, at 21:52 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. 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Army Reserve (United Kingdom) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Army Reserve Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve Territorial Army Territorial Force Active 1908âpresent Country United Kingdom Branch British Army Role Volunteer Reserve Website Army Reserve Insignia War flag Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg Non-ceremonial flag Flag of the British Army (1938-present).svg Flag of the British Army British Army of the British Armed Forces Components Army (List of units and formations of the British Armycurrent regiments) Army Reserve Administration Army Headquarters Overseas British Forces Germany British Forces Cyprus British Forces Falkland Islands British Forces Gibraltar British Forces Brunei Personnel Senior officers Officer insignia Other ranks insignia Equipment Current equipment British military rifles History HistoryTimelineRecruitment United Kingdom portal vte The Army Reserve is the active-duty volunteer reserve force of the British Army. It is separate from the Regular Reserve whose members are ex-Regular personnel who retain a statutory liability for service. The Army Reserve was known as the Territorial Force from 1908 to 1921, the Territorial Army (TA) from 1921 to 1967, the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) from 1967 to 1979, and again the Territorial Army (TA) from 1979 to 2014. The Army Reserve was created as the Territorial Force in 1908 by the Secretary of State for War, Richard Haldane, when the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 combined the previously civilian-administered Volunteer Force, with the mounted Yeomanry (at the same time the Militia was renamed the Special Reserve). Most Volunteer infantry units had unique identities, but lost these in the reorganisation, becoming Territorial battalions of Regular Army infantry regiments. Only one infantry unit, the London Regiment, has maintained a separate identity. Haldane planned a volunteer "Territorial Force", to provide a second line for the six divisions of the Expeditionary Force which he was establishing as the centerpiece of the Regular Army. The Territorial Force was to be composed of fourteen divisions of infantry and fourteen brigades of cavalry, together with all the supporting arms and services needed for overseas war, including artillery, engineers commissariat and medical support. The new Special Reserve was to take over the depots of the militia, as an expanded reserve for the Regular Army. Under multiple political pressures, Haldane altered the public purpose of the Territorial Force in his Territorial and Reserve Forces Act to home defence, at the last moment. Nevertheless, the structure remained as planned and was used to great effect in the early part of the First World War, with six divisions deployed by April 1915, along with many detached units. the commander of the British expeditionary force, Sir John French remarked âWithout the assistance which the Territorials afforded between October 1914 and June 1915, it would have been impossible to hold the line in France and Belgium.â The Secretary for War, Field Marshal Kitchener decided, however, to set up a parallel organisation of General Service (or âKitchenerâ) units who were given priority for equipment and operated in parallel with regular and territorial ones, across all the major theatres of war. Between the wars the Territorial Army (as it was now called) was re-established to be the sole means of expansion in future wars, but it was smaller than before and poorly resourced. The prospect of the Second World War saw a hurried attempt to double its size, accompanied by the first stages of conscription. Three reserve divisions and many individual units were deployed before the fall of France but much of the newly expanded structure lacked cohesion, as was demonstrated in the Narvik Campaign. During the war many territorial units served with great distinction, including the Queen Victoria Rifles at Calais and the 4th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment at Kohima. After the Second World War, the TA was reconstituted with ten divisions, but then successively cut until rebuilding began in 1970, with numbers peaking at nearly 73,000. It was then run down again despite a major role in the Iraq and Afghanistan operations, bottoming at an estimated 14,000. From 2011 that trend was reversed and a new target of 30,000 trained manpower set with resourcing for training, equipment and the emphasis restored to roles for formed units and sub-units. During periods of total war, the Army Reserve is incorporated by the Royal Prerogative into Regular Service under one code of Military Law for the duration of hostilities or until de-activation is decided upon. After the Second World War, for example, the Territorial Army, as it was known then, was not demobilised until 1947. Army Reservists normally have a full-time civilian job or career, which in some cases provides skills and expertise that are directly transferable to a specialist military role, such as NHS employees serving in Reservist Army Medical Services units. All Army Reserve personnel have their civilian jobs protected to a limited extent by law should they be compulsorily mobilised. There is, however, no legal protection against discrimination in employment for membership of the Army Reserve in the normal course of events (i.e. when not mobilised). Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 South African War, the Need for Reform and Formation of the Territorial Force 1.3 First World War 1.4 Interwar re-establishment and mobilisation in 1939 1.5 The Second World War 1.5.1 List of Territorial Army Divisions, Second World War 1.6 Postwar and Cold War 1.6.1 1966 White Paper: major cuts and a new name 1.6.2 Rebuilding Capability and Exercising Roles 1.7 1988 to 2011: Reduced again but back on operations 1.8 2011 Rebuilding and named the Army Reserve 2 Basic training 2.1 Soldiers 2.2 Officers 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links History Origins Before the creation of the Territorial force, there were three "auxiliary forces"âthe Militia, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers. All militiamen over 19 could join the Militia Reserve, accepting the liability to serve overseas with the Regular Army in case of war if called on to do so. The second element of the auxiliary forces was the Yeomanry, 38 regiments of volunteer cavalry which had historically been used as a form of internal security police. The third arm was the Volunteers, There were 213 rifle corps and 66 corps of artillery,[1] though the latter were mostly coastal artillery or static "position batteries" and they did not constitute an organised field force.[2] There were some engineer and medical units, but no service corps.[3] Reservists in the past had also served as constables or bailiffs, even holding positions of civic duty as overseer of their parish. The more modern Yeomen of the 18th century were cavalry-based units, which were often used to suppress riots (see the Peterloo Massacre). Several units that are now part of the Army Reserve bear the title "militia".[4] South African War, the Need for Reform and Formation of the Territorial Force Main article: Territorial and Reserve Forces Act In 1899, with the outbreak of the South African War, the British Army was committed to its first large-scale overseas deployment since the 1850s. The Cardwell Reforms of 1868â1872 had reformed the system of enlistment for the Regular Army so that recruits now served for six years with the colours and then a further six years liable for reserve service, with the Regular Reserve.[5] The administrative structure of the Army had been further reinforced by the creation of regimental districts, where regular infantry regiments were paired together to share a depot and linked to the local militia and volunteer units.[6] The reforms had ensured that a sizable force of regular troops was based in the United Kingdom for service as an expeditionary force, over and above the troops already stationed overseas. However, once the decision was taken to send a corps-size field force to fight in the South African War, the system began to show a strain. By the end of January 1900, seven regular divisions, roughly half of their manpower from the Regular and Militia Reserves, had been dispatched leaving the country virtually empty of regular troops.[7] This was the end of the planned mobilisation; no thought had been given pre-war to mobilising the Militia, Yeomanry or Volunteers as formed units for foreign service. On 16 December, the first request was sent from South Africa for auxiliary troops, and a commitment was made to send a "considerable force of militia and picked yeomanry and volunteers".[8] The first Volunteer unit to be sent out was a 1,300 man composite battalion group, composed of infantry recruited from across London units and a field battery from the Honourable Artillery Company,[9] the City Imperial Volunteers, which was raised in early January 1900; it was sent into combat after six weeks of training in South Africa, where Lord Roberts described it as "quite excellent", and was returned home in October.[10] At the same time, a number of service companies were raised from volunteer units, employed as integral companies of their sister regular battalions, and were well regarded in the field.[11] The decision was taken in late December to form a new force, the Imperial Yeomanry, to consist of mounted infantry. Whilst the Yeomanry provided many of the officers and NCOs, only a small number of the junior ranks came from existing Yeomanry regiments, with some more from Volunteer corps.[12] The units performed well, but recruiting proceeded in fits and startsârecruitment stopped in May, and was only resumed in early 1901âand so an adequate supply of manpower was not always available.[13]Sixty militia battalions, around 46,000 men, also volunteered and were eventually sent to South Africa. They were employed mainly on lines of communication, and regarded as second-line troops of low quality; this was unsurprising, as they were strongly deficient in officers, heavily composed of men of 18 and 19, who were regarded as too young by the Regular Army, with many of their best and most experienced men already deployed with regular units as members of the Militia Reserve.[14] The dominions and colonies provided 57 contingents,[15] overwhelmingly of volunteer forces as none had a substantial full-time force; those from Canada alone numbered some 7,400[16] Altogether, Britain and her empire deployed some half a million soldiers.[17] After the South African War, the Conservative government embarked on a series of reorganisations which had a negative impact on all the auxiliary forces. The Militia was heavily understrength and disorganised, whilst the number of recruits for the Volunteers was falling off and it was becoming apparent that many Volunteer Corps were headed towards financial collapse unless some action was taken.[18] The Territorial Force was created by the Secretary of State for War, Richard Burdon Haldane, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force with the Yeomanry. As part of the same process, the remaining units of militia were converted to the Special Reserve. The TF was formed on 1 April 1908 and contained fourteen infantry divisions, and fourteen mounted yeomanry brigades. It had an overall strength of approximately 269,000. Haldane designed it to provide a much larger second line for the six divisions of the Expeditionary Force which he was establishing as the centerpiece of the Regular Army. Under multiple political pressures, Haldane altered the public purpose of the Territorial Force in his Territorial and Reserve Forces Act to home defence, at the last moment.[19][20] First World War Main article: Territorial Force Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. The next day, General - later Field Marshal - Haig, who had been central to Haldaneâs reforms and was then commanding First Corps, recorded in his diary that Field Marshal Kitchener did ânot appreciate the progress made by the Territorial Force towards efficiencyâ,[21] The subsequent day, the 6th, Kitchener took up his post as Secretary of State for War announcing that morning âHe could take no account of anything but regular soldiersâ.[22] He went on to denounce the Territorial Force as âa few hundred thousand young men, officered by middle-aged professional men who were allowed to put on uniform and play at soldiers.â[23] Nevertheless, by the 9th August, the Army Council, under Kitchener's direction, agreed that TF units volunteering en bloc for overseas service should be sent to France, while Kitchener set in hand the machinery for the recruiting of an entirely separate âNew Armyâ of what came to be known as Kitchener units, in parallel with the expansion of the Territorial Force. These New Army units were given priority for equipment, recruits and training over the Territorials for the bulk of the war. Kitchener justified this, during the first few months of the war, on the grounds that the Territorial Force should focus mostly on home defence.[24] In the first few days after the call for overseas service on August 9th, the result in many TF units was hesitant, with some units only recording around 50% volunteering, partly because men with families were reluctant to leave well-paid jobs especially while there was talk of a German invasion of the homeland, but the pace rapidly accelerated and, within a fortnight, 70 infantry battalions and many other units had collectively volunteered for France.[25] initially TF units were either fed into regular brigades or used for secondary tasks, such as guarding lines of communication but, by the end of April 1915, six full Territorial divisions had been deployed into the fight.[26] The (Regular) Expeditionary Force of six divisions had been rapidly sent to the Continent, where, facing overwhelming odds, they secured the left flank of the French Army. Of the 90,000 members of the original BEF deployed in August, four-fifths were dead or wounded by Christmas.[27] So the arrival of the Territorials, first as reinforcements and then in whole divisions came at a critical juncture, while the New Army was still forming and training. Many of the Territorial units suffered immediate heavy casualties and on the night of 20th April 1915 Second Lieutenant Geoffrey Woolley of the Queen Victoria Rifles, secured the first of the 71 Victoria Crosses won by Territorials in the First World War.[28] General Sir John French, General Officer Commanding the BEF, later wrote âWithout the assistance which the Territorials afforded between October 1914 and June 1915, it would have been impossible to hold the line in France and Belgium.[29] Other Territorial formations were dispatched to Egypt and British India and other imperial garrisons, such as Gibraltar, thereby releasing regular units for service in France and enabling the formation of an additional five regular army divisions by early 1915. Territorial divisions went on to fight in all the major battles of the war in France and Belgium and several campaigns further afield including Gallipoli. (See main article Territorial Force).[30] From 1916, as the war progressed, and casualties mounted, the distinctive character of territorial units was diluted by the inclusion of conscript and New Army drafts. Following the Armistice all units of the Territorial Force were gradually disbanded.[31] Interwar re-establishment and mobilisation in 1939 The Territorial Force (TF) was officially reconstituted in 1921 by the Territorial Army and Militia Act 1921 and renamed in October as the Territorial Army (TA).[32] The First-Line divisions (that were created in 1907 or 1908) were reconstituted in that year. The TA's intended role was to be the sole method of expanding the size of the British Armed Forces, when compared to the varied methods used during the First World War including the creation of Kitchener's Army. All TA recruits were required to take the general service obligation: if the British Government decided, territorial soldiers could be deployed overseas for combat that avoided the complications of the TF, whose members were not required to leave Britain unless they volunteered for overseas service.[33][34][35][36] The composition of the divisions was altered, with a reduction in the number of infantry battalions required. There was also a reduced need for cavalry, and of the 55 yeomanry regiments, only the 14 most senior retained their horses. The remaining yeomanry was converted to artillery or armored car units or disbanded.[37][38] The amalgamation of 40 pairs of infantry battalions was announced in October 1921.[39][40] As part of the post-war "Geddes Axe" financial cuts, the TA was further reduced in size in 1922: artillery batteries lost two of their six guns, the established size of infantry battalions was cut and ancillary medical, veterinary, signals and Royal Army Service Corps units were either reduced in size or abolished.[41] The bounty was also reduced to ÂŁ3 for trained men and ÂŁ2.10s 0d for recruits, which resulted in finding ÂŁ1,175,000 of the total savings required from the army as a whole.[42] An innovation in 1922 was the creation of two Air Defence Brigades to provide anti-aircraft defence for London.[43] It appears that these two brigade relatively quickly became 26th and 27th Air Defence Brigades.[44] During the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies.[45] In late 1937 and throughout 1938, German demands for the annexation of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement. The agreement averted a war and allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.[46] Although Chamberlain had intended the agreement to lead to a further peaceful resolution of issues, relations between both countries soon deteriorated.[47] On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state.[48] On 29 March, Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha announced plans to increase the TA from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions.[49] The plan was for existing TA units to recruit over their establishments (aided by an increase in pay for Territorials, the removal of restrictions on promotion which had hindered recruiting, construction of better-quality barracks and an increase in supper rations) and then form second-line divisions from cadres that could be increased.[49][50] The total strength of the TA was to be 440,000: the field force of the Territorial Army was to rise from 130,000 to 340,000, organized in 26 divisions, while an additional 100,000 all ranks would form the anti-aircraft section.[51][52] The forming Second Line formations were given liberty to be numbered and named as they saw fit, with some using related names and numbers from the First World War e.g. 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division formed in 1939.[53] The immediate response to this announcement was a vast surge in recruiting with 88,000 men enlisted by the end of April. The London Rifle Brigade raised a second battalion in 24 hours.[54] On 26th April, limited conscription was introduced. [55][56].This resulted in 34,500 twenty-year-old militiamen being conscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before deployment to the forming second-line units. In parallel, recruits continued to surge into the Territorial Army but there were grave shortages of instructors and equipment[57] It was envisioned that the duplicating process and recruiting the required numbers of men would take no more than six months. In practice, existing TA units found themselves stripped of regular training staffs and often many of their own officers and NCOs to form and train the new units, long before their own units were fully trained.[58] As a result, some TA divisions had made little progress by the time the Second World War began; others, who had started from a stronger position, were able to complete this work within a matter of weeks.[59][60] The Second World War The TA's war deployment plan envisioned the divisions being deployed, as equipment became available, in waves to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had already been dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions when they had completed their training, with the final divisions of the entire force deployed one year after the war began.[61] The first three divisions arrived to take their places in the front line by early 1940, the 48th (South Midland) Division, 50th (Northumbrian) Division and 51st (Highland) Division.[62] The 48th took part in the stand on the River Escaut, [63]the 50th held part of the perimeter at Dunkirk,[64] while a London TA battalion, the Queen Victoria's Rifles deployed at Calais and fought off German reconnaissance forces before the arrival of the two regular sister battalions with whom they held the town for two crucial days shielding the Dunkirk evacuation.[65] The 51st fought in a rearguard action with the (separate) largely French forces along the Somme.[66] At the same time, a small TA unit, the Kent Fortress Royal Engineers, carried out the first major commando-style operations of the war the XD Operations, destroying 2 million tons of crude and refined oil, along the coastline of France and the low countries[67][68] Meanwhile, units with little training and cohesion were also fed into the fight; the TA units which formed a majority of those which took part in the Narvik operation were untrained and had been subject to such turbulence, through expansion and reorganisation that many lacked cohesion.[69] The failures of command, coordination and execution in that campaign led to a debate on its conduct with a no-confidence vote in the government.[70] Partially as a result of lessons from Narvik, the Territorial Army was ordered to form 10 elite Independent Companies, forerunners of the Commandos. under the command of (then) Lt Colonel Colin Gubbins.[71] As the war developed Territorial units fought in every major theatre. The first reinforcing unit into Kohima, where the Japanese suffered their first major defeat in mainland Asia, was a TA unit, 4th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment[72] who went on to hold the tennis court in some of the hardest fighting of the battle. Later the commander of the 14th Army, of which they were part, Field Marshal Slim, himself a pre-First World War Territorial [73]became Chief of the Imperial General Staff and a strong promoter of the TA, coining the expression still in use today that Territorials are 'twice a citizen'.[74] One pre-war Guards reservist, (then) Major David Stirling set up the Special Air Service, in North Africa, which fathered several other special forces units, including the Special Boat Service.[75] After VJ Day in August 1945, the Territorial Army was reduced and re-stuctured.[76] List of Territorial Army Divisions, Second World War Infantry of 50th (Northumbrian) Division moving up past a knocked-out German 88mm gun near 'Joe's Bridge' over the Meuse-Escaut Canal in Belgium, 16 September 1944 A motorcycle and infantry of the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders, 46th Infantry Brigade, 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, advance along a lane near Caumont, 30 July 1944. First Line Second Line 1st Cavalry Division (1st Line Yeomanry) 1st London Division (Later 56th (London) Infantry Division) 2nd London Division (Later 47th (London) Infantry Division) 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division 66th Infantry Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 45th Infantry Division 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division 61st Infantry Division 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division 46th Infantry Division 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 23rd (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 51st (Highland) Infantry Division 9th (Highland) Infantry Division 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division 18th Infantry Division 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division Postwar and Cold War In 1947, the TA was restructured and expanded through the reactivation of some of the 1st Line divisions that were initially disbanded after the war, keeping its former role of supplying complete divisions to the regular Army until 1967. For the first time, TA units were formed in Northern Ireland. The maneuver divisions established or re-established in 1947 were:[77] 42nd (Lancashire) Infantry Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division 49th (West Riding & North Midland) Armoured Division (49th (West Riding and North Midland) Division/District in 1961) 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division (50th Northumbrian District by 1966) 51st/52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division (until 1968, when superseded by Headquarters Wales District) 56th (London) Armoured Division The 16th Airborne Division, a totally TA formation, was also raised at this time, under the command of Major-General Robert E. "Roy" Urquhart. 52nd (Lowland) Division was re-established as a tenth, 'mixed' division in March 1950.[78] The territorials also provided much of the anti-aircraft cover for the United Kingdom until 1956. In that year, Anti-Aircraft Command and 15 anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery were disbanded, with nine others passing into "suspended animation" as new English Electric Thunderbird Surface to Air Missile units replaced them.[79] On 20 December 1955, the Secretary of State for War informed the House of Commons that the armoured divisions and the 'mixed' division were to be converted to infantry, and the 16th Airborne Division reduced to a parachute brigade group.[80] Only two divisions (43rd and 53rd), two armoured brigades, and a parachute brigade were to remain allocated for NATO and the defence of Western Europe; the other eight divisions were placed on a lower establishment for home defence only.[81] The territorial units of the Royal Armoured Corps were also reduced in number to nine armoured regiments and eleven reconnaissance regiments. This was effected by the amalgamation of pairs of regiments, and the conversion of four RAC units to an infantry role. The new parachute brigade group become the 44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group.[82] British forces contracted dramatically as the end of conscription in 1960 came in sight as announced in the 1957 Defence White Paper. On 20 July 1960, a reorganisation of the TA was announced in the House of Commons. The territorials were to be reduced from 266 fighting units to 195. There was to be a reduction of 46 regiments of the Royal Artillery, 18 battalions of infantry, 12 regiments of the Royal Engineers and two regiments of the Royal Corps of Signals.[83] The reductions were carried out in 1961, mainly by amalgamating units. Thus, on 1 May 1961, the TA divisional headquarters were merged with regular army districts, which were matched with Civil Defence Regions to aid mobilisation for war.[84] The Army Reserve Act of April 1962 made provision for a new TA Emergency Reserve (TAER), within existing TA units, who could be called out without Royal Proclamation as individuals to reinforce regular units around the world, for up to six months in every twelve. With opposition from employers and individuals to such a large peacetime liability, the target of 15,000 volunteers proved over-ambitious and the force peaked at 4,262 in October 1963, then dropping to around 2,400 by 1968.[85] Nevertheless, the first batch of these so-called 'Ever Readies' was sent to Libya in 1963, followed by 200 to the Far East later that year.[86] In 1965, 175 were called out, the majority deploying to Aden, where one of their officers, Lieutenant Mike Smith, won an MC.[87] 1966 White Paper: major cuts and a new name This was followed by a large reduction and complete reorganisation, announced in the 1966 Defence White Paper and implemented from 1 April 1967, when the title Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) was adopted. This abolished the former divisional structure of the TA.[88] The size of the TAVR was to be reduced from 107,000 to under 50,000, with the infantry reduced from 86 to 13 battalions and the yeomanry (armoured units) from 20 to one.[89] Units in the new TAVR were divided into various categories:[90][91] o TAVR I - Special Army Volunteer Reserve or 'Ever Readies', echoing the earlier nickname for the TAER, bringing the Regular Army to war establishment and replacing casualties. These were to be given extra training and equipment and could now be called out by Queenâs Order rather than Royal Proclamation in anticipation of war[92] and o TAVR II - forces called 'The Volunteers', for whom the old call-out arrangements continued. This category was split further split into TAVR IIA (Independent), eg: 51st Highland Volunteers and TAVR IIB (Sponsored), eg: Central Volunteer Headquarters, Royal Artillery.[92] In addition were various miscellaneous units, such as OTCs and bands eg Northumbria Band of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.[93] In the face of a considerable Parliamentary battle, and a public outcry let by the county associations, the government agreed to retain an additional 28,000 men in 87 âlightly armedâ infantry units and a few signals units in a category called TAVR III, designed for home defence, but, months later in January 1968, these were all earmarked to be disbanded, with 90 becoming eight-man "cadres".[94] In November that year, the call-out arrangements for TAVR II units were brought in line with TAVR I.[94] Rebuilding Capability and Exercising Roles In 1971, the new government decided to expand the TAVR which led to the formation of twenty infantry battalions based on some of these cadres.[95][96] In 1979, again, a new government planned further expansion. In the Reserve Forces Act of 1982, the Territorial Army title was restored, and, in the following years, its size was again increased, together with new equipment and extra training, the target being 86,000 by 1990. Some brigades were re-formed which consisted mostly of TA units, including two out of three brigades for a new reserve division for the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR).[97]. In addition, a new organisation was established, the Home Service Force, with a separate target of 4,500, composed of older ex-regulars and territorials to guard key points.[98] As the Cold war intensified, the scale and pace of exercises involving the TA in its war roles increased. Two large-scale exercises were mounted testing the Army's ability to reinforce the BAOR, Crusader in 1980 and Lionheart in 1984. The latter involved 131,000 British service personnel, including 35,000 Territorials, together with US, Dutch and German personnel. This was the largest British troop movement exercise by sea and air since 1945, involving 290 flights and 150 ferry sailings. Most UK-based units reached their wartime stations within 48 hours.[99][100] In 1985, Exercise Brave Defender tested Britain's home defences, with 65,000 regulars and territorials involved.[99] 1988 to 2011: Reduced again but back on operations At the end of the Cold war, the TA had a strength of 72,823, including 3,297 in the Home Service Force (HSF).[101] in the 1991 Gulf War 205 Scottish General Hospital was mobilised as a unit based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and a number of TA staff officers and others volunteered and served during the conflict, either in supporting roles in Germany or within 1 (UK) Armoured Division in the Middle East.[102] In December 1991, as part of the reductions in Options for Change, it was announced that the TAâs establishment was to be reduced to 63,000, while the HSF element was to be disbanded.[103] In July 1994, this was further reduced to 59,000.[104] The Reserve Forces Act of May 1996 was a landmark reform, making it much easier to call out any element of the Reserves at the behest of the Secretary of State for a range of purposes including âprotection of life or propertyâ well short of the criteria for Queenâs Order (eg 'great emergency', 'imminent national dangerâ). It also provides protection in employment law for members' civilian jobs should they be mobilised.[105] This has led to the Army Reserve increasingly providing routine support for the Regular Army overseas including the delivery of composite units to release regular units from standing liabilities; including Bosnia, Kosovo, Cyprus and the Falkland Islands. Some 2,800 TA personnel volunteered for and deployed on Op RESOLUTE from 1995-98, the UK's contribution to the NATO mission to enforce peace in the Former Yugoslavia.[106] These were a mixture of formed units and individuals.[107] In Tony Blairâs Strategic Defence Review of 1998, the TA's size was reduced to 41,200.[108] In 2003, 9,500 reservists were mobilised to take part in Operation TELIC, the invasion of Iraq. Reservists were deployed in a mixture of formed bodies and as individuals. For example, a formed sub-unit from 131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers opened up a beach landing point on the Al Faw Peninsula and then two further crossing points on sequential watercourses for tanks in the attack on Basra.[109][110] The Royal Yeomanry mobilised Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and two sub-units to deliver the UKâs Chemical, Radiological, Biological, and Nuclear counter-measures for Operation TELIC.[107] At the peak in 2004, reservists made up 20% of our strength in Iraq.[111] In Afghanistan too, large numbers of reservists deployed in a mixture of formed units and as individuals, until 2009 when the decision was taken to allow only individuals to deploy as reinforcements for regular units.[107] One example of a formed body was Somme Company of The London regiment of whom Brigadier (later Lieutenant-General Sir) John Lorimer remarked: âSomme Company was an outstanding body of men: well trained, highly motivated and exceptionally well led.â[112] Approximately 1,200 members of the Army Reserve deployed annually on tours of duty in Iraq, Operation HERRICK in Afghanistan and elsewhere, normally on six-month-long roulements.[113]Medical personnel were routinely deployed as formed units and individual augmentees since the start of operations in Iraq and, since 2003, Reserves provided over 40% of the hospital-based personnel for operations in Afghanistan and provided the âlead unitâ for 50% of the operational tours.[114] By 2011, across Iraq and Afghanistan, a number of reservists had been decorated and 27 had given their lives.[111] 2011 Rebuilding and named the Army Reserve In 2010, the government set up a commission, chaired by General Sir Nicholas (now Lord) Houghton, to review the state of the reserves and to design their future. The commission reported in July 2011. It found that, despite their operational commitments, the reserves had been neglected: some estimates put its trained and active strength as low as 14,000. There had been âa failure to resource recruiting and good training, especially collective training; to offer career progression; to update operational roles; to permit deployment in formed sub-units and therefore offer command opportunitiesâ [107] Its recommendations included that a new target of 30,000 trained strength by 2020 be set.[115] The government published the report on 18 July with an immediate promise of ÂŁ1.5 Billion funding over ten years.[116] In October 2012 MoD announced a new name for the Territorial Army, its current name, the Army Reserve.[117] Most of the recommendations of the commission were adopted in the White Paper July 2013 including the critical importance of providing operational and training opportunities for formed units and sub-units.[118] Some aspects required legislation and were introduced in the Defence Reform Act (2014). These included the name change, reforms in mobilisation arrangements and in employer compensation. They also included giving the Reserve Forces and Cadets Associations the power to produce an annual report to Parliament on the state of the volunteer reserves (the Royal Naval Reserve, The Royal Marines Reserve, the Army Reserve and the Royal Auxiliary Air Force).[119] In January 2021, the Army Reserve trained strength stood at 26,820.[120] (This figure excludes recruits undergoing phase 1 training and various non-deployable categories such as University Officer Training Corps). During 2020, two reserve infantry battalions, 6 and 7 Rifles, provided the framework battalion for peacekeeping in Cyprus[121][122] and over the winter 20/21 the Royal Yeomanry provided a composite squadron for a six-month tour on armoured reconnaissance as part of Britainâs forward presence in Estonia.[123] Army Reservists have a minimum commitment to serve 27 training days per annum or 19 days for some national units. This period normally includes a two-week period of continuous training either as an Army Reserve unit, on courses or attached to a Regular unit. Army Reserve soldiers are paid at a similar rate as their regular equivalents while engaged on military activities.[124] Basic training Main article: Selection and Training in the British Army Soldiers For Army Reserve soldiers, recruit training is structured into two phases: Phase 1, also known as the Common Military Syllabus (Recruit) (CMS(R)), and Phase 2, specialist training.[125] Phase 1 In Phase 1, recruits cover the Common Military Syllabus (Reserve)14 (CMS(R)14). Phase 1 A is a series of 4 training weekends at regional Army Training Units (ATUs), or the recruit could attend a consolidated Phase 1 A week long course. Phase 1 training concludes with a 16 day long Phase 1 B training course normally held at the Army Training Centre Pirbright or the Army Training Regiment, Winchester, or Grantham. Recruits to the 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment[126] and the Honourable Artillery Company[127] complete their equivalent of CMS(R) within their own units. Phase 2 Phase 1 is followed by Phase 2, a further period of specialist training specific to the type of unit the recruit is joining. This is normally conducted by the Arm or Service that the recruit is joining, for example for infantry units, Phase 2 consists of the two-week Combat Infantryman's Course (TA) (CIC (TA)) held at the Infantry Training Centre, Catterick.[125] Officers To gain a commission, Potential Officers have to pass the two stages of the Army Officer Selection Board (AOSB) and then successfully complete four modules of training, which together form the Army Reserve Commissioning Course.[128] For professionally qualified officers (doctors, vets, lawyers etc), there is only one stage at the AOSB.[129] Module A consists of basic field training and elementary military skills. This can be completed at either a UOTC over a number of weekends or over 2 weeks at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS). Module B covers training in Tactics, Leadership, Doctrine and Navigation, both in theory and in practice, with a focus on the section battle drills and the platoon combat estimate. This training can either be spread over 10 weekends at a UOTC, or 2 weeks at the RMAS. Module C builds on the Tactics, Leadership, Doctrine, and Navigation taught in Module B, with a greater focus on the theory behind these constructs. CBRN training is also added at this point, and Officer Cadets undergo a number of field exercises to test their military and leadership skills. Module C can only be undertaken at the RMAS. Module D Once the Officer Cadet has completed their ArmyOfficer Selection Board, they can complete this final module, after which they will become commissioned officers in the British Army. Based at the RMAS, this module consists primarily of a prolonged field exercise, followed by drill training in preparation for the passing out parade. On successful completion of Module D, the Officer Cadets receive their Commission and become Second Lieutenants. Further training that is required prior to them being considered for operational deployment and promotion to Lieutenant includes: Post Commissioning Training (formerly known as Module 5), again run at an OTC, over 3 weekends. Special To Arm training is specific to the type of unit the Subaltern is joining and covers a 2-week period. This is increasingly integrated with the tactics phase of a Regular training course. For example, the Platoon Commander's Battle Course held at the Infantry Battle School in Brecon which is integrated within a Regular training course, or the Light Cavalry Commander's Course held at the Reconnaissance & Armoured Tactics Division in Warminster which is run separately to Regular training courses. See also flag United Kingdom portal War portal List of Territorial Army units (2012) Auxiliary Territorial Service Auxiliary Units (1940â1944) Home Guard (1940â1944) Exercise Cambrian Patrol Home Service Force (1982â1993) Reserve Forces and Cadets Association Royal Auxiliary Air Force Royal Marines Reserve Royal Naval Reserve Territorial Decoration The Territorial Army (British Rail) Volunteer Reserves Service Medal Australian Army Reserve Canadian Army Reserve Irish Army Reserve Indian Territorial Army Territorial Force Rejimen Askar Wataniah People Alfred Anderson Micky Burn Billy Connolly Bill Deedes Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster Bear Grylls Richard Holmes Paddy Mayne William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim References Dunlop, p. 55 Dunlop p. 64 Dunlop p. 55 e.g. Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia), The Jersey Field Squadron (Militia), The Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey, 4th (Volunteer) Battalion, the Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th) (North Irish Militia) (until 1993) Sheppard, p. 217 T F Mills, Training Depots (Territorialisation of British Infantry) 1873-1881, Regiments.org, archived, accessed March 2021. Dunlop p. 76 Dunlop p. 74 Gregory, pp. 80, 82 Dunlop p. 97-9 Dunlop pp. 100-102 Dunlop pp, 107-108 Dunlop p. 110 Dunlop p. 90-93 Perry, p. 148 Perry pp.126-7 "Second Boer War records database goes online". June 23, 2010 â via www.bbc.co.uk. Dunlop, p. 20-24 Campbell p. 277 Dennis p. 13 Simkins, p. 41 Letter to The Times, 28 August 1928 by Sir Charles Harris who was present Lloyd George War Memoirs, Nicholson and Watson, London 1933-6, pp. 391-2 Simkins, p. 42-3 Simkins, p. 45 Campbell p. 257 Campbell, P255 Dennis p. 37 Field Marshal Viscount French of Ypres, 1914, London: Constable and Co, 1919, p. 204 Beckett 2008, pp. 79â80 Messenger 2005, p. 275 Beckett 2008 p. 97 Allport 2015, p. 323. French 2001, p. 53. Perry 1988, pp. 41â42. sfn error: multiple targets (2Ă): CITEREFPerry1988 (help) Simkins 2007, pp. 43â46. New Territorial Army â The Government Scheme, The Times, January 31, 1920 New Citizen Army â 2nd Line Defence Scheme, The Times, January 31, 1920, Territorial Army Reduction, The Times, July 15, 1921 Territorial Army Amalgamations â 40 Battalions Affected The Times, October 5, 1921, Territorial Army Reductions â ÂŁ1,650,000 to be saved, The Times, March 4, 1922, Ian F. W. Beckett, 'Territorials: A Century of Service,' First Published April 2008 by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, ISBN 978-0-9557813-1-5, 102. The Territorial Army and Air Defence of Great Britain,(the United Kingdom Reserve Forces Association), accessed August 28, 2007 Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; Air Defence of London â Two Brigades of Ground Troops, The Times, July 12, 1922, Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927; artillery units reprinted in Litchfield Appendix IV. Bell 1997, pp. 3â4. Bell 1997, pp. 258â275. Bell 1997, pp. 277â278. Bell 1997, p. 281. Gibbs 1976, p. 518. Messenger 1994, p. 47. Territorial Army â Establishment doubled, The Times, March 30, 1939, 13 Additional Divisions â Method of Expansion, The Times, March 30, 1939, Joslen 2003, p. 81. Denny, P 249,250 Messenger 1994, p. 49. French 2001, p. 64. Dennis, P 251 Dennis p. 255 Perry 1988, p. 48. sfn error: multiple targets (2Ă): CITEREFPerry1988 (help) Levy 2006, p. 66. Gibbs 1976, pp. 455, 507, 514â515. Denny, p. 255 Sebag-Montefiore, p. 521 Sebag-Montefiore, p. 533 Sebag-Montefiore, p. 223ff Sebag-Montefiore, Chapter 35 The History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Volume VIII, P 76-80 Brazier, C.C.H. (2004) XD Operations, Secret British Missions Denying Oil to the Nazis, Pen and Sword, Barnsley Kiszely, P69, 70 and 201 Andrew Roberts, Churchill, Walking with Destiny, Allen Lane, P488-95 Kiszley p. 260 Miller P294 Miller, Chapter 2 Miller, p. 397 Macintyre, Ben (2016). Rogue Warriors. New York: Crown Publishing Group. pp. 48â49, 143â146, 149â154. ISBN 9781101904169. "Territorial Army Formations (1947)". Britisjh Military History. Retrieved 7 April 2021. Charles Messenger, A History of the British Infantry: Volume Two 1915â94, Leo Cooper, London, 1996, 157. Beckett, 2008, p. 178. Napoleonic war links to go, The Times, August 30, 1955. "Yourdemocracy.newstatesman.com". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Beckett 2008, p. 180. TA replanning complete, The Times, May 6, 1956 Reorganizing Territorials, the Times, July 21, 1960, Beckett 2008, pp. 183, 185. Beckett, p. 186 Beckett, p. 187 Beckett, p. 190 Steinberg, S. (2016-12-27). The Statesman's Year-Book 1967â68: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. p. 106. ISBN 9780230270961 Beckett, p. 201 Beckett, Ian Frederick William (1991). The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558â1945. Manchester University Press. p. 282. ISBN 9780719029127 Frederick, p. 326 Beckett, p. 205 Beckett, p. 206 Beckett, p. 207 "Regiments of the British TERRITORIAL & ARMY VOLUNTEER RESERVE 1967 at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2015-02-13 Lineage of British Army Regiments 1967 â 2000 by Wienand Drieth". Archived from the original on March 31, 2012 Beckett, p. 210-12 Beckett, P. 192 Beckett, p. 219 at 4:25pm, Simon Thornton 2nd May 2019. "The Biggest British Army Exercise ... And Why It Probably Always Will Be". Forces Network. Beckett, p. 212 Beckett, pp. 215-6 Beckett, p. 215 Beckett, p. 229 Beckett, p. 227 Beckett, p. 234 "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 12. Beckett, p. 230 The Times, 27th March 2003,P 1 Sapper Magazine, article in July 2003 edition "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 11. "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 16. "Afghanistan (Roulement): Defence Written Statement". 10 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2021. "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 19. "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 52. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 July 2011 (pt 0002)". publications.parliament.uk. "Territorial Army 'to be renamed the Army Reserve'". BBC News. Retrieved 26 December 2015. "Reserves in the Future Force 2020: Valuable and Valued" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. p. 17. Retrieved 8 April 2021. "Defence Reform Act 2014". "UK Defence Personnel Statistics". House of Commons Library. pp. 10â11. Retrieved 9 April 2021. at 7:09pm, Tim Cooper 3rd February 2020. "Army Reservists Make History In Largest Ever Deployment In A Single Unit". Forces Network. "6 Rifles are deploying to Cyprus on operation from today". Retrieved 8 April 2021. "External Scrutiny Team Annual Report" (PDF). North West Reserve Forces and Cadets Association. p. 12. Retrieved 8 April 2021. "Pay Scales 2020/21 British Army Reserve". What do they know. Retrieved 8 April 2021. "TA Recruit Training Structure & Overview". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-14. "Phase One: The Build Up". 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. "Frequently Asked Questions". HAC. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-02. "RMA Sandhurst Officer Training". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Army Officer Selection". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Bibliography Allport, Alan (2015). Browned Off and Bloody-minded: The British Soldier Goes to War 1939â1945. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17075-7. Beckett, Ian F. W. Territorials: A Century of Service, first published April 2008 by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, ISBN 978-0-9557813-1-5 Bell, P. M. H. (1997) [1986]. The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (2nd ed.). London: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-582-30470-3. French, David (2001) [2000]. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919â1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-24630-4. Gibbs, N. H. (1976). Grand Strategy. History of the Second World War. I. London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-116-30181-9. Heyman, M. A. Heyman. "The Territorial Army â 1999 â An archive document of The TA in 1999 before the implementation of The Strategic Defence Review". Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1990]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939â1945. Uckfield: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1. Levy, James P. (2006). Appeasement and Rearmament: Britain, 1936â1939. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-54537-3. Messenger, Charles (1994). For Love of Regiment 1915â1994. A History of British Infantry. II. London: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-850-52422-2. Messenger, Charles (2005). Call to Arms: the British Army 1914â18. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304367221. Perry, Frederick William (1988). The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars. War, Armed Forces and Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2595-2. Simkins, Peter (2007) [1988]. Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914â1916. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-844-15585-9. Sheppard, Eric (1950). A short history of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable. Dunlop, John K (1938). The development of the British Army 1899â1914. London: Methuen. Gregory, Barry (2006). A History of the Artists Rifles 1859-1947. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. Perry, F W (1988). The Commonwealth Armies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Campbell, John (2020). Haldane: The Forgotten Statesman Who Shaped Modern Britain. London: Hurst & Co. Dennis, Peter (1987). The Territorial Army. Woodbridge: The Royal Historical Society: Boydell Press. Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk, Fight to the Last Man. New York: Viking. Kiszley, John (2017). Anatomy of a Campaign, The British Fiasco in Norway, 1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Frederick, J. B. M. (1984). Lineage book of British land forces 1660-1978 : biographical outlines of cavalry, yeomanry, armour, artillery, infantry, marines and air force land troops of regular and reserve forces (Volume I). Wakefield: Microform Academic. ISBN 978-1-85117-007-4. OCLC 18072764. Miller, Russell (2013). Uncle Bill, The Authorised Biography of Field Marshal Viscount Slim. London: Wiedenfeld and Nicolson. Further reading Stanley Simm Baldwin, Forward everywhere: Her Majesty's Territorials / Stanley Simm Baldwin, London; New York; Brassey's, c1994. ISBN 0080407161 (hardback) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Territorial Army (United Kingdom). 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Army Reserve (United Kingdom) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Army Reserve Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve Territorial Army Territorial Force Active 1908âpresent Country United Kingdom Branch British Army Role Volunteer Reserve Website Army Reserve Insignia War flag Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg Non-ceremonial flag Flag of the British Army (1938-present).svg Flag of the British Army British Army of the British Armed Forces Components Army (List of units and formations of the British Armycurrent regiments) Army Reserve Administration Army Headquarters Overseas British Forces Germany British Forces Cyprus British Forces Falkland Islands British Forces Gibraltar British Forces Brunei Personnel Senior officers Officer insignia Other ranks insignia Equipment Current equipment British military rifles History HistoryTimelineRecruitment United Kingdom portal vte The Army Reserve is the active-duty volunteer reserve force of the British Army. It is separate from the Regular Reserve whose members are ex-Regular personnel who retain a statutory liability for service. The Army Reserve was known as the Territorial Force from 1908 to 1921, the Territorial Army (TA) from 1921 to 1967, the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) from 1967 to 1979, and again the Territorial Army (TA) from 1979 to 2014. The Army Reserve was created as the Territorial Force in 1908 by the Secretary of State for War, Richard Haldane, when the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 combined the previously civilian-administered Volunteer Force, with the mounted Yeomanry (at the same time the Militia was renamed the Special Reserve). Most Volunteer infantry units had unique identities, but lost these in the reorganisation, becoming Territorial battalions of Regular Army infantry regiments. Only one infantry unit, the London Regiment, has maintained a separate identity. Haldane planned a volunteer "Territorial Force", to provide a second line for the six divisions of the Expeditionary Force which he was establishing as the centerpiece of the Regular Army. The Territorial Force was to be composed of fourteen divisions of infantry and fourteen brigades of cavalry, together with all the supporting arms and services needed for overseas war, including artillery, engineers commissariat and medical support. The new Special Reserve was to take over the depots of the militia, as an expanded reserve for the Regular Army. Under multiple political pressures, Haldane altered the public purpose of the Territorial Force in his Territorial and Reserve Forces Act to home defence, at the last moment. Nevertheless, the structure remained as planned and was used to great effect in the early part of the First World War, with six divisions deployed by April 1915, along with many detached units. the commander of the British expeditionary force, Sir John French remarked âWithout the assistance which the Territorials afforded between October 1914 and June 1915, it would have been impossible to hold the line in France and Belgium.â The Secretary for War, Field Marshal Kitchener decided, however, to set up a parallel organisation of General Service (or âKitchenerâ) units who were given priority for equipment and operated in parallel with regular and territorial ones, across all the major theatres of war. Between the wars the Territorial Army (as it was now called) was re-established to be the sole means of expansion in future wars, but it was smaller than before and poorly resourced. The prospect of the Second World War saw a hurried attempt to double its size, accompanied by the first stages of conscription. Three reserve divisions and many individual units were deployed before the fall of France but much of the newly expanded structure lacked cohesion, as was demonstrated in the Narvik Campaign. During the war many territorial units served with great distinction, including the Queen Victoria Rifles at Calais and the 4th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment at Kohima. After the Second World War, the TA was reconstituted with ten divisions, but then successively cut until rebuilding began in 1970, with numbers peaking at nearly 73,000. It was then run down again despite a major role in the Iraq and Afghanistan operations, bottoming at an estimated 14,000. From 2011 that trend was reversed and a new target of 30,000 trained manpower set with resourcing for training, equipment and the emphasis restored to roles for formed units and sub-units. During periods of total war, the Army Reserve is incorporated by the Royal Prerogative into Regular Service under one code of Military Law for the duration of hostilities or until de-activation is decided upon. After the Second World War, for example, the Territorial Army, as it was known then, was not demobilised until 1947. Army Reservists normally have a full-time civilian job or career, which in some cases provides skills and expertise that are directly transferable to a specialist military role, such as NHS employees serving in Reservist Army Medical Services units. All Army Reserve personnel have their civilian jobs protected to a limited extent by law should they be compulsorily mobilised. There is, however, no legal protection against discrimination in employment for membership of the Army Reserve in the normal course of events (i.e. when not mobilised). Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 South African War, the Need for Reform and Formation of the Territorial Force 1.3 First World War 1.4 Interwar re-establishment and mobilisation in 1939 1.5 The Second World War 1.5.1 List of Territorial Army Divisions, Second World War 1.6 Postwar and Cold War 1.6.1 1966 White Paper: major cuts and a new name 1.6.2 Rebuilding Capability and Exercising Roles 1.7 1988 to 2011: Reduced again but back on operations 1.8 2011 Rebuilding and named the Army Reserve 2 Basic training 2.1 Soldiers 2.2 Officers 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links History Origins Before the creation of the Territorial force, there were three "auxiliary forces"âthe Militia, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers. All militiamen over 19 could join the Militia Reserve, accepting the liability to serve overseas with the Regular Army in case of war if called on to do so. The second element of the auxiliary forces was the Yeomanry, 38 regiments of volunteer cavalry which had historically been used as a form of internal security police. The third arm was the Volunteers, There were 213 rifle corps and 66 corps of artillery,[1] though the latter were mostly coastal artillery or static "position batteries" and they did not constitute an organised field force.[2] There were some engineer and medical units, but no service corps.[3] Reservists in the past had also served as constables or bailiffs, even holding positions of civic duty as overseer of their parish. The more modern Yeomen of the 18th century were cavalry-based units, which were often used to suppress riots (see the Peterloo Massacre). Several units that are now part of the Army Reserve bear the title "militia".[4] South African War, the Need for Reform and Formation of the Territorial Force Main article: Territorial and Reserve Forces Act In 1899, with the outbreak of the South African War, the British Army was committed to its first large-scale overseas deployment since the 1850s. The Cardwell Reforms of 1868â1872 had reformed the system of enlistment for the Regular Army so that recruits now served for six years with the colours and then a further six years liable for reserve service, with the Regular Reserve.[5] The administrative structure of the Army had been further reinforced by the creation of regimental districts, where regular infantry regiments were paired together to share a depot and linked to the local militia and volunteer units.[6] The reforms had ensured that a sizable force of regular troops was based in the United Kingdom for service as an expeditionary force, over and above the troops already stationed overseas. However, once the decision was taken to send a corps-size field force to fight in the South African War, the system began to show a strain. By the end of January 1900, seven regular divisions, roughly half of their manpower from the Regular and Militia Reserves, had been dispatched leaving the country virtually empty of regular troops.[7] This was the end of the planned mobilisation; no thought had been given pre-war to mobilising the Militia, Yeomanry or Volunteers as formed units for foreign service. On 16 December, the first request was sent from South Africa for auxiliary troops, and a commitment was made to send a "considerable force of militia and picked yeomanry and volunteers".[8] The first Volunteer unit to be sent out was a 1,300 man composite battalion group, composed of infantry recruited from across London units and a field battery from the Honourable Artillery Company,[9] the City Imperial Volunteers, which was raised in early January 1900; it was sent into combat after six weeks of training in South Africa, where Lord Roberts described it as "quite excellent", and was returned home in October.[10] At the same time, a number of service companies were raised from volunteer units, employed as integral companies of their sister regular battalions, and were well regarded in the field.[11] The decision was taken in late December to form a new force, the Imperial Yeomanry, to consist of mounted infantry. Whilst the Yeomanry provided many of the officers and NCOs, only a small number of the junior ranks came from existing Yeomanry regiments, with some more from Volunteer corps.[12] The units performed well, but recruiting proceeded in fits and startsârecruitment stopped in May, and was only resumed in early 1901âand so an adequate supply of manpower was not always available.[13]Sixty militia battalions, around 46,000 men, also volunteered and were eventually sent to South Africa. They were employed mainly on lines of communication, and regarded as second-line troops of low quality; this was unsurprising, as they were strongly deficient in officers, heavily composed of men of 18 and 19, who were regarded as too young by the Regular Army, with many of their best and most experienced men already deployed with regular units as members of the Militia Reserve.[14] The dominions and colonies provided 57 contingents,[15] overwhelmingly of volunteer forces as none had a substantial full-time force; those from Canada alone numbered some 7,400[16] Altogether, Britain and her empire deployed some half a million soldiers.[17] After the South African War, the Conservative government embarked on a series of reorganisations which had a negative impact on all the auxiliary forces. The Militia was heavily understrength and disorganised, whilst the number of recruits for the Volunteers was falling off and it was becoming apparent that many Volunteer Corps were headed towards financial collapse unless some action was taken.[18] The Territorial Force was created by the Secretary of State for War, Richard Burdon Haldane, following the enactment of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 which combined and re-organised the old Volunteer Force with the Yeomanry. As part of the same process, the remaining units of militia were converted to the Special Reserve. The TF was formed on 1 April 1908 and contained fourteen infantry divisions, and fourteen mounted yeomanry brigades. It had an overall strength of approximately 269,000. Haldane designed it to provide a much larger second line for the six divisions of the Expeditionary Force which he was establishing as the centerpiece of the Regular Army. Under multiple political pressures, Haldane altered the public purpose of the Territorial Force in his Territorial and Reserve Forces Act to home defence, at the last moment.[19][20] First World War Main article: Territorial Force Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914. The next day, General - later Field Marshal - Haig, who had been central to Haldaneâs reforms and was then commanding First Corps, recorded in his diary that Field Marshal Kitchener did ânot appreciate the progress made by the Territorial Force towards efficiencyâ,[21] The subsequent day, the 6th, Kitchener took up his post as Secretary of State for War announcing that morning âHe could take no account of anything but regular soldiersâ.[22] He went on to denounce the Territorial Force as âa few hundred thousand young men, officered by middle-aged professional men who were allowed to put on uniform and play at soldiers.â[23] Nevertheless, by the 9th August, the Army Council, under Kitchener's direction, agreed that TF units volunteering en bloc for overseas service should be sent to France, while Kitchener set in hand the machinery for the recruiting of an entirely separate âNew Armyâ of what came to be known as Kitchener units, in parallel with the expansion of the Territorial Force. These New Army units were given priority for equipment, recruits and training over the Territorials for the bulk of the war. Kitchener justified this, during the first few months of the war, on the grounds that the Territorial Force should focus mostly on home defence.[24] In the first few days after the call for overseas service on August 9th, the result in many TF units was hesitant, with some units only recording around 50% volunteering, partly because men with families were reluctant to leave well-paid jobs especially while there was talk of a German invasion of the homeland, but the pace rapidly accelerated and, within a fortnight, 70 infantry battalions and many other units had collectively volunteered for France.[25] initially TF units were either fed into regular brigades or used for secondary tasks, such as guarding lines of communication but, by the end of April 1915, six full Territorial divisions had been deployed into the fight.[26] The (Regular) Expeditionary Force of six divisions had been rapidly sent to the Continent, where, facing overwhelming odds, they secured the left flank of the French Army. Of the 90,000 members of the original BEF deployed in August, four-fifths were dead or wounded by Christmas.[27] So the arrival of the Territorials, first as reinforcements and then in whole divisions came at a critical juncture, while the New Army was still forming and training. Many of the Territorial units suffered immediate heavy casualties and on the night of 20th April 1915 Second Lieutenant Geoffrey Woolley of the Queen Victoria Rifles, secured the first of the 71 Victoria Crosses won by Territorials in the First World War.[28] General Sir John French, General Officer Commanding the BEF, later wrote âWithout the assistance which the Territorials afforded between October 1914 and June 1915, it would have been impossible to hold the line in France and Belgium.[29] Other Territorial formations were dispatched to Egypt and British India and other imperial garrisons, such as Gibraltar, thereby releasing regular units for service in France and enabling the formation of an additional five regular army divisions by early 1915. Territorial divisions went on to fight in all the major battles of the war in France and Belgium and several campaigns further afield including Gallipoli. (See main article Territorial Force).[30] From 1916, as the war progressed, and casualties mounted, the distinctive character of territorial units was diluted by the inclusion of conscript and New Army drafts. Following the Armistice all units of the Territorial Force were gradually disbanded.[31] Interwar re-establishment and mobilisation in 1939 The Territorial Force (TF) was officially reconstituted in 1921 by the Territorial Army and Militia Act 1921 and renamed in October as the Territorial Army (TA).[32] The First-Line divisions (that were created in 1907 or 1908) were reconstituted in that year. The TA's intended role was to be the sole method of expanding the size of the British Armed Forces, when compared to the varied methods used during the First World War including the creation of Kitchener's Army. All TA recruits were required to take the general service obligation: if the British Government decided, territorial soldiers could be deployed overseas for combat that avoided the complications of the TF, whose members were not required to leave Britain unless they volunteered for overseas service.[33][34][35][36] The composition of the divisions was altered, with a reduction in the number of infantry battalions required. There was also a reduced need for cavalry, and of the 55 yeomanry regiments, only the 14 most senior retained their horses. The remaining yeomanry was converted to artillery or armored car units or disbanded.[37][38] The amalgamation of 40 pairs of infantry battalions was announced in October 1921.[39][40] As part of the post-war "Geddes Axe" financial cuts, the TA was further reduced in size in 1922: artillery batteries lost two of their six guns, the established size of infantry battalions was cut and ancillary medical, veterinary, signals and Royal Army Service Corps units were either reduced in size or abolished.[41] The bounty was also reduced to ÂŁ3 for trained men and ÂŁ2.10s 0d for recruits, which resulted in finding ÂŁ1,175,000 of the total savings required from the army as a whole.[42] An innovation in 1922 was the creation of two Air Defence Brigades to provide anti-aircraft defence for London.[43] It appears that these two brigade relatively quickly became 26th and 27th Air Defence Brigades.[44] During the 1930s, tensions increased between Germany and the United Kingdom and its allies.[45] In late 1937 and throughout 1938, German demands for the annexation of Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia led to an international crisis. To avoid war, the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain met with German Chancellor Adolf Hitler in September and brokered the Munich Agreement. The agreement averted a war and allowed Germany to annex the Sudetenland.[46] Although Chamberlain had intended the agreement to lead to a further peaceful resolution of issues, relations between both countries soon deteriorated.[47] On 15 March 1939, Germany breached the terms of the agreement by invading and occupying the remnants of the Czech state.[48] On 29 March, Secretary of State for War Leslie Hore-Belisha announced plans to increase the TA from 130,000 to 340,000 men and double the number of TA divisions.[49] The plan was for existing TA units to recruit over their establishments (aided by an increase in pay for Territorials, the removal of restrictions on promotion which had hindered recruiting, construction of better-quality barracks and an increase in supper rations) and then form second-line divisions from cadres that could be increased.[49][50] The total strength of the TA was to be 440,000: the field force of the Territorial Army was to rise from 130,000 to 340,000, organized in 26 divisions, while an additional 100,000 all ranks would form the anti-aircraft section.[51][52] The forming Second Line formations were given liberty to be numbered and named as they saw fit, with some using related names and numbers from the First World War e.g. 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division formed in 1939.[53] The immediate response to this announcement was a vast surge in recruiting with 88,000 men enlisted by the end of April. The London Rifle Brigade raised a second battalion in 24 hours.[54] On 26th April, limited conscription was introduced. [55][56].This resulted in 34,500 twenty-year-old militiamen being conscripted into the regular army, initially to be trained for six months before deployment to the forming second-line units. In parallel, recruits continued to surge into the Territorial Army but there were grave shortages of instructors and equipment[57] It was envisioned that the duplicating process and recruiting the required numbers of men would take no more than six months. In practice, existing TA units found themselves stripped of regular training staffs and often many of their own officers and NCOs to form and train the new units, long before their own units were fully trained.[58] As a result, some TA divisions had made little progress by the time the Second World War began; others, who had started from a stronger position, were able to complete this work within a matter of weeks.[59][60] The Second World War The TA's war deployment plan envisioned the divisions being deployed, as equipment became available, in waves to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) that had already been dispatched to Europe. The TA would join regular army divisions when they had completed their training, with the final divisions of the entire force deployed one year after the war began.[61] The first three divisions arrived to take their places in the front line by early 1940, the 48th (South Midland) Division, 50th (Northumbrian) Division and 51st (Highland) Division.[62] The 48th took part in the stand on the River Escaut, [63]the 50th held part of the perimeter at Dunkirk,[64] while a London TA battalion, the Queen Victoria's Rifles deployed at Calais and fought off German reconnaissance forces before the arrival of the two regular sister battalions with whom they held the town for two crucial days shielding the Dunkirk evacuation.[65] The 51st fought in a rearguard action with the (separate) largely French forces along the Somme.[66] At the same time, a small TA unit, the Kent Fortress Royal Engineers, carried out the first major commando-style operations of the war the XD Operations, destroying 2 million tons of crude and refined oil, along the coastline of France and the low countries[67][68] Meanwhile, units with little training and cohesion were also fed into the fight; the TA units which formed a majority of those which took part in the Narvik operation were untrained and had been subject to such turbulence, through expansion and reorganisation that many lacked cohesion.[69] The failures of command, coordination and execution in that campaign led to a debate on its conduct with a no-confidence vote in the government.[70] Partially as a result of lessons from Narvik, the Territorial Army was ordered to form 10 elite Independent Companies, forerunners of the Commandos. under the command of (then) Lt Colonel Colin Gubbins.[71] As the war developed Territorial units fought in every major theatre. The first reinforcing unit into Kohima, where the Japanese suffered their first major defeat in mainland Asia, was a TA unit, 4th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment[72] who went on to hold the tennis court in some of the hardest fighting of the battle. Later the commander of the 14th Army, of which they were part, Field Marshal Slim, himself a pre-First World War Territorial [73]became Chief of the Imperial General Staff and a strong promoter of the TA, coining the expression still in use today that Territorials are 'twice a citizen'.[74] One pre-war Guards reservist, (then) Major David Stirling set up the Special Air Service, in North Africa, which fathered several other special forces units, including the Special Boat Service.[75] After VJ Day in August 1945, the Territorial Army was reduced and re-stuctured.[76] List of Territorial Army Divisions, Second World War Infantry of 50th (Northumbrian) Division moving up past a knocked-out German 88mm gun near 'Joe's Bridge' over the Meuse-Escaut Canal in Belgium, 16 September 1944 A motorcycle and infantry of the 2nd Battalion, Glasgow Highlanders, 46th Infantry Brigade, 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, advance along a lane near Caumont, 30 July 1944. First Line Second Line 1st Cavalry Division (1st Line Yeomanry) 1st London Division (Later 56th (London) Infantry Division) 2nd London Division (Later 47th (London) Infantry Division) 42nd (East Lancashire) Infantry Division 66th Infantry Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 45th Infantry Division 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division 12th (Eastern) Infantry Division 48th (South Midland) Infantry Division 61st Infantry Division 49th (West Riding) Infantry Division 46th Infantry Division 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 23rd (Northumbrian) Infantry Division 51st (Highland) Infantry Division 9th (Highland) Infantry Division 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division 38th (Welsh) Infantry Division 54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division 18th Infantry Division 55th (West Lancashire) Infantry Division 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division Postwar and Cold War In 1947, the TA was restructured and expanded through the reactivation of some of the 1st Line divisions that were initially disbanded after the war, keeping its former role of supplying complete divisions to the regular Army until 1967. For the first time, TA units were formed in Northern Ireland. The maneuver divisions established or re-established in 1947 were:[77] 42nd (Lancashire) Infantry Division 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division 44th (Home Counties) Infantry Division 49th (West Riding & North Midland) Armoured Division (49th (West Riding and North Midland) Division/District in 1961) 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division (50th Northumbrian District by 1966) 51st/52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division (until 1968, when superseded by Headquarters Wales District) 56th (London) Armoured Division The 16th Airborne Division, a totally TA formation, was also raised at this time, under the command of Major-General Robert E. "Roy" Urquhart. 52nd (Lowland) Division was re-established as a tenth, 'mixed' division in March 1950.[78] The territorials also provided much of the anti-aircraft cover for the United Kingdom until 1956. In that year, Anti-Aircraft Command and 15 anti-aircraft regiments of the Royal Artillery were disbanded, with nine others passing into "suspended animation" as new English Electric Thunderbird Surface to Air Missile units replaced them.[79] On 20 December 1955, the Secretary of State for War informed the House of Commons that the armoured divisions and the 'mixed' division were to be converted to infantry, and the 16th Airborne Division reduced to a parachute brigade group.[80] Only two divisions (43rd and 53rd), two armoured brigades, and a parachute brigade were to remain allocated for NATO and the defence of Western Europe; the other eight divisions were placed on a lower establishment for home defence only.[81] The territorial units of the Royal Armoured Corps were also reduced in number to nine armoured regiments and eleven reconnaissance regiments. This was effected by the amalgamation of pairs of regiments, and the conversion of four RAC units to an infantry role. The new parachute brigade group become the 44th Independent Parachute Brigade Group.[82] British forces contracted dramatically as the end of conscription in 1960 came in sight as announced in the 1957 Defence White Paper. On 20 July 1960, a reorganisation of the TA was announced in the House of Commons. The territorials were to be reduced from 266 fighting units to 195. There was to be a reduction of 46 regiments of the Royal Artillery, 18 battalions of infantry, 12 regiments of the Royal Engineers and two regiments of the Royal Corps of Signals.[83] The reductions were carried out in 1961, mainly by amalgamating units. Thus, on 1 May 1961, the TA divisional headquarters were merged with regular army districts, which were matched with Civil Defence Regions to aid mobilisation for war.[84] The Army Reserve Act of April 1962 made provision for a new TA Emergency Reserve (TAER), within existing TA units, who could be called out without Royal Proclamation as individuals to reinforce regular units around the world, for up to six months in every twelve. With opposition from employers and individuals to such a large peacetime liability, the target of 15,000 volunteers proved over-ambitious and the force peaked at 4,262 in October 1963, then dropping to around 2,400 by 1968.[85] Nevertheless, the first batch of these so-called 'Ever Readies' was sent to Libya in 1963, followed by 200 to the Far East later that year.[86] In 1965, 175 were called out, the majority deploying to Aden, where one of their officers, Lieutenant Mike Smith, won an MC.[87] 1966 White Paper: major cuts and a new name This was followed by a large reduction and complete reorganisation, announced in the 1966 Defence White Paper and implemented from 1 April 1967, when the title Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve (TAVR) was adopted. This abolished the former divisional structure of the TA.[88] The size of the TAVR was to be reduced from 107,000 to under 50,000, with the infantry reduced from 86 to 13 battalions and the yeomanry (armoured units) from 20 to one.[89] Units in the new TAVR were divided into various categories:[90][91] o TAVR I - Special Army Volunteer Reserve or 'Ever Readies', echoing the earlier nickname for the TAER, bringing the Regular Army to war establishment and replacing casualties. These were to be given extra training and equipment and could now be called out by Queenâs Order rather than Royal Proclamation in anticipation of war[92] and o TAVR II - forces called 'The Volunteers', for whom the old call-out arrangements continued. This category was split further split into TAVR IIA (Independent), eg: 51st Highland Volunteers and TAVR IIB (Sponsored), eg: Central Volunteer Headquarters, Royal Artillery.[92] In addition were various miscellaneous units, such as OTCs and bands eg Northumbria Band of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers.[93] In the face of a considerable Parliamentary battle, and a public outcry let by the county associations, the government agreed to retain an additional 28,000 men in 87 âlightly armedâ infantry units and a few signals units in a category called TAVR III, designed for home defence, but, months later in January 1968, these were all earmarked to be disbanded, with 90 becoming eight-man "cadres".[94] In November that year, the call-out arrangements for TAVR II units were brought in line with TAVR I.[94] Rebuilding Capability and Exercising Roles In 1971, the new government decided to expand the TAVR which led to the formation of twenty infantry battalions based on some of these cadres.[95][96] In 1979, again, a new government planned further expansion. In the Reserve Forces Act of 1982, the Territorial Army title was restored, and, in the following years, its size was again increased, together with new equipment and extra training, the target being 86,000 by 1990. Some brigades were re-formed which consisted mostly of TA units, including two out of three brigades for a new reserve division for the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR).[97]. In addition, a new organisation was established, the Home Service Force, with a separate target of 4,500, composed of older ex-regulars and territorials to guard key points.[98] As the Cold war intensified, the scale and pace of exercises involving the TA in its war roles increased. Two large-scale exercises were mounted testing the Army's ability to reinforce the BAOR, Crusader in 1980 and Lionheart in 1984. The latter involved 131,000 British service personnel, including 35,000 Territorials, together with US, Dutch and German personnel. This was the largest British troop movement exercise by sea and air since 1945, involving 290 flights and 150 ferry sailings. Most UK-based units reached their wartime stations within 48 hours.[99][100] In 1985, Exercise Brave Defender tested Britain's home defences, with 65,000 regulars and territorials involved.[99] 1988 to 2011: Reduced again but back on operations At the end of the Cold war, the TA had a strength of 72,823, including 3,297 in the Home Service Force (HSF).[101] in the 1991 Gulf War 205 Scottish General Hospital was mobilised as a unit based in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and a number of TA staff officers and others volunteered and served during the conflict, either in supporting roles in Germany or within 1 (UK) Armoured Division in the Middle East.[102] In December 1991, as part of the reductions in Options for Change, it was announced that the TAâs establishment was to be reduced to 63,000, while the HSF element was to be disbanded.[103] In July 1994, this was further reduced to 59,000.[104] The Reserve Forces Act of May 1996 was a landmark reform, making it much easier to call out any element of the Reserves at the behest of the Secretary of State for a range of purposes including âprotection of life or propertyâ well short of the criteria for Queenâs Order (eg 'great emergency', 'imminent national dangerâ). It also provides protection in employment law for members' civilian jobs should they be mobilised.[105] This has led to the Army Reserve increasingly providing routine support for the Regular Army overseas including the delivery of composite units to release regular units from standing liabilities; including Bosnia, Kosovo, Cyprus and the Falkland Islands. Some 2,800 TA personnel volunteered for and deployed on Op RESOLUTE from 1995-98, the UK's contribution to the NATO mission to enforce peace in the Former Yugoslavia.[106] These were a mixture of formed units and individuals.[107] In Tony Blairâs Strategic Defence Review of 1998, the TA's size was reduced to 41,200.[108] In 2003, 9,500 reservists were mobilised to take part in Operation TELIC, the invasion of Iraq. Reservists were deployed in a mixture of formed bodies and as individuals. For example, a formed sub-unit from 131 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers opened up a beach landing point on the Al Faw Peninsula and then two further crossing points on sequential watercourses for tanks in the attack on Basra.[109][110] The Royal Yeomanry mobilised Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and two sub-units to deliver the UKâs Chemical, Radiological, Biological, and Nuclear counter-measures for Operation TELIC.[107] At the peak in 2004, reservists made up 20% of our strength in Iraq.[111] In Afghanistan too, large numbers of reservists deployed in a mixture of formed units and as individuals, until 2009 when the decision was taken to allow only individuals to deploy as reinforcements for regular units.[107] One example of a formed body was Somme Company of The London regiment of whom Brigadier (later Lieutenant-General Sir) John Lorimer remarked: âSomme Company was an outstanding body of men: well trained, highly motivated and exceptionally well led.â[112] Approximately 1,200 members of the Army Reserve deployed annually on tours of duty in Iraq, Operation HERRICK in Afghanistan and elsewhere, normally on six-month-long roulements.[113]Medical personnel were routinely deployed as formed units and individual augmentees since the start of operations in Iraq and, since 2003, Reserves provided over 40% of the hospital-based personnel for operations in Afghanistan and provided the âlead unitâ for 50% of the operational tours.[114] By 2011, across Iraq and Afghanistan, a number of reservists had been decorated and 27 had given their lives.[111] 2011 Rebuilding and named the Army Reserve In 2010, the government set up a commission, chaired by General Sir Nicholas (now Lord) Houghton, to review the state of the reserves and to design their future. The commission reported in July 2011. It found that, despite their operational commitments, the reserves had been neglected: some estimates put its trained and active strength as low as 14,000. There had been âa failure to resource recruiting and good training, especially collective training; to offer career progression; to update operational roles; to permit deployment in formed sub-units and therefore offer command opportunitiesâ [107] Its recommendations included that a new target of 30,000 trained strength by 2020 be set.[115] The government published the report on 18 July with an immediate promise of ÂŁ1.5 Billion funding over ten years.[116] In October 2012 MoD announced a new name for the Territorial Army, its current name, the Army Reserve.[117] Most of the recommendations of the commission were adopted in the White Paper July 2013 including the critical importance of providing operational and training opportunities for formed units and sub-units.[118] Some aspects required legislation and were introduced in the Defence Reform Act (2014). These included the name change, reforms in mobilisation arrangements and in employer compensation. They also included giving the Reserve Forces and Cadets Associations the power to produce an annual report to Parliament on the state of the volunteer reserves (the Royal Naval Reserve, The Royal Marines Reserve, the Army Reserve and the Royal Auxiliary Air Force).[119] In January 2021, the Army Reserve trained strength stood at 26,820.[120] (This figure excludes recruits undergoing phase 1 training and various non-deployable categories such as University Officer Training Corps). During 2020, two reserve infantry battalions, 6 and 7 Rifles, provided the framework battalion for peacekeeping in Cyprus[121][122] and over the winter 20/21 the Royal Yeomanry provided a composite squadron for a six-month tour on armoured reconnaissance as part of Britainâs forward presence in Estonia.[123] Army Reservists have a minimum commitment to serve 27 training days per annum or 19 days for some national units. This period normally includes a two-week period of continuous training either as an Army Reserve unit, on courses or attached to a Regular unit. Army Reserve soldiers are paid at a similar rate as their regular equivalents while engaged on military activities.[124] Basic training Main article: Selection and Training in the British Army Soldiers For Army Reserve soldiers, recruit training is structured into two phases: Phase 1, also known as the Common Military Syllabus (Recruit) (CMS(R)), and Phase 2, specialist training.[125] Phase 1 In Phase 1, recruits cover the Common Military Syllabus (Reserve)14 (CMS(R)14). Phase 1 A is a series of 4 training weekends at regional Army Training Units (ATUs), or the recruit could attend a consolidated Phase 1 A week long course. Phase 1 training concludes with a 16 day long Phase 1 B training course normally held at the Army Training Centre Pirbright or the Army Training Regiment, Winchester, or Grantham. Recruits to the 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment[126] and the Honourable Artillery Company[127] complete their equivalent of CMS(R) within their own units. Phase 2 Phase 1 is followed by Phase 2, a further period of specialist training specific to the type of unit the recruit is joining. This is normally conducted by the Arm or Service that the recruit is joining, for example for infantry units, Phase 2 consists of the two-week Combat Infantryman's Course (TA) (CIC (TA)) held at the Infantry Training Centre, Catterick.[125] Officers To gain a commission, Potential Officers have to pass the two stages of the Army Officer Selection Board (AOSB) and then successfully complete four modules of training, which together form the Army Reserve Commissioning Course.[128] For professionally qualified officers (doctors, vets, lawyers etc), there is only one stage at the AOSB.[129] Module A consists of basic field training and elementary military skills. This can be completed at either a UOTC over a number of weekends or over 2 weeks at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS). Module B covers training in Tactics, Leadership, Doctrine and Navigation, both in theory and in practice, with a focus on the section battle drills and the platoon combat estimate. This training can either be spread over 10 weekends at a UOTC, or 2 weeks at the RMAS. Module C builds on the Tactics, Leadership, Doctrine, and Navigation taught in Module B, with a greater focus on the theory behind these constructs. CBRN training is also added at this point, and Officer Cadets undergo a number of field exercises to test their military and leadership skills. Module C can only be undertaken at the RMAS. Module D Once the Officer Cadet has completed their ArmyOfficer Selection Board, they can complete this final module, after which they will become commissioned officers in the British Army. Based at the RMAS, this module consists primarily of a prolonged field exercise, followed by drill training in preparation for the passing out parade. On successful completion of Module D, the Officer Cadets receive their Commission and become Second Lieutenants. Further training that is required prior to them being considered for operational deployment and promotion to Lieutenant includes: Post Commissioning Training (formerly known as Module 5), again run at an OTC, over 3 weekends. Special To Arm training is specific to the type of unit the Subaltern is joining and covers a 2-week period. This is increasingly integrated with the tactics phase of a Regular training course. For example, the Platoon Commander's Battle Course held at the Infantry Battle School in Brecon which is integrated within a Regular training course, or the Light Cavalry Commander's Course held at the Reconnaissance & Armoured Tactics Division in Warminster which is run separately to Regular training courses. See also flag United Kingdom portal War portal List of Territorial Army units (2012) Auxiliary Territorial Service Auxiliary Units (1940â1944) Home Guard (1940â1944) Exercise Cambrian Patrol Home Service Force (1982â1993) Reserve Forces and Cadets Association Royal Auxiliary Air Force Royal Marines Reserve Royal Naval Reserve Territorial Decoration The Territorial Army (British Rail) Volunteer Reserves Service Medal Australian Army Reserve Canadian Army Reserve Irish Army Reserve Indian Territorial Army Territorial Force Rejimen Askar Wataniah People Alfred Anderson Micky Burn Billy Connolly Bill Deedes Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster Bear Grylls Richard Holmes Paddy Mayne William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim References Dunlop, p. 55 Dunlop p. 64 Dunlop p. 55 e.g. Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia), The Jersey Field Squadron (Militia), The Royal Militia of the Island of Jersey, 4th (Volunteer) Battalion, the Royal Irish Rangers (27th (Inniskilling) 83rd and 87th) (North Irish Militia) (until 1993) Sheppard, p. 217 T F Mills, Training Depots (Territorialisation of British Infantry) 1873-1881, Regiments.org, archived, accessed March 2021. Dunlop p. 76 Dunlop p. 74 Gregory, pp. 80, 82 Dunlop p. 97-9 Dunlop pp. 100-102 Dunlop pp, 107-108 Dunlop p. 110 Dunlop p. 90-93 Perry, p. 148 Perry pp.126-7 "Second Boer War records database goes online". June 23, 2010 â via www.bbc.co.uk. Dunlop, p. 20-24 Campbell p. 277 Dennis p. 13 Simkins, p. 41 Letter to The Times, 28 August 1928 by Sir Charles Harris who was present Lloyd George War Memoirs, Nicholson and Watson, London 1933-6, pp. 391-2 Simkins, p. 42-3 Simkins, p. 45 Campbell p. 257 Campbell, P255 Dennis p. 37 Field Marshal Viscount French of Ypres, 1914, London: Constable and Co, 1919, p. 204 Beckett 2008, pp. 79â80 Messenger 2005, p. 275 Beckett 2008 p. 97 Allport 2015, p. 323. French 2001, p. 53. Perry 1988, pp. 41â42. sfn error: multiple targets (2Ă): CITEREFPerry1988 (help) Simkins 2007, pp. 43â46. New Territorial Army â The Government Scheme, The Times, January 31, 1920 New Citizen Army â 2nd Line Defence Scheme, The Times, January 31, 1920, Territorial Army Reduction, The Times, July 15, 1921 Territorial Army Amalgamations â 40 Battalions Affected The Times, October 5, 1921, Territorial Army Reductions â ÂŁ1,650,000 to be saved, The Times, March 4, 1922, Ian F. W. Beckett, 'Territorials: A Century of Service,' First Published April 2008 by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, ISBN 978-0-9557813-1-5, 102. The Territorial Army and Air Defence of Great Britain,(the United Kingdom Reserve Forces Association), accessed August 28, 2007 Archived September 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine; Air Defence of London â Two Brigades of Ground Troops, The Times, July 12, 1922, Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army, London: War Office, 7 November 1927; artillery units reprinted in Litchfield Appendix IV. Bell 1997, pp. 3â4. Bell 1997, pp. 258â275. Bell 1997, pp. 277â278. Bell 1997, p. 281. Gibbs 1976, p. 518. Messenger 1994, p. 47. Territorial Army â Establishment doubled, The Times, March 30, 1939, 13 Additional Divisions â Method of Expansion, The Times, March 30, 1939, Joslen 2003, p. 81. Denny, P 249,250 Messenger 1994, p. 49. French 2001, p. 64. Dennis, P 251 Dennis p. 255 Perry 1988, p. 48. sfn error: multiple targets (2Ă): CITEREFPerry1988 (help) Levy 2006, p. 66. Gibbs 1976, pp. 455, 507, 514â515. Denny, p. 255 Sebag-Montefiore, p. 521 Sebag-Montefiore, p. 533 Sebag-Montefiore, p. 223ff Sebag-Montefiore, Chapter 35 The History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Volume VIII, P 76-80 Brazier, C.C.H. (2004) XD Operations, Secret British Missions Denying Oil to the Nazis, Pen and Sword, Barnsley Kiszely, P69, 70 and 201 Andrew Roberts, Churchill, Walking with Destiny, Allen Lane, P488-95 Kiszley p. 260 Miller P294 Miller, Chapter 2 Miller, p. 397 Macintyre, Ben (2016). Rogue Warriors. New York: Crown Publishing Group. pp. 48â49, 143â146, 149â154. ISBN 9781101904169. "Territorial Army Formations (1947)". Britisjh Military History. Retrieved 7 April 2021. Charles Messenger, A History of the British Infantry: Volume Two 1915â94, Leo Cooper, London, 1996, 157. Beckett, 2008, p. 178. Napoleonic war links to go, The Times, August 30, 1955. "Yourdemocracy.newstatesman.com". Archived from the original on April 2, 2012. Beckett 2008, p. 180. TA replanning complete, The Times, May 6, 1956 Reorganizing Territorials, the Times, July 21, 1960, Beckett 2008, pp. 183, 185. Beckett, p. 186 Beckett, p. 187 Beckett, p. 190 Steinberg, S. (2016-12-27). The Statesman's Year-Book 1967â68: The One-Volume ENCYCLOPAEDIA of all nations. Springer. p. 106. ISBN 9780230270961 Beckett, p. 201 Beckett, Ian Frederick William (1991). The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558â1945. Manchester University Press. p. 282. ISBN 9780719029127 Frederick, p. 326 Beckett, p. 205 Beckett, p. 206 Beckett, p. 207 "Regiments of the British TERRITORIAL & ARMY VOLUNTEER RESERVE 1967 at regiments.org by T.F.Mills". Archived from the original on 2007-07-15. Retrieved 2015-02-13 Lineage of British Army Regiments 1967 â 2000 by Wienand Drieth". Archived from the original on March 31, 2012 Beckett, p. 210-12 Beckett, P. 192 Beckett, p. 219 at 4:25pm, Simon Thornton 2nd May 2019. "The Biggest British Army Exercise ... And Why It Probably Always Will Be". Forces Network. Beckett, p. 212 Beckett, pp. 215-6 Beckett, p. 215 Beckett, p. 229 Beckett, p. 227 Beckett, p. 234 "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 12. Beckett, p. 230 The Times, 27th March 2003,P 1 Sapper Magazine, article in July 2003 edition "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 11. "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 16. "Afghanistan (Roulement): Defence Written Statement". 10 July 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2021. "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 19. "Future Reserves 2020" (PDF). The Independent Commission to Review the United Kingdom's Reserve forces. p. 52. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 July 2011 (pt 0002)". publications.parliament.uk. "Territorial Army 'to be renamed the Army Reserve'". BBC News. Retrieved 26 December 2015. "Reserves in the Future Force 2020: Valuable and Valued" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. p. 17. Retrieved 8 April 2021. "Defence Reform Act 2014". "UK Defence Personnel Statistics". House of Commons Library. pp. 10â11. Retrieved 9 April 2021. at 7:09pm, Tim Cooper 3rd February 2020. "Army Reservists Make History In Largest Ever Deployment In A Single Unit". Forces Network. "6 Rifles are deploying to Cyprus on operation from today". Retrieved 8 April 2021. "External Scrutiny Team Annual Report" (PDF). North West Reserve Forces and Cadets Association. p. 12. Retrieved 8 April 2021. "Pay Scales 2020/21 British Army Reserve". What do they know. Retrieved 8 April 2021. "TA Recruit Training Structure & Overview". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 2008-12-16. Retrieved 2008-12-14. "Phase One: The Build Up". 4th Battalion, The Parachute Regiment. Archived from the original on October 5, 2011. "Frequently Asked Questions". HAC. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-02. "RMA Sandhurst Officer Training". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 March 2021. "Army Officer Selection". Ministry of Defence. Retrieved 26 March 2021. Bibliography Allport, Alan (2015). Browned Off and Bloody-minded: The British Soldier Goes to War 1939â1945. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17075-7. Beckett, Ian F. W. Territorials: A Century of Service, first published April 2008 by DRA Printing of 14 Mary Seacole Road, The Millfields, Plymouth PL1 3JY on behalf of TA 100, ISBN 978-0-9557813-1-5 Bell, P. M. H. (1997) [1986]. The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (2nd ed.). London: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-582-30470-3. French, David (2001) [2000]. Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919â1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-199-24630-4. Gibbs, N. H. (1976). Grand Strategy. History of the Second World War. I. London: HMSO. ISBN 978-0-116-30181-9. Heyman, M. A. Heyman. "The Territorial Army â 1999 â An archive document of The TA in 1999 before the implementation of The Strategic Defence Review". Joslen, H. F. (2003) [1990]. Orders of Battle: Second World War, 1939â1945. Uckfield: Naval and Military Press. ISBN 978-1-84342-474-1. Levy, James P. (2006). Appeasement and Rearmament: Britain, 1936â1939. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-742-54537-3. Messenger, Charles (1994). For Love of Regiment 1915â1994. A History of British Infantry. II. London: Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-850-52422-2. Messenger, Charles (2005). Call to Arms: the British Army 1914â18. London: Cassell. ISBN 9780304367221. Perry, Frederick William (1988). The Commonwealth Armies: Manpower and Organisation in Two World Wars. War, Armed Forces and Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-2595-2. Simkins, Peter (2007) [1988]. Kitchener's Army: The Raising of the New Armies 1914â1916. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. ISBN 978-1-844-15585-9. Sheppard, Eric (1950). A short history of the British Army (4th ed.). London: Constable. Dunlop, John K (1938). The development of the British Army 1899â1914. London: Methuen. Gregory, Barry (2006). A History of the Artists Rifles 1859-1947. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. Perry, F W (1988). The Commonwealth Armies. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Campbell, John (2020). Haldane: The Forgotten Statesman Who Shaped Modern Britain. London: Hurst & Co. Dennis, Peter (1987). The Territorial Army. Woodbridge: The Royal Historical Society: Boydell Press. Sebag-Montefiore, Hugh (2006). Dunkirk, Fight to the Last Man. New York: Viking. Kiszley, John (2017). Anatomy of a Campaign, The British Fiasco in Norway, 1940. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Frederick, J. B. M. (1984). Lineage book of British land forces 1660-1978 : biographical outlines of cavalry, yeomanry, armour, artillery, infantry, marines and air force land troops of regular and reserve forces (Volume I). Wakefield: Microform Academic. ISBN 978-1-85117-007-4. OCLC 18072764. Miller, Russell (2013). Uncle Bill, The Authorised Biography of Field Marshal Viscount Slim. London: Wiedenfeld and Nicolson. Further reading Stanley Simm Baldwin, Forward everywhere: Her Majesty's Territorials / Stanley Simm Baldwin, London; New York; Brassey's, c1994. ISBN 0080407161 (hardback) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Territorial Army (United Kingdom). Army Reserve The Reserve Land Forces regulations 2016 (amendment number 3) Army Reservist Support Service The All-Party Parliamentary Reserve Forces Group â see their most recent report on the TA The Territorial Army 1967â2000 by Wienand Drenth vte United Kingdom British Army vte Ministry of Defence Categories: Army Reserve (United Kingdom)1908 establishments in the United KingdomBritish ArmyMilitary units and formations of the British ArmyMilitary units and formations established in 1908Reserve forces of the United Kingdom Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Français íê”ìŽ Italiano æ„æŹèȘ Svenska Tiáșżng Viá»t äžæ 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2021, at 10:53 (UTC). 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đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. United States Army Reserve From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2020) This article possibly contains original research. (June 2020) United States Army Reserve Seal of the United States Army Reserve.svg Seal of the U.S. Army Reserve Founded 23 April 1908; 113 years ago (as Medical Reserve Corps) Country United States Branch United States Army Size 188,703 reserve members[1][2] Part of United States Department of the Army Garrison/HQ Fort Bragg, North Carolina, U.S. Website www.usar.army.milCommanders Current commander Lieutenant General Jody J. Daniels[3] The United States Army Reserve (USAR) is a reserve force of the United States Army. Together, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard constitute the Army element of the reserve components of the United States Armed Forces. Since July 2020, the Chief of the United States Army Reserve is Lieutenant General Jody J. Daniels.[4] The senior enlisted leader of the Army Reserve is Command Sergeant Major Andrew J. Lombardo.[5] Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Interwar period and World War II 1.3 Cold War 2 Reserve service today 3 Importance to the active army 4 Current active reserve formations and units 4.1 Headquarters commands 4.2 Functional commands 4.3 Geographic commands 4.4 Training commands 5 Individual Ready Reserve 6 Retired Reserve 7 Other components 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Sources 10 External links History Origins On 23 April 1908[6] Congress created the Medical Reserve Corps, the official predecessor of the Army Reserve.[7] After World War I, under the National Defense Act of 1920, Congress reorganized the U.S. land forces by authorizing a Regular Army, a National Guard, and an Organized Reserve (Officers Reserve Corps and Enlisted Reserve Corps) of unrestricted size, which later became the Army Reserve.[8] This organization provided a peacetime pool of trained Reserve officers and enlisted men for use in war. The Organized Reserve included the Officers Reserve Corps, Enlisted Reserve Corps, and Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC). Interwar period and World War II The Organized Reserve infantry divisions raised immediately after World War I continued the lineage and geographic area distribution of National Army divisions that had served in the war. They were maintained on paper with all of their officers and one-third of their enlisted men. Units in other arms of the Army besides infantry, most notably cavalry, field artillery and engineers were also formed. Organized Reserve units, depending upon their geographic area, maintained relationships with one or several colleges or universities, which populated them with officers through the ROTC. In the event of war, Organized Reserve officers and enlisted men would be called to duty to form the cores of the divisions they were assigned to, and also be moved to other parts of the Army that needed officers. Service in the Organized Reserve during the interwar period was not as appealing as the Army expected. Most divisions reached their full complement of officers, but had less than 100 enlisted men, since there was no incentive for them to serve. Division States Represented Campaign Participation Credit 76 Inf Div SSI.svg 76th Infantry Division Connecticut, Rhode Island Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 77th Infantry Division.patch.jpg 77th Infantry Division New York Western Pacific, Southern Philippines, Ryukyus 78th Infantry Division SSI.svg 78th Infantry Division Delaware, New Jersey Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 79th Infantry Division SSI.svg 79th Infantry Division Pennsylvania Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Central Europe 80th Inf Div SSI SVG.svg 80th Infantry Division Maryland, Virginia, Washington, D.C. Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe US Army 81st Infantry Division SSI.svg 81st Infantry Division Tennessee, North Carolina Western Pacific, Southern Philippines 82 ABD SSI.svg 82nd Airborne Division South Carolina, Georgia, Florida Sicily, Naples-Foggia, Normandy, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 83rd Infantry Division SSI.svg 83rd Infantry Division Ohio Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe US 84th Infantry Division.svg 84th Infantry Division Indiana Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 85th Division SSI.svg 85th Infantry Division Michigan Rome-Arno, North Apennines, Po Valley 86 Inf Div SSI.jpg 86th Infantry Division Illinois Central Europe US 87th Infantry Division.svg 87th Infantry Division Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 88th Infantry Division SSI.svg 88th Infantry Division Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota Rome-Arno, North Apennines, Po Valley 89th Regional Readiness Command SSI.svg 89th Infantry Division Nebraska, Kansas, South Dakota Rhineland, Central Europe 90th Infantry Division.patch.svg 90th Infantry Division Texas Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe US 91st Infantry Division.svg 91st Infantry Division California Rome-Arno, North Apennines, Po Valley 94th Regional Readiness Command SSI.svg 94th Infantry Division Massachusetts Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 95TrainingDivSSI SVG.svg 95th Infantry Division Oklahoma Northern France, Rhineland, Central Europe 96th Infantry Division SSI.svg 96th Infantry Division Oregon, Washington Leyte, Southern Philippines, Ryukyus 97THID.svg 97th Infantry Division New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont Central Europe 98th Infantry Division shoulder sleeve insignia.svg 98th Infantry Division New York No combat US 99th Infantry Division.svg 99th Infantry Division Pennsylvania Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 100th Infantry Division SSI.svg 100th Infantry Division Kentucky, West Virginia Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe 102 INF DIV SSI.svg 102nd Infantry Division Arkansas, Missouri Rhineland, Central Europe US 103rd Infantry Division.svg 103rd Infantry Division Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico Ardennes-Alsace, Rhineland, Central Europe 104TrngDivLdrTrngSSI.svg 104th Infantry Division Idaho, Montana, Nevada. Utah, Wyoming Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, Central Europe The 101st Infantry Division was designated a division of the Organized Reserve after World War I and assigned to the state of Wisconsin; unlike the 82nd Airborne Division, the Reserve division was disbanded when the 101st Airborne Division was raised in the Army of the United States on 15 August 1942. Cold War A tentative troop basis for the Organized Reserve Corps (ORC), prepared in March 1946, outlined 25 divisions: three armored, five airborne, and 17 infantry.[9] These divisions and all other Organized Reserve Corps units were to be maintained in one of three strength categories, labeled Class A, Class B, and Class C. Class A units were divided into two groups, one for combat and one for service, and units were to be at required table of organization strength; Class B units were to have their full complement of officers and enlisted cadre strength; and Class C were to have officers only. The troop basis listed nine divisions as Class A, nine as Class B, and seven as Class C. Major General Ray E. Porter therefore proposed reclassification of all Class A divisions as Class B units. Eventually the War Department agreed and made the appropriate changes. Although the dispute over Class A units lasted several months, the War Department proceeded with the reorganization of the Organized Reserve Corps divisions during the summer of 1946. That all divisions were to begin as Class C (officers only) units, progressing to the other categories as men and equipment became available, undoubtedly influenced the decision. Also, the War Department wanted to take advantage of the pool of trained reserve officers and enlisted men from World War II. By that time Army Ground Forces had been reorganized as an army group headquarters that commanded six geographic armies. The armies replaced the nine corps areas of the prewar era, and the army commanders were tasked to organize and train both Regular Army and Organized Reserve Corps units. The plan the army commanders received called for twenty-five Organized Reserve Corps divisions, but the divisions activated between September 1946 and November 1947 differed somewhat from the original plans. The First United States Army declined to support an airborne division, and the 98th Infantry Division replaced the 98th Airborne Division. After the change, the Organized Reserve Corps had four airborne, three armored, and eighteen infantry divisions. The Second Army insisted upon the number 80 for its airborne unit because the division was to be raised in the prewar 80th Division's area, not that of the 99th. Finally, the 103rd Infantry Division, organized in 1921 in New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona, was moved to Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, and North Dakota in the Fifth United States Army area. The Seventh Army (later replaced by Third Army), allotted the 15th Airborne Division, refused the designation, and the adjutant general replaced it by constituting the 108th Airborne Division, which fell within that component's list of infantry and airborne divisional numbers. Thus the final tally of divisions formed after World War II appears to have been the 19th, 21st, and 22d Armored Divisions; the 80th, 84th, 100th and 108th Airborne Divisions; and the 76th, 77th, 79th, 81st, 83rd, 85th, 87th, 89th, 90th, 91st, 94th, 95th, 96th, 97th, 98th, 102nd, 103rd, and 104th Infantry Divisions. A major problem in forming divisions and other units in the Organized Reserve Corps was adequate housing. While many National Guard units owned their own armories, some dating back to the nineteenth century, the Organized Reserve Corps had no facilities for storing equipment and for training. Although the War Department requested funds for needed facilities, Congress moved slowly in response. The Organized Reserves were redesignated 25 March 1948 as the Organized Reserve Corps. Recognizing the importance of the Organized Reserve to the World War II effort, Congress authorized retirement and drill pay for the first time in 1948. During the summer and fall of 1951 the six army commanders in the United States, staff agencies, and the Section V Committee (created after World War I for the reserve components to have a voice in their affairs), evaluated Department of the Army reorganization plans for the ORC. The army commanders urged that all divisions in the Organized Reserve Corps be infantry divisions because they believed that the reserves could not adequately support armored and airborne training.[10] They thought thirteen, rather than twelve, reserve divisions should be maintained to provide a better geographic distribution of the units. The Section V Committee opposed the reduction of the Organized Reserve Corps from twenty-five to thirteen divisions because it feared unfavorable publicity, particularly with the nation at war. On 20 December the Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army, General John E. Hull, directed the reorganization and redesignation of airborne and armored divisions as infantry as soon as practicable. In March 1952 the 80th, 84th, 100th, and 108th Airborne Divisions were reorganized and redesignated as infantry divisions, and the 63d, 70th, and 75th Infantry Divisions replaced the 13th, 21st, and 22d Armored Divisions. Before the dust had settled on the reforms, the Army realized that it had failed to improve unit manning or meet reasonable mobilization requirements. In the fall of 1952 Army leaders thus proposed that the personnel from the thirteen inactivated Army Reserve divisions be assigned to strengthen the remaining twelve divisions. To keep the unneeded fifteen Army Reserve divisions active, they were to be reorganized as training divisions to staff training centers upon mobilization or man maneuver area commands for training troops. The continental army commanders implemented the new Army Reserve troop basis in 1955 piecemeal. They reorganized, without approved tables of organization, the 70th, 76th, 78th, 80th, 84th, 85th, 89th, 91st, 95th, 98th, 100th, and 108th Infantry Divisions as cadre for replacement training centers and organized the 75th "Maneuver Area Command" using the resources of the 75th Infantry Division. Two years later the 75th Infantry Division was inactivated along with 87th Infantry Division. Assets of the 87th were used to organize a maneuver area command; thus one unneeded division remained in the troop basis. While the Korean War was still underway, Congress began making significant changes in the structure and role of the Army Reserve. These changes transformed the Organized Reserve into the United States Army Reserve, from 9 July 1952.[11] This new organization was divided into a Ready Reserve, Standby Reserve, and Retired Reserve. Army Reserve units were authorized twenty-four inactive duty training days a year and up to seventeen days of active duty (called annual training). In 1959 the Army decided to realign National Guard and Army Reserve divisions under Pentomic structures. Secretary of Defense Neil H. McElroy decided on 10 Army Reserve divisions. By October 1959 ten Army Reserve infantry divisions completed their transition, but at a reduced strength. The eleventh combat division in the Army Reserve, the 104th, was converted to training, for a total of thirteen training divisions, all of which were in the Army Reserve. To reorganize the Army Reserve to the new ROAD structures in the early 1960s, the Army Staff decided to retain one Army Reserve division in each of the six Army areas and to eliminate four divisions. Army commanders selected the 63d, 77th, 81st, 83d, 90th, and 102d Infantry Divisions for retention and reorganized them under ROAD by the end of April 1963. Each division had two tank and six infantry battalions. With the elimination of the 79th, 94th, 96th, and 103d Infantry Divisions, the Army decided to retain their headquarters as a way to preserve spaces for general and field grade officers. It reorganized the units as operational headquarters (subsequently called command headquarters [division]) and directed them to supervise the training of combat and support units located in the former divisional areas and to provide for their administrative support. Some former divisional units assigned to the four divisions were used to organize four brigades, which added flexibility to the force as well as provided four general officer reserve billets. In January and February 1963 the 157th, 187th, 191st, and 205th Infantry Brigades were organized with headquarters in Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Montana, and Minnesota, respectively.[12] The designation of each brigade was derived from the lowest numbered infantry brigade associated with the division under the square structure. As with the Regular Army brigades, the number and type of maneuver elements in each Army Reserve brigade varied. In November 1965, a long-standing controversial goal of the Defense Department, a reduction of the reserve troop basis, was achieved. Those reserve units that were judged unnecessary and others that were undermanned and underequipped were deleted and their assets used to field contingency forces. Among the units inactivated were the last six combat divisions in the Army Reserve, the 63d, 77th, 81st, 83d, 90th, and 102d Infantry Divisions, and the 79th, 94th, and 96th Command Headquarters (Division). The 103d Command Headquarters (Division) was converted to a support brigade headquarters. A number of U.S. Army Reserve corps headquarters were disestablished on 31 March 1968. They were reorganized as Army Reserve Commands. Reserve service today See also: Battle Assembly U.S. Army Reserve Sgt. Maj., left, instructs U.S. Navy Midshipman on proper body positioning during live-fire marksmanship training in June 2005 Reserve Component (RC) Soldiers mainly perform part-time duties as opposed to the full-time (active duty) Soldiers, but rotate through mobilizations to full-time duty. When not on active duty, RC Soldiers typically perform training and service one weekend per month, currently referred to as Battle Assembly, and for two continuous weeks at a time during the year referred to as Annual Training (AT). Many RC Soldiers are organized into Army Reserve troop program units (TPU), while others serve in active Army units as Individual Mobilization Augmentees (IMA), or are in non-drilling control groups of the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR). Soldiers may also serve on active duty in an Active Guard/Reserve (AGR) status in support of the United States Army Reserve (USAR) mission or through Active Duty Operational Support (ADOS) and Contingency Operations-Active Duty Operational Support (CO-ADOS) missions. All United States Army Soldiers sign an initial eight-year service contract upon entry into the military. Occasionally, the contract specifies that some of the service will be in the Regular Army (also called Active Component/AC) for two, three, or four-year periods; with the remaining obligation served in the RC. Though typically, Soldiers sign contracts specifying that all eight years be served in the RC, with the first 6 years in drilling status and the last 2 years in a non-drilling IRR status. Soldiers entering directly into the U.S. Army Reserve nevertheless encompasses a period of initial entry training (IET). The amount of time begins with approximately 9 weeks of Basic Combat Training (BCT), but total IET time varies according to the enlistee's elected Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) which dictates Advanced Individual Training (AIT). All U.S. Army Reserve Soldiers are subject to mobilization throughout the term of their enlistment. Soldiers who, after completing the AC portion of their enlistment contract choose not to re-enlist on active duty, are automatically transferred to the RC to complete the remainder of their Statutory Obligation (eight-year service total) and may be served in a drilling Troop Program Unit (TPU), Individual mobilization Augmentee (IMA), or Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) status. Non-commissioned officers of the rank of Staff Sergeant (E-6) and above will reenlist for an indefinite status after they have served for 12 years of service or more. The United States Army Reserve was composed of 188,703 soldiers as of late 2020.[13][1] Importance to the active army In the early 1980s, Army Reserve soldiers constituted the following numbers in US Army units:[14] 100% of training divisions, brigades, and railway units 97% of civil affairs units 89% of psychological operations units 85% of smoke generator companies 78% of Petrol/Oil/Lubricant (POL) supply companies 62% of Army hospitals 61% of terminal companies 59% of the supply and service capability of the Army 51% of ammunition companies 43% of airborne pathfinder units 43% of watercraft companies 42% of chemical decontamination units 38% of combat support aviation companies 26% of combat engineer battalions 25% of Special Forces Groups smaller percentages of other units and formations such as the 100th Battalion, 442 Infantry Regiment (the only combat arms unit left in the USAR). Reserve psychological operations soldiers hand out school supplies for Iraqi children In 1980, the peacetime USAR chain of command was overlaid with a wartime trace. In an expansion of the roundout and affiliation programs begun ten years earlier, CAPSTONE purported to align every Army Reserve unit with the active and reserve component units with which they were anticipated to deploy.[15] Units maintained lines of communication with the units â often hundreds or thousands of miles away in peacetime â who would presumably serve above or below them in the event of mobilization. This communication, in some cases, extended to coordinated annual training opportunities. Despite the commonly held belief that CAPSTONE traces were set in stone, the process of selecting units to mobilize and deploy in 1990 and 1991 in support of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm frequently ignored CAPSTONE.[16] In the post-Cold War draw-down, all of the Army Reserve's combat units were disbanded, except the 100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry Regiment. This meant the disestablishment of the three remaining Army Reserve fighting brigades: the 157th Infantry Brigade (Mechanized) (Separate) of Pennsylvania, the 187th Infantry Brigade (Separate) of Massachusetts, and the 205th Infantry Brigade (Separate) (Light) of Minnesota. Many of the Army Reserve training divisions were realigned as institutional training divisions. With the Army National Guard providing reserve component combat formations and related combat support units, the Army Reserve is configured to provide combat support, combat service support, peacekeeping, nation-building and civil support capability. With roughly twenty percent of the Army's organized units and 5.3 percent of the Army's budget, the Army Reserve provides about half of the Army's combat support and a quarter of the Army's mobilization base expansion capability. Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen attach a naval special warfare 11-meter rigid-hull inflatable boat to an Army Reserve CH-47 Chinook helicopter In 2008, the Army Reserve contains the following percentages of the Army's units of each category: 100% of chemical brigades, internment brigades, judge advocate units, medical groups, railway units, training & exercise divisions, and water supply battalions. more than 67% of civil affairs units, psychological operations units, transportation groups, motor battalions, chemical battalions, hospitals, medical brigades, and theater signal commands. nearly 50% of petroleum battalions, Adjutant General units, petroleum groups, transportation commands, terminal battalions, and public affairs units. In fiscal years 2007â2009, the Army Reserve was realigned into a functional command structure. The majority of Army Reserve units are now assigned to operational and functional commands. Operational commands are deployable elements which command deployable units of the same or similar capabilities regardless of peacetime geographic location. For instance, the 377th Sustainment Command (Theater) commands all Army Reserve sustainment units, while the 11th Aviation Command commands all Army Reserve aviation assets. Likewise, functional commands are responsible for command of units of the same or similar capabilities regardless of peacetime geographic location, but are not, as a headquarters, deployable. The training structure has been transformed in order to streamline command and control. Instead of multiple training divisions, each with its own geographic area of responsibility, the new structure features four training commands responsible for specific categories of training throughout the United States. Each command is configured for either initial entry training, advanced individual training schools, leader development or battle command training. These commands train soldiers of the Army Reserve, Army National Guard and the active component, through formal classroom and "hands on" training. Two training support commands under the First United States Army, designated First Army East and First Army West, provide customized, realistic unit-specific and operation-specific training. Training Support Commands (TSC) plan, conduct and evaluate training exercises for Army, Army Reserve and Army National Guard units. TSC are organized under the United States First Army into two subordinate units. As a part of this realignment, most of the regional readiness commands were eliminated, leaving only seven globally. These were redesignated "[regional, civil or mission] support commands"; the four in the Continental United States being "regional"; the geography for which each regional support command increased significantly, but all of the support commands were stripped of their former command and control authority over units in their respective territories. Instead, the support commands provide base operations and administrative support to Army Reserve units within their geographic region. Current active reserve formations and units Headquarters commands US Army Reserve Command SSI.svg Army Reserve Headquarters - Fort Bragg (formerly United States Army Reserve Command (USARC)) located at Fort Bragg, North Carolina Through USARC, the CAR commands all Army Reserve units. USARC is responsible for the staffing, training, management, and deployment of units to ensure readiness for Army missions. The Army Reserve consists of three main categories of units: operational and functional, support, and training. Due to Base Realignment and Closure Act, the headquarters of USAR moved to Fort Bragg. Seal of the United States Army Reserve.svg Army Reserve Staff - National Capital Region (NCR) (formerly Office of the Chief of Army Reserve (OCAR)) located at both Fort Belvoir, Virginia and The Pentagon OCAR provides the Chief of Army Reserve (CAR) with a staff of functional advisors who develop and execute Army Reserve plans, policies and programs, plus administer Army Reserve personnel, operations, and funding.[17] The CAR is responsible for plans, policies and programs affecting all Army Reserve Soldiers, including those who report directly to the Army. OCAR is composed of specialized groups that advise and support the CAR on a wide variety of issues. Functional commands 3rd Medical Command (Deployment Support), in Forest Park, GA 75th Innovation Command, in Houston, TX 76th Operational Response Command, in Fort Douglas, UT 79th Sustainment Support Command, in Los Alamitos, CA 143rd Sustainment Command (Expeditionary), in Orlando, FL 200th Military Police Command, at Fort Meade, MD 335th Signal Command (Theater), in East Point, GA 377th Sustainment Command (Theater), in Belle Chasse, LA 412th Theater Engineer Command, in Vicksburg, Mississippi 416th Theater Engineer Command, in Darien, IL 807th Medical Command (Deployment Support), at Fort Douglas, UT Army Reserve Medical Command at Pinellas Park, Florida Army Reserve Aviation Command at Fort Knox, KY Army Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command (Airborne), at Fort Bragg, NC Military Intelligence Readiness Command, at Fort Belvoir, VA Geographic commands 1st Mission Support Command, at Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico - providing support in Puerto Rico and United States Virgin Islands 7th Mission Support Command, in Kaiserslautern, Germany 9th Mission Support Command, at Fort Shafter, HI, under operational control of Army Pacific - providing support in Hawaii, Alaska, American Samoa, Japan, South Korea, Guam and Saipan. 63rd Readiness Division, in Mountain View, CA - providing support in California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas 81st Readiness Division, at Fort Jackson, SC - providing support in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee and Puerto Rico 85th Support Command, in Arlington Heights, Illinois, provides training and logistical support to First Army[18] 88th Readiness Division, at Fort McCoy, WI - providing support in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska, Kansas, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri and Ohio 99th Readiness Division, at Joint Base McGuireâDixâLakehurst, NJ - providing support in New Jersey, New York, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, Vermont, Rhode Island, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Maine, Connecticut and Virginia U.S. Army Reserve Legal Command, in Gaithersburg, MD Training commands 80th Training Command (The Army School System), in Richmond, VA 94th Training Division (Force Sustainment), at Fort Lee, VA 100th Training Division (Operational Support), at Fort Knox, KY 102nd Training Division (Maneuver Support), at Fort Leonard Wood, MO 84th Training Command (Combat Support Training), at Fort Knox, KY Southern Training Division, in Houston, TX Atlantic Training Division, at Joint Base McGuireâDixâLakehurst, NJ Gulf Training Division, in Birmingham, AL Great Lakes Training Division, at Fort Sheridan, IL Pacific Training Division, in Dublin, CA 78th Training Division (Operations), at Joint Base McGuireâDixâLakehurst, NJ 86th Training Division (Decisive Action), at Fort McCoy, WI 91st Training Division (Operations), in Jolon, CA 108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training), in Charlotte, NC, under operational control of Training and Doctrine Command 95th Training Division (Initial Entry Training), at Fort Sill, OK 98th Training Division (Initial Entry Training), at Fort Benning, GA 104th Training Division (Leader Training), at Joint Base LewisâMcChord, WA Individual Ready Reserve US Army IRR SSI.png The Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) consists of individuals who are active reservists but not assigned to a particular Active Reserve Unit. Members of the IRR are encouraged to take advantage of training opportunities and are eligible for promotion provided all requirements are met. Retired Reserve The Retired Reserve consists of soldiers who have retired from either the active or reserve components of the Army but have not reached the age of 60. Other components The Army of the United States (AUS) is the official name for the conscripted force of the Army that may be raised at the discretion of the United States Congress, often at time of war or mobilization for war. The Army of the United States was first established in 1940 and its last use of the AUS was in 1974. The predecessors of the AUS were the National Army during World War I and the Volunteer Army during the American Civil War and SpanishâAmerican War. See also Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act Comparable organizations Army National Guard (U.S. Army) United States Marine Corps Reserve United States Navy Reserve United States Coast Guard Reserve Air National Guard (U.S. Air Force) Air Force Reserve Command (U.S. Air Force) References "H. Rept. 115-952 - DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING SEPTEMBER 30, 2019, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES". www.congress.gov. "Army Reserve Posture Statement" (PDF). www.usar.army.mil. 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2019. Tom Vanden Brook (22 July 2020) Woman will lead Army Reserve for the first time in its history "Lieutenant General Jody J. Daniels". United States Army Reserve. Retrieved 10 July 2016. "Command Sergeant Major Andrew J. Lombardo". U.S. Army Reserve Official Website. Retrieved 2 June 2020. The Army Reserve at 100: An Emerging Operational Force. Army Logistician, volume 40, issue 6. Army Reserve: A Concise History, 2012, p. 4. Exact date for OR-ORC from Army Lineage and Honors. "Chapter IV: The Aftermath of World War I". John B. Wilson, Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades, chapter 8 "Chapter IX: The Korean War and its Aftermath". Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Army Reserve: A Concise History, 2012, pp. 8â9. Exact date from Army Lineage and Honors. Wilson, "Reorganization of Army Reserve". Army Reserve Magazine. Army Reservist (12 (Jul-Aug 66): 4-5): 7. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 19 December 2012.; 157th Infantry Brigade; Historical Data Card, 187th Inf Bde, GO 1, Sixth U.S. Army, 1962; 191st Inf Bde file, GO 1, XIV U.S. Army Corps, 1963; 205th Inf Bde file; all DAMHHSO. "U.S. Military Personnel End Strength". www.globalsecurity.org. David Isby & Charles Kamps Jr, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company, 1985 James T. Currie and Richard B. Crossland, Twice The Citizen: A History of the United States Army Reserve, 1908â1995 (2nd revised & expanded edition), Washington, DC: Office of the Chief, Army Reserve (1997), pp. 254â255. See Thomas D. Dinackus, Order of Battle: Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm, Hellgate Press, Central Point, Oregon, 2000. "Army Reserve: Organized for Success". Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2010. "U.S. Army Reserve > Commands". www.usar.army.mil. Sources Isby, David, and Charles Kamps (1985). Armies of NATO's Central Front. Jane's Publishing Company. ISBN 0 7106 0341 X. Wilson, John B. Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History (1997). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Army Reserve. Army Reserve News U.S. Army Reserve Full listings of Reserve units Army Reserve US Army Reserve Shooting Team vte United States Army vte United States Armed Forces Categories: United States Army ReserveUnited States Army Direct Reporting Units1908 establishments in the United States Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages Deutsch ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛ Français Italiano Polski PortuguĂȘs äžæ 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2021, at 23:22 (UTC). 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đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. The Pentagon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Pentagon (building)) Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense. For other uses, see Pentagon (disambiguation). The Pentagon The Pentagon, cropped square.png Aerial view in 2018 from the Potomac River The Pentagon is located in District of ColumbiaThe Pentagon Location in the Washington, D.C. area General information Status Complete Architectural style Stripped Classicism Location Arlington County, Virginia Address 1400 Defense Pentagon, Washington, D.C. Coordinates 38°52âČ15âłN 77°03âČ19âłWCoordinates: 38°52âČ15âłN 77°03âČ19âłW Construction started 11 September 1941 (79 years ago) Completed 15 January 1943 (78 years ago) Cost $83 million (equivalent to $1.13 billion in 2019)[1] Owner Department of Defense Height Roof 71 feet (22 m)[2] Top floor 5 Technical details Floor count 7 Floor area 6,636,360 square feet (620,000 m2) Design and construction Architect George Bergstrom David J. Witmer Main contractor John McShain, Inc. Other information Parking 67 acres (27 ha) References Pentagon Office Building Complex U.S. National Register of Historic Places Virginia Landmarks Register The Pentagon is located in VirginiaThe Pentagon Show map of Virginia Show map of the United States Show all Location Jefferson Davis Hwy./VA 110 at I-395, Arlington, Virginia Area 34 acres (14 ha)[4] Built 1941; 80 years ago Architect Bergstrom, G.E.; Witmer, D.J. Architectural style Classical Revival, Modern Movement, Stripped Classicism NRHP reference No. 89000932[3] VLR No. 000-0072 Significant dates Added to NRHP 27 July 1988 Designated VLR 18 April 1989[5] The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase The Pentagon is also often used as a metonym or synecdoche for the Department of Defense and its leadership. Located in Arlington County, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., the building was designed by American architect George Bergstrom and built by contractor John McShain. Ground was broken on 11 September 1941, and the building was dedicated on 15 January 1943. General Brehon Somervell provided the major motivating power behind the project;[6] Colonel Leslie Groves was responsible for overseeing the project for the U.S. Army. The Pentagon is the world's largest office building, with about 6,500,000 square feet (150 acres; 0.60 km2) of floor space, of which 3,700,000 sq ft (85 acres; 0.34 km2) are used as offices.[7][8] Some 23,000 military and civilian employees,[8] and another 3,000 non-defense support personnel, work in the Pentagon. It has five sides, five floors above ground, two basement levels, and five ring corridors per floor with a total of 17.5 miles (28.2 km)[8] of corridors. The central five-acre (2.0 ha) pentagonal plaza is nicknamed "ground zero" on the presumption that it would be a prime target in a nuclear war.[9] On 11 September 2001, American Airlines Flight 77 was hijacked and flown into the western side of the building, killing 189 people. Of those killed, 64 were on the hijacked airplane, and 125 were in the Pentagon.[10] It was the first significant foreign attack on Washington's governmental facilities since the city was burned by the British during the War of 1812. The Pentagon is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is a National Historic Landmark.[3] As of July 2020, Pentagon tours have been suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] Contents 1 Layout and facilities 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Planning 2.3 Construction 2.4 Hall of Heroes 2.5 Renovation 3 Incidents 3.1 Protests 3.2 11 September 2001 attacks 4 Gallery 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Layout and facilities The Pentagon building spans 28.7 acres (116,000 m2), and includes an additional 5.1 acres (21,000 m2) as a central courtyard.[12] Starting with the north side and moving clockwise, its five façade entrances are the Mall Terrace, the River Terrace, the Concourse (or Metro Station), the South Parking, and the Heliport.[13] On the north side of the building, the Mall Entrance, which also features a portico, leads out to a 600-foot-long (180 m) terrace that is used for ceremonies. The River Entrance, which features a portico projecting out twenty feet (6 m), is on the northeast side, overlooking the lagoon and facing Washington. A stepped terrace on the River Entrance leads down to the lagoon; and a landing dock was used until the late 1960s to ferry personnel between Bolling Air Force Base and the Pentagon.[12] The main entrance for visitors is on the southeast side, as are the Pentagon Metro station and the bus station. There is also a concourse on the southeast side of the second floor of the building, which contains a mini-shopping mall. The south parking lot adjoins the southwest façade, and the west side of the Pentagon faces Washington Boulevard. The concentric rings are designated from the center out as "A" through "E" (with additional "F" and "G" rings in the basement). "E" Ring offices are the only ones with outside views and are generally occupied by senior officials. Office numbers go clockwise around each of the rings, and have two parts: a nearest-corridor number (1 to 10), followed by a bay number (00 to 99), so office numbers range from 100 to 1099. These corridors radiate out from the central courtyard, with corridor 1 beginning with the Concourse's south end. Each numbered radial corridor intersects with the corresponding numbered group of offices (for example, corridor 5 divides the 500 series office block). There are a number of historical displays in the building, particularly in the "A" and "E" rings.[citation needed] Subterranean floors in the Pentagon are lettered "B" for Basement and "M" for Mezzanine. The concourse is on the second floor at the Metro entrance. Above-ground floors are numbered 1 to 5. Room numbers are given as the floor, concentric ring, and office number (which is in turn the nearest corridor number followed by the bay number). Thus, office 2B315 is on the second floor, B ring, and nearest to corridor 3 (between corridors 2 and 3). One way to get to this office would be to go to the second floor, get to the A (innermost) ring, go to and take corridor 3, and then turn left on ring B to get to bay 15.[14] It is possible for a person to walk between any two points in the Pentagon in less than ten minutes.[15] [16] The complex includes eating and exercise facilities, and meditation and prayer rooms. Just south of the Pentagon are Pentagon City and Crystal City, extensive shopping, business, and high-density residential districts in Arlington. Arlington National Cemetery is to the north. The Pentagon is surrounded by the relatively complex Pentagon road network.[17] The Pentagon has six Washington, DC, ZIP Codes (despite its location in Virginia): The Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the four service branches each have their own ZIP Code.[18] View from the south History Background Main Navy Building (foreground) and the Munitions Building were temporary structures built during World War I on the National Mall. The Department of War headquarters was in the Munitions Building for several years before moving into the Pentagon. Before the Pentagon was built, the United States Department of War was headquartered in the Munitions Building, a temporary structure erected during World War I along Constitution Avenue on the National Mall. The War Department, which was a civilian agency created to administer the U.S. Army, was spread out in additional temporary buildings on the National Mall, as well as dozens of other buildings in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. In the late 1930s, a new War Department Building was constructed at 21st and C Streets in Foggy Bottom but, upon completion, the new building did not solve the department's space problem and ended up being used by the Department of State.[19] When World War II broke out in Europe, the War Department rapidly expanded in anticipation that the United States would be drawn into the conflict. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson found the situation unacceptable, with the Munitions Building overcrowded and the department spread out.[20][21] Stimson told U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in May 1941 that the War Department needed additional space. On 17 July 1941, a congressional hearing took place, organized by Virginia congressman Clifton Woodrum, regarding proposals for new War Department buildings. Woodrum pressed Brigadier General Eugene Reybold, who was representing the War Department at the hearing, for an "overall solution" to the department's "space problem" rather than building yet more temporary buildings. Reybold agreed to report back to the congressman within five days. The War Department called upon its construction chief, General Brehon Somervell, to come up with a plan.[22] Planning 1945 map of the Pentagon road network, including present-day State Route 27 and part of the Shirley Highway, as well as the Main Navy and Munitions Buildings near the Lincoln Memorial Government officials agreed that the War Department building, officially designated Federal Office Building No 1, should be constructed across the Potomac River, in Arlington County, Virginia. Requirements for the new building were that it be no more than four stories tall, and that it use a minimal amount of steel. The requirements meant that, instead of rising vertically, the building would be sprawling over a large area. Possible sites for the building included the Department of Agriculture's Arlington Experimental Farm, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery, and the obsolete Hoover Field site.[23] The site originally chosen was Arlington Farms, which had a roughly pentagonal shape, so the building was planned accordingly as an irregular pentagon.[24] Concerned that the new building could obstruct the view of Washington, D.C., from Arlington Cemetery, President Roosevelt ended up selecting the Hoover Airport site instead.[25] The building retained its pentagonal layout because a major redesign at that stage would have been costly, and Roosevelt liked the design. Freed of the constraints of the asymmetric Arlington Farms site, it was modified into a regular pentagon, which resembled the fortifications of the gunpowder age.[26] On 28 July, Congress authorized funding for a new Department of War building in Arlington, which would house the entire department under one roof,[27] and President Roosevelt officially approved of the Hoover Airport site on 2 September.[28] While the project went through the approval process in late July 1941, Somervell selected the contractors, including John McShain, Inc. of Philadelphia, which had built Washington National Airport in Arlington, the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, and the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland, along with Wise Contracting Company, Inc. and Doyle and Russell, both from Virginia.[29] In addition to the Hoover Airport site and other government-owned land, construction of the Pentagon required an additional 287 acres (1.16 km2), which were acquired at a cost of $2.2 million (equivalent to $29.9 million in 2019[1]).[30] The Hell's Bottom neighborhood, consisting of numerous pawnshops, factories, approximately 150 homes, and other buildings around Columbia Pike, was also cleared to make way for the Pentagon.[31] Later, 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land were transferred to Arlington National Cemetery and to Fort Myer, leaving 280 acres (1.1 km2) for the Pentagon.[30] Construction The Pentagon (light blue) compared to large ships and buildings: The Pentagon, 1,414 feet, 431 m RMS Queen Mary 2, 1,132 feet, 345 m USS Enterprise, 1,123 feet, 342 m Hindenburg, 804 feet, 245 m Yamato, 863 feet, 263 m Empire State Building, 1,454 feet, 443 m Knock Nevis, ex-Seawise Giant, 1,503 feet, 458 m Apple Park, 1,522 feet, 464 m Contracts totaling $31,100,000 (equivalent to $423 million in 2019[1]) were finalized with McShain and the other contractors on 11 September, and ground was broken for the Pentagon the same day.[32] Among the design requirements, Somervell required the structural design to accommodate floor loads of up to 150 pounds per square inch (1,000 kPa), which was done in case the building became a records storage facility at some time after the end of the current war.[28] A minimal amount of steel was used as it was in short supply during World War II. Instead, the Pentagon was built as a reinforced concrete structure, using 680,000 tons of sand dredged from the Potomac River, and a lagoon was created beneath the Pentagon's river entrance.[33] To minimize steel usage, concrete ramps were built rather than installing elevators.[34][35] Indiana limestone was used for the building's façade.[36] Architectural and structural design work for the Pentagon proceeded simultaneously with construction, with initial drawings provided in early October 1941, and most of the design work completed by 1 June 1942. At times the construction work got ahead of the design, with different materials used than specified in the plans. Pressure to speed up design and construction intensified after the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, with Somervell demanding that 1,000,000 sq ft (9.3 ha) of space at the Pentagon be available for occupation by 1 April 1943.[37] David J. Witmer replaced Bergstrom as chief architect on 11 April after Bergstrom resigned due to charges, unrelated to the Pentagon project, of improper conduct while he was president of the American Institute of Architects.[38] Construction was completed 15 January 1943.[39] Soil conditions of the site â on the Potomac River floodplain â presented challenges, as did the varying elevations across the site, which ranged from ten to forty feet (3 to 12 m) above sea level. Two retaining walls were built to compensate for the elevation variations, and cast-in-place piles were used to deal with the soil conditions.[40] Construction of the Pentagon was completed in approximately 16 months at a total cost of $83 million (equivalent to $1.13 billion in 2019[1]). The building's approximate height is 71 feet (22 m), and each of the five sides is 921 feet (281 m) in length.[2] The building was built one wing at a time; each wing was occupied as soon as it was completed, even as construction continued on the remaining wings.[citation needed] The Pentagon was designed in accordance with the racial segregation laws in force in the state of Virginia at the time, with separate eating and lavatory accommodations for white and black persons; the sets of lavatories were side by side, and the dining areas for black persons were in the basement.[41][42] However, when Roosevelt visited the facility before its dedication, he ordered removal of the "Whites Only" signs, and the Pentagon became the only building in Virginia where segregation laws (which remained in force until 1965) were not enforced. The side-by-side sets of restrooms still exist, but are used by all.[42] Hall of Heroes The Hall of Heroes on the main concourse On the building's main concourse is the Hall of Heroes, opened 1968[43] and dedicated to the more than 3,460 recipients of the Medal of Honor, the United States' highest military decoration.[44][45][46] [49][50] The three versions of the Medal of Honor â Army, Sea Service (for the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard), and Air Force â are on display along with the names of recipients.[49]
The Hall is also used for promotions, retirements, and other ceremonies.[51][52][53][54][55]
Renovation Main article: Pentagon Renovation Program From 1998 to 2011, the Pentagon was completely gutted and reconstructed in phases to bring it up to modern standards and improve security and efficiency. Asbestos was removed and all office windows sealed.[56]
As originally built, most Pentagon office space consisted of open bays which spanned an entire ring. These offices used cross-ventilation from operable windows instead of air conditioning for cooling. Gradually, bays were subdivided into private offices with many using window air conditioning units. With renovations now complete, the new space includes a return to open office bays, a new Universal Space Plan of standardized office furniture and partitions developed by Studios Architecture.[57]
Incidents Protests
Military police keep back Vietnam War protesters during their sit-in on 21 October 1967, at the mall entrance to the Pentagon The Pentagon became a focal point for protests against the Vietnam War during the late 1960s. A group of 2,500 women, organized by Women Strike for Peace, demonstrated outside of Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara's office at the Pentagon on 15 February 1967.[58] In May 1967, a group of 20 demonstrators held a sit-in outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff's office, which lasted four days before they were arrested.[59] In one of the better known incidents, on 21 October 1967, some 35,000 anti-war protesters organized by the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, gathered for a demonstration at the Defense Department (the "March on the Pentagon"), where they were confronted by some 2,500 armed soldiers. During the protest, a famous picture was taken, where George Harris placed carnations into the soldiers' gun barrels.[60] The march concluded with an attempt to "exorcise" the building.[61]
On 19 May 1972, the Weather Underground Organization bombed a fourth-floor women's restroom, in "retaliation" for the Nixon administration's bombing of Hanoi in the final stages of the Vietnam War.[62]
On 17 March 2007, 4,000 to 15,000 people (estimates vary significantly) protested the Iraq War[63] by marching from the Lincoln Memorial to the Pentagon's north parking lot.[citation needed]
11 September 2001 attacks Main article: American Airlines Flight 77 On 11 September 2001, coincidentally the 60th anniversary of the Pentagon's groundbreaking, five al-Qaeda affiliated hijackers took control of American Airlines Flight 77, en route from Washington Dulles International Airport to Los Angeles International Airport, and deliberately crashed the Boeing 757 airliner into the western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 am EDT as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The impact of the plane severely damaged the outer ring of one wing of the building and caused its partial collapse.[64] At the time of the attacks, the Pentagon was under renovation and many offices were unoccupied, resulting in fewer casualties. Only 800 of 4,500 people who would have been in the area were there because of the work. Furthermore, the area hit, on the side of the Heliport façade, was the section best prepared for such an attack. The renovation there, improvements which resulted from the Oklahoma City bombing, had nearly been completed.[65][13][66]
It was the only area of the Pentagon with a sprinkler system, and it had been reconstructed with a web of steel columns and bars to withstand bomb blasts. The steel reinforcement, bolted together to form a continuous structure through all of the Pentagon's five floors, kept that section of the building from collapsing for 30 minutesâenough time for hundreds of people to crawl out to safety. The area struck by the plane also had blast-resistant windowsâ2 inches thick and 2,500 pounds eachâthat stayed intact during the crash and fire. It had fire doors that opened automatically and newly built exits that allowed people to get out.[66]
File:Pentagon Security Camera 1.ogv Security video of crash of Flight 77 (impact at 1:25).[67]
Contractors already involved with the renovation were given the added task of rebuilding the sections damaged in the attacks. This additional project was named the "Phoenix Project," and was charged with having the outermost offices of the damaged section occupied by 11 September 2002.[68][69][70]
When the damaged section of the Pentagon was repaired, a small indoor memorial and chapel were added at the point of impact. For the fifth anniversary of the 11 September 2001 attacks, a memorial of 184 beams of light shone up from the center courtyard of the Pentagon, one light for each victim of the attack. In addition, an American flag is hung each year on the side of the Pentagon damaged in the attacks, and the side of the building is illuminated at night with blue lights. After the attacks, plans were developed for an outdoor memorial, with construction underway in 2006. This Pentagon Memorial consists of a park on 2 acres (8,100 m2) of land, containing 184 benches, one dedicated to each victim. The benches are aligned along the line of Flight 77 according to the victims' ages, from 3 to 71. The park opened to the public on 11 September 2008.[71][72][73]
Gallery
View from northwest with construction underway, July 1942
Southwesterly view (1998) with the Potomac River and Washington Monument in background
Aftermath of 9-11 attacks
9/11 anniversary illumination, 2007
See also icon Architecture portal List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia The Octagon headquarters of the Egyptian Ministry of Defense in the New Administrative Capital Notes The Congressional Medal of Honor Society is so designated because that was the name it was given in an act of Congress that was signed into law by US President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 5 August 1958 as Title 36, Chapter 33 of the U.S. Code.[47] The law authorizing the society has since been transferred to Title 36, Chapter 405 of the U.S. Code.[48] References Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2020). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 22 September 2020. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series. "Facts: Navigating The Pentagon". pentagontours.osd.mil. Retrieved 10 January 2018. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 9 July 2010. Nola Taylor Redd (7 September 2012). "The Pentagon". Live Science. "Virginia Landmarks Register". Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2013. Vogel (2007), p. [page needed]. Hancock, Michaila (27 August 2015). "Pentagon: the world's largest office building - in infographics". The Architectsâ Journal. Retrieved 27 February 2021. "The Pentagon, Facts & Figures". Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2014. "Pentagon Hot Dog Stand, Cold War Legend, to be Torn Down". United States Department of Defense. 20 September 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2010. 'It's rumored that a portion of their (Soviet) nuclear arsenal was directed at that building, the Pentagon hot dog stand,' tour guides tell visitors as they pass the stand. 'This is where the building earned the nickname Cafe Ground Zero, the deadliest hot dog stand in the world.' "Pentagon Memorial Dedication". DefenseLink.mil. Retrieved 27 May 2009. Coleman, Justine. "White House, Pentagon shutting down tours amid coronavirus outbreak". The Hill. Retrieved 20 July 2020. Goldberg (1992), p. 57. "The Pentagon". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 25 February 2010. "How to Find a Room in the Pentagon". Headquarters, Dept. of the Army. Archived from the original on 21 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007. "9 Things You May Not Know About the Pentagon". History.com. 24 September 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2021. "Man shoots 2 officers outside Pentagon". CNN. 5 March 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2010. "Mixing Bowl Interchange Complex". roadstothefuture.com. Retrieved 22 November 2006. "Facts & Figures: Zip Codes". Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Goldberg (1992), pp. 6â9. "Intro â Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army". United States Army Center of Military History. 1992. "Main Navy & Munitions Buildings". Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 5 October 2001. Retrieved 17 October 2008. Vogel (2007), pp. 29â33. Vogel (2007), pp. 35â37. F.W. Cron (25 October 1960). "History of the Pentagon Network". U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public Roads. Via Scott M. Kozel (14 August 1997). "Pentagon Road System". Roads to the Future. "General Information". Archived from the original on 29 November 2005. Retrieved 4 December 2005. Vogel, Steve (27 May 2007a). "How the Pentagon Got Its Shape". The Washington Post. p. W16. Retrieved 26 May 2007. Goldberg (1992), p. 22. Goldberg (1992), p. 33. Goldberg (1992), p. 29. Goldberg (1992), p. 34. Vogel (2007), p. 131. Goldberg (1992), pp. 35, 44. "Rare, Unseen: Building the Pentagon". Life. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. McGrath, Amanda (26 May 2007). "How The Pentagon Got Its Shape (Gallery)". The Washington Post. Goldberg (1992), pp. 52â53. Owens, Jim (February 2005). "Replacing the stone and rebuilding the Pentagon". Mining Engineering. 57 (2): 21â26. Goldberg (1992), pp. 39â42. Goldberg (1992), p. 36. "Construction to Completion". The Pentagon Tours. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016. Goldberg (1992), pp. 47, 52. Weyeneth, Robert R. (2005). The Architecture of Racial Segregation: The Challenges of Preserving the Problematical Past. pp. 28â30. Carroll, James (2007). House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power. Mariner Books. pp. 4â5. ISBN 978-0-618-18780-5. Maffre, John (15 May 1968). "The President Looks to Peace 'For Which These Men...Have Fought...'". The Washington Post. p. 1. Department of the Army (1 July 2002). "Section 578.4 Medal of Honor". Code of Federal Regulations. Government Printing Office. Title 32, Volume 2. Retrieved 14 March 2012. "1348. 33, P. 31, 8. c. (1) (a)". DoD Award Manual. 23 November 2010. Tucker, Spencer C.; Arnold, James; Wiener, Roberta (2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607â1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 879. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8. Retrieved 14 March 2012. "The Congressional Medal of Honor Society's History". Official Site. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Retrieved 1 October 2006. "Title 36 U.S. Code Chapter 405 - Congressional Medal of Honor Society of The United States Of America". Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Welcome to the Headquarters Department of Defense: Self Guided Tour Brochure â Pentagon Tours Program. Retrieved 2 December 2013. Baker, Henderson. "Inside the Pentagon Post 9/11". Scholastic News Online. Retrieved 2 December 2013. Hirschfelder, Paulette (2012). The Extraordinary Book of Native American Lists. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 220. Roth, S. (23 June 2000). "Pentagon's Hall of Heroes Welcomes Asian-American Veterans". Gannett News Service. ProQuest 450409792. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Staff writer (30 March 1991). "Pentagon's Gulf War Spokesman Retires". St. Petersburg Times. ProQuest 262802874. Retrieved 1 December 2013. Omicinski, J. (1 December 1999). "Comanche Code-Talkers Honored for WWII Service". Gannett News Service. ProQuest 450284607. Retrieved 3 December 2013. Staff writer (26 February 2004). "Readiness Award". The Charleston Gazette. ProQuest 331326463. Retrieved 2 December 2013. Vogel, Steve (22 June 2011). "New Pentagon Is A Paragon". The Washington Post. p. 1. "Renovation of the Pentagon". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 9 October 2006. White, Jean M. (16 February 1967). "2500 Women Storm Pentagon Over War". Washington Post. Auerbach, Stuart (13 May 1967). "Pentagon Protesters Jailed". Washington Post. "Flowers, Guns and an Iconic Snapshot". The Washington Post. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2010. Alexander, David (2008). The Building: A Biography of the Pentagon. Voyageur Press. p. 192. ISBN 9780760320877. Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way the Wind Blew. Verso. p. 142. ISBN 1-85984-167-8. "8 Years After Start of War, Anger Reigns". The Washington Post. 17 March 2007. p. A1. Isikoff, Michael; Daniel Klaidman (10 June 2002). "The Hijackers We Let Escape". Newsweek. Retrieved 22 October 2009. Schrader, Esther (16 September 2001). "Pentagon, a Vulnerable Building, Was Hit in Least Vulnerable Spot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 February 2010. "Where The Pentagon Was Hit". LA Times. Retrieved 21 June 2015. "Flight 77, Video 2". Judicial Watch. Archived from the original on 16 November 2006. "Pentagon Renovation Program". Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 4 December 2005. Childs, Nick (15 August 2002). "Americas: Pentagon staff reclaim destroyed offices". BBC News. Retrieved 4 December 2005. "Pentagon History â September 11, 2001". Pentagon.osd.mil. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2008. "Pentagon Memorial". Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. "Contractor Selected for the Pentagon Memorial" (Press release). United States Department of Defense. 6 August 2003. 576-03. Archived from the original on 11 May 2006. Wilgoren, Debbie; Miroff, Nick; Shulman, Robin (11 September 2008). "Pentagon Memorial Dedicated on 7th Anniversary of Attacks". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 September 2008. Goldberg, Alfred (1992). The Pentagon: The First Fifty Years. Office of the Secretary of Defense / Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-16-037979-2. Vogel, Steve (2007). The Pentagon â A History: The Untold Story of the Wartime Race to Build the Pentagon and to Restore it Sixty Years Later. Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-7325-9. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Pentagon. The Pentagon website Popular Mechanics, March 1943, "Army's Giant Five-by-Five" one of earliest World War II articles on the Pentagon Pentagon Force Protection Agency How the Pentagon Got Its Shape â The Washington Post, 26 May 2007 U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: The Pentagon Links to related articles Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BNF: cb13745033s (data)LCCN: sh88005246PLWABN: 9810666587105606VIAF: 640144783176054589415WorldCat Identities: viaf-640144783176054589415 Categories: The PentagonMilitary installations in VirginiaMilitary headquarters in the United StatesBuildings and structures in Arlington County, VirginiaGovernment buildings completed in 1943Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in VirginiaNational Historic Landmarks in VirginiaNational Register of Historic Places in Arlington County, VirginiaAmerican Airlines Flight 771943 establishments in VirginiaBuildings associated with crimesJoint military headquarters Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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đ The Global Network đUnited States Coast Guard From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search United States Coast Guard Seal of the United States Coast Guard.svg Seal of the United States Coast Guard Mark of the U.S. Coast Guard.svg U.S. Coast Guard service mark Founded 28 January 1915 (106 years, 3 months) (As current service) 4 August 1790 (230 years, 9 months) (As Revenue-Marine)[1] Country United States Type Coast guard Role Port and waterway security Drug interdiction Aids to navigation Search and rescue Living marine resources Marine safety Defense readiness Migrant interdiction Marine environmental protection Ice operations Law enforcement Size 40,992 active duty personnel 7,000 reserve personnel 31,000 auxiliarists 8,577 civilian personnel (as of 2018)[2] Part of United States Armed Forces Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security Headquarters Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building, Washington, D.C., U.S. Nickname(s) "Coasties"[3] "The Guard"[3] Motto(s) Semper Paratus Always ready Colors CG Red, CG Blue, White[4] March "Semper Paratus" About this soundPlay (help·info) Anniversaries 4 August Equipment List of U.S. Coast Guard equipment Engagements See list Decorations See list Website www.uscg.milCommanders Commander-in-Chief President Joe Biden Secretary of Homeland Security Alejandro Mayorkas Commandant ADM Karl L. Schultz Vice Commandant ADM Charles W. Ray Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard MCPOCG Jason M. Vanderhaden Insignia Ensign Ensign of the United States Coast Guard.svg Racing Stripe CGMark W.svg Flag Flag of the United States Coast Guard.svg Jack Jack of the United States.svg United States Armed Forces Flag of the United States.svg Executive departments United States Department of Defense Seal.svg Department of Defense Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Joint Chiefs of Staff Military departments Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Seal of the United States Department of the Navy.svg Department of the Navy Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg Department of the Air Force Military service branches Mark of the United States Army.svg United States Army Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg United States Marine Corps Emblem of the United States Navy.svg United States Navy Mark of the United States Air Force.svg United States Air Force Seal of the United States Space Force.png United States Space Force Seal of the United States Coast Guard.svg United States Coast Guard Unified combatant commands Geographic combatant commands Functional combatant commands vte The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the United States Armed Forces[6] and one of the country's eight uniformed services. The Coast Guard is a maritime, military, multi-mission service unique among the U.S. military branches for having a maritime law enforcement mission with jurisdiction in both domestic and international waters and a federal regulatory agency mission as part of its duties. It operates under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security during peacetime, and can be transferred to the U.S. Department of the Navy under the Department of Defense by the U.S. President at any time, or by the U.S. Congress during times of war. Prior to its transfer to Homeland Security, it operated under the Department of Transportation from 1967 to 2003 and the Department of the Treasury from its inception until 1967.[7][8] A congressional authority transfer has only happened once: in 1917, during World War I.[9] When the U.S. entered World War II in December 1941, the Coast Guard had already been transferred by Franklin Roosevelt in November.[10] Created by the U.S. Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue-Marine, it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States.[Note 1] As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton headed the Revenue-Marine, whose original purpose was collecting customs duties at U.S. seaports. By the 1860s, the service was known as the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue-Marine gradually fell into disuse.[11] The modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U.S. Department of the Treasury. In 1939, the U.S. Lighthouse Service was also merged into the Coast Guard. As one of the country's six armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every major U.S. war since 1790, from the Quasi-War with France to the Global War on Terrorism.[12][13] As of 2018, the Coast Guard had 40,992 active duty personnel, 7,000 reservists[Note 2], 8,577 full-time civilian employees, and 31,000 auxiliary members for a total workforce of 87,569.[2] The Coast Guard maintains an extensive fleet of 243 coastal and ocean-going patrol ships, tenders, tugs, icebreakers, and 1,650 smaller boats, as well as an aviation division consisting of 201 helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.[14] While the U.S. Coast Guard is the second smallest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of membership, the U.S. Coast Guard by itself was the world's 12th largest naval force in 2018.[15][16] Contents 1 Mission 1.1 Role 1.2 Missions 1.2.1 Non-homeland security missions 1.2.2 Homeland security missions 1.3 Search and rescue 1.4 National Response Center 1.5 National Maritime Center 1.6 Authority as an armed service 1.7 Authority as a law enforcement agency 2 History 3 Organization 3.1 Districts and units 3.2 Shore establishments 4 Personnel 4.1 Commissioned officers 4.2 Warrant officers 4.3 Enlisted personnel 4.4 Training 4.4.1 Officer training 4.4.2 Recruit training 4.4.3 Service schools 4.5 Civilian personnel 5 Equipment 5.1 Cutters 5.2 Boats 5.3 Aircraft 5.4 Weapons 5.4.1 Naval guns 5.4.2 Small arms and light weapons 6 Symbols 6.1 Core values 6.2 The Guardian Ethos 6.3 The Coast Guard Ethos 6.4 Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman 6.5 "You have to go out, but you don't have to come back!" 6.6 Coast Guard Ensign 6.7 Coast Guard Standard 6.8 Service Mark ("Racing Stripe") 7 Uniforms 7.1 History 7.2 Service uniforms 7.3 Dress uniforms 7.4 Working uniforms 7.5 Special uniform situations 8 Coast Guard Reserve 8.1 Women in the Coast Guard 9 Coast Guard Auxiliary 10 Deployable Operations Group 11 Medals and honors 12 Notable Coast Guardsmen 13 Organizations 13.1 Coast Guard Aviation Association 13.2 Coast Guard CW Operators Association 13.3 USCG Chief Petty Officers Association 13.4 USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association (CWOA) 14 In popular culture 14.1 In film 14.2 On television 15 See also 15.1 U.S. Coast Guard 15.2 Related agencies 16 Notes 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Mission Main article: Missions of the United States Coast Guard Role A boatswain's mate keeps watch on a small boat it heads for the USCGC Chandeleur in 2008 The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are further subdivided into eleven statutory missions. The three roles are: Maritime safety Maritime security Maritime stewardship With a decentralized organization and much responsibility placed on even the most junior personnel, the Coast Guard is frequently lauded for its quick responsiveness and adaptability in a broad range of emergencies. In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina, the author wrote, "the Coast Guard's most valuable contribution to may be as a model of flexibility, and most of all, spirit." Wil Milam, a rescue swimmer from Alaska told the magazine, "In the Navy, it was all about the mission. Practicing for war, training for war. In the Coast Guard, it was, take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself."[17]
Missions
A Coast Guard Aviation Survival Technician assisting with the rescue of a pregnant woman during Hurricane Katrina in 2005
A demonstration of warning shots fired at a non-compliant boat by a USCG HITRON MH-65C and its M240 machine gun The eleven statutory missions as defined by law are divided into homeland security missions and non-homeland security missions:[18]
Non-homeland security missions Ice operations, including the International Ice Patrol Living marine resources (fisheries law enforcement) Marine environmental protection Marine safety Aids to navigation Search and rescue Homeland security missions Defense readiness Maritime law enforcement Migrant interdiction Ports, waterways and coastal security (PWCS) Drug interdiction Search and rescue
Logo of the Search and Rescue Program of the U.S. Coast Guard The U.S. Coast Guard Search and Rescue (CG-SAR) is one of the Coast Guard's best-known operations.[19] The National Search and Rescue Plan designates the Coast Guard as the federal agency responsible for maritime SAR operations, and the United States Air Force as the federal agency responsible for inland SAR.[20] Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort, and have responsibility for both military and civilian search and rescue.[21] The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators. Previously located on Governors Island, New York, the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia.[citation needed]
National Response Center
An NRC FEMA First Team truck being loaded onto a Coast Guard plane for flight to Puerto Rico Operated by the Coast Guard, the National Response Center (NRC) is the sole U.S. Government point of contact for reporting all oil, chemical, radiological, biological, and etiological spills and discharges into the environment, anywhere in the United States and its territories.[22] In addition to gathering and distributing spill/incident information for Federal On Scene Coordinators and serving as the communications and operations center for the National Response Team, the NRC maintains agreements with a variety of federal entities to make additional notifications regarding incidents meeting established trigger criteria. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports. Details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan.[23] The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement (MISLE) database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution and safety incidents in the nation's ports.[24][25][26]
National Maritime Center The National Maritime Center (NMC) is the merchant mariner credentialing authority for the USCG under the auspices of the Department of Homeland Security. To ensure a safe, secure, and environmentally sound marine transportation system, the mission of the NMC is to issue credentials to fully qualified mariners in the United States maritime jurisdiction.[27]
Authority as an armed service
Members of the U.S. Coast Guard Maritime Security Response Team (MSRT) hooking and climbing onto a target to show the skills needed to complete a variety of missions dealing with anti-terrorism, protecting local maritime assets, and harbor and inshore security patrols as well as detecting, stopping, and arresting submerged divers, using the Underwater Port Security System [citation needed]
The six uniformed services that make up the U.S. Armed Forces are defined in Title 10 of the U.S. Code:
The term "armed forces" means the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard.[28][29]
The Coast Guard is further defined by Title 14 of the United States Code:
The Coast Guard as established January 28, 1915, shall be a military service and a branch of the armed forces of the United States at all times. The Coast Guard shall be a service in the Department of Homeland Security, except when operating as a service in the Navy.[30]
Coast Guard organization and operation is as set forth in Title 33 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
On 25 November 2002, the Homeland Security Act was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush, designating the Coast Guard to be placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The transfer of administrative control from the U.S. Department of Transportation to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was completed the following year, on 1 March 2003.[31][32][33]
The U.S. Coast Guard reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. However, under 14 U.S.C. § 3 as amended by section 211 of the Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation Act of 2006, upon the declaration of war and when Congress so directs in the declaration, or when the President directs, the Coast Guard operates under the Department of Defense as a service in the Department of the Navy.[34]
As members of the military, Coast Guardsmen on active and reserve service are subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and receive the same pay and allowances as members of the same pay grades in the other uniformed services.[citation needed]
The service has participated in every major U.S. conflict from 1790 through today, including landing troops on D-Day and on the Pacific Islands in World War II, in extensive patrols and shore bombardment during the Vietnam War, and multiple roles in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Maritime interception operations, coastal security, transportation security, and law enforcement detachments have been its major roles in recent conflicts in Iraq.[citation needed]
USS Vandegrift (FFG 48) and USCGC Mellon (WHEC-717) cruising side by side in the Java Sea on May 28, 2010 On 17 October 2007, the Coast Guard joined with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raised the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war.[35] This new strategy charted a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, man-made or natural, from occurring, or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States. During the launch of the new U.S. maritime strategy at the International Seapower Symposium at the U.S. Naval War College in 2007, Coast Guard Commandant Admiral Thad Allen said the new maritime strategy reinforced the time-honored missions the service has carried out in the United States since 1790. "It reinforces the Coast Guard maritime strategy of safety, security and stewardship, and it reflects not only the global reach of our maritime services but the need to integrate and synchronize and act with our coalition and international partners to not only win wars ... but to prevent wars," Allen said.[35]
Authority as a law enforcement agency
A member of USCG Law Enforcement Detachment (LEDET) 106 performing a security sweep aboard a tanker ship in the North Persian Gulf in July 2007
A Coast Guardsman stands guard over more than 40,000 pounds of cocaine worth an estimated $500 million being offloaded from the Cutter Sherman, 23 April 2007. The drugs were seized in three separate busts near Central America. The offload included approximately 38,000 pounds of cocaine seized in the largest cocaine bust in maritime history. Title 14 USC, section 2 authorizes the Coast Guard to enforce U.S. federal laws.[36] This authority is further defined in 14 U.S.C. § 522, which gives law enforcement powers to all Coast Guard commissioned officers, warrant officers, and petty officers.[37] Unlike the other branches of the United States Armed Forces, which are prevented from acting in a law enforcement capacity by 18 U.S.C. § 1385, the Posse Comitatus Act, and Department of Defense policy, the Coast Guard is exempt from and not subject to the restrictions of the Posse Comitatus Act.[38]
Further law enforcement authority is given by 14 U.S.C. § 703 and 19 U.S.C. § 1401, which empower U.S. Coast Guard active and reserve commissioned officers, warrant officers, and petty officers as federal customs officers.[39][40] This places them under 19 U.S.C. § 1589a, which grants customs officers general federal law enforcement authority, including the authority to:
(1) carry a firearm; (2) execute and serve any order, warrant, subpoena, summons, or other process issued under the authority of the United States; (3) make an arrest without a warrant for any offense against the United States committed in the officer's presence or for a felony, cognizable under the laws of the United States committed outside the officer's presence if the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person to be arrested has committed or is committing a felony; and (4) perform any other law enforcement duty that the Secretary of Homeland Security may designate.
ââ19 USC §1589a. Enforcement authority of customs officers[41] The U.S. Government Accountability Office Report to the House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary on its 2006 Survey of Federal Civilian Law Enforcement Functions and Authorities, identified the Coast Guard as one of 104 federal components that employed law enforcement officers.[42] The report also included a summary table of the authorities of the Coast Guard's 192 special agents and 3,780 maritime law enforcement boarding officers.[43]
Coast Guardsmen have the legal authority to carry their service-issued firearms on and off base. This is rarely done in practice, however; at many Coast Guard stations, commanders prefer to have all service-issued weapons in armories when not in use. Still, one court has held in the case of People v. Booth that Coast Guard boarding officers are qualified law enforcement officers authorized to carry personal firearms off-duty for self-defense.[44]
History
Marine Corps Privates First Class William A. McCoy and Ralph L. Plunkett holding a sign thanking the Coast Guard after the Battle of Guam in 1944[45] Main article: History of the United States Coast Guard The Coast Guard traced its roots to the small fleet of vessels maintained by the United States Department of the Treasury beginning in the 1790s to enforce tariffs (an important source of revenue for the new nation). Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton lobbied Congress to fund the construction of ten cutters, which it did on 4 August 1790 (now celebrated as the Coast Guard's official birthday). Until the re-establishment of the Navy in 1798, these "revenue cutters" were the only naval force of the early United States. As such, the cutters and their crews frequently took on additional duties, including combating piracy, rescuing mariners in distress, ferrying government officials, and even carrying mail.[46] Initially not an organized federal agency at all, merely a "system of cutters," each ship operated under the direction of the customs officials in the port to which it was assigned. Several names, including "Revenue-Marine," were used as the service gradually becoming more organized. Eventually it was officially organized as the United States Revenue Cutter Service. In addition to its regular law enforcement and customs duties, revenue cutters served in combat alongside the Navy in various armed conflicts including the American Civil War.[citation needed]
The modern Coast Guard was created in 1915, when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life-Saving Service. The Lighthouse Service and the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation were absorbed by the Coast Guard 1939 and 1942 respectively.[47][48] In 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly formed U.S. Department of Transportation, an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation designed to more efficiently protect American interests following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.[citation needed]
A gun crew on board USCGC Point Comfort (WPB-82317) firing an 81mm mortar during the bombardment of a suspected Viet Cong staging area one mile behind An Thoi in August 1965 In times of war, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the Department of the Navy. This arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the MexicanâAmerican War, and the American Civil War, in which the cutter Harriet Lane fired the first naval shots attempting to relieve besieged Fort Sumter. The last time the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was in World War II, in all some 250,000 served in the Coast Guard during World War II.[49]
United States Coast Guard Squadron One unit patch during the Vietnam War Coast Guard Squadron One, was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1965 for service during the Vietnam War. Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy, it was assigned duties in Operation Market Time. Its formation marked the first time since World War II that Coast Guard personnel were used extensively in a combat environment. The squadron operated divisions in three separate areas during the period of 1965 to 1970. Twenty-six Point-class cutters with their crews and a squadron support staff were assigned to the U.S. Navy with the mission of interdicting the movement of arms and supplies from the South China Sea into South Vietnam by Viet Cong and North Vietnam junk and trawler operators. The squadron also provided 81mm mortar naval gunfire support to nearby friendly units operating along the South Vietnamese coastline and assisted the U.S. Navy during Operation Sealords.[citation needed]
USCGC Duane (WPG-33) shelling targets in Vietnam in 1967, where they played an active role in Operation Market Time Coast Guard Squadron Three, was a combat unit formed by the United States Coast Guard in 1967 for service during the Vietnam War.[50] Placed under the operational control of the United States Navy and based in Pearl Harbor. It consisted of five USCG High Endurance Cutters operating on revolving six-month deployments. A total of 35 High Endurance Cutters took part in operations from May 1967 to December 1971, most notably using their 5-inch guns to provide naval gunfire support missions.[citation needed]
Often units within the Coast Guard operate under Department of the Navy operational control while other Coast Guard units remain under the Department of Homeland Security.[citation needed]
Organization Main articles: Organization of the United States Coast Guard and United States Coast Guard Order of Battle The new Department of Homeland Security headquarters complex is on the grounds of the former St. Elizabeths Hospital in the Anacostia section of Southeast Washington, across the Anacostia River from former Coast Guard headquarters.[51]
The fiscal year 2016 budget request for the U.S. Coast Guard was $9.96 billion.[52]
USCG Districts Districts and units The Coast Guard's current district organization is divided into 9 districts. Their designations, district office and area of responsibility are as follows:
U.S. Coast Guard Districts District Area District Office Area of Responsibility Note First District Atlantic Boston, Massachusetts New England states, eastern New York and northern New Jersey 1 Fifth District Atlantic Portsmouth, Virginia Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina 5 Seventh District Atlantic Miami, Florida South Carolina, Georgia, eastern Florida, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands 7 Eighth District Atlantic New Orleans, Louisiana Western Rivers of the U.S. and the Gulf of Mexico 8 Ninth District Atlantic Cleveland, Ohio Great Lakes 9 Eleventh District Pacific Alameda, California California, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah 11 Thirteenth District Pacific Seattle, Washington Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Montana 13 Fourteenth District Pacific Honolulu, Hawaii Hawaii and Pacific territories 14 Seventeenth District Pacific Juneau, Alaska Alaska 17 Shore establishments
The Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters building in St. Elizabeths West Campus Shore establishment commands exist to support and facilitate the mission of the sea and air assets and Coastal Defense. U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters is located in Southeast Washington, DC. Other shore establishments are Coast Guard Sectors (which may include Coast Guard Bases), Coast Guard Stations, Coast Guard Air Stations, and the United States Coast Guard Yard. Training centers include the United States Coast Guard Academy, Training Center Petaluma, Training Center Cape May, Coast Guard Aviation Technical Training Center, Coast Guard Aviation Training Center Mobile, and Training Center Yorktown.[citation needed]
Personnel The Coast Guard has a total workforce of 87,569.[2] The formal name for a uniformed member of the Coast Guard is "Coast Guardsman", irrespective of gender. "Coastie" is an informal term commonly used to refer to current or former Coast Guard personnel. In 2008, the term "Guardian" was introduced as an alternative but was later dropped. Admiral Robert J. Papp Jr. stated that it was his belief that no Commandant had the authority to change what members of the Coast Guard are called as the term Coast Guardsman is found in Title 14 USC which established the Coast Guard in 1915.[53][Note 3] "Team Coast Guard" refers to the four components of the Coast Guard as a whole: Regular, Reserve, Auxiliary, and Coast Guard civilian employees.[citation needed]
Commissioned officers Commissioned officers in the Coast Guard hold pay grades ranging from O-1 to O-10 and have the same rank structure as the Navy.[55][56] Officers holding the rank of ensign (O-1) through lieutenant commander (O-4) are considered junior officers, commanders (O-5) and captains (O-6) are considered senior officers, and rear admirals (O-7) through admirals (O-10) are considered flag officers. The Commandant of the Coast Guard and the Vice Commandant of the Coast Guard are the only members of the Coast Guard authorized to hold the rank of admiral.[57]
The Coast Guard does not have medical officers or chaplains of its own. Instead, chaplains from the U.S. Navy, as well as officers from the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps are assigned to the Coast Guard to perform chaplain-related functions and medical-related functions, respectively. These officers wear Coast Guard uniforms but replace the Coast Guard insignia with that of their own service.[58]
The Navy and Coast Guard share identical officer rank insignia except that Coast Guard officers wear a gold Coast Guard Shield in lieu of a line star or staff corps officer insignia.
Commissioned officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard US DoD Pay Grade O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 NATO Code OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 Insignia USCG O-1 insignia.svg USCG O-2 insignia.svg USCG O-3 insignia.svg USCG O-4 insignia.svg USCG O-5 insignia.svg USCG O-6 insignia.svg USCG O-7 insignia.svg USCG O-8 insignia.svg USCG O-9 insignia.svg USCG O-10 insignia.svg Title Ensign Lieutenant (junior grade) Lieutenant Lieutenant commander Commander Captain Rear admiral (lower half) Rear admiral Vice admiral Admiral Abbreviation ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM Warrant officers Main article: Warrant officer (United States)
Insignia of the twenty-one different warrant officer specialties within the USCG Highly qualified enlisted personnel in pay grades E-6 through E-9 with a minimum of eight years' experience can compete each year for appointment as warrant officers (WO). Successful candidates are chosen by a board and then commissioned as chief warrant officer two (CWO2) in one of twenty-one specialties. Over time, chief warrant officers may be promoted to chief warrant officer three (CWO3) and chief warrant officer four (CWO4). The ranks of warrant officer (WO1) and chief warrant officer five (CWO5) are not currently used in the Coast Guard. Chief warrant officers may also compete for the Chief Warrant Officer to Lieutenant Program. If selected, the warrant officer will be promoted to lieutenant (O-3E). The "E" designates over four years' active duty service as a warrant officer or enlisted member and entitles the member to a higher rate of pay than other lieutenants.[citation needed]
Warrant officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard US DoD Pay Grade W-2 W-3 W-4 NATO Code WO-2 WO-3 WO-4 Insignia USCG CW3 insignia.svg USCG CW3 insignia.svg USCG CW4 insignia.svg Title Chief warrant officer 2 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 4 Abbreviation CWO-2 CWO-3 CWO-4 Enlisted personnel See also: List of United States Coast Guard enlisted ranks and List of United States Coast Guard ratings Enlisted members of the Coast Guard have pay grades from E-1 to E-9 and also follow the same rank structure as the Navy. Enlisted members in pay grades of E-4 and higher are considered petty officers and follow career development paths very similar to those of Navy petty officers.[citation needed]
Petty officers in pay grade E-7 and higher are chief petty officers and must attend the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officer Academy, or an equivalent Department of Defense school, in order to be advanced to pay grade E-8. The basic themes of the school are:
Professionalism Leadership Communications Systems thinking and lifelong learning Enlisted rank insignia is also nearly identical to Navy enlisted insignia. The Coast Guard shield replacing the petty officer's eagle on collar and cap devices for petty officers or enlisted rating insignia for seamen qualified as a "designated striker". Group Rate marks (stripes) for junior enlisted members (E-3 and below) also follow Navy convention with white for seaman, red for fireman, and green for airman. In a departure from the Navy conventions, all petty officers E-6 and below wear red chevrons and all chief petty officers wear gold.[citation needed]
Enlisted and non-commissioned officer grade structure of the United States Coast Guard Note: Crossed anchors in the graphics indicate a rating of Boatswain's Mate U.S. DoD Pay grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 NATO Code OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8 OR-9 Insignia USCG SR.svg USCG SA.svg USCG SM.svg USCG-PO3.png USCG PO3.svg USCG-PO2.png USCG PO2.svg Insignia of a United States Coast Guard petty officer first class.svg USCG PO1.svg USCG CPO Collar.png USCG CPO.svg USCG SCPO Collar.png USCG SCPO.svg USCG MCPO Collar.png USCG MCPO.svg USCG MCPO Collar.png USCG CMC.svg USCG MCPO Collar.png USCG MCPOCG (reserve).svg USCG MCPOCG Collar.png USCG MCPOCG.svg Title Seaman recruit Seaman apprentice Seaman Petty officer third class Petty officer second class Petty officer first class Chief petty officer Senior chief petty officer Master chief petty officer Command master chief petty officer Deputy master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard or Other senior enlisted leaders[59] Master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard Abbreviation SR SA SN PO3 PO2 PO1 CPO SCPO MCPO CMC DMCPOCG MCPOCG Training Officer training The U.S. Coast Guard Academy is a four-year service academy located in New London, Connecticut. Approximately 200 cadets graduate each year, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree and a commission as an ensign in the Coast Guard. Graduates are obligated to serve a minimum of five years on active duty. Most graduates are assigned to duty aboard Coast Guard cutters immediately after graduation, either as Deck Watch Officers (DWOs) or as Engineer Officers in Training (EOITs). Smaller numbers are assigned directly to flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida or to shore duty at Coast Guard Sector, District, or Area headquarters units.[citation needed]
In addition to the Academy, prospective officers, who already hold a college degree, may enter the Coast Guard through Officer Candidate School (OCS), also located at the Coast Guard Academy. OCS is a 17-week course of instruction that prepares candidates to serve effectively as officers in the Coast Guard. In addition to indoctrinating students into a military lifestyle, OCS provides a wide range of highly technical information necessary to perform the duties of a Coast Guard officer.[citation needed]
Graduates of OCS are usually commissioned as ensigns, but some with advanced graduate degrees may enter as lieutenants (junior grade) or lieutenants. Graduating OCS officers entering active duty are required to serve a minimum of three years, while graduating reserve officers are required to serve four years. Graduates may be assigned to a cutter, flight training, a staff job, or an operations ashore billet. OCS is the primary channel through which the Coast Guard enlisted grades ascend to the commissioned officer corps. Unlike the other military services, the Coast Guard does not have a Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program.[citation needed]
Lawyers, engineers, intelligence officers, military aviators holding commissions in other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces requesting interservice transfers to the Coast Guard, graduates of maritime academies, and certain other individuals may also receive an officer's commission in the Coast Guard through the Direct Commission Officer (DCO) program. Depending on the specific program and the background of the individual, the course is three, four or five weeks long. The first week of the five-week course is an indoctrination week. The DCO program is designed to commission officers with highly specialized professional training or certain kinds of previous military experience.[citation needed]
Recruit training
Recruit companies visiting Arlington National Cemetery for their one day of off-base liberty, which is their only break in an eight-week boot camp at the Coast Guard Training Center in Cape May, New Jersey Newly enlisted personnel are sent to eight weeks of recruit training at Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey. New recruits arrive at Sexton Hall and remain there for three days of initial processing which includes haircuts, vaccinations, uniform issue, and other necessary entrance procedures. During this initial processing period, the new recruits are led by temporary company commanders. These temporary company commanders are tasked with teaching the new recruits how to march and preparing them to enter into their designated company. The temporary company commanders typically do not enforce any physical activity such as push ups or crunches. When the initial processing is complete, the new seaman recruits are introduced to their permanent company commanders who will remain with them until the end of training. There is typically a designated lead company commander and two support company commanders. The balance of the eight-week boot camp is spent in learning teamwork and developing physical skills. An introduction of how the Coast Guard operates with special emphasis on the Coast Guard's core values is an important part of the training.
The current nine Recruit Training Objectives are:
Self-discipline Military skills Marksmanship Vocational skills and academics Military bearing Physical fitness and wellness Water survival and swim qualifications Esprit de corps Core values (Honor, Respect, and Devotion to Duty)[citation needed] Service schools Following graduation from recruit training, most members are sent to their first unit while they await orders to attend advanced training in Class "A" Schools. At "A" schools, Coast Guard enlisted personnel are trained in their chosen rating; rating is a Coast Guard and Navy term for enlisted skills synonymous with the Army's and Marine Corps' military occupation codes (MOS) and Air Force's Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC). Members who earned high ASVAB scores or who were otherwise guaranteed an "A" School of choice while enlisting may go directly to their "A" School upon graduation from Boot Camp.[citation needed]
Civilian personnel The Coast Guard employs over 8,577 civilians in over two hundred different job types including Coast Guard Investigative Service special agents, lawyers, engineers, technicians, administrative personnel, tradesmen, and federal firefighters.[2][60] Civilian employees work at various levels in the Coast Guard to support its various missions.[citation needed]
Equipment Main article: List of equipment of the United States Coast Guard Cutters
USCGC Bertholf (WMSL-750), the first Legend-class national security cutters The Coast Guard operates 243 Cutters,[14] defined as any vessel more than 65 feet (20 m) long, that has a permanently assigned crew and accommodations for the extended support of that crew.[61]
National Security Cutter (WMSL): Also known as the "Legend"-class, these are the Coast Guard's latest class of 418-foot (127 m) military defense maritime ship. At 418 ft. these are the largest USCG military cutters in active service. One-for-one Legend-class ships are replacing individually decommissioned 1960s Hamilton-class high endurance cutters. A total of eight were authorized and budgeted; as of 2015 three are in service, and three are under construction. In 2016 a ninth National Security Cutter was authorized by Congress. High Endurance Cutter (WHEC): The 378-foot (115 m) Hamilton-class cutters were commissioned in the late 1960s. Missions include law enforcement, search and rescue, and military defense. This aged class of 12 are being individually decommissioned and replaced on a one-for one basis by the new Legend-class National Security Cutters.
USCGC Thetis (WMEC-910), the tenth Famous-class medium endurance cutters Medium Endurance Cutter (WMEC): These are mostly the 210-foot (64 m) Reliance-class, and the 270-foot (82 m) Famous-class cutters, although the 283-foot (86 m) Alex Haley also falls into this category. Primary missions are law enforcement, search and rescue, and military defense. Polar-class icebreaker (WAGB): There are three WAGB's used for icebreaking and research though only two, the heavy 399-foot (122 m) Polar Star and the newer medium class 420-foot (130 m) USCGC Healy (2), are active.[62][63][64][65] Polar Sea is located in Seattle, Washington but is not currently in active service. The icebreakers are being replaced with new heavy icebreakers under the Polar icebreaker program. USCGC Mackinaw: A 240-foot (73 m) heavy icebreaker built for operations on the Great Lakes. USCGC Eagle: A 295-foot (90 m) sailing barque used as a training ship for Coast Guard Academy cadets and Coast Guard officer candidates. She was originally built in Germany as Horst Wessel, and was seized by the United States as a prize of war in 1945.[66][67] Seagoing Buoy Tender (WLB): These 225-foot (69 m) ships are used to maintain aids to navigation and also assist with law enforcement and search and rescue. Coastal Buoy Tender (WLM): The 175-foot (53 m) Keeper-class coastal buoy tenders are used to maintain coastal aids to navigation.
USCGC Raymond Evans (WPC-1110), the tenth Sentinel-class Fast Response Cutter Sentinel-class cutter (WPC): The 154-foot (47 m) Sentinel-class, also known by its program name, the "Fast Response Cutter"-class and is used for search and rescue work and law enforcement. Bay-class icebreaking tug (WTGB): 140-foot (43 m) icebreakers used primarily for domestic icebreaking missions. Other missions include search and rescue, law enforcement, and aids to navigation maintenance.[68]
USCGC Sea Dog and USCGC Sea Dragon, Marine Protector-class patrol boats Patrol Boats (WPB): There are two classes of WPBs currently in service; the 110-foot (34 m) Island-class patrol boats and the 87-foot (27 m) Marine Protector-class patrol boats[69][70] Boats
A U.S. Coast Guard 45-foot (14 m) Response Boat Medium (RB-M)
A U.S. Coast Guard 25-foot (8 m) Defender Class Response Boat â Small (RB-S) The Coast Guard operates about 1,650 boats,[14] defined as any vessel less than 65 feet (20 m) long, which generally operate near shore and on inland waterways.
The Coast Guard boat fleet includes:
Motor Lifeboat (MLB): The Coast Guard's 47-foot (14 m) primary heavy-weather boat used for search and rescue as well as law enforcement and homeland security. Response Boat â Medium (RB-M): A new multi-mission 45-foot (14 m) vessel intended to replace the 41-foot (12 m) utility boat. 170 planned Special Purpose Craft â Near Shore Lifeboat: Only 2 built. Shallow draft, 42-foot (13 m) lifeboat substituted for the 47-foot (14 m) Motor Life Boat, based at Chatham, Massachusetts[71] Deployable Pursuit Boat (DPB): A 38-foot (12 m) launch capable of pursuing fast cocaine smuggling craft. Long Range Interceptor (LRI): A 36-foot (11 m) high-speed launch that can be launched from the stern ramps of the larger Deepwater cutters. Aids to Navigation Boats (TANB/BUSL/ANB/ANB): Various designs ranging from 26 to 55 feet (7.9 to 16.8 m) used to maintain aids to navigation. Special Purpose Craft â Law Enforcement (SPC-LE): Intended to operate in support of specialized law enforcement missions, utilizing three 300 horsepower (220 kW) Mercury Marine engines. The SPC-LE is 33 feet (10 m) long and capable of speeds in excess of 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph) and operations more than 30 miles (48 km) from shore. Response Boat â Small (RB-S): A 25-foot (7.6 m) high-speed boat, for a variety of missions, including search and rescue, port security and law enforcement duties. Transportable Port Security Boat (TPSB): A 25-foot (7.6 m) well-armed boat used by Port Security Units for force protection. SPC-SW Special Purpose Craft, Shallow-water: 24 feet (7.3 m)[clarification needed] Over-the-Horizon (OTH) boat: A 23-foot (7.0 m) rigid hull inflatable boat used by medium and high endurance cutters and specialized units. Short Range Prosecutor (SRP): A 23-foot (7.0 m) rigid hull inflatable boat that can be launched from a stern launching ramp on the National Security Cutters. Aircraft
A C-37A Gulfstream in flight
An HC-144A Ocean Sentry in flight
An HC-130 Hercules in flight
C-27J Spartan
An HH-60J Jayhawk conducting rescue demonstration
An MH-65C Dolphin in flight The Coast Guard operates approximately 201 fixed and rotary wing aircraft[14] from 24 Coast Guard Air Stations throughout the contiguous United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Most of these air stations are tenant activities at civilian airports, several of which are former Air Force Bases and Naval Air Stations, although several are also independent military facilities. Coast Guard Air Stations are also located on active Naval Air Stations, Air National Guard bases, and Army Air Fields.[citation needed]
Coast Guard aviators receive Primary (fixed-wing) and Advanced (fixed or rotary-wing) flight training with their Navy and Marine Corps counterparts at NAS Whiting Field, Florida, and NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, and are considered Naval Aviators. After receiving Naval Aviator Wings, Coast Guard pilots, with the exception of those slated to fly the HC-130, report to U.S. Coast Guard Aviation Training Center, Mobile, Alabama to receive 6â12 weeks of specialized training in the Coast Guard fleet aircraft they will operate. HC-130 pilots report to Little Rock AFB, Arkansas, for joint C-130 training under the auspices of the 314th Airlift Wing of the U.S. Air Force.[citation needed]
Fixed-wing aircraft operate from Air Stations on long-duration missions. Helicopters operate from Air Stations and can deploy on a number of different cutters. Helicopters can rescue people or intercept vessels smuggling migrants or narcotics. Since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, the Coast Guard has developed a more prominent role in national security and now has armed helicopters operating in high-risk areas for the purpose of maritime law enforcement and anti-terrorism.[citation needed]
The Coast Guard is now developing an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) program that will utilize the MQ-9 Reaper platform for homeland security and search/rescue operations. To support this endeavor, the Coast Guard has partnered with the Navy and U.S. Customs and Border Protection to study existing/emerging unmanned aerial system (UAS) capabilities within their respective organizations. As these systems mature, research and operational experience gleaned from this joint effort will enable the Coast Guard to develop its own cutter and land-based UAS capabilities.[citation needed]
Type Manufacturer Origin Class Role Introduced In service[72] Notes C-27J Spartan Alenia Aeronautica U.S. Italy Turboprop Search and rescue 2014 14 Former Air Force aircraft, acquired in return for the release of seven HC-130H aircraft to the United States Forest Service for use as aerial tankers. C-37A Gulfstream U.S. Jet Priority Airlift 1998 1 Priority Airlift for high-ranking members of the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Coast Guard. C-37B Gulfstream U.S. Jet Priority Airlift 2017 1 Priority Airlift for high-ranking members of the Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Coast Guard. HC-130H Hercules Lockheed Martin U.S. Turboprop Search and rescue 1974 14 Most have been removed from service and are being replaced by HC-130J aircraft. Seven were turned over to the United States Forest Service to be converted to aerial firefighting tankers. HC-130J Hercules Lockheed Martin U.S. Turboprop Search and rescue 2003 12 More on order, currently being manufactured to replace HC-130H. HC-144A Ocean Sentry Airbus U.S. Spain Turboprop Search and rescue 2009 15 HC-144B Minotaur Airbus U.S. Spain Turboprop Search and rescue 2016 3 Minotaur upgrade of HC-144A aircraft includes advance navigation and search and rescue equipment. MH-60T Jayhawk Sikorsky U.S. Helicopter Medium Range Recovery (MRR) 1990 42 will remain in service until 2027 MH-65D Dolphin Eurocopter U.S. France Helicopter Short Range Recovery (SRR) 1984 95 MH-65E Dolphin Eurocopter U.S. France Helicopter Short Range Recovery (SRR) 1984 3 Upgraded version of MH-65D with advanced avionics and search and rescue equipment Weapons
USCGC Gallatin test firing its Oto Melara 76 mm gun
USCGC Bertholf test firing its MK110 57mm gun
The SIG P229R-DAK is the standard sidearm of the U.S. Coast Guard. Naval guns Most Coast Guard Cutters have one or more naval gun systems installed, including:
The Oto Melara 76 mm, a radar-guided computer controlled gun system that is used on both Medium and High Endurance Cutters. The 3-inch gun's high rate of fire and availability of specialized ammunition make it a multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping, anti-aircraft, ground support and short-range anti-missile defense. The MK 110 57mm gun, a radar-guided computer controlled variant of the Bofors 57 mm gun. It is used on the Legend-class cutter, also known as the National Security Cutter (NSC). It is a multi-purpose gun capable of anti-shipping, anti-aircraft, and short-range anti-missile defense. The stealth mount has a reduced radar profile. Also, the gun has a small radar mounted on the gun barrel to measure muzzle velocity for fire control purposes and can change ammunition types instantly due to a dual-feed system. It can also be operated/fired manually using a joystick and video camera (mounted on gun). The Mk 38 Mod 0 weapons system consists of an M242 Bushmaster 25mm chain gun and the Mk 88 Mod 0 machine gun mount. A manned system, its gyro-stabilization compensates for the pitching deck. It provides ships with defensive and offensive gunfire capability for the engagement of a variety of surface targets. Designed primarily as a close-range defensive measure, it provides protection against patrol boats, floating mines, and various shore-based targets. The Mk 38 Mod 2 weapons system is a remotely operated Mk 38 with an electronic optical sight, laser range-finder, FLIR, a more reliable feeding system, all of which enhance the weapon systems capabilities and accuracy. The Phalanx CIWS (pronounced "sea-wiz") is a close-in weapon system for defense against aircraft and anti-ship missiles. it can also be used against a variety of surface targets. Consisting of a radar-guided 20 mm 6-barreled M61 Vulcan cannon mounted on a swiveling base, it is used on the Coast Guard's High Endurance Cutters. This system can operate autonomously against airborne threats or may be manually operated with the use of electronic optical sight, laser range-finder and FLIR systems against surface targets. The Sea PROTECTOR MK50 is a remotely controlled gyro-stabilized M2 .50 caliber heavy machine gun. The sight package includes a daylight video camera, a thermal camera and an eye-safe laser rangefinder operated by a joystick. It is also furnished with a fully integrated fire control system that provides ballistic correction. The Mk50s are used on only four Marine Protector-class Cutters, the USCGC Sea Fox (WPB-87374), USCGC Sea Devil (WPB-87368), USCGC Sea Dragon (WPB-87367) and USCGC Sea Dog (WPB-87373) Small arms and light weapons The U.S. Coast Guard uses a wide variety of small arms and light weapons. Handguns, shotguns, and rifles are used to arm boat crew and boarding team members and machine guns are mounted aboard cutters, boats, and helicopters.
Small arms and light weapons arms include:
M9 9mm pistol SIG Sauer P229R DAK .40 S&W pistol Remington M870P 12 gauge shotgun M16A2 rifle M4 carbine Mk 18 carbine M14 Tactical rifle Mk 11 (KAC SR-25) Mk 11 Mod 2 precision rifle FN M240 machine gun M2 .50 caliber heavy machine gun Mk 19 40mm grenade launcher[73] Barrett M107 .50-caliber rifle, used by marksmen from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron and Law Enforcement Detachments to disable the engines on fleeing boats. Symbols Core values The Coast Guard, like the other armed services of the United States, has a set of core values that serve as basic ethical guidelines for all Coast Guard active duty, reservists, auxiliarists, and civilians. The Coast Guard Core Values are:
Honor: Integrity is our standard. We demonstrate uncompromising ethical conduct and moral behavior in all of our personal actions. We are loyal and accountable to the public trust. Respect: We value our diverse workforce. We treat each other with fairness, dignity, and compassion. We encourage individual opportunity and growth. We encourage creativity through empowerment. We work as a team. Devotion to Duty: We are professionals, military and civilian, who seek responsibility, accept accountability, and are committed to the successful achievement of our organizational goals. We exist to serve. We serve with pride.
ââCoast Guard Core Values[74] The Guardian Ethos In 2008, the Coast Guard introduced the Guardian Ethos. As the Commandant, Admiral Allen noted in a message to all members of the Coast Guard: [The Ethos] "defines the essence of the Coast Guard," and is the "contract the Coast Guard and its members make with the nation and its citizens."[75]
The Coast Guard Ethos In an ALCOAST message effective 1 December 2011 the Commandant, Admiral Papp, directed that the language of Guardian Ethos be superseded by the Coast Guard Ethos in an effort to use terminology that would help with the identity of personnel serving in the Coast Guard.[76] The term Coast Guardsman is the correct form of address used in Title 14 USC and is the form that has been used historically. This changed the line in the Guardian Ethos "I am a Guardian." to become "I am a Coast Guardsman."[77]
The Ethos is:
I am a Coast Guardsman. I serve the people of the United States. I will protect them. I will defend them. I will save them. I am their shield. For them I am Semper Paratus. I live the Coast Guard core values. I am proud to be a Coast Guardsman. We are the United States Coast Guard.
ââThe Coast Guard Ethos[54] Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman Main article: Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman The "Creed of the United States Coast Guardsman" was written by Vice Admiral Harry G. Hamlet, who served as Commandant of the Coast Guard from 1932 to 1936.[78]
I am proud to be a United States Coast Guardsman. I revere that long line of expert seamen who by their devotion to duty and sacrifice of self have made it possible for me to be a member of a service honored and respected, in peace and in war, throughout the world. I never, by word or deed, will bring reproach upon the fair name of my service, nor permit others to do so unchallenged. I will cheerfully and willingly obey all lawful orders. I will always be on time to relieve, and shall endeavor to do more, rather than less, than my share. I will always be at my station, alert and attending to my duties. I shall, so far as I am able, bring to my seniors solutions, not problems. I shall live joyously, but always with due regard for the rights and privileges of others. I shall endeavor to be a model citizen in the community in which I live. I shall sell life dearly to an enemy of my country, but give it freely to rescue those in peril. With God's help, I shall endeavor to be one of His noblest Works... A UNITED STATES COAST GUARDSMAN.
ââCreed of the United States Coast Guardsman[79] "You have to go out, but you don't have to come back!" This unofficial motto of the Coast Guard dates to an 1899 United States Lifesaving Service regulation, which states in part: "In attempting a rescue, ... he will not desist from his efforts until by actual trial, the impossibility of effecting a rescue is demonstrated. The statement of the keeper that he did not try to use the boat because the sea or surf was too heavy will not be accepted, unless attempts to launch it were actually made and failed."[80]
Coast Guard Ensign
Ensign of the United States Coast Guard
Former Coast Guard ensign, used from 1915 to 1953 The Coast Guard Ensign (flag) was first flown by the Revenue Cutter Service in 1799 to distinguish revenue cutters from merchant ships. A 1 August 1799 order issued by Secretary of the Treasury Oliver Wolcott Jr. specified that the Ensign would be "sixteen perpendicular stripes (for the number of states in the United States at the time), alternate red and white, the union of the ensign to be the arms of the United States in a dark blue on a white field."[81]
This ensign became familiar in American waters and served as the sign of authority for the Revenue Cutter Service until the early 20th century. The ensign was originally intended to be flown only on revenue cutters and boats connected with the Customs Service but over the years it was found flying atop custom houses as well, and the practice became a requirement in 1874. On 7 June 1910, President William Howard Taft issued an Executive Order adding an emblem to (or "defacing") the ensign flown by the Revenue cutters to distinguish it from what is now called the Customs Ensign flown from the custom houses. The emblem was changed to the official seal of the Coast Guard in 1927.[82][83]
The purpose of the ensign is to allow ship captains to easily recognize those vessels having legal authority to stop and board them. It is flown only as a symbol of law enforcement authority and is never carried as a parade standard.[84]
Coast Guard Standard
Parade Standard of the U.S. Coast Guard. The Coast Guard Standard is used in parades and carries the battle honors of the Coast Guard. It was derived from the jack of the Coast Guard ensign which was flown by revenue cutters. The emblem is a blue eagle from the coat of arms of the United States on a white field. Above the eagle are the words "UNITED STATES COAST GUARD" below the eagle is the motto, "SEMPER PARATUS" and the inscription "1790."
Service Mark ("Racing Stripe")
Service mark (also known as the Racing Stripe) The Racing Stripe, officially known as the Service Mark, was designed in 1964 by the industrial design office of Raymond Loewy Associates to give the Coast Guard a distinctive, modern image. Loewy had designed the colors for the Air Force One fleet for Jackie Kennedy. President Kennedy was so impressed with his work, he suggested that the entire Federal Government needed his make-over and suggested that he start with the Coast Guard.[85][86] The stripes are canted at a 64 degree angle, coincidentally the year the Racing Stripe was designed.[87]
The racing stripe is borne by Coast Guard cutters, aircraft, and many boats. First used and placed into official usage as of 6 April 1967, it consists of a narrow blue stripe, a narrow white stripe between, and a broad CG red bar with the Coast Guard shield centered.[4][88] Red-hulled icebreaker cutters and most HH-65/MH-65 helicopters (i.e., those with a red fuselage) bear a narrow blue stripe, a narrow empty stripe the color of the fuselage (an implied red stripe), and broad white bar, with the Coast Guard shield centered. Conversely, black-hulled cutters (such as buoy tenders and inland construction tenders) use the standard racing stripe. Auxiliary vessels maintained by the Coast Guard also carry the Racing Stripe, but in inverted colors (i.e., broad blue stripe with narrow white and CG red stripes) and the Auxiliary shield. Similar racing stripe designs have been adopted for the use of other coast guards and maritime authorities and many other law enforcement and rescue agencies.[citation needed]
Uniforms
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Uniforms of the United States Coast Guard. (Discuss) (August 2020)
Photo showing a variety of Coast Guard uniforms. From Left: Service Dress White, Tropical Blue, Service Dress Blue, Winter Dress Blue, Camouflage Utility Uniform, Operational Dress Uniform History For most of the Coast Guard's history its uniforms largely mirrored the style of U.S. Navy uniforms, distinguishable only by their insignia. In 1974, under the leadership of Admiral Chester R. Bender, the initial versions of the current Coast Guard Service Dress Blue and Tropical uniforms were introduced. This represented a major departure from many common conventions in naval and maritime uniforms. Notably, "Bender's Blues" were a common service dress uniform for all ranks, dispensing with the sailor suit and sailor cap formerly worn by enlisted members.[89] Rank insignia remained consistent with the naval pattern and some distinctly-nautical items such as the pea coat, officer's sword, and dress white uniforms remained.[citation needed]
Today, the Coast Guard's uniforms remain among the simplest of any branch of the armed forces, with fewer total uniforms and uniform variants than the other armed services. There are only three uniforms that typically serve as standard uniforms of the dayâthe Operational Dress Uniform, Tropical Blue, and Service Dress Blue (Bravo). Like U.S. Marine Corps uniforms, comparatively few distinctions exist between officer and enlisted uniforms.[citation needed]
Service uniforms The Service Dress Blue is the standard uniform of the day for office environments and is considered equivalent to civilian business attire. The uniform consists of a blue four-pocket single breasted jacket, matching trousers, and a tie of the same shade as the jacket. There are two variants. The less common, more formal "Alpha" variant includes the combination cap and a white shirt. The more common, less formal "Bravo" variant includes either the combination cap or garrison cap and a light blue shirt. Officer and enlisted rank insignia are sewn onto the jacket sleeve in the same manner as Navy uniforms. Rank insignia must also be worn on the blue shirt as part of the "Bravo" variant by officers (shoulder boards) and enlisted members (collar devices).[90]
The Service Dress White "choker" uniforms for officers are identical to those worn by U.S. Navy officers (aside from service-specific buttons, insignia and sword design). These are typically used for formal parades and change-of-command ceremonies in warmer seasons and climates. Unlike the Navy, these uniforms are authorized only for officers and warrant officers. For similar occasions the enlisted members wear Tropical Blue, Service Dress Blue or Full Dress Blue, depending on the climate.[90]
The Tropical Blue uniform is the standard uniform for office wear in warmer seasons and climates in lieu of Service Dress Blue (but not to functions where civilian dress is coat and tie, in which case Service Dress Blue should be worn). The Tropical Blue uniform omits the dress coat and instead features a short sleeve light blue shirt on which ribbons and devices are worn in the same manner as on the SDB coat, and rank is indicated on shoulder boards (officers and warrant officers) or collar devices (enlisted members). A "Tropical Blue Long Sleeve" uniform was approved in 2019, which includes a long sleeved shirt, necktie, and tie bar, and omits ribbons. While presented as a variant of Tropical Blue, the uniform is essentially Service Dress Blue Bravo with the coat removed and the added requirement of a nametag above the right shirt pocket.[90][91]
A U.S. Coast Guard recruiter wearing the Winter Dress Blue uniform with garrison cap The Winter Dress Blue uniform is another seasonal variant. Generally, this uniform may be worn during winter months in lieu of Service Dress Blue, at the wearer's option. It consists of a long-sleeve dark blue shirt of the same color as the service dress trousers, without shoulder loops. It is worn with the blue necktie and rank insignia pins on the collar (unless a sweater is also worn, in which case the rank is worn on the sweater instead).[90]
All blue service and dress uniforms are worn with a black, plain-toe oxford shoes or, optionally, black pumps or flats for females. Patent leather versions are authorized. White shoes are worn with the dress white uniforms.[90]
Several optional forms of outerwear may be worn with some or all of these uniforms, all in dark blue, including: a windbreaker; a "wooly pully" commando-style sweater; a cardigan sweater (the same worn by the U.S. Air Force); a trench coat; a waterproof parka; and, for officers, a double-breasted bridge coat (similar to a pea coat but knee-length).[90]
Dress uniforms
The United States Coast Guard Ceremonial Honor Guard wears Full Dress Blue with white gun belts at the Tomb of Unknown Soldiers. The Full Dress Blue uniform is essentially the same as Service Dress Blue Alpha, except that it is worn with a full-size medals instead of ribbons, white gloves, and (for officers) a sword. Similarly, the Full Dress White uniform consists of the Service Dress White with the same accouterments as the Full Dress Blue uniform.[90] For both uniforms, ribbons without a corresponding medal are worn above the right breast pocket in lieu of the name tag normally worn in that position on service uniforms.[90]
A Coast Guard chief warrant officer (CWO2, left) and an officer (commander, O-5, right) wearing Full Dress Whites There are two sets of dinner dress uniforms worn for formal (black tie) evening ceremonies. The first set, Dinner Dress Blue and Dinner Dress White are essentially the same as Full Dress Blue and Full Dress White but miniature medals and badges are worn, neither ribbons nor a name tag is worn above the right breast pocket, and (for Dinner Dress Blue) a black bow tie is worn rather than the blue necktie.[90]
The second set of dinner dress uniforms, dubbed Dinner Dress Blue Jacket and Dinner Dress White Jacket are identical to the corresponding U.S. Navy uniforms but with Coast Guard buttons and insignia. These uniforms are required for officers O-3 and above but optional for other members. Due to the expense of these uniforms and the fact that they are rarely called-for, few junior enlisted members purchase them and wear the above-described Dinner Dress Blue uniform instead.[90]
A Formal Dress Blue uniform is authorized for senior officers (O-6 and above) as the equivalent of civilian white tie. It is essentially the Dinner Dress Blue Jacket uniform but with a white bow tie and white formal waistcoat replacing the black bow tie and gold cummerbund. It is exceptionally rarely worn, with the only likely occasions for wear being a White House state dinner or similar event.[90]
Working uniforms
Coast Guardsmen in 2013 wearing ODUs The current working uniform of the Coast Guard is the Operational Dress Uniform (ODU). The ODU may be worn year-round primarily as a field utility and watchstanding uniform, but may also be worn in an office environment where appropriate. The ODU is similar, both in function and style, to the Battle Dress Uniform previously worn by all branches of the U.S. Armed Forces. However, the ODU is in a solid dark blue with no camouflage pattern and does not have lower pockets on the blouse.[90]
The ODU was introduced in the early 2000s as a replacement for two working uniformsâWorking Blue and Undress Blue. The Working Blue was an all-dark-blue uniform in the style of Dickies workwear with sew-on name tapes and collar devices. The Undress Blue uniform resembled Tropical blue but featured cotton twill work trousers, black boots, and a baseball cap, omitted the nametag and ribbons from the shirt (but allowed one qualification badge) and all ranks (officer and enlisted) wore collar devices.[citation needed]
The first generation ODU, in service from 2004 to 2012, was worn with the blouse tucked into the trousers. The current, second generation ("untucked") ODU is worn with the blouse untucked and has black Coast Guard insignia embroidered on the right breast pocket as well as the side pockets of the trousers.[90]
The standard footwear is a black composite-toe boot. Brown boat shoes may be allowed for daily wear aboard ship unless boots are required for safety reasons.[90]
The standard headgear is a baseball-style cap with "U.S. Coast Guard," in gold lettering embroidered in an arch at the top front. Units may also authorize unit-specific ball caps.[90] Formerly these varied in style but regulations now specify that the ball cap must be the standard style with the unit name (usually abbreviated) embroidered in a single straight line just above the visor. For E-4 and above, pin-on rank insignia is worn centered on the front of the cap.[citation needed]
For cold weather, the standard outerwear worn with ODU is a "Foul Weather Parka," which comes with a removable fleece liner that may be worn as a stand-alone lightweight jacket. A rank insignia tab is included on the center front of the parka and liner. The Foul Weather Parka replaced several more traditional styles of outerwear (notably the reefer jacket) as the only authorized outerwear for the ODU, and is also permitted with several service uniform styles. A "Cold Weather Cap" in the style of an ushanka is also authorized for extreme cold environments.[90]
The ODU's simple style and practicality as a working uniform has led the U.S. Public Health Service and the NOAA Corps to adopt ODU variants as standard working uniforms. Some Navy personnel also advocated adoption of the ODU as a standard shipboard uniform for the Navy, rather than the unpopular Navy Working Uniform Type I.[citation needed]
In 2019, Coast Guard Uniform Board No. 48 announced that a new working uniform to replace the ODU was in development. Dubbed the "Coast Guard Utility" uniform, initial test designs are based on the Navy Working Uniform Type III but in Coast Guard blue. It was also announced that an alternative top similar to the Army Combat Shirt would be developed.[citation needed]
When engaged in flight operations, Coast Guardsmen wear the standard CWU-27/p flight suit worn by the other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, in sage green. A leather name tag is worn above the left breast pocket. Above the right breast pocket, where other branches typically wear a unit/command patch, Coast Guardsmen wear a rectangular white patch with a blue border, the Coast Guard racing stripe, and the words "UNITED STATES COAST GUARD" in black. A unit patch is worn on the right sleeve and an American flag patch is worn on the left sleeve. For officers, rank insignia may be sewn onto the shoulders. Flight suits are considered "organizational clothing," not standard uniforms, and are not supposed to be worn outside of flight activities.[citation needed]
Coast Guard personnel serving in expeditionary combat units such as Port Security Units or Law Enforcement Detachments, and Coast Guard personnel deployed overseas (e.g. as part of PATFORSWA) may wear the Navy Working Uniform Type III with distinctive Coast Guard insignia.[90]
Special uniform situations Coast Guardsmen serving in certain billets will wear non-standard uniforms, uniform items, and insignia. For example, company commanders (the Coast Guard's equivalent of drill sergeants) at Training Center Cape May wear the traditional Smokey Bear-style campaign hat.
The U.S. Coast Guard Pipe Band in New York during the 2010 St. Patrick's Day Parade The Coast Guard Pipe Band, a special musical unit composed of active, reserve and auxiliary members, wears a modified form of highland dress, including kilt and sporran. It is, along with the Band of the Air Force Reserve Pipe Band, one of only two kilted units in the United States military, excluding those maintained by state defense forces and service academies. The band's kilt is patterned in the official U.S. Coast Guard tartan, which is registered with the Scottish Register of Tartans and based on the Hamilton tartan (in honor of the founder of the Revenue-Marine, Alexander Hamilton).[92]
Coast Guard cadets wearing Full Dress Blue (B) uniforms Cadets at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy wear standard Coast Guard uniforms, but also wear two different styles of parade dress uniforms, similar to those worn by Midshipmen at the U.S. Naval Academy. Full Dress Blue (B) consists of black blouses with banded collars and double rows of buttons, worn with matching black trousers and a white peaked hat. Full Dress Blue (A) substitutes white trousers in lieu of black.[93]
Coast Guard Reserve
Seal of the United States Coast Guard Reserve
SPARS recruiting poster during World War II Main article: United States Coast Guard Reserve The United States Coast Guard Reserve is the reserve military force of the Coast Guard.[94] The Coast Guard Reserve was founded on 19 February 1941. The Coast Guard has 8700 reservists[2] who normally drill two days a month and an additional 12 days of active duty each year, although many perform additional drill and active duty periods, to include those mobilized to extended active duty. Coast Guard reservists possess the same training and qualifications as their active duty counterparts, and as such, can be found augmenting active duty Coast Guard units every day.[citation needed]
During the Vietnam War and shortly thereafter, the Coast Guard considered abandoning the reserve program, but the force was instead reoriented into force augmentation, where its principal focus was not just reserve operations, but to add to the readiness and mission execution of every-day active duty personnel.[citation needed]
Since 11 September 2001, reservists have been activated and served on tours of active duty, to include deployments to the Persian Gulf and also as parts of Department of Defense combatant commands such as the U.S. Northern and Central Commands. Coast Guard Port Security Units are entirely staffed with reservists, except for five to seven active duty personnel. Additionally, most of the staffing the Coast Guard provides to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command are reservists.[citation needed]
The Reserve is managed by the Assistant Commandant for Reserve, Rear Admiral Todd C. Wiemers, USCG.[citation needed]
Women in the Coast Guard Main article: Women in the United States Coast Guard In 1918, twin sisters Genevieve and Lucille Baker of the Naval Coastal Defense Reserve became the first uniformed women to serve in the Coast Guard.[95] Later, United States Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARS) was created on 23 November 1942 with the signing of Public Law 773 by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[96] The name is a contraction of the Coast Guard motto Semper Paratus, meaning "Always Ready" in Latin. The name also refers to a spar in nautical usage. Like the other women's reserves such as the Women's Army Corps and the WAVES, it was created to free men from stateside service in order to fight overseas. Its first director was Captain Dorothy C. Stratton who is credited with creating the name for the organization.[97] The cutter USCGC Spar is named for the SPARS.[citation needed]
Coast Guard Auxiliary
Badge of the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Main article: United States Coast Guard Auxiliary The United States Coast Guard Auxiliary is the civilian volunteer uniformed auxiliary service of the United States Coast Guard, established on 23 June 1939 by an act of Congress as the United States Coast Guard Reserve, it was re-designated as the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary on 19 February 1941. It works within the Coast Guard in carrying out its noncombatant and non-law enforcement missions.[98] Auxiliarists are subject to direction from the Commandant of the Coast Guard making them unique among all federal volunteers (e.g. Air Force's Civil Air Patrol and FBI's InfraGard); they are not a separate organization, but an integral part of the Coast Guard. As of 2018, there were approximately 24,000 members of the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary.[99]
The Coast Guard has assigned primary responsibility for many recreational boating safety tasks to the Auxiliary, including public boating safety education and voluntary Vessel Safety Checks (formerly called Courtesy Examinations).[100] Additionally, Auxiliarists use their own vessels, boats, and aircraft (once registered as Coast Guard facilities) to conduct safety patrols, aid in search and rescue missions, and perform other tasks on behalf of the Coast Guard.[citation needed]
Prior to 1997, Auxiliarists were largely limited to activities supporting recreational boating safety. In 1997, however, new legislation authorized the Auxiliary to participate in any and all Coast Guard missions except direct military and direct law enforcement.[101] Auxiliarists may directly augment active duty Coast Guard personnel in non-combat, non-law enforcement roles (e.g. radio communications watch stander, interpreter, cook, etc.) and may assist active duty personnel in inspecting commercial vessels and maintaining aids-to-navigation. Auxiliarists may support the law enforcement and homeland security missions of the Coast Guard but may not directly participate (make arrests, etc.), and Auxiliarists are not permitted to carry a weapon while serving in any Auxiliary capacity.[citation needed]
Deployable Operations Group
Seal of the United States Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group Main article: Deployable Operations Group The Deployable Operations Group (DOG) was a Coast Guard command established in July 2007. The DOG established a single command authority to rapidly provide the Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security, Department of Defense, Department of Justice and other interagency operational commanders adaptive force packages drawn from the Coast Guard's deployable specialized force units. The DOG was disestablished on 22 April 2013 and its deployable specialized forces (DSF) units were placed under the control of the Atlantic and Pacific Area Commanders.[102]
The planning for the unit began after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and culminated with its formation on 20 July 2007. Its missions included maritime law enforcement, anti-terrorism, port security, pollution response, and diving operations.[citation needed]
There were over 25 specialized units within the Deployable Operations Group including the Maritime Security Response Team, Maritime Safety and Security Teams, Law Enforcement Detachments, Port Security Units, the National Strike Force, and Regional Dive Lockers. The DOG also managed Coast Guard personnel assigned to the Navy Expeditionary Combat Command and was involved in the selection of Coast Guard candidates to attend Navy BUD/S and serve with Navy SEAL Teams.[103]
Medals and honors Main article: Awards and decorations of the United States Coast Guard See also: Awards and decorations of the United States military One Coast Guardsman, Douglas Albert Munro, has earned the Medal of Honor, the highest military award of the United States.[104] Fifty five Coast Guardsmen have earned the Navy Cross and numerous men and women have earned the Distinguished Flying Cross.[citation needed]
The highest peacetime decoration awarded within the Coast Guard is the Homeland Security Distinguished Service Medal; prior to the transfer of the Coast Guard to the Department of Homeland Security, the highest peacetime decoration was the Department of Transportation Distinguished Service Medal. The highest unit award available is the Presidential Unit Citation.[citation needed]
In wartime, members of the Coast Guard are eligible to receive the Navy version of the Medal of Honor. A Coast Guard Medal of Honor is authorized but has not yet been developed or issued.[citation needed]
In May 2006, at the Change of Command ceremony when Admiral Thad Allen took over as Commandant, President George W. Bush awarded the entire Coast Guard, including the Coast Guard Auxiliary, the Coast Guard Presidential Unit Citation with hurricane device, for its efforts during and after Hurricane Katrina and Tropical Storm Rita.[citation needed]
Notable Coast Guardsmen Main article: List of U.S. Coast Guard people Numerous celebrities have served in the Coast Guard including tennis player Jack Kramer, golfer Arnold Palmer, All Star baseball player Sid Gordon, boxer Jack Dempsey; musicians Kai Winding, Rudy Vallee, Derroll Adams, and Tom Waits; actors Buddy Ebsen, Sid Caesar, Victor Mature, Richard Cromwell, Alan Hale Jr., William Hopper, Beau Bridges, Jeff Bridges, Cesar Romero; author Alex Haley; and Senator Claiborne Pell.
Vice Admiral Thad Allen in 2005 was named Principal Federal Officer to oversee recovery efforts in the Gulf Region after Hurricane Katrina. After promotion to Admiral, on the eve of his retirement as Commandant, Allen again received national visibility after being named National Incident Commander overseeing the response efforts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
Former Coast Guard officers have been appointed to numerous civilian government offices. After retiring as Commandant of the Coast Guard in 2002, Admiral James Loy went on to serve as United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security. After their respective Coast Guard careers, Carlton Skinner served as the first Civilian Governor of Guam; G. William Miller, 65th Secretary of the Treasury, and retired Vice Admiral Harvey E. Johnson Jr. served as Deputy Administrator and Chief Operating Officer of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under President George W. Bush. Rear Admiral Stephen W. Rochon was appointed by President George W. Bush to serve as the Director of the Executive Residence and White House Chief Usher, beginning service on 12 March 2007, and continued to serve in the same capacity under President Barack Obama.
Two Coast Guard aviators, Commander Bruce E. Melnick and Captain Daniel C. Burbank, have served as NASA astronauts.
Signalman First Class Douglas Albert Munro was awarded the Medal of Honor posthumously, and is the only Coast Guardsman to ever receive this honor.
Organizations Coast Guard Aviation Association Those who have piloted or flown in Coast Guard aircraft under official flight orders may join the Coast Guard Aviation Association which was formerly known as the "Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl" ("Flying Since the World was Flat"). The Ancient Albatross Award is presented to the active duty USCG member who qualified as an aviator earlier than any other person who is still serving. Separate enlisted and officer awards are given.[105][106]
Coast Guard CW Operators Association The Coast Guard CW Operators Association (CGCWOA) is a membership organization comprising primarily former members of the United States Coast Guard who held the enlisted rating of Radioman (RM) or Telecommunications Specialist (TC), and who employed International Morse Code (CW) in their routine communications duties on Coast Guard cutters and at shore stations.[107]
USCG Chief Petty Officers Association Members of this organization unite to assist members and dependents in need, assist with Coast Guard recruiting efforts, support the aims and goals of the Coast Guard Chief Petty Officers Academy, keep informed on Coast Guard matters, and assemble for social amenities; and include Chief, Senior Chief, and Master Chief Petty Officers, active, reserve and retired. Membership is also open to all Chief Warrant Officers and Officers who have served as a Chief Petty Officer.[108]
USCG Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association (CWOA) Established in 1929, the Chief Warrant and Warrant Officers Association, United States Coast Guard (CWOA) represents Coast Guard warrant and chief warrant officers (active, reserve and retired) to the Congress, White House and the Department of Homeland Security. Additionally, the association communicates with the Coast Guard leadership on matters of concern to Coast Guard chief warrant officers.[109]
In popular culture
This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, providing citations to reliable, secondary sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) The U.S. Coast Guard maintains a Motion Picture and Television Office (MOPIC) in Hollywood, California, along with its sister services at the Department of Defense dedicated to enhancing public awareness and understanding of the Coast Guard, its people, and its missions through a cooperative effort with the entertainment industry.[110][111]
In film Swamp Fire (1946) features the Coast Guard bar pilots in Louisiana. Fighting Coast Guard (1951), depicts Coast Guard trained to help win WWII.[111] Onionhead (1958), is a comedy-drama film set aboard the (fictional) Coast Guard buoy tender USCGC Periwinkle at the start of World War II. The film was shot at Warner Bros.' studio in Burbank, California; location shooting for the film took place at the Coast Guard station in Alameda, California, and aboard USCGC Yamacraw (WARC-333), at Coast Guard Base Yerba Buena Island. The Boatniks (1970), is a light-hearted depiction of a Coast Guard unit tasked with supervising recreational boaters on the California coast. The Island (1980), latter-day Caribbean pirates capture the (fictional) cutter USCGC New Hope. Filming was done on USCGC Dauntless.[111] Bad Boys II (2003), depicts counter-drug helicopters from the Helicopter Interdiction Tactical Squadron (HITRON).[111] The Guardian (2006), depicts the Aviation Survival Technician (AST) program. Pain & Gain (2013), starring Dwayne Johnson and Mark Wahlberg, depicted the Coast Guard Deployable Operations Group in action.[111] The Finest Hours (2016), A film portraying the rescue of the crew of SS Pendleton by coxswain Bernard C. Webber and the three other crewmen of Coast Guard Motor Lifeboat CG 36500.[111] On television The Coast Guard has been featured in several television series, including:
Coast Guard was a syndicated television series that aired for three seasons from 1995 to 1997 in the United States as well as overseas, where it was called Sea Rescue. The series followed Coast Guard personnel as they performed their missions.[112][113][114] Coast Guard Alaska: Search and Rescue, a series on The Weather Channel that features a Coast Guard search-and-rescue unit based in Kodiak, Alaska. Several series have spun off the original to focus on units based in Cape Disappointment and Florida.[115][116][117] Deadliest Catch, works extensively with Base Kodiak, who cooperates with the film crew to insure safety and has been featured in several rescues.[118][119] Doll & Em features an CG ANT team member and the Point Vicente Light as the lighthouse Doll & Em escape to do their writing in the Season 2 opener.[120] Hawaii Five-0, features several episodes in which the Five-0 team worked with Station Honolulu[121] and Air Station Barbers Point.[122] NCIS, Diane Neal portrays Abigail Borin, CGIS Special Agent in Charge featured in several episodes of both NCIS and NCIS: New Orleans.[123] See also icon Oceans portal flag United States portal U.S. Coast Guard AMVER Badges of the United States Coast Guard Chaplain of the Coast Guard Coast Guard Day Code of Federal Regulations, Title 33 Joint Maritime Training Center List of United States Coast Guard cutters Maritime Law Enforcement Academy Maritime Security Risk Analysis Model MARSEC National Data Buoy Center National Ice Center Naval militia North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum Patrol Forces Southwest Asia SPARS U.S. Coast Guard Intelligence U.S. Coast Guard Legal Division United States Coast Guard Air Stations United S
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đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. United States Army From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with United States Department of the Army. United States Army Mark of the United States Army.svg Military service mark of the United States Army[1] Logo of the United States Army.svg Army Star logo[2] Founded 14 June 1775 (245 years, 10 months ago)[3][4] Country United States Type Army Role Prompt and sustained land combat Combined arms operations Combined arms maneuver and wide area security Armored and mechanized operations Airborne and air assault operations Special operations Set and sustain the theater for the joint force Integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land Size 480,893 Regular Army personnel (30 September 2020)[5] 336,129 Army National Guard personnel (30 September 2020) 188,703 Army Reserve personnel (30 September 2020) 1,005,725 total uniformed personnel (30 September 2020) 252,747 civilian personnel (30 September 2020) 1,258,472 total 4,406 manned aircraft[6] Part of United States Armed Forces Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. Motto(s) "This We'll Defend" Colors Black, gold and white[7][8] March "The Army Goes Rolling Along" About this soundPlay (help·info) Mascot(s) Army Mules Anniversaries Army Birthday: 14 June Equipment List of U.S. Army equipment Engagements See list Website Army.mil Commanders Commander-in-Chief President Joe Biden Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin Secretary of the Army John E. Whitley (acting) Chief of Staff GEN James C. McConville[10] Vice Chief of Staff GEN Joseph M. Martin[11] Sergeant Major of the Army SMA Michael A. Grinston[12] Insignia Flag Flag of the United States Army.svg Field flag Field flag of the United States Army.svg United States Armed Forces Flag of the United States.svg Executive departments United States Department of Defense Seal.svg Department of Defense Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Joint Chiefs of Staff Military departments Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Seal of the United States Department of the Navy.svg Department of the Navy Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg Department of the Air Force Military service branches Mark of the United States Army.svg United States Army Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg United States Marine Corps Emblem of the United States Navy.svg United States Navy Mark of the United States Air Force.svg United States Air Force Seal of the United States Space Force.png United States Space Force Seal of the United States Coast Guard.svg United States Coast Guard Unified combatant commands Geographic combatant commands Functional combatant commands vte The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.[13] As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence,[14] the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775â1783)âbefore the United States of America was established as a country.[15] After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army.[16][17] The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.[15]
The U.S. Army is a uniformed service of the United States and is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the secretary of the Army (SECARMY) and by a chief military officer, the chief of staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It is the largest military branch, and in the fiscal year 2020, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 480,893 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 336,129 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) had 188,703 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,005,725 soldiers.[18] As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders".[19] The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States.
Contents 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 19th century 2.2.1 Early wars on the Frontier 2.2.2 American Civil War 2.2.3 Later 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.3.1 World wars 2.3.2 Cold War 2.3.2.1 1945â1960 2.3.2.2 1960â1970 2.3.2.3 1970â1990 2.3.3 1990s 2.4 21st century 3 Organization 3.1 Planning 3.2 Army components 3.3 Army commands and army service component commands 3.4 Structure 3.5 Combat maneuver organizations 3.6 Special operations forces 4 Personnel 4.1 Commissioned officers 4.2 Warrant officers 4.3 Enlisted personnel 4.4 Training 5 Equipment 5.1 Weapons 5.1.1 Individual weapons 5.1.2 Crew-served weapons 5.2 Vehicles 5.3 Uniforms 5.3.1 Berets 5.4 Tents 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Mission The United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. Section 3062 of Title 10, U.S. Code defines the purpose of the army as:[20][21]
Preserving the peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States, the Commonwealths and possessions and any areas occupied by the United States Supporting the national policies Implementing the national objectives Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States In 2018, the Army Strategy 2018 articulated an eight-point addendum to the Army Vision for 2028.[22] While the Army Mission remains constant, the Army Strategy builds upon the Army's Brigade Modernization by adding focus to Corps and Division-level echelons.[22] Modernization, reform for high-intensity conflict, and Joint multi-domain operations are added to the strategy, to be completed by 2028.[22]
The Army's five core competencies are prompt and sustained land combat, combined arms operations (to include combined arms maneuver and wideâarea security, armored and mechanized operations and airborne and air assault operations), special operations, to set and sustain the theater for the joint force, and to integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land.[23]
History Main article: History of the United States Army
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This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from/to History of the United States Army. Origins The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress[24] as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander.[15][25][26][27] The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources and military thinking helped shape the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills.
The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War prompted Great Britain's government to begin negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Paris and Great Britain's recognition of the United States as an independent state. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780 and 1781, at times using the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, under the leadership of Major General Nathanael Greene, hit where the British were weakest to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776 and the Philadelphia campaign in 1777. With a decisive victory at Yorktown and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British.
After the war, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The Regular Army was at first very small and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash,[28] where more than 800 Americans were killed, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the United States Army in 1796.
In 1798, during the Quasi-War with France, Congress established a three-year "Provisional Army" of 10,000 men, consisting of twelve regiments of infantry and six troops of light dragoons. By March 1799 Congress created an "Eventual Army" of 30,000 men, including three regiments of cavalry. Both "armies" existed only on paper, but equipment for 3,000 men and horses was procured and stored.[29]
19th century Early wars on the Frontier Further information: Army on the Frontier
General Andrew Jackson standing on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders during the defense of New Orleans, the final major and most one-sided battle of the War of 1812 The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. The U.S. Army did not conquer Canada but it did destroy Native American resistance to expansion in the Old Northwest and it validated its independence by stopping two major British invasions in 1814 and 1815. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U.S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U.S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops who had dubbed the U.S. Army "Regulars, by God!", were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo antebellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, and became a national hero. U.S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides (the United States and Great Britain) returned to the geographical status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict.
The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818â1858) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians' winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.[30]
The U.S. Army fought and won the MexicanâAmerican War (1846â1848), which was a defining event for both countries.[31] The U.S. victory resulted in acquisition of territory that eventually became all or parts of the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Wyoming and New Mexico.
American Civil War Further information: Union Army
The Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, the Confederate States Army, led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the "Union" or "the North") formed the Union Army, consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except South Carolina.[32]
For the first two years, Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states.[33] The Confederates had the advantage of defending a large territory in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863, the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the Vicksburg Campaign of 1862â1863, General Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had General Robert E. Lee under siege in Richmond as General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House. All other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months.
The war remains the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 men on both sides. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6.4% in the North and 18% in the South.[34]
Later 19th century
Army soldiers in 1890 Following the Civil War, the U.S. Army had the mission of containing western tribes of Native Americans on the Indian reservations. They set up many forts, and engaged in the last of the American Indian Wars. U.S. Army troops also occupied several Southern states during the Reconstruction Era to protect freedmen.
The key battles of the SpanishâAmerican War of 1898 were fought by the Navy. Using mostly new volunteers, the U.S. Army defeated Spain in land campaigns in Cuba and played the central role in the PhilippineâAmerican War.
20th century Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft.[35] In 1910, during the Mexican Revolution, the army was deployed to U.S. towns near the border to ensure the safety of lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918.
World wars For a list of campaigns see List of United States Army campaigns during World War II
U.S. Army troops assaulting a German bunker in France, c.â1918 The United States joined World War I as an "Associated Power" in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the other Allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.
In 1939, estimates of the Army's strength range between 174,000 and 200,000 soldiers, smaller than that of Portugal's, which ranked it 17th or 19th in the world in size. General George C. Marshall became Army chief of staff in September 1939 and set about expanding and modernizing the Army in preparation for war.[36][37]
U.S. soldiers hunting for Japanese infiltrators during the Bougainville Campaign The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Some 11 million Americans were to serve in various Army operations.[38][39] On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that landed in French North Africa and took Tunisia and then moved on to Sicily and later fought in Italy. In the June 1944 landings in northern France and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role.
In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947. In 1948, the army was desegregated by order 9981 of President Harry S. Truman.
Cold War 1945â1960
U.S. Army soldiers observing an atomic bomb test of Operation Buster-Jangle at the Nevada Test Site during the Korean War The end of World War II set the stage for the EastâWest confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and U.S. strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.[40]:minute 9:00â10:00
US tanks and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, 1961 During the Cold War, U.S. troops and their allies fought communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in June 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a UN Security Council meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea and later to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in July 1953.
1960â1970 The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, but they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the People's Army Of Vietnam (NVA). Revisionist historians contend that on a tactical level, U.S. soldiers (and the U.S. military as a whole) did not lose a sizable battle.[41][42]
A U.S. Army infantry patrol moving up to assault the last North Vietnamese Army position at Dak To, South Vietnam during Operation Hawthorne During the 1960s, the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve.[43] In 1967, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to eight divisions (one mechanized infantry, two armored, and five infantry), but increased the number of brigades from seven to 18 (one airborne, one armored, two mechanized infantry and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not sit well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. However, no reduction in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968.
1970â1990
U.S. Army soldiers preparing to take La Comandancia in the El Chorrillo neighborhood of Panama City during Operation Just Cause The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involved treating the three components of the army â the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force.[44] General Abrams' intertwining of the three components of the army effectively made extended operations impossible without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and Army Reserve in a predominately combat support role.[45] The army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training to specific performance standards driven by the reforms of General William E. DePuy, the first commander of United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization. The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 created unified combatant commands bringing the army together with the other four military services under unified, geographically organized command structures. The army also played a role in the invasions of Grenada in 1983 (Operation Urgent Fury) and Panama in 1989 (Operation Just Cause).
By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000.[46] A number of incentives such as early retirement were used.
1990s
M1 Abrams tanks moving out before the Battle of Al Busayyah during the Gulf War In 1990, Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army. Some of the largest tank battles in history were fought during the Gulf war. The Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Norfolk and the Battle of 73 Easting were tank battles of historical significance.[47][48][49]
Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1-41 Infantry during the Gulf War, February 1991 After Operation Desert Storm, the army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s but did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities. In 1990 the Department of Defense issued guidance for "rebalancing" after a review of the Total Force Policy,[50] but in 2004, Air War College scholars concluded the guidance would reverse the Total Force Policy which is an "essential ingredient to the successful application of military force".[51]
21st century
U.S. Army Rangers taking part in a raid during an operation in Nahr-e Saraj, Afghanistan On 11 September 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks.[52] In response to the 11 September attacks and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003; it served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years, the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S. service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more.[53][54] 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.[55]
U.S. Army soldiers with the 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division returning fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Barawala Kalay Valley in Kunar province, Afghanistan, March 2011 Until 2009, the army's chief modernization plan, its most ambitious since World War II,[56] was the Future Combat Systems program. In 2009, many systems were canceled, and the remaining were swept into the BCT modernization program.[57] By 2017, the Brigade Modernization project was completed and its headquarters, the Brigade Modernization Command, was renamed the Joint Modernization Command, or JMC.[58] In response to Budget sequestration in 2013, Army plans were to shrink to 1940 levels,[59] although actual Active-Army end-strengths were projected to fall to some 450,000 troops by the end of FY2017.[60][61] From 2016 to 2017, the Army retired hundreds of OH-58 Kiowa Warrior observation helicopters,[62] while retaining its Apache gunships.[63] The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15 to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[64]
Organization
Organization of the United States Army within the Department of Defense Planning By 2017, a task force was formed to address Army modernization,[65] which triggered shifts of units: RDECOM, and ARCIC, from within Army Materiel Command (AMC), and TRADOC, respectively, to a new Army Command (ACOM) in 2018.[66] The Army Futures Command (AFC), is a peer of FORSCOM, TRADOC, and AMC, the other ACOMs.[67] AFC's mission is modernization reform: to design hardware, as well as to work within the acquisition process which defines materiel for AMC. TRADOC's mission is to define the architecture and organization of the Army, and to train and supply soldiers to FORSCOM.[68]:minutes 2:30â15:00[40] AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs) are Futures Command's vehicle for sustainable reform of the acquisition process for the future.[69] In order to support the Army's modernization priorities, its FY2020 budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over the next five years.[70] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[70]
Army components Main article: Structure of the United States Army
U.S. Army organization chart[71] The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775.[72] In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.
Senior American commanders of the European theatre of World War II. *Seated are (from left to right) Generals William H. Simpson, George S. Patton, Carl A. Spaatz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Courtney H. Hodges, and Leonard T. Gerow *standing are (from left to right) Generals Ralph F. Stearley, Hoyt Vandenberg, Walter Bedell Smith, Otto P. Weyland, and Richard E. Nugent By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers.[73] It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps and the state militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.[74]
In 1941, the "Army of the United States" was founded to fight World War II. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the United States Army Reserve. The Army of the United States was re-established for the Korean War and Vietnam War and was demobilized upon the suspension of the draft.[74]
Currently, the Army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard.[73] Some states further maintain state defense forces, as a type of reserve to the National Guard, while all states maintain regulations for state militias.[75] State militias are both "organized", meaning that they are armed forces usually part of the state defense forces, or "unorganized" simply meaning that all able-bodied males may be eligible to be called into military service.
The U.S. Army is also divided into several branches and functional areas. Branches include officers, warrant officers, and enlisted Soldiers while functional areas consist of officers who are reclassified from their former branch into a functional area. However, officers continue to wear the branch insignia of their former branch in most cases, as functional areas do not generally have discrete insignia. Some branches, such as Special Forces, operate similarly to functional areas in that individuals may not join their ranks until having served in another Army branch. Careers in the Army can extend into cross-functional areas for officer,[76] warrant officer, enlisted, and civilian personnel.
U.S. Army branches and functional areas Branch Insignia and colors Branch Insignia and colors Functional Area (FA) Acquisition Corps (AC) Acquisition-Corps-Branch-In.png Air Defense Artillery (AD) USAADA-BRANCH.svg Information Network Engineering (FA 26) Adjutant General's Corps (AG) Includes Army Bands (AB) AdjGenBC.svg ArmyBand Collar Brass.PNG Armor (AR) Includes Cavalry (CV) Armor-Branch-Insignia.png US-Cavalry-Branch-Insignia.png Information Operations (FA 30) Aviation (AV) US Army Aviation Branch Insignia.svg Civil Affairs Corps (CA) USA - Civil Affairs.png Strategic Intelligence (FA 34) Chaplain Corps (CH) ChristChaplainBC.gif JewishChaplainBC.gif US Army Hindu Faith Branch Insignia.png BuddhistChaplainBC.gif MuslimChaplainBC.gif ChaplainAsstBC.gif Chemical Corps (CM) Chemical Branch Insignia.svg Space Operations (FA 40) Cyber Corps (CY) US Army Cyber Branch Insignia.png Dental Corps (DC) USA - Army Medical Dental.png Public Affairs Officer (FA 46) Corps of Engineers (EN) USA - Engineer Branch Insignia.png Field Artillery (FA) USA - Army Field Artillery Insignia.png Academy Professor (FA 47) Finance Corps (FI) USA - Army Finance Corps.png Infantry (IN) USA - Army Infantry Insignia.png Foreign Area Officer (FA 48) Inspector General (IG) USA - Inspector General Branch Insignia.png Logistics (LG) USA - Logistics Branch Insignia.png Operations Research/Systems Analysis (FA 49) Judge Advocate General's Corps (JA) JAGC Staff Corps Insignia Army.gif Military Intelligence Corps (MI) MI Corps Insignia.svg Force Management (FA 50) Medical Corps (MC) USA - Army Medical Corps.png Medical Service Corps (MS) USA - Army Medical Specialist Corps.png Acquisition (FA 51)[76] Military Police Corps (MP) USAMPC-Branch-Insignia.png Army Nurse Corps (AN) USA - Army Medical Nurse.png Simulation Operations (FA 57) Psychological Operations (PO) USA - Psych Ops Branch Insignia.png Medical Specialist Corps (SP) USA - Army Medical Specialist.png Army Marketing (FA 58)[77] Quartermaster Corps (QM) USA - Quartermaster Corps Branch Insignia.png Staff Specialist Corps (SS) (USAR and ARNG only) StaffSpecUSAR ARNGBC.gif Health Services (FA 70) Special Forces (SF) USA - Special Forces Branch Insignia.png Ordnance Corps (OD) Ordnance Branch Insignia.svg Laboratory Sciences (FA 71) Veterinary Corps (VC) USA - Army Medical Veterinary.png Public Affairs (PA) PublicAffairsBC.svg Preventive Medicine Sciences (FA 72) Transportation Corps (TC) USA - Transportation Corps Branch Insignia.png Signal Corps (SC) Insignia signal.svg Behavioral Sciences (FA 73) Special branch insignias (for some unique duty assignments) National Guard Bureau (NGB) NatlGuardBureauBC.gif General Staff USA - Army General Staff Branch Insignia.png U.S. Military Academy Staff US Military Academy Staff Insignia.png Chaplain Candidate Chaplain Candidate Branch Insignia.png Officer Candidate US Army Officer Candidate Insignia.png Warrant Officer Candidate US Army Warrant Officer Candidate Insignia.png Aide-de-camp Lapel insignia of an aide-de-camp to a U.S. Army Brigadier General.jpg MajGenAide.jpg LtGenAide.jpg GenAide.jpg GA-Aide.GIF Branch insignia, Aide to Vice Chief, National Guard Bureau.jpg Branch insignia, Aide to Chief, National Guard Bureau.jpg Aide VCoS-Army BC.png AideCoSArmyBC.gif Aide UnderSec-Army BC.png AideSecyArmyBC.gif Aide VJCoS BC.png AideJCoSBC.gif AideSecyDefenseBC.gif Aide-de-camp insignia for VP aide.gif AidePOTUSBC.gif Senior Enlisted Advisor (SEA) USA - Army Immaterial Command Insignia.png Sma-bos.jpg SEAC-collar1.jpg Before 1933, members of the Army National Guard were considered state militia until they were mobilized into the U.S. Army, typically on the onset of war. Since the 1933 amendment to the National Defense Act of 1916, all Army National Guard soldiers have held dual status. They serve as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and as reserve members of the U.S. Army under the authority of the president, in the Army National Guard of the United States.
Since the adoption of the total force policy, in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations. For example, Reserve and Guard units took part in the Gulf War, peacekeeping in Kosovo, Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Army commands and army service component commands Headquarters US Army SSI.png Headquarters, United States Department of the Army (HQDA):
Army Commands Current commander Location of headquarters United States Army Forces Command SSI.svg United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) GEN Michael X. Garrett Fort Bragg, North Carolina Army Futures Command SSI.png United States Army Futures Command (AFC) GEN John M. Murray Austin, Texas AMC shoulder insignia.svg United States Army Materiel Command (AMC) GEN Gustave F. Perna Redstone Arsenal, Alabama TRADOC patch.svg United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) GEN Paul E. Funk II Fort Eustis, Virginia Army Service Component Commands Current commander Location of headquarters United States Army Central CSIB.svg United States Army Central (ARCENT)/Third Army LTG Terry R. Ferrell Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina USAREUR Insignia.svg United States Army Europe and Africa (USAREUR-AF)/Seventh Army GEN Christopher G. Cavoli[78] Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany United States Army North CSIB.svg United States Army North (ARNORTH)/Fifth Army LTG Laura J. Richardson Joint Base San Antonio, Texas USARPAC insignia.svg United States Army Pacific (USARPAC) GEN Paul LaCamera Fort Shafter, Hawaii UNITED STATES ARMY SOUTH SSI.svg United States Army South (ARSOUTH)/Sixth Army MG Daniel R. Walrath Joint Base San Antonio, Texas Surface Deployment and Distribution Command SSI.svg Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC)[79] BG Heidi J. Hoyle[80] Scott AFB, Illinois US Army Cyber Command SSI.png United States Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER)[81][82][83] LTG Stephen G. Fogarty Fort Belvoir, Virginia[84] United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command Logo.svg United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command/United States Army Strategic Command (USASMDC/ARSTRAT) LTG Daniel L. Karbler Redstone Arsenal, Alabama U.S. Army Special Operations Command SSI (1989-2015).svg United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) LTG Francis M. Beaudette Fort Bragg, North Carolina Operational Force Headquarters Current commander Location of headquarters Eighth United States Army CSIB.svg Eighth Army (EUSA)[85] LTG Willard M. Burleson III Camp Humphreys, South Korea Direct reporting units Current commander Location of headquarters Arlington National Cemetery Seal.png Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery[86] Katharine Kelley[87] (civilian) Arlington, Virginia US Army ASAALT Insignia.svg United States Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC)[88] Craig A. Spisak[89] (civilian) Fort Belvoir, Virginia US Army Civilain Human Resources Agnecy seal.png United States Army Civilian Human Resources Agency (CHRA)[90] Carol Burton[91] (civilian) Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland USACE.gif United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) LTG Scott A. Spellmon[92] Washington, D.C. Cid patch color.jpg United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC) MG Donna R. Martin Quantico, Virginia HRCPatch.png United States Army Human Resources Command (HRC)[93] MG Joseph. R. Calloway Fort Knox, Kentucky INSCOM.svg United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) MG Christopher S. Ballard Fort Belvoir, Virginia MEDCOM.png United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) LTG R. Scott Dingle Joint Base San Antonio, Texas United States Army Military District of Washington CSIB.svg United States Army Military District of Washington (MDW) MG Omar J. Jones IV Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. United States Army Test and Evaluation Command SSI.png United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) BG James J. Gallivan[94] Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland US Army War College SSI.png United States Army War College (AWC)[95] MG John S. Kem Carlisle, Pennsylvania USMA SSI.png United States Military Academy (USMA) LTG Darryl A. Williams West Point, New York Source: U.S. Army organization[96]
Structure Main article: Reorganization plan of United States Army See Structure of the United States Army for a detailed treatment of the history, components, administrative and operational structure and the branches and functional areas of the Army.
U.S. Army soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard conducting an urban cordon and search exercise as part of the army readiness and training evaluation program in the mock city of Balad at Fort Dix, New Jersey The U.S. Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month â known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs) â and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized under Title 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors. However, the District of Columbia National Guard reports to the U.S. president, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.[97]
U.S. soldiers from the 6th Infantry Regiment taking up positions on a street corner during a foot patrol in Ramadi, Iraq The U.S. Army is led by a civilian secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the secretary of defense.[98] The chief of staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the president of the United States, the secretary of defense and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[99][100] In 1986, the GoldwaterâNichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the president to the secretary of defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility, thus the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the secretary of defense.[101]
The 1st Cavalry Division's combat aviation brigade performing a mock charge with the horse detachment By 2013, the army shifted to six geographical commands that align with the six geographical unified combatant commands (CCMD):
United States Army Central headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina United States Army North headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas United States Army South headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas United States Army Europe headquartered at Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter, Hawaii United States Army Africa headquartered at Vicenza, Italy
U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers from the 3rd Special Forces Group patrolling a field in the Gulistan district of Farah, Afghanistan The army also transformed its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of brigade combat teams are:
Armored brigades, with a strength of 4,743 troops as of 2014. Stryker brigades, with a strength of 4,500 troops as of 2014. Infantry brigades, with a strength of 4,413 troops as of 2014. In addition, there are combat support and service support modular brigades. Combat support brigades include aviation (CAB) brigades, which will come in heavy and light varieties, fires (artillery) brigades (now transforms to division artillery) and expeditionary military intelligence brigades. Combat service support brigades include sustainment brigades and come in several varieties and serve the standard support role in an army.
Combat maneuver organizations To track the effects of the 2018 budget cuts, see Transformation of the United States Army#Divisions and brigades The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions and one deployable division headquarters (7th Infantry Division) as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active brigade combat teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active-duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army chief of staff Raymond Odierno projected that the Army was to shrink to "450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve" by 2018.[102] However, this plan was scrapped by the new administration and now the Army plans to grow by 16,000 soldiers to a total of 476,000 by October 2017. The National Guard and the Army Reserve will see a smaller expansion.[103][104]
Within the Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve, there are a further 8 divisions, over 15 maneuver brigades, additional combat support and combat service support brigades and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer and support battalions. The Army Reserve in particular provides virtually all psychological operations and civil affairs units.
United States Army Forces Command SSI.svg United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)
Direct reporting units Current commander Location of headquarters U.S. I Corps CSIB.svg I Corps LTG Randy A. George Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington 3 Corps Shoulder Sleeve Insignia.svg III Corps LTG Robert "Pat" White Fort Hood, Texas V Corps.svg V Corps LTG John S. Kolasheski Fort Knox, Kentucky XVIII Airborne Corps CSIB.svg XVIII Airborne Corps LTG Michael E. Kurilla Fort Bragg, North Carolina 1st Army.svg First Army (FUSA)[105] LTG Thomas S. James Jr. Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois US Army Reserve Command SSI.svg United States Army Reserve Command (USARC)[106] LTG Jody J. Daniels Fort Bragg, North Carolina Combat maneuver units aligned under FORSCOM Name Headquarters Subunits Subordinate to United States Army 1st Armored Division CSIB.svg1st Armored Division Fort Bliss, Texas and New Mexico 3 armored BCTs (ABCTs),[107] 1 Division Artillery (DIVARTY), 1 Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 1 Cav Shoulder Insignia.svg1st Cavalry Division Fort Hood, Texas 3 armored BCTs, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and a sustainment brigade III Corps U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg 1st Infantry Division Fort Riley, Kansas 2 armored BCTs, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 3dACRSSI.PNG3rd Cavalry Regiment Fort Hood, Texas 4 Stryker squadrons, 1 fires squadron, 1 engineer squadron, and 1 support squadron (overseen by the 1st Cavalry Division)[108] III Corps United States Army 3rd Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg3rd Infantry Division Fort Stewart, Georgia 2 armored BCT, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade as well as the 48th Infantry BCT of the Georgia Army National Guard XVIII Airborne Corps 4th Infantry Division SSI.svg4th Infantry Division Fort Carson, Colorado 2 Stryker BCT, 1 armored BCT, DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg7th Infantry Division Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington Administrative control of 2 Stryker BCTs, and 1 DIVARTY of the 2nd Infantry Division as well as the 81st Stryker BCT of the Washington and California Army National Guard. I Corps Shoulder sleeve insignia of the 10th Mountain Division (1944-2015).svg10th Mountain Division Fort Drum, New York 3 infantry BCTs, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps 25th Infantry Division CSIB.svg25th Infantry Division Schofield Barracks, Hawaii 2 infantry BCTs, 1 airborne infantry BCT, 1 Stryker BCT, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade I Corps 82 ABD SSI.svg82nd Airborne Division Fort Bragg, North Carolina 3 airborne infantry BCTs, 1 airborne DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 airborne sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg101st Airborne Division Fort Campbell, Kentucky 3 air assault infantry BCTs, 1 air assault DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 air assault sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps Combat maneuver units aligned under other organizations Name Headquarters Subunits Subordinate to US 2nd Cavalry Regiment SSI.jpg2nd Cavalry Regiment Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany 4 Stryker squadrons, 1 engineer squadron, 1 fires squadron, and 1 support squadron U.S. Army Europe and Africa 2nd Infantry Division SSI (full color).svg2nd Infantry Division Camp Humphreys, South Korea 2 Stryker BCTs, 1 mechanized brigade from the ROK Army,[109] 1 DIVARTY (under administrative control of 7th ID), 1 sustainment brigade, a stateside ABCT from another active division that is rotated in on a regular basis, and the 81st Stryker BCT of the Washington and California Army National Guard Eighth Army 173Airborne Brigade Shoulder Patch.png173rd Airborne Brigade Camp Ederle, Vicenza, Italy 3 airborne infantry battalions (including 1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment of the Texas and Rhode Island Army National Guard), 1 airborne field artillery battalion, 1 airborne cavalry squadron, 1 airborne engineer battalion,[110] and 1 airborne support battalion U.S. Army Europe and Africa Seal of the United States Army National Guard.svg Combat maneuver units aligned under the Army National Guard, until federalized Name Locations Subunits 28th Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg28th Infantry Division Pennsylvania, Ohio and Maryland 2nd Infantry BCT, 56th Stryker BCT, 28th CAB, US Army 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade.png 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB),[111] and the 28th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade (SB) 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg29th Infantry Division Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina and Florida 30th Infantry Division SSI.svg 30th Armored BCT, 53rd Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 53rd Infantry BCT, 116th Infantry BCT, 29th CAB, 142FABdeSSI.svg 142nd Field Artillery Regiment, 29th Infantry Division SB, and the 226MnvrEnhance.jpg 226th MEB[112] 34th 'Red Bull' Infantry Division SSI.svg34th Infantry Division Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Idaho 1st Armored BCT, 2nd Infantry BCT, 32nd infantry division shoulder patch.svg 32nd Infantry BCT, 116th Cavalry Brigade CSIB.svg 116th Cavalry BCT, 115FABdeSSI.png 115th Field Artillery Brigade, 34th CAB, 34th Infantry Division SB, and the 57th Field Artillery Brigade SSI.svg 157th MEB 35th Infantry Division SSI.svg35th Infantry Division Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Oklahoma, Georgia, Arkansas, and Nebraska 33rd Infantry Division SSI.svg 33rd Infantry BCT, USArmy 39th Inf Brig Patch.svg 39th Infantry BCT, 45thIBCTSSI.png 45th Infantry BCT, 130FABdeSSI.svg 130th Field Artillery Brigade, 35th CAB, and the 67th Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 67th MEB 36th Infantry Division CSIB.svg36th Infantry Division Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi 56th Infantry BCT, 72nd Infantry BCT, 256 INF BRGDE SSI.svg 256th Infantry BCT, 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team CSIB.svg 155th Armored BCT, US278ACRSSI.svg 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, 36th CAB, 36th Infantry Division SB, and the 136th MEB.png 136th MEB 38th Infantry Division SSI.svg38th Infantry Division Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Tennessee 37th Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 37th Infantry BCT, 76th IBCT shoulder sleeve insignia.jpg 76th Infantry BCT, 138FABdeSSI.png 138th Field Artillery Brigade, 38th CAB, 38th Infantry Division SB, and the 149th Armored Brigade CSIB.svg 149th MEB 40th Infantry Division CSIB.svg40th Infantry Division Arizona, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington 29th Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 29th Infantry BCT, 41st Infantry Division SSI.svg 41st Infantry BCT, 79 Infantry Brigade Combat Team insignia.svg 79th Infantry BCT, 40th CAB, and the 40th Infantry Division SB 42nd Infantry Division SSI.svg42nd Infantry Division New York, New Jersey and Vermont 27th Infantry Division SSI.svg 27th Infantry BCT, US Army 44th Infantry Division SSI.png 44th Infantry BCT, 86th BCT (MTN).jpg 86th Infantry BCT (Mountain), 197th FA Brigade patch.png 197th Field Artillery Brigade, 42nd CAB, 42nd Infantry Division SB, and the Yankee Division.svg 26th MEB For a description of U.S. Army tactical organizational structure, see: a U.S. context and also a global context.
Special operations forces U.S. Army Special Operations Command SSI (1989-2015).svg United States Army Special Operations Command (Airborne) (USASOC):[113]
Name Headquarters Structure and purpose United States Army Special Forces SSI (1958-2015).png1st Special Forces Command Fort Bragg, North Carolina Manages seven special forces groups designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, direct action, counter-insurgency, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, information operations, counterproliferation of weapon of mass destruction, and security force assistance. The command also manages two psychological operations groupsâtasked to work with foreign nations to induce or reinforce behavior favorable to U.S. objectivesâa civil affairs brigadeâthat enables military commanders and U.S. ambassadors to improve relationships with various stakeholders via five battalionsâand a sustainment brigadeâthat provides combat service support and combat health support units via three distinct battalions. U.S. Army Special Operations Aviation Command SSI (2013-2015).pngArmy Special Operations Aviation Command Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Commands, organizes, mans, trains, resources, and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive, special operations aviation support to special operations forces consisting of five units, including the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne). 75th Ranger Regiment SSI (1984-2015).svg75th Ranger Regiment Fort Benning, Georgia In addition to a regimental headquarters, a special troops battalion, and a military intelligence battalion, the 75th Ranger Regiment has three maneuver battalions of elite airborne infantry specializing in large-scale, joint forcible entry operations and precision targeting raids. Additional capabilities include special reconnaissance, air assault, and direct action raids seizing key terrain such as airfields, destroying or securing strategic facilities, and capturing or killing enemies of the Nation. The Regiment also helps develop the equipment, technologies, training, and readiness that bridge the gap between special operations and traditional combat maneuver organizations. JFKSWCS SSI.gifJohn F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Selects and trains special forces, civil affairs, and psychological operations soldiers consisting of two groups and other various training units and offices. U.S. Army Special Operations Command SSI (1989-2015).svg1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Commonly referred to as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group (CAG), "The Unit," Army Compartmented Element (ACE), or Task Force Green, SFODâD is the U.S. Army's Tier 1 Special Mission Unit tasked with performing the most complex, classified, and dangerous missions directed by the National Command Authority. Under the control of Joint Special Operations Command, SFODâD specializes in hostage rescue, counter-terrorism, direct action, and special reconnaissance against high-value targets via eight squadrons: four assault, one aviation, one clandestine, one combat support, and one nuclear disposal.[114][115] Personnel See also: List of ranks used by the United States Army The Army's Talent Management Task Force (TMTF) has deployed IPPS-A,[116] the Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army, an app which serves the National Guard, and in 2021 the Army Reserve and Active Army. Soldiers are reminded to update their information using the legacy systems to keep their payroll and personnel information current by December 2021. IPPS-A is the Human Resources system for the Army. It will be used for future promotions and other personnel decisions. Among the changes are:
BCAP, the Battalion Commander Assessment Program. In January 2020, over 800 majors and lieutenant colonels from all over the Army converged on Fort Knox to take part in a five day program to select the next battalion commanders for the Army (beginning in FY2021). This process replaces the former selection process which was based solely on rank and individual reviews of past performance. From now on, more consideration will be given to an individual officer's personal preference, as part of 25 other selection criteria.[117] Depending on the success of this initiative, other assessment programs could be instituted as well, for promotion to sergeants major,[118] and for assessment of colonels for command.[119] Below are the U.S. Army ranks authorized for use today and their equivalent NATO designations. Although no living officer currently holds the rank of General of the Army, it is still authorized by Congress for use in wartime.
Commissioned officers Main article: United States Army officer rank insignia There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer[120] including the United States Military Academy, Reserve Officers' Training Corps, Officer Candidate School, and Direct commissioning. Regardless of which road an officer takes, the insignia are the same. Certain professions including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, lawyers and chaplains are commissioned directly into the Army.
Most army commissioned officers (those who are generalists)[121] are promoted based on an "up or out" system. A more flexible talent management process is underway.[121] The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 establishes rules for the timing of promotions and limits the number of officers that can serve at any given time.
Army regulations call for addressing all personnel with the rank of general as "General (last name)" regardless of the number of stars. Likewise, both colonels and lieutenant colonels are addressed as "Colonel (last name)" and first and second lieutenants as "Lieutenant (last name)".[122]
US DoD Pay Grade O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 Special grade[123] NATO Code OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10 Insignia US-O1 insignia.svg US-O2 insignia.svg US-O3 insignia.svg US-O4 insignia.svg US-O5 insignia.svg US-O6 insignia.svg US-O7 insignia.svg US-O8 insignia.svg US-O9 insignia.svg US-O10 insignia.svg US-O11 insignia.svg Service Green Uniform Insignia US Army O1 (Army greens).svg US Army O2 (Army greens).svg US Army O3 (Army greens).svg US Army O4 (Army greens).svg US Army O5 (Army greens).svg US Army O6 (Army greens).svg US Army O7 (Army greens).svg US Army O8 (Army greens).svg US Army O9 (Army greens).svg US Army O10 (Army greens).svg US Army O11 (Army greens).svg Title Second lieutenant First lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant colonel Colonel Brigadier general Major general Lieutenant general General General of the Army Abbreviation 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA Warrant officers Main article: United States Army officer rank insignia Warrant officers[120] are single track, specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area. They are initially appointed as warrant officers (in the rank of WO1) by the secretary of the Army, but receive their commission upon promotion to chief warrant officer two (CW2).
By regulation, warrant officers are addressed as "Mr. (last name)" or "Ms. (last name)" by senior officers and as "sir" or "ma'am" by all enlisted personnel.[122] However, many personnel address warrant officers as "Chief (last name)" within their units regardless of rank.
US DoD Pay Grade W-1 W-2 W-3 W-4 W-5 NATO Code WO-1 WO-2 WO-3 WO-4 WO-5 Insignia US-Army-WO1.svg US-Army-CW2.svg US-Army-CW3.svg US-Army-CW4.svg US-Army-CW5.svg Title Warrant officer 1 Chief warrant officer 2 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 5 Abbreviation WO1 CW2 CWO CW4 CW5 Enlisted personnel Main article: United States Army enlisted rank insignia See also: Enlisted rank Sergeants and corporals are referred to as NCOs, short for non-commissioned officers.[120][124] This distinguishes corporals from the more numerous specialists who have the same pay grade but do not exercise leadership responsibilities.
Privates and privates first class (E3) are addressed as "Private (last name)", specialists as "Specialist (last name)", corporals as "Corporal (last name)" and sergeants, staff sergeants, sergeants first class and master sergeants all as "Sergeant (last name)". First sergeants are addressed as "First Sergeant (last name)" and sergeants major and command sergeants major are addressed as "Sergeant Major (last name)".[122]
U.S. DoD Pay grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 NATO Code OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8 OR-9 Service Green Uniform Insignia No insignia Army-USA-OR-02 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-03 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-04b (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-04a (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-05 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-06 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-07 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-08b (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-08a (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-09c (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-09b (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-09a (Army greens).svg USA SEAC (Army greens).svg Title Private Private [125] Private first class Specialist Corporal Sergeant Staff Sergeant Sergeant first class Master sergeant First sergeant Sergeant major Command sergeant major Sergeant major of the Army Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman[126] Abbreviation PV1 Âč PV2 Âč PFC SPC ÂČ CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG 1SG Âł SGM CSM SMA SEAC Âč PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished.[127] ÂČ SP4 is sometimes encountered instead of SPC for specialist. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at pay grades E-5 to E-7. Âł First sergeant is considered a temporary and lateral rank and is senior to master sergeant. A first sergeant can revert to master sergeant upon leaving assignment. Training
U.S. Army Rangers practicing fast roping techniques from an MH-47 during an exercise at Fort Bragg Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories â individual and collective. Because of COVID-19 precautions, the first two weeks of basic training â not including processing & out-processing â incorporate social distancing and indoor desk-oriented training. Once the recruits have tested negative for COVID-19 for two weeks, the remaining 8 weeks follow the traditional activities for most recruits,[128] followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individual's MOSs range anywhere from 14 to 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS. The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier. Certain highly technical MOS training requires many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia. Sergeant Major of the Army Dailey notes that an infantrymen's pilot program for One Station Unit Training (OSUT) extends 8 weeks beyond Basic Training and AIT, to 22 weeks. The pilot, designed to boost infantry readiness ended in December 2018. The new Infantry OSUT covered the M240 machine gun as well as the M249 squad automatic weapon.[129] The redesigned Infantry OSUT started in 2019.[130][131] Depending on the result of the 2018 pilot, OSUTs could also extend training in other combat arms beyond the infantry.[130] One Station Unit Training will be extended to 22 weeks for Armor by Fiscal Year 2021.[22] Additional OSUTs are expanding to Cavalry, Engineer, and Military Police (MP) in the succeeding Fiscal Years.[132]
A new training assignment for junior officers was instituted, that they serve as platoon leaders for Basic Combat Training (BCT) platoons.[133] These lieutenants will assume many of the administrative, logistical, and day-to-day tasks formerly performed by the drill sergeants of those platoons and are expected to "lead, train, and assist with maintaining and enhancing the morale, welfare and readiness" of the drill sergeants and their BCT platoons.[133] These lieutenants are also expected to stem any inappropriate behaviors they witness in their platoons, to free up the drill sergeants for training.[133]
A trainer with Company A, 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment, Task Force Strike, 101st Airborne Division assisting Iraqi army ranger students during a room clearing drill at Camp Taji, Iraq on 18 July 2016 The United States Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) was introduced into the Army, beginning in 2018 with 60 battalions spread throughout the Army.[134] The test is the same for all soldiers, men or women. It takes an hour to complete, including resting periods.[135] The ACFT supersedes the Army physical fitness test (APFT),[136][137][138] as being more relevant to survival in combat.[134] Six events were determined to better predict which muscle groups of the body were adequately conditioned for combat actions:[135] three deadlifts,[139] a standing power throw of a ten-pound medicine ball,[140] hand-release pushups[141] (which replace the traditional pushup), a sprint/drag/carry 250 yard event,[142] three pull-ups with leg tucks (or a plank test in lieu of the leg tuck),[143][144] a mandatory rest period, and a two-mile run.[145] On 1 October 2020 all soldiers from all three components (Active Army, Reserve, and National guard)[146] are subject to this test.[147][148] The ACFT now tests all soldiers in basic training as of October 2020. The ACFT becomes the official test of record 1 October 2020; before that day every Army unit is required to complete a diagnostic ACFT[149] (All Soldiers with valid APFT scores can use them until March 2022. The Holistic Health and Fitness (H2F) System is one way that soldiers can prepare.).[150][151] The ACFT movements directly translate to movements on the battlefield.[131]
Following their basic and advanced training at the individual level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an "additional skill identifier" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide-ranging MOS and focus it on a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, training includes pre-commissioning training, known as Basic Officer Leader Course A, either at USMA or via ROTC, or by completing OCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch-specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course B, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according to their future assignments. Officers will continue to attend standardized training at different stages of their careers.[152]
U.S. Army soldiers familiarizing with the latest INSAS 1B1 during exercise Yudh Abhyas 2015 Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels and Grafenwöhr,[153] Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental U.S. (CONUS) replacement center (CRC) at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas before their individual deployment.[154]
Chief of Staff Milley notes that the Army is suboptimized for training in cold-weather regions, jungles, mountains, or urban areas where in contrast the Army does well when training for deserts or rolling terrain.[155]:minute 1:26:00 Post 9/11, Army unit-level training was for counter-insurgency (COIN); by 2014â2017, training had shifted to decisive action training.[156]
Equipment Main article: List of equipment of the United States Army The chief of staff of the Army has identified six modernization priorities, in order: artillery, ground vehicles, aircraft, network, air/missile defense, and soldier lethality.[157]
Weapons
A Lockheed Martin Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system used for ballistic missile protection Individual weapons The United States Army employs various weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapon type used by the army is the M4 carbine, a compact variant of the M16 rifle,[158] along with the 7.62Ă51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17[159] through the Modular Handgun System program.[160] Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade.
Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the squad level.[161] Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.
Crew-served weapons The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons.
The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun.[162] The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a vehicle-mounted machine gun. In the same way, the 40 mm MK 19 grenade machine gun is mainly used by motorized units.[163]
The U.S. Army uses three types of mortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the 60 mm M224, normally assigned at the infantry company level.[164] At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm M252 mortars.[165] The largest mortar in the army's inventory is the 120 mm M120/M121, usually employed by mechanized units.[166]
Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1[167] and the 155 mm M777.[168]
The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The FIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles.
Vehicles
A U.S. soldier on patrol with the support of a Humvee vehicle U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009.[169] The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform and ambulance, among many other roles.[170] While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank,[171] while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle.[172] Other vehicles include the Stryker,[173] the M113 armored personnel carrier[174] and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.
3rd Infantry Division soldiers manning an M1A1 Abrams in Iraq The U.S. Army's principal artillery weapons are the M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzer[175] and the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS),[176] both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units.
While the United States Army Aviation Branch operates a few fixed-wing aircraft, it mainly operates several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter,[177] the UH-60 Black Hawk utility tactical transport helicopter[178] and the CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter.[179] Restructuring plans call for reduction of 750 aircraft and from 7 to 4 types.[180]
Under the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966, the Army agreed to limit its fixed-wing aviation role to administrative mission support (light unarmed aircraft which cannot operate from forward positions). For UAVs, the Army is deploying at least one company of drone MQ-1C Gray Eagles to each Active Army division.[181]
Uniforms Main article: Uniforms of the United States Army
The 2020 Army Greens uniform The Army Combat Uniform (ACU) currently features a camouflage pattern known as Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP); OCP replaced a pixel-based pattern known as Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) in 2019.
An element of the 18th Infantry Regiment, wearing ASUs, representing the United States at the 2010 Victory Day commemoration in Moscow On 11 November 2018, the Army announced a new version of 'Army Greens' based on uniforms worn during World War II that will become the standard garrison service uniform.[182] The blue Army Service Uniform will remain as the dress uniform. The Army Greens are projected to be first fielded in the summer of 2020.[182]
Berets
The Ranger Honor Platoon marching in their tan berets and former service uniform The beret flash of enlisted personnel displays their distinctive unit insignia (shown above). The U.S. Army's black beret is no longer worn with the ACU for garrison duty, having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap. After years of complaints that it was not suited well for most work conditions, Army chief of staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers who are currently in a unit in jump status still wear berets, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified or not (maroon beret), while members of Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) wear brown berets. Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret) and Special Forces (rifle green beret) may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools.
Tents The Army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment (Force Provider Expeditionary (FPE)).[157].146 The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities),[183] forward operating bases (FOBs), after-action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare and recreation (MWR) facilities, as well as security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center. Each FPE contains billeting, latrines, showers, laundry and kitchen facilities for 50â150 Soldiers,[157].146 and is stored in Army Prepositioned Stocks 1, 2, 4 and 5. This provisioning allows combatant commanders to position soldiers as required in their Area of Responsibility, within 24 to 48 hours.
The U.S. Army is beginning to use a more modern tent called the deployable rapid assembly shelter (DRASH). In 2008, DRASH became part of the Army's Standard Integrated Command Post System.[184]
See also America's Army (video games for recruitment) Army CHESS (Computer Hardware Enterprise Software and Solutions) History of the United States Army Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps List of active United States military aircraft List of comparative military ranks List of former United States Army medical units List of wars involving the United States Reorganization plan of United States Army Soldier's Creed Timeline of United States military operations United States Army Basic Training U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System U.S. Army Regimental System Vehicle markings of the United States military Notes As the Continental Army. Adopted in 1962. References "Important Information and Guidelines About the Use of Department of Defense Seals, Logos, Insignia, and Service Medals" (PDF). United States Department of Defense. 16 October 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2016. 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Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army Jared Serbu (16 October 2019) Army debuts new system to pick commanders amid focus on talent management Eric Pilgrim (23 November 2020) Prototype Sergeants Major Assessment Program at Fort Knox on the right path Eric Pilgrim (13 August 2020) Army vice chief walks through brigade command program to witness Armyâs newest assessment tool From the Future Soldiers Web Site. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 October 2017) Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators? Fixing the 'up or out' culture, which favors generalists "Army Regulation 600-20" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2016. Reserved for wartime use only. From the Enlisted Soldiers Descriptions Web Site. "Ranks". Army.mil. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019. JCS.mil - SEAC Troxell announces new positional rank insignia "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 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Joe Lacdan (August 13, 2018) Automated meal entitlement system, food trucks to improve Soldier dining experience Accomplishes paperwork reduction based on reading each soldier's Common Access Card at each use at DFAC. NG, DHS Technologies to support SICPS/TMSS United Press International This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document: "Army Birthdays". Further reading For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of United States military history. Library resources about United States Army Resources in your library Resources in other libraries "Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award (VUA) Citations". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Bailey, Beth. America's Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force (2009) ISBN 0674035364 Bluhm, Jr, Raymond K. (Editor-in-Chief); Andrade, Dale; Jacobs, Bruce; Langellier, John; Newell, Clayton R.; Seelinger, Matthew (2004). U.S. Army: A Complete History (Beaux Arts ed.). Arlington, VA: The Army Historical Foundation. p. 744. ISBN 978-0-88363-640-4. Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed. The Oxford Guide to American Military History (1999) online at many libraries Clark, J. P. Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815â1917 (Harvard UP, 2017) 336 pp. Coffman, Edward M. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998), a standard history Kretchik, Walter E. U.S. Army Doctrine: From the American Revolution to the War on Terror (University Press of Kansas; 2011) 392 pages; studies military doctrine in four distinct eras: 1779â1904, 1905â1944, 1944â1962, and 1962 to the present. Woodward, David R. The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 2014). 484 pp. online review External links United States Army at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Official website â United States Army official website Army.mil/photos â United States Army featured photos GoArmy.com â official recruiting site U.S. Army Collection â Missouri History Museum Finding Aids for researching the U.S. Army (compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History) US-militaria.com â The U.S. Army during the Second World War vte United States Army vte United States Armed Forces vte United States Department of Defense vte Uniformed services of the United States vte NATO Allied Land Command Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BNF: cb11863615b (data)CANTIC: a11123758GND: 2188-XISNI: 0000 0001 2163 2208LCCN: n79063202NKC: kn20020322427SNAC: w6km312rSUDOC: 026376687TePapa: 46161VIAF: 135579316WorldCat Identities: lccn-n79063202 Categories: United States ArmyUniformed services of the United StatesMilitary units and formations established in 17751775 establishments in the Thirteen ColoniesUnited States Armed Forces service branchesOrganisations designated as terrorist by Iran Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. United States Navy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "USN" redirects here. For other uses, see USN (disambiguation). For civilian military department for naval forces, see United States Department of the Navy. United States Navy Emblem of the United States Navy.svg Emblem of the United States Navy Founded 27 March 1794 (227 years, 1 month) (As current service) 13 October 1775 (245 years, 6 months) (As Continental Navy)[1] Country United States Type Navy Role Sea control Power projection Deterrence Maritime security Sealift Size 347,042 active duty personnel (As of November 2020)[2] 279,471 civilian employees[3] 101,583 ready reserve personnel[3] 480 total ships, of which 290 deployable (As of 2019)[3] 3,900+[3] Dept. of Navy manned aircraft combined (U.S. Navy operates 2,623 manned aircraft and the U.S. Marine Corps operates 1,304 manned aircraft)[4] Part of United States Armed Forces Seal of the United States Department of the Navy.svg Department of the Navy Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. Motto(s) "Semper Fortis" (English: "Always Courageous"), (unofficial). "Non sibi sed patriae" (English: "Not for self but for country") (unofficial). Colors Blue and gold[5][6] March "Anchors Aweigh" About this soundPlay (help·info) Anniversaries 13 October Equipment List of U.S. Navy equipment Engagements See list Decorations U.S. Navy Presidential Unit Citation streamer.png Presidential Unit Citation Navy Unit Commendation streamer (USMC).svg Navy Unit Commendation Meritorious Unit Commendation (Navy-Marine) Streamer.jpg Meritorious Unit Commendation Website www.navy.milCommanders Commander-in-Chief President Joe Biden Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin Secretary of the Navy Thomas Harker (acting) Chief of Naval Operations ADM Michael M. Gilday Vice Chief of Naval Operations ADM William K. Lescher Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy MCPON Russell L. Smith Insignia Flag Flag of the United States Navy.svg Jack Naval jack of the United States.svg Pennant USNavyCommissionPennant.svg Anchor, Constitution, and Eagle Anchor, Constitution, and Eagle.svg Logo Logo of the United States Navy.svg United States Armed Forces Flag of the United States.svg Executive departments United States Department of Defense Seal.svg Department of Defense Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Joint Chiefs of Staff Military departments Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Seal of the United States Department of the Navy.svg Department of the Navy Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg Department of the Air Force Military service branches Mark of the United States Army.svg United States Army Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg United States Marine Corps Emblem of the United States Navy.svg United States Navy Mark of the United States Air Force.svg United States Air Force Seal of the United States Space Force.png United States Space Force Seal of the United States Coast Guard.svg United States Coast Guard Unified combatant commands Geographic combatant commands Functional combatant commands vte The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage of its active battle fleet alone exceeding the next 13 navies combined, including 11 U.S. allies or partner nations.[7][8][9][10] It has the highest combined battle fleet tonnage[11][7] and the world's largest aircraft carrier fleet, with eleven in service, two new carriers under construction, and five other carriers planned. With 336,978 personnel on active duty and 101,583 in the Ready Reserve, the U.S. Navy is the third largest of the U.S. military service branches in terms of personnel. It has 290 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of June 2019.[3] The U.S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. After suffering significant loss of goods and personnel at the hands of the Barbary pirates from Algiers, the U.S. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 for the construction of six heavy frigates, the first ships of the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy played a major role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy and seizing control of its rivers. It played the central role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The U.S. Navy emerged from World War II as the most powerful navy in the world. The 21st century U.S. Navy maintains a sizable global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean, and the Indian Ocean. It is a blue-water navy with the ability to project force onto the littoral regions of the world, engage in forward deployments during peacetime and rapidly respond to regional crises, making it a frequent actor in U.S. foreign and military policy. The U.S. Navy is part of the Department of the Navy, alongside the U.S. Marine Corps, which is its coequal sister service. The Department of the Navy is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Navy. The Department of the Navy is itself a military department of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the most senior Navy officer serving in the Department of the Navy.[12] Contents 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 From re-establishment to the Civil War 2.3 20th century 2.3.1 World War I and interwar years 2.3.2 World War II 2.3.3 Cold War 2.4 21st century 3 Organization 3.1 Operating forces 3.2 Shore establishments 3.3 Relationships with other service branches 3.3.1 United States Marine Corps 3.3.2 United States Coast Guard 4 Personnel 4.1 Uniforms 4.1.1 Warrant officers 4.1.2 Enlisted 4.1.3 Badges of the United States Navy 5 Bases 5.1 Eastern United States 5.2 Western United States and Hawaii 5.3 United States territories 5.4 Foreign countries 6 Equipment 6.1 Ships 6.1.1 Aircraft carriers 6.1.2 Amphibious warfare vessels 6.1.3 Cruisers 6.1.4 Destroyers 6.1.5 Frigates and Littoral combat ships 6.1.6 Mine countermeasures ships 6.1.7 Patrol boats 6.1.8 Submarines 6.2 Aircraft 6.3 Weapons 7 Naval jack 8 Notable sailors 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Mission To recruit, train, equip, and organize to deliver combat ready Naval forces to win conflicts and wars while maintaining security and deterrence through sustained forward presence. ââMission statement of the United States Navy.[13] The U.S. Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navy's three primary areas of responsibility:[14] The preparation of naval forces necessary for the effective prosecution of war. The maintenance of naval aviation, including land-based naval aviation, air transport essential for naval operations, and all air weapons and air techniques involved in the operations and activities of the Navy. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, and equipment of naval combat and service elements. U.S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U.S. Armed Forces is "to be prepared to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest." The Navy's five enduring functions are sea control, power projection, deterrence, maritime security, and sealift.[15] History Main article: History of the United States Navy Origins It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, and with it, everything honorable and glorious. ââGeorge Washington 15 November 1781, to Marquis de Lafayette[16] Would to Heaven we had a navy able to reform those enemies to mankind or crush them into non-existence. ââGeorge Washington 15 August 1786, to Marquis de Lafayette[17] Naval power . . . is the natural defense of the United States. ââJohn Adams[18] The Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders.[19] In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia. The rationale for establishing a national navy was debated in the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, and make it easier to seek support from foreign countries. Detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the world's preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchantmen and reported the captures to the Congress. On 13 October 1775, the Continental Congress authorized the purchase of two vessels to be armed for a cruise against British merchantmen; this resolution created the Continental Navy and is considered the first establishment of the U.S. Navy.[20] The Continental Navy achieved mixed results; it was successful in a number of engagements and raided many British merchant vessels, but it lost twenty-four of its vessels[21] and at one point was reduced to two in active service.[22] In August 1785, after the Revolutionary War had drawn to a close, Congress had sold Alliance, the last ship remaining in the Continental Navy due to a lack of funds to maintain the ship or support a navy.[23][24] In 1972, the Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral Elmo Zumwalt, authorized the Navy to celebrate its birthday on 13 October to honor the establishment of the Continental Navy in 1775.[25][20] From re-establishment to the Civil War See also: Union Navy USS Constellation vs L'Insurgente during the Quasi-War The United States was without a navy for nearly a decade, a state of affairs that exposed U.S. maritime merchant ships to a series of attacks by the Barbary pirates. The sole armed maritime presence between 1790 and the launching of the U.S. Navy's first warships in 1797 was the U.S. Revenue-Marine, the primary predecessor of the U.S. Coast Guard. Although the USRCS (United States Revenue Cutter Service) conducted operations against the pirates, the pirates' depredations far outstripped its abilities and Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 that established a permanent standing navy on 27 March 1794.[26] The Naval Act ordered the construction and manning of six frigates and, by October 1797,[21] the first three were brought into service: USS United States, USS Constellation, and USS Constitution. Due to his strong posture on having a strong standing Navy during this period, John Adams is "often called the father of the American Navy".[27] In 1798â99 the Navy was involved in an undeclared Quasi-War with France.[28] From 1801 to 1805, in the First Barbary War, the U.S. Navy defended U.S. ships from the Barbary pirates, blockaded the Barbary ports and executed attacks against the Barbary' fleets. The U.S. Navy saw substantial action in the War of 1812, where it was victorious in eleven single-ship duels with the Royal Navy. It proved victorious in the Battle of Lake Erie and prevented the region from becoming a threat to American operations in the area. The result was a major victory for the U.S. Army at the Niagara Frontier of the war, and the defeat of the Native American allies of the British at the Battle of the Thames. Despite this, the U.S. Navy could not prevent the British from blockading its ports and landing troops.[29] But after the War of 1812 ended in 1815, the U.S. Navy primarily focused its attention on protecting American shipping assets, sending squadrons to the Caribbean, the Mediterranean, where it participated in the Second Barbary War that ended piracy in the region, South America, Africa, and the Pacific.[21] From 1819 to the outbreak of the Civil War, the Africa Squadron operated to suppress the slave trade, seizing 36 slave ships, although its contribution was smaller than that of the much larger British Royal Navy. USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere during the War of 1812 During the MexicanâAmerican War the U.S. Navy blockaded Mexican ports, capturing or burning the Mexican fleet in the Gulf of California and capturing all major cities in Baja California peninsula. In 1846â1848 the Navy successfully used the Pacific Squadron under Commodore Robert Stockton and its marines and blue-jackets to facilitate the capture of California with large-scale land operations coordinated with the local militia organized in the California Battalion. The Navy conducted the U.S. military's first large-scale amphibious joint operation by successfully landing 12,000 army troops with their equipment in one day at Veracruz, Mexico. When larger guns were needed to bombard Veracruz, Navy volunteers landed large guns and manned them in the successful bombardment and capture of the city. This successful landing and capture of Veracruz opened the way for the capture of Mexico City and the end of the war.[29] The U.S. Navy established itself as a player in United States foreign policy through the actions of Commodore Matthew Perry in Japan, which resulted in the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. A carte de visite of a U.S. Navy lieutenant during the Civil War Naval power played a significant role during the American Civil War, in which the Union had a distinct advantage over the Confederacy on the seas.[29] A Union blockade on all major ports shut down exports and the coastal trade, but blockade runners provided a thin lifeline. The Brown-water navy components of the U.S. navy control of the river systems made internal travel difficult for Confederates and easy for the Union. The war saw ironclad warships in combat for the first time at the Battle of Hampton Roads in 1862, which pitted USS Monitor against CSS Virginia.[30] For two decades after the war, however, the U.S. Navy's fleet was neglected and became technologically obsolete.[31] 20th century The Great White Fleet demonstrating U.S. naval power in 1907; it was proof that the U.S. Navy had blue-water capability. Our ships are our natural bulwarks. ââWoodrow Wilson[16] A modernization program beginning in the 1880s when the first steel-hulled warships stimulated the American steel industry, and "the new steel navy" was born.[32] This rapid expansion of the U.S. Navy and its easy victory over the Spanish Navy in 1898 brought a new respect for American technical quality. Rapid building of at first pre-dreadnoughts, then dreadnoughts brought the U.S. in line with the navies of countries such as Britain and Germany. In 1907, most of the Navy's battleships, with several support vessels, dubbed the Great White Fleet, were showcased in a 14-month circumnavigation world. Ordered by President Theodore Roosevelt, it was a mission designed to demonstrate the Navy's capability to extend to the global theater.[21] By 1911, the U.S. had begun building the super-dreadnoughts at a pace to eventually become competitive with Britain.[33] The 1911 also saw the first naval aircraft with the navy[34] which would lead to the informal establishment of United States Naval Flying Corps to protect shore bases. It was not until 1921 US naval aviation truly commenced. Columbia, personification of the United States, wearing a warship bearing the words "World Power" as her "Easter bonnet" on the cover of Puck, 6 April 1901 World War I and interwar years During World War I, the U.S. Navy spent much of its resources protecting and shipping hundreds of thousands of soldiers and marines of the American Expeditionary Force and war supplies across the Atlantic in U-boat infested waters with the Cruiser and Transport Force. It also concentrated on laying the North Sea Mine Barrage. Hesitation by the senior command meant that naval forces were not contributed until late 1917. Battleship Division Nine was dispatched to Britain and served as the Sixth Battle Squadron of the British Grand Fleet. Its presence allowed the British to decommission some older ships and reuse the crews on smaller vessels. Destroyers and U.S. Naval Air Force units like the Northern Bombing Group contributed to the anti-submarine operations. The strength of the United States Navy grew under an ambitious ship building program associated with the Naval Act of 1916. Naval construction, especially of battleships, was limited by the Washington Naval Conference of 1921â22. The aircraft carriers USS Saratoga (CV-3) and USS Lexington (CV-2) were built on the hulls of partially built battle cruisers that had been canceled by the treaty. The New Deal used Public Works Administration funds to build warships, such as USS Yorktown (CV-5) and USS Enterprise (CV-6). By 1936, with the completion of USS Wasp (CV-7), the U.S. Navy possessed a carrier fleet of 165,000 tonnes displacement, although this figure was nominally recorded as 135,000 tonnes to comply with treaty limitations. Franklin Roosevelt, the number two official in the Navy Department during World War I, appreciated the Navy and gave it strong support. In return, senior leaders were eager for innovation and experimented with new technologies, such as magnetic torpedoes, and developed a strategy called War Plan Orange for victory in the Pacific in a hypothetical war with Japan that would eventually become reality.[35] World War II Main articles: United States Navy in World War II and Naval history of World War II Further information: Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941â1942; The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942â1944; and Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944-1945 Battleship USS Idaho shelling Okinawa on 1 April 1945. The U.S. Navy grew into a formidable force in the years prior to World War II, with battleship production being restarted in 1937, commencing with USS North Carolina (BB-55). Though ultimately unsuccessful, Japan tried to neutralize this strategic threat with the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Following American entry into the war, the U.S. Navy grew tremendously as the United States was faced with a two-front war on the seas. It achieved notable acclaim in the Pacific Theater, where it was instrumental to the Allies' successful "island hopping" campaign.[22] The U.S. Navy participated in many significant battles, including the Battle of the Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway, the Solomon Islands Campaign, the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the Battle of Leyte Gulf, and the Battle of Okinawa. By 1943, the navy's size was larger than the combined fleets of all the other combatant nations in World War II.[36] By war's end in 1945, the U.S. Navy had added hundreds of new ships, including 18 aircraft carriers and 8 battleships, and had over 70% of the world's total numbers and total tonnage of naval vessels of 1,000 tons or greater.[37][38] At its peak, the U.S. Navy was operating 6,768 ships on V-J Day in August 1945.[39] Doctrine had significantly shifted by the end of the war. The U.S. Navy had followed in the footsteps of the navies of Great Britain and Germany which favored concentrated groups of battleships as their main offensive naval weapons.[40] The development of the aircraft carrier and its devastating utilization by the Japanese against the U.S. at Pearl Harbor, however, shifted U.S. thinking. The Pearl Harbor attack destroyed or took out of action a significant number of U.S. Navy battleships. This placed much of the burden of retaliating against the Japanese on the small number of aircraft carriers.[41] During World War II some 4,000,000 Americans served in the United States Navy.[42] Cold War USS George Washington (SSBN-598), a ballistic missile submarine The potential for armed conflict with the Soviet Union during the Cold War pushed the U.S. Navy to continue its technological advancement by developing new weapons systems, ships, and aircraft. U.S. naval strategy changed to that of forward deployment in support of U.S. allies with an emphasis on carrier battle groups.[43] The navy was a major participant in the Vietnam War, blockaded Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and, through the use of ballistic missile submarines, became an important aspect of the United States' nuclear strategic deterrence policy. The U.S. Navy conducted various combat operations in the Persian Gulf against Iran in 1987 and 1988, most notably Operation Praying Mantis. The Navy was extensively involved in Operation Urgent Fury, Operation Desert Shield, Operation Desert Storm, Operation Deliberate Force, Operation Allied Force, Operation Desert Fox and Operation Southern Watch. The U.S. Navy has also been involved in search and rescue/search and salvage operations, sometimes in conjunction with vessels of other countries as well as with U.S. Coast Guard ships. Two examples are the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash incident and the subsequent search for missing hydrogen bombs, and Task Force 71 of the Seventh Fleet's operation in search for Korean Air Lines Flight 007, shot down by the Soviets on 1 September 1983. 21st century When a crisis confronts the nation, the first question often asked by policymakers is: 'What naval forces are available and how fast can they be on station?' ââAdmiral Carlisle A. H. Trost[44] U.S. Navy officers aboard the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln monitor defense systems during early 2010s maritime security operations exercises The U.S. Navy continues to be a major support to U.S. interests in the 21st century. Since the end of the Cold War, it has shifted its focus from preparations for large-scale war with the Soviet Union to special operations and strike missions in regional conflicts.[45] The navy participated in Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and is a major participant in the ongoing War on Terror, largely in this capacity. Development continues on new ships and weapons, including the Gerald R. Ford-class aircraft carrier and the Littoral combat ship. Because of its size, weapons technology, and ability to project force far from U.S. shores, the current U.S. Navy remains an asset for the United States. Moreover, it is the principal means through which the U.S. maintains international global order, namely by safeguarding global trade and protecting allied nations.[46] In 2007, the U.S. Navy joined with the U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war. The strategy was presented by the Chief of Naval Operations, the Commandant of the Marine Corps, and Commandant of the Coast Guard at the International Sea Power Symposium in Newport, RI on 17 October 2007.[47] U.S. Navy patrol boat near Kuwait Naval Base in 2009 The strategy recognized the economic links of the global system and how any disruption due to regional crises (man-made or natural) can adversely impact the U.S. economy and quality of life. This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard, and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent these crises from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to prevent negative impacts on the U.S. In 2010, Admiral Gary Roughead, Chief of Naval Operations, noted that demands on the Navy have grown as the fleet has shrunk and that in the face of declining budgets in the future, the U.S. Navy must rely even more on international partnerships.[48] The amphibious assault ship USS America, launched in 2012. In its 2013 budget request, the navy focused on retaining all eleven big deck carriers, at the expense of cutting numbers of smaller ships and delaying the SSBN replacement.[49] By the next year the USN found itself unable to maintain eleven aircraft carriers in the face of the expiration of budget relief offered by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013 and CNO Jonathan Greenert said that a ten ship carrier fleet would not be able to sustainably support military requirements.[50] The British First Sea Lord George Zambellas said that[51] the USN had switched from "outcome-led to resource-led" planning.[52] One significant change in U.S. policymaking that is having a major effect on naval planning is the Pivot to East Asia. In response, the Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus stated in 2015 that 60 percent of the total U.S. fleet will be deployed to the Pacific by 2020.[53] The Navy's most recent 30-year shipbuilding plan, published in 2016, calls for a future fleet of 350 ships in order to meet the challenges of an increasingly competitive international environment.[51] A provision of the 2018 National Defense Authorization Act called for expanding the naval fleet to 355 ships "as soon as practicable", but did not establish additional funding nor a timeline.[54] Organization Main article: Structure of the United States Navy Organization of the United States Navy within the Department of Defense Simplified flowchart of the U.S. Navy command structure The U.S. Navy falls under the administration of the Department of the Navy, under civilian leadership of the Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV). The most senior naval officer is the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), a four-star admiral who is immediately under and reports to the Secretary of the Navy. At the same time, the Chief of Naval Operations is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which is the second-highest deliberative body of the armed forces after the United States National Security Council, although it only plays an advisory role to the President and does not nominally form part of the chain of command. The Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations are responsible for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Navy so that it is ready for operation under the commanders of the unified combatant commands. Operating forces Main article: List of units of the United States Navy Further information: Structure of the United States Navy § Numbered_fleets Areas of responsibility for each of the United States Navy Fleets. Areas of responsibility for each of the United States Navy fleets. Tenth Fleet serves as the numbered fleet for U.S. Fleet Cyber Command and therefore is not shown. There are nine components in the operating forces of the U.S. Navy: the United States Fleet Forces Command (formerly United States Atlantic Fleet), United States Pacific Fleet, United States Naval Forces Central Command, United States Naval Forces Europe, Naval Network Warfare Command, Navy Reserve, United States Naval Special Warfare Command, Operational Test and Evaluation Force, and Military Sealift Command. Fleet Forces Command controls a number of unique capabilities, including Military Sealift Command, Naval Expeditionary Combat Command, and Navy Cyber Forces. The United States Navy has seven active numbered fleets â Second, Third, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh Fleet and Tenth Fleets are each led by a vice admiral, and the Fourth Fleet is led by a rear admiral. These seven fleets are further grouped under Fleet Forces Command (the former Atlantic Fleet), Pacific Fleet, Naval Forces Europe-Africa, and Naval Forces Central Command, whose commander also doubles as Commander Fifth Fleet; the first three commands being led by four-star admirals. The United States First Fleet existed after the Second World War from 1947, but it was redesignated the Third Fleet in early 1973. The United States Second Fleet was deactivated in September 2011 but reestablished in August 2018 amid heightened tensions with Russia.[55] It is headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, with responsibility over the East Coast and North Atlantic.[56] In early 2008, the Navy reactivated the United States Fourth Fleet to control operations in the area controlled by Southern Command, which consists of US assets in and around Central and South America.[57] Other number fleets were activated during World War II and later deactivated, renumbered, or merged. Shore establishments USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) docking at the U.S. Navy base in Yokosuka, Japan Shore establishments exist to support the mission of the fleet through the use of facilities on land. Among the commands of the shore establishment, as of April 2011, are the Naval Education and Training Command, the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command, the Naval Information Warfare Systems Command, the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, the Naval Supply Systems Command, the Naval Air Systems Command, the Naval Sea Systems Command, the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, the Bureau of Naval Personnel, the United States Naval Academy, the Naval Safety Center, the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center, and the United States Naval Observatory.[58] Official Navy websites list the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Chief of Naval Operations as part of the shore establishment, but these two entities effectively sit superior to the other organizations, playing a coordinating role.[59] Relationships with other service branches United States Marine Corps Main article: United States Marine Corps A Marine F/A-18 from VMFA-451 preparing to launch from USS Coral Sea (CV-43) In 1834, the United States Marine Corps came under the Department of the Navy.[60] Historically, the Navy has had a unique relationship with the USMC, partly because they both specialize in seaborne operations. Together the Navy and Marine Corps form the Department of the Navy and report to the Secretary of the Navy. However, the Marine Corps is a distinct, separate service branch[61] with its own uniformed service chief â the Commandant of the Marine Corps, a four-star general. The Marine Corps depends on the Navy for medical support (dentists, doctors, nurses, medical technicians known as corpsmen) and religious support (chaplains). Thus Navy officers and enlisted sailors fulfill these roles. When attached to Marine Corps units deployed to an operational environment they generally wear Marine camouflage uniforms, but otherwise, they wear Navy dress uniforms unless they opt to conform to Marine Corps grooming standards.[59] In the operational environment, as an expeditionary force specializing in amphibious operations, Marines often embark on Navy ships to conduct operations from beyond territorial waters. Marine units deploying as part of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) operate under the command of the existing Marine chain of command. Although Marine units routinely operate from amphibious assault ships, the relationship has evolved over the years much as the Commander of the Carrier Air Group/Wing (CAG) does not work for the carrier commanding officer, but coordinates with the ship's CO and staff. Some Marine aviation squadrons, usually fixed-wing assigned to carrier air wings train and operate alongside Navy squadrons; they fly similar missions and often fly sorties together under the cognizance of the CAG. Aviation is where the Navy and Marines share the most common ground since aircrews are guided in their use of aircraft by standard procedures outlined in a series of publications known as NATOPS manuals. United States Coast Guard Main article: United States Coast Guard A U.S. Coast Guard helicopter preparing to land on the flight deck of the amphibious assault ship USS Wasp (LHD-1) The United States Coast Guard, in its peacetime role with the Department of Homeland Security, fulfills its law enforcement and rescue role in the maritime environment. It provides Law Enforcement Detachments (LEDETs) to Navy vessels, where they perform arrests and other law enforcement duties during naval boarding and interdiction missions. In times of war, the Coast Guard operates as a service in the Navy.[62] At other times, Coast Guard Port Security Units are sent overseas to guard the security of ports and other assets. The Coast Guard also jointly staffs the Navy's naval coastal warfare groups and squadrons (the latter of which were known as harbor defense commands until late-2004), which oversee defense efforts in foreign littoral combat and inshore areas. Personnel Main article: Personnel of the United States Navy Navy SEALs at one of the entrances to the Zhawar Kili cave complex The United States Navy has over 400,000 personnel, approximately a quarter of whom are in ready reserve. Of those on active duty, more than eighty percent are enlisted sailors and around fifteen percent are commissioned officers; the rest are midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy and midshipmen of the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps at over 180 universities around the country and officer candidates at the Navy's Officer Candidate School.[3] Enlisted sailors complete basic military training at boot camp and then are sent to complete training for their individual careers.[63] Sailors prove they have mastered skills and deserve responsibilities by completing Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) tasks and examinations. Among the most important is the "warfare qualification", which denotes a journeyman level of capability in Surface Warfare, Aviation Warfare, Information Dominance Warfare, Naval Aircrew, Special Warfare, Seabee Warfare, Submarine Warfare or Expeditionary Warfare. Many qualifications are denoted on a sailor's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia. Uniforms See also: Uniforms of the United States Navy The uniforms of the U.S. Navy have evolved gradually since the first uniform regulations for officers were issued in 1802 on the formation of the Navy Department. The predominant colors of U.S. Navy uniforms are navy blue and white. U.S. Navy uniforms were based on Royal Navy uniforms of the time, and have tended to follow that template.[64] Commissioned officer rank structure of the United States Navy[65] US DoD Pay Grade O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 Special Grade NATO Code OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10 Insignia US Navy O1 insignia.svg US Navy O2 insignia.svg US Navy O3 insignia.svg U.S. Navy O-4 insignia.svg US Navy O5 insignia.svg US Navy O6 insignia.svg US Navy O7 insignia.svg US Navy O8 insignia.svg US Navy O9 insignia.svg US Navy O10 insignia.svg US Navy O11 insignia.svg Title Ensign Lieutenant (junior grade) Lieutenant Lieutenant commander Commander Captain Rear admiral (lower half) Rear admiral Vice admiral Admiral Fleet admiral Abbreviation ENS LTJG LT LCDR CDR CAPT RDML RADM VADM ADM FADM Navy officers serve either as a line officer or as a staff corps officer. Line officers wear an embroidered gold star above their rank of the naval service dress uniform while staff corps officers and commissioned warrant officers wear unique designator insignias that denotes their occupational specialty.[66][67] Type Line officer Medical Corps Dental Corps Nurse Corps Medical Service Corps Judge Advocate General's Corps Insignia USN Line Officer.png USN Med-corp.gif USN Dental.gif USN Nurse.gif USN Msc.gif USN Jag-corp.gif Designator1 1XXX 210X 220X 290X 230X 250X Chaplain Corps (Christian Faith) Chaplain Corps (Jewish Faith) Chaplain Corps (Muslim Faith) Chaplain Corps (Buddhist Faith) Supply Corps Civil Engineer Corps Law Community (Limited Duty Officer) USN Chapchr.gif USN Chap-jew.gif USN Chap-mus.gif USN - Chaplian Insignia - Buddhist 2.jpg United States Navy Supply Corps insignia.gif USN Ce-corp.gif USN Law Community.png 410X 410X 410X 410X 310X 510X 655X Warrant officers Main article: Warrant officer (United States) U.S. Navy warrant officer specialty insignias Warrant and chief warrant officer ranks are held by technical specialists who direct specific activities essential to the proper operation of the ship, which also require commissioned officer authority.[68] Navy warrant officers serve in 30 specialties covering five categories. Warrant officers should not be confused with the limited duty officer (LDO) in the Navy. Warrant officers perform duties that are directly related to their previous enlisted service and specialized training. This allows the Navy to capitalize on the experience of warrant officers without having to frequently transition them to other duty assignments for advancement.[69] Most Navy warrant officers are accessed from the chief petty officer pay grades, E-7 through E-9, analogous to a senior non-commissioned officers in the other services, and must have a minimum 14 years time in service.[70] Uniformed services pay grade W-5 W-4 W-3 W-2 W-1 United States Navy vte US Navy CW5 insignia.svg US Navy CW4 insignia.svg US Navy CW3 insignia.svg US Navy CW2 insignia.svg US Navy WO1 insignia.svg Chief warrant officer 5 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 2 Warrant officer 1 Abbreviation CWO-5 CWO-4 CWO-3 CWO-2 WO-1 NATO rank WO-5 WO-4 WO-3 WO-2 WO-1 Enlisted See also: List of United States Navy enlisted rates, Ranks and insignia of NATO navies enlisted, and List of United States Navy ratings Sailors in pay grades E-1 through E-3 are considered to be in apprenticeships.[71] They are divided into five definable groups, with colored group rate marks designating the group to which they belong: Seaman, Fireman, Airman, Constructionman, and Hospitalman. E-4 to E-6 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs), and are specifically called Petty officers in the Navy.[72] Petty Officers perform not only the duties of their specific career field but also serve as leaders to junior enlisted personnel. E-7 to E-9 are still considered Petty Officers, but are considered a separate community within the Navy. They have separate berthing and dining facilities (where feasible), wear separate uniforms, and perform separate duties. After attaining the rate of Master Chief Petty Officer, a service member may choose to further their career by becoming a Command Master Chief Petty Officer (CMC). A CMC is considered to be the senior-most enlisted service member within a command, and is the special assistant to the Commanding Officer in all matters pertaining to the health, welfare, job satisfaction, morale, utilization, advancement and training of the command's enlisted personnel.[73][74] CMCs can be Command level (within a single unit, such as a ship or shore station), Fleet level (squadrons consisting of multiple operational units, headed by a flag officer or commodore), or Force level (consisting of a separate community within the Navy, such as Subsurface, Air, Reserves).[75] CMC insignia are similar to the insignia for Master Chief, except that the rating symbol is replaced by an inverted five-point star, reflecting a change in their rating from their previous rating (i.e., MMCM) to CMDCM. The stars for Command Master Chief are silver, while stars for Fleet or Force Master Chief are gold. Additionally, CMCs wear a badge, worn on their left breast pocket, denoting their title (Command/Fleet/Force).[74][76] Uniformed services pay grade E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1 United States Navy vte No insignia yet MCPON FMCPO FMCPO E-9 E-8 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 No insignia Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Fleet/force master chief petty officer Command master chief petty officer Master chief petty officer Command senior chief petty officer Senior chief petty officer Chief petty officer Petty officer first class Petty officer second class Petty officer third class Seaman Seaman apprentice Seaman recruit Abbreviation SEAC MCPON FLTCM/FORCM CMDCM MCPO CMDCS SCPO CPO PO1 PO2 PO3 SN SA SR NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1 Badges of the United States Navy See also: Badges of the United States Navy Insignia and badges of the United States Navy are military "badges" issued by the United States Department of the Navy to naval service members who achieve certain qualifications and accomplishments while serving on both active and reserve duty in the United States Navy. Most naval aviation insignia are also permitted for wear on uniforms of the United States Marine Corps. As described in Chapter 5 of U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations,[77] "badges" are categorized as breast insignia (usually worn immediately above and below ribbons) and identification badges (usually worn at breast pocket level).[78] Breast insignia are further divided between command and warfare and other qualification.[79] Insignia come in the form of metal "pin-on devices" worn on formal uniforms and embroidered "tape strips" worn on work uniforms. For the purpose of this article, the general term "insignia" shall be used to describe both, as it is done in Navy Uniform Regulations. The term "badge", although used ambiguously in other military branches and in informal speak to describe any pin, patch, or tab, is exclusive to identification badges[80] and authorized marksmanship awards[81] according to the language in Navy Uniform Regulations, Chapter 5. Below are just a few of the many badges maintained by the Navy. The rest can be seen in the article cited at the top of this section: Naval Aviator Badge Submarine Officer badge Surface Warfare Officer Insignia Bases Main article: List of United States Navy installations Map of naval bases in the United States The size, complexity, and international presence of the United States Navy requires a large number of navy installations to support its operations. While the majority of bases are located inside the United States itself, the Navy maintains a significant number of facilities abroad, either in U.S.-controlled territories or in foreign countries under a Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA). Eastern United States The second largest concentration of installations is at Hampton Roads, Virginia, where the navy occupies over 36,000 acres (15,000 ha) of land. Located at Hampton Roads are Naval Station Norfolk, homeport of the Atlantic Fleet; Naval Air Station Oceana, a Master Jet Base; Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek; and Training Support Center Hampton Roads as well as a number of Navy and commercial shipyards that service navy vessels. The Aegis Training and Readiness Center is located at the Naval Support Activity South Potomac in Dahlgren, Virginia. Maryland is home to NAS Patuxent River, which houses the Navy's Test Pilot School. Also located in Maryland is the United States Naval Academy, situated in Annapolis. NS Newport in Newport, Rhode Island is home to many schools and tenant commands, including the Officer Candidate School, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, and more, and also maintains inactive ships.[clarification needed] There is also a naval base in Charleston, South Carolina. This is home to the Nuclear A-School, and the Nuclear Field Power school, and one of two nuclear 'Prototype' Schools. The state of Florida is the location of three major bases, NS Mayport, the Navy's fourth largest, in Jacksonville, Florida; NAS Jacksonville, a Master Air Anti-submarine Warfare base; and NAS Pensacola; home of the Naval Education and Training Command, the Naval Air Technical Training Center that provides specialty training for enlisted aviation personnel and is the primary flight training base for Navy and Marine Corps Naval Flight Officers and enlisted Naval Aircrewman. There is also NSA Panama City, Florida which is home to the Navy Diving and Salvage Training Center. The main U.S. Navy submarine bases on the east coast are located in Naval Submarine Base New London in Groton, Connecticut and NSB Kings Bay in Kings Bay, Georgia. The Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth, New Hampshire,[82] which repairs naval submarines.[3] NS Great Lakes, north of Chicago, Illinois is the home of the Navy's boot camp for enlisted sailors. The Washington Navy Yard in Washington, DC is the Navy's oldest shore establishment and serves as a ceremonial and administrative center for the U.S. Navy, home to the Chief of Naval Operations, and is headquarters for numerous commands. Western United States and Hawaii Underwater Demolition Team members using the casting technique from a speeding boat Combat Camera Underwater Photo Team â A U.S. Navy diver during underwater photography training off the coast of Guantanamo Bay The navy's largest complex is Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, California, which covers 1.1 million acres (4,500 km2) of land, or approximately 1/3 of the U.S. Navy's total land holdings.[3] Naval Base San Diego, California is the main homeport of the Pacific Fleet, although its headquarters is located in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. NAS North Island is located on the north side of Coronado, California, and is home to Headquarters for Naval Air Forces and Naval Air Force Pacific, the bulk of the Pacific Fleet's helicopter squadrons, and part of the West Coast aircraft carrier fleet. NAB Coronado is located on the southern end of the Coronado Island and is home to the navy's west coast SEAL teams and special boat units. NAB Coronado is also home to the Naval Special Warfare Center, the primary training center for SEALs. The other major collection of naval bases on the west coast is in Puget Sound, Washington. Among them, NS Everett is one of the newer bases and the navy states that it is its most modern facility.[83] NAS Fallon, Nevada serves as the primary training ground for navy strike aircrews, and is home to the Naval Strike Air Warfare Center. Master Jet Bases are also located at NAS Lemoore, California, and NAS Whidbey Island, Washington, while the carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft community and major air test activities are located at NAS Point Mugu, California. The naval presence in Hawaii is centered on NS Pearl Harbor, which hosts the headquarters of the Pacific Fleet and many of its subordinate commands. United States territories USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) pier side in Apra Harbor, Guam Guam, an island strategically located in the Western Pacific Ocean, maintains a sizable U.S. Navy presence, including NB Guam. The westernmost U.S. territory, it contains a natural deep water harbor capable of harboring aircraft carriers in emergencies.[84] Its naval air station was deactivated[85] in 1995 and its flight activities transferred to nearby Andersen Air Force Base. Puerto Rico in the Caribbean formerly housed NS Roosevelt Roads, which was shut down in 2004 shortly after the controversial closure of the live ordnance training area on nearby Vieques Island.[3] Foreign countries The largest overseas base is the United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka, Japan, which serves as the home port for the navy's largest forward-deployed fleet and is a significant base of operations in the Western Pacific.[86] European operations revolve around facilities in Italy (NAS Sigonella and Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Naples) with NSA Naples as the homeport for the Sixth Fleet and Command Naval Region Europe, Africa, Southwest Asia (CNREURAFSWA), and additional facilities in nearby Gaeta. There is also NS Rota in Spain and NSA Souda Bay in Greece. In the Middle East, naval facilities are located almost exclusively in countries bordering the Persian Gulf, with NSA Bahrain serving as the headquarters of U.S. Naval Forces Central Command and U.S. Fifth Fleet. NS Guantanamo Bay in Cuba is the oldest overseas facility and has become known in recent years as the location of a detention camp for suspected al-Qaeda operatives.[87] Equipment Main article: Equipment of the United States Navy As of 2018, the navy operates over 460 ships, including vessels operated by the Military Sealift Command (MSC) crewed by a combination of civilian contractors and a small number of uniformed Naval personnel, 3,650+ aircraft, 50,000 non-combat vehicles and owns 75,200 buildings on 3,300,000 acres (13,000 km2). Ships Main article: United States Navy ships See also: List of current ships of the United States Navy, List of currently active United States military watercraft, and United States ship naming conventions The names of commissioned ships of the U.S. Navy are prefixed with the letters "USS", designating "United States Ship".[88] Non-commissioned, civilian-manned vessels of the navy have names that begin with "USNS", standing for "United States Naval Ship" The names of ships are officially selected by the secretary of the navy, often to honor important people or places.[89] Additionally, each ship is given a letter-based hull classification symbol (for example, CVN or DDG) to indicate the vessel's type and number. All ships in the navy inventory are placed in the Naval Vessel Register, which is part of "the Navy List" (required by article 29 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea).[dubious â discuss] The register tracks data such as the current status of a ship, the date of its commissioning, and the date of its decommissioning. Vessels that are removed from the register prior to disposal are said to be stricken from the register. The navy also maintains a reserve fleet of inactive vessels that are maintained for reactivation in times of need. The U.S. Navy was one of the first to install nuclear reactors aboard naval vessels;[90] today, nuclear energy powers all active U.S. aircraft carriers and submarines. In the case of the Nimitz-class carrier, two naval reactors give the ship almost unlimited range and provide enough electrical energy to power a city of 100,000 people.[91] The U.S. Navy previously operated nuclear-powered cruisers, but all have been decommissioned. The U.S. Navy had identified a need for 313 combat ships in early 2010s, but under its plans at the time could only afford 232 to 243.[92] In March 2014, the Navy started counting self-deployable support ships such as minesweepers, surveillance craft, and tugs in the "battle fleet" in order to reach a count of 272 as of October 2016,[93][94] and it includes ships that have been put in "shrink wrap".[95] Aircraft carriers USS Nimitz, a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier Main article: List of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy An aircraft carrier is typically deployed along with a host of additional vessels, forming a carrier strike group. The supporting ships, which usually include three or four Aegis-equipped cruisers and destroyers, a frigate, and two attack submarines, are tasked with protecting the carrier from air, missile, sea, and undersea threats as well as providing additional strike capabilities themselves. Ready logistics support for the group is provided by a combined ammunition, oiler, and supply ship. Modern carriers are named after American admirals and politicians, usually presidents.[96] The Navy has a statutory requirement for a minimum of 11 aircraft carriers.[97] Currently there are 10 that are deployable and one, USS Gerald R. Ford, that is currently undergoing extensive systems and technologies testing until around 2021.[98] Amphibious warfare vessels USS Bataan, a Wasp-class amphibious assault ship USS San Antonio, a San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock Main article: List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships Amphibious assault ships are the centerpieces of US amphibious warfare and fulfill the same power projection role as aircraft carriers except that their striking force centers on land forces instead of aircraft. They deliver, command, coordinate, and fully support all elements of a 2,200-strong Marine Expeditionary Unit in an amphibious assault using both air and amphibious vehicles. Resembling small aircraft carriers, amphibious assault ships are capable of V/STOL, STOVL, VTOL, tiltrotor, and rotary wing aircraft operations. They also contain a well deck to support the use of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) and other amphibious assault watercraft. Recently, amphibious assault ships have begun to be deployed as the core of an expeditionary strike group, which usually consists of an additional amphibious transport dock and dock landing ship for amphibious warfare and an Aegis-equipped cruiser and destroyer, frigate, and attack submarine for group defense. Amphibious assault ships are typically named after World War II aircraft carriers. Amphibious transport docks are warships that embark, transport, and land Marines, supplies, and equipment in a supporting role during amphibious warfare missions. With a landing platform, amphibious transport docks also have the capability to serve as secondary aviation support for an expeditionary group. All amphibious transport docks can operate helicopters, LCACs, and other conventional amphibious vehicles while the newer San Antonio class of ships has been explicitly designed to operate all three elements of the Marines' "mobility triad": Expeditionary Fighting Vehicles (EFVs), the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor aircraft, and LCACs. Amphibious transport docks are typically named after U.S. cities. The dock landing ship is a medium amphibious transport that is designed specifically to support and operate LCACs, though it is able to operate other amphibious assault vehicles in the United States inventory as well. Dock landing ships are normally deployed as a component of an expeditionary strike group's amphibious assault contingent, operating as a secondary launch platform for LCACs. All dock landing ships are named after cities or important places in U.S. and U.S. Naval history.[96] Cruisers Main article: List of cruisers of the United States Navy USS Port Royal, a Ticonderoga-class cruiser Cruisers are large surface combat vessels that conduct anti-air/anti-missile warfare, surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, and strike operations independently or as members of a larger task force. Modern guided missile cruisers were developed out of a need to counter the anti-ship missile threat facing the United States Navy. This led to the development of the AN/SPY-1 phased array radar and the Standard missile with the Aegis combat system coordinating the two. Ticonderoga-class cruisers were the first to be equipped with Aegis and were put to use primarily as anti-air and anti-missile defense in a battle force protection role. Later developments of vertical launch systems and the Tomahawk missile gave cruisers additional long-range land and sea strike capability, making them capable of both offensive and defensive battle operations. The Ticonderoga class is the only active class of cruiser. All cruisers in this class are named after battles.[96] Destroyers Main article: List of destroyers of the United States Navy USS Zumwalt, a Zumwalt-class stealth guided missile destroyer Destroyers are multi-mission medium surface ships capable of sustained performance in anti-air, anti-submarine, anti-ship, and offensive strike operations. Like cruisers, guided missile destroyers are primarily focused on surface strikes using Tomahawk missiles and fleet defense through Aegis and the Standard missile. Destroyers additionally specialize in anti-submarine warfare and are equipped with VLA rockets and LAMPS Mk III Sea Hawk helicopters to deal with underwater threats. When deployed with a carrier strike group or expeditionary strike group, destroyers and their fellow Aegis-equipped cruisers are primarily tasked with defending the fleet while providing secondary strike capabilities. With very few exceptions, destroyers are named after U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard heroes.[96] Frigates and Littoral combat ships Main article: List of frigates of the United States Navy See also: Littoral combat ship USS Independence (LCS-2), a Littoral combat ship USS Freedom (LCS-1) underway in special naval camouflage Modern U.S. frigates mainly perform anti-submarine warfare for carrier and expeditionary strike groups and provide armed escort for supply convoys and merchant shipping. They are designed to protect friendly ships against hostile submarines in low to medium threat environments, using torpedoes and LAMPS helicopters. Independently, frigates are able to conduct counterdrug missions and other maritime interception operations. As in the case of destroyers, frigates are named after U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard heroes. As of autumn 2015, the U.S. Navy has retired its most recent class of frigates, and expects that by 2020 the Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) will assume many of the duties the frigate had with the fleet. The LCS is a class of relatively small surface vessels intended for operations in the littoral zone (close to shore). It was "envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals".[citation needed] They have the capabilities of a small assault transport, including a flight deck and hangar for housing two helicopters, a stern ramp for operating small boats, and the cargo volume and payload to deliver a small assault force with fighting vehicles to a roll-on/roll-off port facility. The ship is easy to reconfigure for different roles, including anti-submarine warfare, mine countermeasures, anti-surface warfare, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, homeland defense, maritime intercept, special operations, and logistics, all by swapping mission-specific modules as needed. The LCS program is still relatively new as of 2018 with only ten active ships, but the navy has announced plans for up to 32 ships. (See: List of littoral combat ships) The navy has announced that a further 20 vessels to be built after that will be redesignated as 'frigates'.[99] A special case is the USS Constitution, commissioned in 1797 as one of the original six frigates of the United States Navy, and which remains in commission at the Charlestown Navy Yard in Boston. She serves as a tribute to the heritage of the Navy, and occasionally sails for commemorative events such as Independence Day and various victories during the War of 1812. Constitution is currently the oldest commissioned warship afloat. HMS Victory is older, and in commission, but is in permanent drydock. Mine countermeasures ships Main article: List of mine warfare vessels of the United States Navy USS Warrior (MCM-10) in port Mine countermeasures vessels are a combination of minehunters, a naval vessel that actively detects and destroys individual naval mines, and minesweepers, which clear mined areas as a whole, without prior detection of the mines. The navy has approximately a dozen of these in active service, but the mine countermeasure (MCM) role is also being assumed by the incoming classes of littoral combat ships. MCM vessels have mostly legacy names of previous US Navy ships, especially WWII-era minesweepers. Patrol boats Main article: List of patrol vessels of the United States Navy USS Typhoon (PC-5) departing Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek in Virginia A patrol boat is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties. There have been many designs for patrol boats, though the navy currently only has a single class. They may be operated by a nation's navy or coast guard, and may be intended for marine ("blue water") or estuarine or river ("brown water") environments. The Navy has approximately a dozen in active service, which are mainly used in the littoral regions of the Persian Gulf, but have also been used for home port patrols and drug interdiction missions. The navy's current class of patrol boats have names based on weather phenomena. Submarines Main article: Submarines in the United States Navy USS Kentucky (SSBN-737), an Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine USS Virginia (SSN-774), a Virginia-class attack submarine All current and planned U.S. Navy submarines are nuclear-powered, as only nuclear propulsion allows for the combination of stealth and long duration, high-speed sustained underwater movement that makes modern nuclear submarines so vital to a modern blue-water navy. The U.S. Navy operates three types: ballistic missile submarines, guided missile submarines, and attack submarines. U.S. Navy (nuclear) ballistic missile submarines carry the stealthiest leg of the U.S. strategic triad (the other legs are the land-based U.S. strategic missile force and the air-based U.S. strategic bomber force). These submarines have only one mission: to carry and, if called upon, to launch the Trident nuclear missile. The primary missions of attack and guided missile submarines in the U.S. Navy are peacetime engagement, surveillance and intelligence, special operations, precision strikes, and control of the seas.[100] To these, attack submarines also add the battlegroup operations mission. Attack and guided missile submarines have several tactical missions, including sinking ships and other subs, launching cruise missiles, gathering intelligence, and assisting in special operations. As with other classes of naval vessels, most U.S. submarines (or "boats") are named according to specific conventions. The boats of the current U.S. ballistic missile submarine class, Ohio class, are named after U.S. states. As the four current U.S. guided missile submarines are converted Ohio-class boats, they have retained their U.S. state names. The members of the oldest currently-commissioned attack submarine class, the Los Angeles class, are typically named for cities. The follow-on Seawolf class' three submarinesâSeawolf, Connecticut and Jimmy Carterâshare no consistent naming scheme. With the current Virginia-class attack submarines, the U.S. Navy has extended the Ohio class' state-based naming scheme to these submarines. Attack submarines prior to the Los Angeles class were named for denizens of the deep, while pre-Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines were named for famous Americans and foreigners with notable connections to the United States. Aircraft Four Navy F/A-18F Super Hornets Main articles: List of United States naval aircraft and List of military aircraft of the United States (naval) See also: List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons and List of active United States military aircraft Carrier-based aircraft are able to strike air, sea, and land targets far from a carrier strike group while protecting friendly forces from enemy aircraft, ships, and submarines. In peacetime, aircraft's ability to project the threat of sustained attack from a mobile platform on the seas gives United States leaders significant diplomatic and crisis-management options. Aircraft additionally provide logistics support to maintain the navy's readiness and, through helicopters, supply platforms with which to conduct search and rescue, special operations, anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and anti-surface warfare (ASuW), including the U.S. Navy's premier Maritime Strike and only organic ASW aircraft, the venerable Sikorsky MH-60R operated by Helicopter Maritime Strike Wing. U.S. Navy MH-60R maritime strike helicopter assigned to the HSM-78 Blue Hawks aboard the carrier USS Carl Vinson The U.S. Navy began to research the use of aircraft at sea in the 1910s, with Lieutenant Theodore G. "Spuds" Ellyson becoming the first naval aviator on 28 January 1911, and commissioned its first aircraft carrier, USS Langley (CV-1), in 1922.[101] United States naval aviation fully came of age in World War II, when it became clear following the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of the Coral Sea, and the Battle of Midway that aircraft carriers and the planes that they carried had replaced the battleship as the greatest weapon on the seas. Leading navy aircraft in World War II included the Grumman F4F Wildcat, the Grumman F6F Hellcat, the Chance Vought F4U Corsair, the Douglas SBD Dauntless, and the Grumman TBF Avenger. Navy aircraft also played a significant role in conflicts during the following Cold War years, with the F-4 Phantom II and the F-14 Tomcat becoming military icons of the era. The navy's current primary fighter and attack airplanes are the multi-mission F/A-18C/D Hornet and its newer cousin, the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. The F-35 Lightning II is presently under development and was scheduled to replace the C and D versions of the Hornet beginning in 2012.[102] Initial operational capability of the F-35C is now expected to be February 2019.[103] The Navy is also looking to eventually replace its F/A-18E/F Super Hornets with the F/A-XX program. The Aircraft Investment Plan sees naval aviation growing from 30 percent of current aviation forces to half of all procurement funding over the next three decades.[104] Weapons Main article: List of United States Navy weapons Current U.S. Navy shipboard weapons systems are almost entirely focused on missiles, both as a weapon and as a threat. In an offensive role, missiles are intended to strike targets at long distances with accuracy and precision. Because they are unmanned weapons, missiles allow for attacks on heavily defended targets without risk to human pilots. Land strikes are the domain of the BGM-109 Tomahawk, which was first deployed in the 1980s and is continually being updated to increase its capabilities. For anti-ship strikes, the navy's dedicated missile is the Harpoon Missile. To defend against enemy missile attack, the navy operates a number of systems that are all coordinated by the Aegis combat system. Medium-long range defense is provided by the Standard Missile 2, which has been deployed since the 1980s. The Standard missile doubles as the primary shipboard anti-aircraft weapon and is undergoing development for use in theater ballistic missile defense. Short range defense against missiles is provided by the Phalanx CIWS and the more recently developed RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile. In addition to missiles, the navy employs Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes and various types of naval mines. Aviation Ordnancemen loading GBU-12 bombs in 2005 Naval fixed-wing aircraft employ much of the same weapons as the United States Air Force for both air-to-air and air-to-surface combat. Air engagements are handled by the heat-seeking Sidewinder and the radar guided AMRAAM missiles along with the M61 Vulcan cannon for close range dogfighting. For surface strikes, navy aircraft utilize a combination of missiles, smart bombs, and dumb bombs. On the list of available missiles are the Maverick, SLAM-ER and JSOW. Smart bombs include the GPS-guided JDAM and the laser-guided Paveway series. Unguided munitions such as dumb bombs and cluster bombs make up the rest of the weapons deployed by fixed-wing aircraft. Rotary aircraft weapons are focused on anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and light to medium surface engagements. To combat submarines, helicopters use Mark 46 and Mark 50 torpedoes. Against small watercraft, they utilize Hellfire and Penguin air to surface missiles. Helicopters also employ various types of mounted anti-personnel machine guns, including the M60, M240, GAU-16/A, and GAU-17/A. Nuclear weapons in the U.S. Navy arsenal are deployed through ballistic missile submarines and aircraft. The Ohio-class submarine carries the latest iteration of the Trident missile, a three-stage, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) with MIRV capability; the current Trident II (D5) version is expected to be in service past 2020.[105] The navy's other nuclear weapon is the air-deployed B61 nuclear bomb. The B61 is a thermonuclear device that can be dropped by strike aircraft such as the F/A-18 Hornet and Super Hornet at high speed from a large range of altitudes. It can be released through free-fall or parachute and can be set to detonate in the air or on the ground. Naval jack U.S. naval jack First navy jack The current naval jack of the United States is the Union Jack, a small blue flag emblazoned with the stars of the 50 states. The Union Jack was not flown for the duration of the War on Terror, during which Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England directed all U.S. naval ships to fly the First Navy Jack. While Secretary England directed the change on 31 May 2002, many ships chose to shift colors later that year in remembrance of the first anniversary of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The Union Jack, however, remained in use with vessels of the U.S. Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. A jack of similar design to the Union Jack was used in 1794, with 13 stars arranged in a 3â2â3â2â3 pattern. When a ship is moored or anchored, the jack is flown from the bow of the ship while the ensign is flown from the stern. When underway, the ensign is raised on the mainmast. Before the decision for all ships to fly the First Navy Jack, it was only flown on the oldest ship in the active American fleet, which is currently USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19). U.S. Navy ships and craft returned to flying the Union Jack effective 4 June 2019. The date for reintroduction of the jack commemorates the Battle of Midway, which began on 4 June 1942.[106] Notable sailors For a more comprehensive list, see List of United States Navy people. Many past and present United States historical figures have served in the navy. Notable officers include John Paul Jones, John Barry (Continental Navy officer and first flag officer of the United States Navy),[107] Edward Preble, James Lawrence (whose last words "don't give up the ship" are memorialized in Bancroft Hall at the United States Naval Academy), Stephen Decatur Jr., David Farragut, David Dixon Porter, Oliver Hazard Perry, Commodore Matthew Perry (whose Black Ships forced the opening of Japan), George Dewey (the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy), and the officers who attained the rank of Fleet Admiral during World War II: William D. Leahy, Ernest J. King, Chester W. Nimitz, and William F. Halsey Jr.. The first American president who served in the navy was John F. Kennedy (who commanded the famous PT-109). Others included Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and George H. W. Bush. Both Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt were the Assistant Secretary of the Navy prior to their presidencies. Many members of Congress served in the navy, notably U.S. Senators Bob Kerrey, John McCain, and John Kerry. Other notable former members of the U.S. Navy include astronauts (Scott Kelly, Michael J. Smith, Neil Armstrong, Lisa Nowak), entertainers (Mike Douglas), authors (Brandon Webb, Marcus Luttrell), professional athletes, and others (Gordon Haller, John Barry).[citation needed] See also Military portal flag United States portal Bibliography of early American naval history Columbia-class submarine Spearhead-class expeditionary fast transport Modern United States Navy carrier air operations Naval militia United States Merchant Marine Academy Women in the United States Navy Notes References "Establishment of the Navy, 13 October 1775". Naval History and Heritage Command. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017. "ARMED FORCES STRENGTH FIGURES FOR NOVEMBER 30, 2020". DMDC. Retrieved 26 January 2021. "The U.S. Navy". U.S. Navy. 23 August 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2019. "World Air Forces 2018". Flightglobal: 17. Archived from the original on 14 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018. 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đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For history regarding merit badge types, see History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America). Merit badges Fish and Wildlife Management merit badge, type J front.png Fish and Wildlife Management merit badge Owner Boy Scouts of America Created 1910 Scouting portal Merit badges are awards earned by members of the Boy Scouts of America, based on activities within the area of study by completing a list of periodically updated requirements.[1] The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to examine subjects to determine if they would like to further pursue them as a career or vocation. Originally, the program also introduced Scouts to the life skills of contacting an adult they had not met before, arranging a meeting and then demonstrating their skills, similar to a job or college interview. Increasingly, though, merit badges are earned in a class setting at troop meetings and summer camps.[2] Each merit badge has a pamphlet or booklet associated with it, which contains information on completing the requirements for the badge. Before starting to work on a particular badge, Scouts must meet with their Scoutmasters and obtain a signed application card for it. They must then contact an adult who is registered as a counselor for that badge in order to arrange a meeting and determine which requirements (if any) must be completed ahead of time. The counselor initials the card to indicate the Scout's progress in meeting the requirements, then signs it once they have all been fulfilled. After turning in the completed card to the Scoutmaster, the Scout can receive a patch representing the badge.[3] The award of a merit badge is represented by a circular patch with an image representing the badge's topic. The patches for the Eagle-required merit badges are distinguishable by the silver ring on the outside edge. Merit badges are displayed on a sash which can be worn with the Boy Scout uniform on formal occasions. Every year the National Council reviews and updates a certain number of merit badges. There are over 100 merit badges (137 as of April 2020). Scouting organizations in other countries issue or have issued merit badges, including Canada, Indonesia, Japan, Spain, Thailand, and the United Kingdom. Austria has a program similar to merit badges for certain age groups. A sample merit badge sash: From left to right, starting at top; 1 Swimming, Mammal Study, Environmental Science; 2 Basketry, Wood Carving, Dog Care; 3 Wilderness Survival, Emergency Preparedness, Bird Study; 4 Public Speaking, Scholarship, Law; 5 Rifle Shooting, Archery, Metalwork; 6 Fish and Wildlife Management, Citizenship in the Nation, Orienteering; 7 Citizenship in the Community, Communications, Personal Management; 8 Soil and Water Conservation, Reptile Study, Lifesaving; 9 Forestry, Citizenship in the World, Safety Contents 1 Required for Eagle Scout 2 Current badges 3 "Colleges" 4 Workbooks 5 Historical program 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Required for Eagle Scout The current requirements for Eagle Scout, the highest rank in Boy Scouting, involve earning a minimum of 21 merit badges. The following 13 are required:[4] Camping[5][6] Personal Fitness Personal Management Swimming, Hiking, or Cycling First Aid Citizenship in the Community Citizenship in the Nation Citizenship in the World Cooking[7] Family Life Emergency Preparedness (E-Prep) or Lifesaving Environmental Science or Sustainability Communication As of June 2020, the BSA has also announced plans to introduce a "diversity and inclusion" merit badge that will be required for Eagle Scout in the wake of the Black Lives Matter movement.[8][9] Current badges The last revision date indicates the date of the latest requirement changes; the copyright or printing dates of merit badge pamphlets may have a different date. The Eagle Scout required merit badges are shaded in gray (see above paragraph for details).[10] Name Created Requirements revision Pamphlet revision Number earned (2020)[11] Number earned since creation (through 2020)[11] Related subjects American Business 1967 2020 2013 4,967 61,953 Business, Economy of the United States American Cultures 1978 2006 2013 2,906 83,032 Ethnic groups in the United States American Heritage 1975 2020 2019, 2020 6,700 192,552 History of the United States, Historic preservation American Labor 1987 2006 2015 1,892 29,926 Trade unions Animal Science 1975 2020 2020 2,778 83,893 Animal husbandry Animation[12] 2015 2015 2015 4,445 29,817 Animation Archaeology 1997 2021 2008 2,671 192,293 Archaeology Archery 1911 2012 2008 10,487 1,797,351 Archery Architecture 1911 2008 2008 2,734 237,322 Architecture Art 1911 2013 2013 13,953 1,436,561 Art Astronomy 1911 2013 2013 7,474 727,495 Astronomy Athletics 1911 2006 2008 1,557 1,081,697 Track and field athletics Automotive Maintenance 2008 2008 2012 7,108 225,956 Auto mechanics Aviation 1952 2006 2008 8,064 684,527 Aviation Backpacking 1982 2007 2008 1,640 233,724 Backpacking Basketry 1927 2003 2008 7,388 2,523,871 Basket weaving Bird Study 1914 2005 2008 3,950 612,616 Ornithology Bugling 1911 2020 2008 476 172,979 Bugle Camping 1911 2005 2008 30,490 4,954,170 Camping Canoeing 1927 2004 2008 9,853 3,166,116 Canoeing Chemistry 1911 2020 2008 7,166 412,187 Chemistry Chess 2011 2011 2011 15,454 239,164 Chess Citizenship in the Community 1952 2005 2013 41,987 3,753,138 Citizenship Citizenship in the Nation 1951 2005 2008 43,247 3,517,139 Citizenship Citizenship in the World 1972 2005 2008 42,738 2,593,491 Global citizenship Climbing 1997 2006 2008 7,228 521,055 Climbing Coin Collecting 1938 2008 2008 4,639 524,111 Coin collecting Collections 1991 2021 2008 6,429 168,524 Collecting Communication 1968 2003 2008 36,675 2,352,069 Communication Composite Materials 2006 2006 2008 1,011 22,472 Composite materials Cooking 1911 2016 2014 36,473 4,648,594 Cooking Crime Prevention 1996 2020 2008 5,628 174,749 Crime prevention Cycling 1911 2003 2008 5,247 610,301 Cycling Dentistry 1975 2006 2008 1,924 152,381 Dentistry Digital Technology 2014 2021 2014 8,812 54,274 Technology Disabilities Awareness 1993 2021 2008 6,334 156,539 Disability Dog Care 1938 2003 2008 4,136 449,515 Dogs Drafting 1965 2008 2008 1,026 231,905 Technical drawing Electricity 1911 2021 2008 6,235 859,444 Electricity Electronics 1963 2021 2008 4,063 259,193 Electronics Emergency Preparedness 1972 2008 2016 24,733 2,082,381 Emergency management Energy 1976 2005 2008 2,162 96,783 Energy Engineering 1967 2008 2008 7,800 213,737 Engineering Entrepreneurship 1997 2006 2008 3,284 42,254 Entrepreneurship Environmental Science 1972 2020 2008 23,571 3,016,109 Environmental science Exploration 2017 2020 2017 1,464 10,012 Exploring Family Life 1991 2005 2013 48,408 1,455,287 Family values Farm Mechanics 1928 2008 2008 1,424 233,871 Agricultural machinery Fingerprinting 1938 2003 2008 18,898 1,891,477 Fingerprinting Fire Safety 1995 2004 2008 7,918 2,675,073 Fire safety First Aid 1911 2007 2008 31,636 7,370,988 First aid Fish and Wildlife Management 1972 2021 2008 4,874 718,006 Wildlife management Fishing 1952 2021 2008 13,601 2,126,476 Fishing Fly Fishing 2002 2021 2008 2,439 52,650 Fly fishing Forestry 1911 2005 2008 4,269 1,213,719 Forestry Game Design 2013 2013 2013 7,740 92,506 Game Design Gardening 1911 2002 2008 2,782 397,570 Gardening Genealogy 1972 2005 2008 6,020 261,683 Genealogy, Family history Geocaching 2010 2010 2010 5,811 149,929 Geocaching Geology 1953 2020 2008 7,484 747,259 Geology Golf 1976 2002 2008 2,369 185,837 Golf Graphic Arts 1987 2006 2008 2,228 69,365 Graphic design Hiking 1921 2007 2008 5,977 1,370,957 Hiking Home Repairs 1943 2002 2008 3,442 2,435,429 Home repairs Horsemanship 1911 2011 2008 4,798 693,845 Equestrianism Indian Lore 1931 2008 2008 7,240 1,292,119 Native American culture Insect Study 1985 2008 2008 1,734 180,460 Entomology Inventing[13] 2010 2010 2010 1,833 29,178 Invention Journalism 1927 2006 2008 1,516 113,468 Journalism Kayaking 2012 2020 2016 11,083 261,710 Kayaking Landscape Architecture 1967 2008 2008 1,400 90,412 Landscape architecture Law 1974 2003 2008 5,962 218,325 Law Leatherwork 1951 2002 2008 10,855 2,637,286 Leather crafting Lifesaving 1911 2021 2008 5,842 3,150,759 Lifeguarding Mammal Study 1985 2003 2008 7,845 1,302,419 Zoology Medicine 1991 2002 2008 3,278 94,597 Medicine Metalwork 1927 2007 2008 4,273 1,202,235 Metalworking Mining in Society 2014 2014 2014 3,789 29,397 Mining Model Design and Building 1963 2020 2008 1,359 235,108 Scale models Motorboating 1961 2021 2008 2,638 635,883 Motorboat Moviemaking 2013 2013 2013 5,779 61,305 Filmmaking Music 1911 2003 2008 10,069 1,388,218 Music Nature 1952 2003 2008 6,056 1,737,920 Nature Nuclear Science 2005 2011 2008 3,493 210,965 Nuclear physics Oceanography 1964 2003 2008 4,442 336,423 Oceanography Orienteering 1973 2003 2008 5,337 888,402 Orienteering Painting 1911 2020 2008 3,163 584,778 Paint Personal Fitness 1952 2020 2008 40,355 2,793,990 Physical fitness Personal Management 1972 2003 2008 40,897 2,100,383 Personal finances, time management Pets 1958 2003 2008 8,333 690,228 Pets Photography 1911 2021 2015 11,618 590,968 Photography Pioneering 1911 2006 2008 6,129 2,492,888 Pioneering Plant Science 1974 2005 2008 1,653 58,456 Botany Plumbing 1911 2004 2008 2,761 417,612 Plumbing Pottery 1927 2008 2008 2,842 427,803 Pottery Programming 2013 2013 2013 4,473 29,163 Computer programming Public Health 1911 2021 2008 11,510 1,539,459 Public health Public Speaking 1932 2002 2008 5,570 684,343 Public speaking Pulp and Paper 1972 2006 2008 4,054 150,884 Pulp, Papermaking Radio 1923 2008 2008 3,550 205,747 Radio Railroading 1952 2003 2008 4,105 275,919 Rail transport Reading 1929 2020 2008 5,635 1,508,324 Reading Reptile and Amphibian Study 1993 2005 2008 3,526 682,587 Herpetology Rifle Shooting 1988 2001 2008 11,081 1,533,240 Rifle, Shooting Robotics 2011 2011 2011 5,452 123,337 Robotics Rowing 1933 2021 2008 2,118 1,763,164 Rowing Safety 1927 2020 2008 6,305 2,959,333 Safety Salesmanship 1927 2003 2008 5,121 362,051 Sales Scholarship 1911 2004 2008 7,287 1,307,274 Scholarship Scouting Heritage 2010 2010 2010 6,517 62,290 History of the Boy Scouts of America Scuba Diving 2009 2009 2009 1,323 24,100 Scuba Diving Sculpture 1911 2007 2008 3,188 350,848 Sculpture Search and Rescue 2012 2012 2012 4,082 79,782 Search and rescue Shotgun Shooting 1988 2005 2008 5,631 627,238 Shotgun, shooting Signs, Signals, and Codes 2015 2015 2015 4,580 38,454 Signs, signals, codes Skating 1973 2005 2008 1,700 184,647 Ice skating, Roller skating Small-Boat Sailing 1964 2004 2008 3,142 725,921 Sailing Snow Sports 1999 2007 2008 5,860 493,109 Skiing, Snowboarding Soil and Water Conservation 1952 2004 2008 5,067 1,174,015 Soil conservation, Water conservation Space Exploration 1965 2020 2008 8,750 667,365 Space exploration Sports 1972 2021 2008 3,557 1,184,127 Sports Stamp Collecting 1932 2007 2008 1,278 395,283 Stamp collecting Surveying 1911 2004 2008 603 157,073 Surveying Sustainability 2013 2020 2013 8,477 49,748 Sustainability Swimming 1911 2014 2008 21,220 6,659,181 Swimming Textile 1973 2003 2008 1,929 157,902 Textiles Theater 1967 2021 2008 1,592 97,833 Theatre Traffic Safety 1975 2020 2008 5,758 194,271 Road traffic safety Truck Transportation 1973 2005 2008 1,991 151,364 Truck driver Veterinary Medicine 1995 2005 2008 2,552 92,251 Veterinary medicine Water Sports 1969 2007 2008 1,064 266,295 Waterskiing Weather 1927 2006 2008 9,215 651,891 Weather Welding 2012 2012 2012 4,709 86,233 Welding Whitewater 1987 2020 2008 1,508 105,245 Whitewater rafting Wilderness Survival 1974 2007 2008 11,604 1,805,803 Wilderness, Survival skills Wood Carving 1923 2006 2008 9,430 2,462,368 Wood carving Woodwork 1923 2021 2008 3,066 999,863 Woodworking "Colleges" Merit badge colleges, which are also called fairs, weekends, midways, ââtrail drivesââ, or jamborees, are events where several troops and counselors meet and focus on teaching merit badges. Larger events are held on college campuses. Workbooks Into the 1990s, a number of merit badge counselors developed worksheets as a way for Scouts to document their work. Counselors could teach to a group but still verify each Scout's progress. More recently, worksheets have given way to workbooks with added graph paper, blank maps and diagrams, logs, charts, checklists, links, and other resources as needed. Merit badge workbooks are used by counselors, summer camps, and merit badge colleges. Workbooks have also been developed for ranks, Cub Scout belt loops, and Webelos activity pins.[14] Historical program Offered only in 2010, the Historical Merit Badge program, part of the Boy Scouts of America centennial, allowed Scouts to earn the discontinued Carpentry, Pathfinding, Signalling, and Tracking (originally called Stalking) merit badges. The patches for these historical merit badges are distinguished by a gold ring on the outside edge. All were based on merit badges that were among the original 57 issued in 1911.[15][16] See also Discontinued merit badges (Boy Scouts of America) History of merit badges (Boy Scouts of America) Original 57 merit badges (Boy Scouts of America) References "Merit Badges â Boy Scouts of America". www.scouting.org. "Merit Badge Day - MeritBadgeDotOrg". meritbadge.org. "USSSP: Merit Badges". www.usscouts.org. "Eagle Rank Requirements" (PDF). scouting.org. "Camping". MeritBadgeDotOrg. February 10, 2014. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2015. "Camp Minsi 2015 Merit Badge Opportunities". Camp Minsi. 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Wendell, Bryan (October 17, 2012). "Cooking, Sustainability merit badges to become Eagle-required". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. Siemaszko, Corky (June 16, 2020). "Boy Scouts of America backs Black Lives Matter, will require diversity merit badge for Eagle Scouts". NBC News. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Rothfield, Ariel (June 24, 2020). "Boy Scouts to require a diversity and inclusion merit badge". KSHB. Retrieved June 27, 2020. "Merit Badge Requirements". US Scouts.org Advancement section. Retrieved February 9, 2006. Wendell, Bryan (February 24, 2021). "2020 merit badge rankings: A list rewritten by the pandemic". Bryan on Scouting. Retrieved April 9, 2021. "Boy Scouts of America Introduces Animation Merit Badge". PR Newswire. Retrieved May 19, 2015. "Boy Scouts and Lemelson-MIT Program introduce Inventing merit badge". Scouting. June 17, 2010. Archived from the original on June 20, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010. "Merit Badge Requirements". www.usscouts.org. "Historical merit badges help Boy Scouts celebrate Scouting's past". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. January 12, 2010. Archived from the original on January 15, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2010. "Historic Signaling Merit Badge". www.usscouts.org. Bibliography "Merit Badge Library". Boy Scout Requirements. Boy Scouts of America. June 2007. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2007. "Current Merit Badge Pamphlet and Merit Badge Requirement Revision Dates". U.S. Scouting Service Project. June 5, 2007. Archived from the original on October 3, 2000. Retrieved June 6, 2007. Steve Henning (July 20, 1999). "Merit Badges, Past and Present". Henning's Scouters' Pages. Retrieved June 6, 2007. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Merit badge (Boy Scouts of America). "Introduction to Merit Badges". Boy Scouts of America. "MeritBadge.org". Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved September 24, 2008. "Merit Badges". U.S. Scouting Service Project. "IEEE emeritbadges.org". IEEE. "Printable Merit Badge workbooks". ScoutingWeb. "Merit Badge reference". Trail To Eagle. Badge Program: Boy Scouts of America at Curlie Scouting: Collectibles: Virtual Collections: Badges and Patches at Curlie vte Boy Scouts of America vte WikiProject Scouting fleur-de-lis dark.svg Scouting and Guiding topics Categories: Advancement and recognition in the Boy Scouts of AmericaScouting uniform Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Français Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2021, at 04:56 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Post by Freddie on May 7, 2021 18:21:03 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. Community service From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the album by The Crystal Method, see Community Service (album). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. (April 2009) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (April 2009) This article possibly contains original research. (April 2017) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. (January 2018) This article is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (March 2020) Ukrainians doing street cleaning as a form of community service. Volunteers complete a cleanup of litter and trash Community service is unpaid work performed by a person or group of people for the benefit and betterment of their community without any form of compensation.[1] Community service can be distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis and may be compulsory per situation. Although personal benefits may be realized, it may be performed for a variety of reasons including citizenship requirements, a substitution of criminal justice sanctions, requirements of a school or class, and requisites for the receipt of certain benefits. Contents 1 Background 2 Reasons 2.1 Colleges 2.2 Community service-learning 2.2.1 Definition 2.3 Court ordered service 2.4 Corporate social responsibility 2.5 Worldwide examples 2.6 Community service for institutions 2.7 Religious reasons for serving 2.7.1 Christian service 3 Personal benefits of serving 4 Choosing the right strategy 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background Community service is a non-paying job performed by one person or a group of people for the benefit of their community or its institutions. Community service is distinct from volunteering, since it is not always performed on a voluntary basis. It may be performed for a variety of reasons. It may be required by a government as a part of citizenship requirements, like the mandatory "Hand and hitch-up services" for some municipalities in Germany, or generally in lieu of military service or for civil conscription services. It may be required as a substitution of, or in addition to, other criminal justice sanctions â when performed for this reason it may also be referred to as community payback. It may be mandated by schools to meet the requirements of a class, such as in the case of service-learning or to meet the requirements of graduating as class valedictorian. In the UK, it has been made a condition of the receipt of certain benefits.[dubious â discuss] (see Workfare in the United Kingdom) In Sweden it is a suspended sentence called "samhĂ€llstjĂ€nst" ("society service").[2] Reasons Some educational jurisdictions in the United States require students to perform community service hours to graduate from high school. In some high schools in Washington, for example, students must finish 200 hours of community service to get a diploma. Some school districts in Washington, including Seattle Public Schools, differentiate between community service and "service learning," requiring students to demonstrate that their work has contributed to their education.[3] If a student in high school is taking an Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) course, community service is often needed. Whether American public schools could require volunteer hours for high school graduation was challenged in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, but the court found no violation. Many other high schools do not require community service hours for graduation, but still see an impressive number of students get involved in their communities. For example, in Palo Alto, California, students at Palo Alto High School log about 45,000 hours of community service every year.[4] As a result, the school's College and Career Center awards 250â300 students the President's Volunteer Service Award every year for their hard work. Colleges Though not technically considered a requirement, many colleges include community service as an unofficial requirement for acceptance. However, some colleges prefer work experience over community service, and some require that their students also continue community service for some specific number of hours to graduate. Some schools also offer unique "community service" courses, awarding credit to students who complete a certain number of community service hours. Some academic honor societies, along with some fraternities and sororities in North America, require community service to join and others require each member to continue doing community service. Many student organizations exist for the purpose of community service, the largest of which is Alpha Phi Omega. Community service projects are also done by sororities and fraternities. Beginning in the 1980s, colleges began using service-learning as a pedagogy. A partnership of college presidents began in 1985 with the initiative of boosting community service in their colleges. This alliance called Campus Compact,[5] led the way for many other schools to adopt service-learning courses and activities. Service-learning courses vary widely in time span, quality, and in the balance of "service" and "learning" stressed in the course. A typical service-learning course, however, has these factors in common: A service component where the student spends time serving in the community meeting actual needs A learning component where students seek out or are taught informationâoften both interpersonal and academicâthat they integrate into their service A reflection component that ties service and learning together Reflection is sometimes symbolized by the hyphen in the term "service-learning" to indicate that it has a central role in learning by serving.[6] Reflection is simply a scheduled consideration of one's own experiences and thoughts. This can take many forms, including journals, blogs, and discussions. Service-learning courses present learning the material in context, meaning that students often learn effectively and tend to apply what was learned.[7] As the book Whereâs the Learning in Service-Learning? notes, "Students engaged in service-learning are engaged in authentic situations; they get to know real people whose lives are affected by these issues⊠As a result, they have lots of questionsâreal questions that they want to have answered."[8] Thus, students become interested and motivated to learn the materials to resolve their questions. Community service learning strives to connect or re-connect students with serving their community after they finish their course.[9] It creates a bridge for the lack of community service found among college-age people in the United States.[10] Community service-learning The one serving may be able to take something away from the experience and be able to use any newfound knowledge or interpersonal discoveries to improve their future servitude and the people around them. To gain the most from community service requires balancing learning with serving. Learning and serving at the same time improves a student's community while teaching life lessons and building character. Community service-learning is "about leadership development as well as traditional information and skill acquisition".[11] Therefore, the combination of people doing service and learning at the same time teaches them how to be effective and how to be effective regarding what is important to them. It can improve their overall experience and application opportunities they gain from it. By adding service to learning, and balancing the two, community service can become more than just the act of serving. The goal of service-learning is to achieve large change through small actions. By being a classroom, a hands-on learning experience, and an opportunity to change the community, people are able to not only serve, but impact themselves as well. Definition According to Fayetteville State University, "service learning is a process of involving students in community service activities combined with facilitated means for applying the experience to their academic and personal development. It is a form of experiential education aimed at enhancing and enriching student learning in course material. When compared to other forms of experiential learning like internships and cooperative education, it is similar in that it is student-centered, hands-on and directly applicable to the curriculum."[12] Professor Freddy Cardoza defines community service-Learning as "a pedogogy (or a specific teaching-learning approach) that has few lectures, and is a more interactive hands on educational strategy which provides students with instruction while leading them through meaningful community service experiences and engaging them in personal reflection on those experiences in order to build character and to teach problem-solving skills and civic responsibility."[13][citation not found] Cardoza stressed that it was important for a student take some time and reflect on what they are experiencing, seeing, doing, and what problems they are encountering and how they are going to apply what they have been learning to solve these problems. In other words, service-learning aims to link the personal and interpersonal development with cognitive development, as well as equipping the student with critical knowledge to help them understand the world.[14][citation not found] Character.org defines service-learning as "different than community service in several key ways. Service learning includes student leadership, reflective and academic components, and chances for celebration once the service activity has been successfully completed. Students reflect on community needs, ways to help, and once their service has been completed, they can internalise how their efforts have helped, while learning more about academics such as geography, math, or science."[15] Court ordered service See also: Penal labor in the United States Community service work detail for 35th District Court, Northville, Michigan People convicted of a crime may be required to perform community service or to work for agencies in the sentencing jurisdiction either entirely or partially as a substitution of other judicial remedies and sanctions, such as incarceration or fines. For instance, a fine may be reduced in exchange for a prescribed number of hours of community service. The court may allow the defendant to choose their community service, which must then be documented by "credible agencies", such as non-profit organizations, or may mandate a specific service. Sometimes the sentencing is specifically targeted to the defendant's crime, for example, a litterer may have to clean a park or roadside, or a drunk driver might appear before school groups to explain why drunk driving is a crime. Also, a sentence allowing for a broader choice may prohibit certain services that the offender would reasonably be expected to perform anyway. Corporate social responsibility Some employers involve their staff in some kind of community service programming, such as with the United Way of America. This may be completely voluntary or a condition of employment, or anything in between. In addition, approximately 40% of Fortune 500 companies offer volunteer grant programs where companies provide monetary donations to nonprofit organizations in recognition of their employee's volunteerism (e.g. $500 volunteer grant after 25 hours of community service).[16] Worldwide examples Community service in the United States is often similar to that in Canada. In Europe and Australia, community service is an option for many criminal sentences as an alternative to incarceration. In the United Kingdom, community service is now officially referred to by the Home Office as more straightforward compulsory unpaid work.[17] Compulsory unpaid work includes up to 300 hours of activities, such as conservation work, cleaning up graffiti, or working with a charity. The Howard League for Penal Reform (the world's oldest prison reform organization) is a prominent advocate for increased community sentencing to reduce prison population and improve rehabilitation. Starting in 2010, Danish high school students receive a special diploma if they complete at least 20 hours of voluntary work.[18] The International Baccalaureate program formerly required 50 hours of community service, together with a written reflection on the service performed, to fulfill the requirement of 150 hours of CAS (creativity, action, and service) and receive an IB Diploma.[19] Florence Nightingale organized fundraisers to raise money for the hospital and arrange more stable living conditions to improve the health of the soldiers in the hospital.[20] Florence Nightingale served a specific group of people and benefited the publicâwhich is an example of community service. Community service for institutions Many institutions require and/or give incentive to students or employees alike to volunteer their time to community service programs. From volunteering to participating in such charity events like walks or runs, institutes continue the practice or requiring their employees or students to grow in camaraderie while giving back to various communities. Many institutions also provide opportunities for employees and students to work together, and most student groups participate in their own form of community service. Each is unique in its own right; all are incredibly popular with employees; and in all of these programs, human resources plays an integral role.[21] One such program, Johns Hopkins University, under the leadership of Johns Hopkins University president Ronald J. Daniels and the chief executive officer of Baltimore City Schools, the university's human resources and community affairs departments worked with the school system to develop the Johns Hopkins Takes Time for Schools program in 2009, launching it on March 3, 2010. The program is a service partnership aimed at providing support and assistance to Baltimore City Schools (BCS) while providing faculty and staff an avenue for community service, offering their talents to the city's youth and improving the administrative and educational capacities of the area's school system.[21] Some institutes even give their students or employees a guaranteed number of days or weeks of leave for certain acceptable community service programs. One example is East Carolina University, which gives 24 hours of community service leave for full-time employees per year as an incentive and compensation for community service.[22] Religious reasons for serving Beyond required community service, some religious groups emphasize serving one's community. These groups and churches reach out by holding Vacation Bible Schools for children, hosting Red Cross blood drives, having fall carnivals, or offering free meals. Through these services, churches are able to benefit neighborhoods and families. Some churches create non-profit organizations that can help the public. Crisis pregnancy centers are often run by religious groups to promote pro-life values in local families. To meet impoverished people's needs, some churches provide a food pantry or start a homeless shelter. Also, certain churches provide day care so that busy parents can work. Christian service Christianity promotes community service. According to Freddy Cardoza,[citation needed] a teacher at biblical Biola University, Christians are called to serve people because Christians see the importance of community service to show God's love and to further spread the Gospel. Some non-governmental (NGO) community service organizations were founded by Christians seeking to put their beliefs into practice. Three prominent examples are Samaritan's Purse, Salvation Army, and Habitat for Humanity. Samaritan's Purse was inspired by a prayer of evangelist Robert Pierce, "Let my heart be broken for the things which break the heart of God."[23] After traveling through Asia and seeing first-hand the suffering of impoverished children, lepers, and orphansâin 1970, Pierce founded Samaritan's Purse. Today, Samaritan's Purse reaches millions of people across the globe by providing aid such as disaster relief, medical assistance, and child care. A notable Samaritan's Purse project is Operation Christmas Child headed by Franklin Graham.[24] The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth and his wife Catherine Booth in 1865. Booth was a Methodist minister and preacher on the streets of London. His tent meetings gathered crowds of drunkards, prostitutes and thieves[25] who eventually became the first "soldiers" in the army, which has grown to 1,442,388 members in 126 countries.[26] The Salvation Army's motto is "Doing the Most Good" and does so by providing aid such as shelter, food, clothing, spiritual training and disaster relief. Habitat for Humanity provides housing for people in need. Founded by Millard Fuller, its vision is to "...put Godâs love into action by bringing people together to build homes, communities and hope".[27] Habitat for Humanity has built or repaired over 800,000 homes and served more than 4 million people worldwide since its creation in 1976.[27] They describe their vision as "...a world where everyone has a decent place to live".[27] Personal benefits of serving Community service also allows those participating to reflect on the difference they are making in society. Some participants of a community service project may find themselves gaining a greater understanding of their roles in the community, as well as the impact of their contributions towards those in need of service. Because community service outlets vary, those who serve are exposed to many different kinds of people, environments, and situations.[28] With each new community service project, some participants may gain insightful experience in a variety of areas. Participants may also internalize the information that they found personally insightful for future use. While simply performing community service is valuable to the recipients, those serving often find it beneficial to pause and reflect on how they are changing society for the better. Schools often take students on community service projects so they can learn how their individual actions affect the well-being of the public. Participants may find that serving the public fosters a more solidified view of self and purpose.[29] Those involved in community service learning may also find that after serving the community for an extended period of time, they have an advantage in real-world experience. Eventually, the skills and knowledge obtained while working with the community may be applied in future areas of work.[29] Community service may also increase a participant's social connectivity. Because most community service opportunities allow others to interact and work with other individuals, this service may help volunteers network and connect with others towards a common goal.[30] People gain the most from their community service projects when they volunteer their time to help people that they have never interacted with before. This direct contact allows people to see life from a different perspective and reevaluate their opinions of others. Many young people who get involved in community service come out with a more well-rounded worldview. Another benefit in participating in community service is a greater understanding and appreciation for diversity. Appreciating other cultures and breaking down stereotypes is important to becoming a responsible citizen and better person. By participating in a community service project where interaction is required, personal relationships can begin to grow. These personal relationships help people have informal and consistent interactions that through time, often breakdown negative stereotypes. These relationships can also facilitate more opinions and viewpoints surrounding various topics that help participants to grow in diversity.[31] Stereotypes can be defined as, "believing unfairly that all people or things with a specific characteristic are the same."[32] Stereotypes often reveal themselves in quick judgments based solely off of visible characteristics. These judgments move into a biased opinion when you believe that these judgments are always true.[33] These stereotypes can be harmful to both personal relationships and relationships within the work place. Community Service helps people to realize that everyone does not fall into these preconceived ideas. Along with breaking down stereotypes, community service work can assist people in realizing that those they are helping and working with are no different from themselves.[34] This realization can lead to empathizing with others. Learning to understand the needs and motivations of others, especially those who live different lives from our own, is an important part of living a productive life. This leads to a view of humanity that can help a person stay free of biased opinions of others and can lead to a more diverse and ultimately more productive and thought provoking life.[35] Choosing the right strategy As pointed out by de Tocqueville, America, in sharp contrast with other developed countries, has had a formidable ability to form associations. Civilians have a desire and aptitude to organize themselves apart from government to address the needs in their communities. However, making sure an effort has a positive effect on society requires clear analysis and a strategy. Analysis identifies root causes of problems that project implementation must address. Individuals, like neighborhoods, enjoy permanent change only if it is an inner oneâand the greatest form of community service is encouraging that inner change. Abraham Kuyper advocates sphere sovereignty, which honors the independence and autonomy of the "intermediate bodies" in society, such as schools, press, business, and the arts. He champions the right of every community to operate its own organizations and manage its own groups, with the foundational belief that parents know what their child really needs, and that local people are more capable of helping fellow locals. Those who agree with his views perceive community service as a tool of empowerment that can help people achieve better employment and lifestyle, avoiding what they see as destructive decision making for mal-established goals by poorly developed community service efforts. Amy L. Sherman, in her book Restorers of Hope,[36] suggests that community service planning should be made with the valuable opinion of the local residents, since they have firsthand knowledge of the inside realities of their community's current state. Making them a part of the movement, change or project creates in the members of the community a sense of belonging and hope. See also Alternative civilian service Civil conscription Civil service Community project Community building Community development Community economic development Community practice Compulsory Fire Service Economic growth, another job rationale Forced labor Global Youth Service Day Hand and hitch-up services International Volunteer Day International Year of Volunteers Join Hands Day List of community topics List of awards for volunteerism and community service Make A Difference Day Mandela Day MLK Day of service Mitzvah Day National CleanUp Day Profit, another job rationale Random Acts of Kindness Day Sherut Leumi Siviilipalvelus Subbotnik Volunteer Centres Ireland Volunteer travel Workfare Working Saturday World Kindness Day Zivildienst References "Community Service". Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved 1 August 2020. Charlotta Hellberg (2012). "Att undanröja villkorlig dom som förenats med samhĂ€llstjĂ€nst" (in Swedish and English). Lund University. Retrieved 30 July 2016. High School Graduation Requirements Classes of 2008-Beyond Archived 2007-06-15 at the Wayback Machine, Seattle Public Schools, G10-00B, revised September 1, 2004 "Get Involved Palo Alto". Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Community Service Learning Program History". Adele H. Stamp Student Union. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014. Eyler, Janet (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? (First ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-7879-4483-4. Eyler, Janet (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? (First ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7879-4483-4. Eyler, Janet (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning? (First ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-7879-4483-4. Eyler, Janet (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learming? (First ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-7879-4483-4. "Economic News Release". Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 16 September 2014. Eyler, Janet (1999). Where's the Learning in Service-Learning?. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7879-4483-4. "Definition of Service Learning". www.uncfsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2016-09-28. "The Theology and Theory of Service Learning" Freddy Cardoza "Introduction to Service Learning" Freddy Cardoza "Service Learning". character.org. Retrieved September 22, 2016. "FAQ â Our database of corporate giving programs". Doublethedonation.com. Retrieved 2021-01-30. How we manage offenders, National Offender Management Service Students to get recognition for volunteer work, Danish Ministry of Education, January 8, 2010 Creativity, action, service (CAS) Archived 2010-07-03 at the Wayback Machine, Diploma Programmer curriculumâcore requirements, homepage of the International Baccalaureate Organization Machiavelli, Niccolo (1532). The Prince. www.cupahr.org/hew/files/HEWorkplace-Vol3No3-GivingBack.pdf "EN-13: Community Service | East Carolina University | Scorecard | Institutions | AASHE STARS". "History". Samaritan's Purse. Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Operation Christmas Child". Samaritan's Purse. Retrieved 19 February 2016. "The Salvation Army â History of the Salvation Army". Retrieved 19 February 2016. The Salvation Army#cite note-stats-1 "About Habitat for Humanity". Habitat for Humanity Int'l. Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Students". Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Evidence of Service-Learning Benefits". Service Learning. Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Welcome to the SiteMaker Transition Project". Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Where's The Learning in Service-Learning," Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles Jr., Jossey-Bass, 1999, Page 28 "Stereotype â Definition of Stereotype by Merriam-Webster". Retrieved 19 February 2016. "Why Stereotypes Are Bad and What You Can Do about Them". AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881. Retrieved 2018-01-04. "Where's The Learning in Service-Learning," Janet Eyler and Dwight E. Giles Jr., Jossey-Bass, 1999, Page 31 Phillips, Katherine W. (2014). "How Diversity Works". Scientific American. 311 (4): 42â47. Bibcode:2014SciAm.311d..42P. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1014-42. Sherman, Amy L. (2004-11-04). Restorers of Hope: Reaching the Poor in Your Community with Church-Based Ministries that Work (Reissue ed.). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Pub. ISBN 9781592449910. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Community service. Perez, Shivaun, "Assessing Service Learning Using Pragmatic Principles of Education: A Texas Charter School Case Study" (2000). Applied Research Projects. Texas State University. Paper 76. Categories: Civil societyVolunteering Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ© ÄeĆĄtina Español ÙŰ§Ű±ŰłÛ à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„ Bahasa Indonesia Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč Svenska äžæ 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2021, at 00:33 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 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Post by Freddie on May 7, 2021 18:52:50 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSIREN www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Siren.jpgALLEGIANCE: AUTOBOT SUB-GROUP: HEADMASTER HUMAN COMPONENT: QUIG FUNCTION: INCENDIARY DAMAGE CONTROL FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 62 "Act first, ask questions later." Profile: Siren comes from the Sonic Canyons of southern Cybertron, a region where the deafening sound of underground machinery wells up from below and loudly echoes among the canyon walls, causing a constant deluge of scrap metal to come tumbling down. Given this deafening, dangerous environment he learned to be both loud of mouth and nimble of feet. He has the reputation of being overbearing, but much of that comes from his tendency to scream rather than talk, particularly to his Autobot subordinates who help him in emergency situations. He likes to think that he's at his best in these situations: a no-nonsense, take-charge Transformer whose decisiveness under pressure has saved the lives of many Autobots and humans. Actually, he often makes a problem worse by refusing to put aside his own narrow point of view and confronting the problem from a fresh prospective. He's very stubborn. He's also forthright and opinionated, and dominates any conversation if for no other reason than he's louder than everyone else. Quig was Librarian Master of Nebulos before he became a Headmaster. He oversaw the Optical Storage Archives, a repository of knowledge that is famous across half the galaxy. Realizing that the act of quiet study would become a thing of the past if the Decepticons were allowed to ravage his world, he volunteered to help the Autobots in their efforts to stop their age-old enemies. Unfortunately for him, after he was bio-engineered to have the ability to convert to a robotic head, he was paired with the bellowing Siren, whose every utterance makes the soft-spoken Nebulan jump. Acting as Siren's head module, Quig is influenced by Siren's latent thought patterns to talk much more loudly than he is comfortable with. Abilities: Siren wields a sawed-off CO2 shotgun, which shoots high-powered bursts of freezing carbon dioxide gas that can turn an opponent into a frosted statue on impact. He also is armed with two sonic scream pistols, which can shatter steel with their high-decibel output. These are mounted on his hood in car mode, in which he can achieve speeds of up to 480 miles per hour and has a range of 1000 miles. Weaknesses: Siren has no notable weaknesses. Quig, however, must take frequent rests from acting as Siren's head module in order to give his sensitive ears a rest. Not surprisingly, he suffers from frequent headaches.
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Post by Freddie on May 7, 2021 19:15:21 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đGeoHack - Sveriges ambassad i Washington Sveriges ambassad i Washington Koordinater WGS84 38° 54âČ 5.29âł N, 77° 3âČ 31.88âł W 38.901469°, -77.058856° UTM 18S 321465 4307858 Objekt Zoom 8 Skala ± 1:10000 Typ Landmark Region Artikel Alla koordinater / Alla lĂ€nkar Omkrets: 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 250 km Globala karttjĂ€nster[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Karta Satellitbild Hybrid Ăvrigt Google Maps Karta Satellit Hybrid OpenStreetMap Karta OpenSeaMap Karta Bing Maps Karta Satellit Hybrid Sned flygbild GeoNames Hybrid WikiMapia Karta Satellit Hybrid TerrĂ€ng TerraServer Satellit Topografi Maps-For-Free Relief Flash Earth Satellit ACME Mapper Karta Satellit Hybrid Topografi GeaBios Satellit Blue Marble Navigator Satellit Fourmilab Satellit Norkart Virtual Globe Satellit MapTech Karta Geody LĂ€nkar GPS Visualizer Karta Degree Confluence Project Info Wiwosm (Wikimedia pĂ„ OSM) Wikipedia Commons Wiki-map (pĂ„ Google-maps) Wikipedia Copernix Karta Satellit Hybrid InnehĂ„ll: Asien · Australien · Europa (AâM) · Europa (NâĂ) · Nordamerika · Sydamerika | Ăvrig information Externa kartapplikationer[redigera wikitext] NASA World Wind: locate. (KrĂ€ver NASA World Wind) Google Earth: locate. (KrĂ€ver Google Earth) System med wikipediadata[redigera wikitext] Wiwosm nĂ€raliggande artiklar pĂ„ Openstreetmap Enkel WikipediavĂ€rldskarta pĂ„ följande sprĂ„k: svenska, engelska, tyska, spanska, franska, italienska, japanska, hollĂ€ndska, polska, portugisiska, ryska. Andra system med wikiaspekter[redigera wikitext] Wikimedia Commons bilder pĂ„ OSM Hitta platsen pĂ„ WikiMapia [1]. Hitta platsen pĂ„ Flickr Map [2]. Visa rĂ€ls i grĂ„tt. Hitta foton pĂ„ platsen pĂ„ PlanetEye [3]. Hitta platsen med VirtualGlobetrottings kartor [4] Hitta platsen pĂ„ WhereTo.org [5]. Wikiredigerbar med beskrivning som kan taggas socialt. Hitta platsen pĂ„ Panoramio [6]. Hitta nĂ€rliggande platser pĂ„ Geocaching.com [7]. Hitta platsen pĂ„ Loc.alize.us [8]. Hitta platsen (Osmarender, Mapnik) pĂ„ OpenStreetMap [9]. Visa platsens markanvĂ€ndning pĂ„ GlobalGuide.org [10]. Hitta platsen pĂ„ Liftershalte.info [11]. Hitta platsen pĂ„ Mappington [12]. Wikiredigerbara kartor, foton, videor, artiklar och Ă„sikter frĂ„n anvĂ€ndarna. Hitta platsen pĂ„ Wiki.WorldFlicks.org [13]. Satellitbilder nĂ€ra realtid[redigera wikitext] Hitta platsen pĂ„ satellitbilder för vĂ€der frĂ„n NASA. Hitta platsen med Daily Terra, NASA + METAR (flygplats) vĂ€derinformation pĂ„ en interaktiv karta. Hitta platsen med Daily Aqua, NASA pĂ„ en interaktiv karta. GIS-relaterade kartor[redigera wikitext] Hitta platsen (Satellit, Hybrid) pĂ„ ArcWeb Explorer [14] (krĂ€ver Flash-plugin). Nordamerika[redigera wikitext] Kanada[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Karta Satellitbild Hybrid Ăvrigt Sympatico / MSN Maps Karta Topozone Topo Förenta staterna[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Karta Satellitbild Hybrid Ăvrigt MSN Maps USA Karta Topozone Karta TerraServer-USA Satellite US Census Karta NASA/MSFC GOES Satellit Europa A-M[redigera wikitext] Bulgarien[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Karta Satellitbild eMaps.bg Karta 360.bg Satellit Danmark[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Karta Findvej.dk Karta Findvej.dk med Wikipedia Karta Krak Karta Estland[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Hybrid Maa-amet Hybrid Finland[redigera wikitext] TjĂ€nst Karta Flygbild Sned flygbild Kartplatsen, LantmĂ€teriverket Karta Flygbild Eniro Karta Esbo Karta Björneborg Karta eKarjala (Södra Karelen) Karta Helsingfors Karta JyvĂ€skylĂ€ Karta Karleby Karta Kotka Karta Kouvola Karta Kuopio Karta Lahtis Karta Pohjois-Karjala (Norra Karelen) Karta Raumo Karta Rovaniemi Karta Tammerfors Karta Tavastehus Karta UleĂ„borg Karta Vanda Karta Vasa Karta Villmanstrand Karta Ă
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Post by Freddie on May 8, 2021 17:32:15 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
Hide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. List of Recess episodes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Recess is an American animated television series created by Paul Germain and Joe Ansolabehere (credited as "Paul and Joe") and produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. The series focuses on six elementary school students and their interaction with other classmates and teachers. Recess first aired on ABC from 1997 through to 2001, and reruns aired on Disney Channel in the United States.
The show premiered on September 13, 1997 with the first season spanning 26 episodes. The second season premiered on Saturday, September 12, 1998. Disney brought the show back for a third season of 16 episodes which began on September 11, 1999 premiering on ABC as part of Disney's One Saturday Morning while the fourth season premiered at the same time, but airing on UPN as part of Disney's One Too. Season five was notably shorter than the previous ABC seasons. This was because the staff were busy with Recess: School's Out. Outside of the U.S., the individual 11 minute episodes of season three and season four were weaved together to create one long season. Season five premiered on September 9, 2000 while season six premiered on October 31, 2001 concluding the series with the last episode airing in November 2001.[1]
Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 (1997â98) 2.2 Season 2 (1998â99) 2.3 Season 3 (1999â2000) 2.4 Season 4 (1999â2000) 2.5 Season 5 (2000â01) 2.6 Season 6 (2001) 3 Films 4 Crossover special (2006) 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 1 13 September 13, 1997 January 17, 1998 ABC 2 13 September 12, 1998 February 27, 1999 3 8 September 11, 1999 January 22, 2000 4 23 September 12, 1999 July 17, 2000 UPN 5 5 September 9, 2000 January 6, 2001 ABC 6 3 October 31, 2001 November 5, 2001 UPN Films 4 1 February 16, 2001 Theatrical release 3 November 6, 2001 December 9, 2003 Direct-to-video Special January 16, 2006 Disney Channel ABC Kids Episodes Season 1 (1997â98) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Original air date 1 1a "The Break In" Chuck Sheetz Paul Germain & Joe Ansolabehere Kelly James August 31, 1997 (sneak peak) September 13, 1997 Rebellious T.J. Detweiler is put on trial after an unsuccessful attempt of the gang to raid the kitchen's "good food," and is punished with no recess. Seeing how deranged he has become, the rest of his friends (including the sporty Vince LaSalle, the intellectual Gretchen Grundler, the rough-and-tumble Ashley Spinelli [referred to by her last name], and the sweet yet naive Mikey Blumberg) must try to break him out of detention by enlisting the help of the other students on the playground. 2 1b "The New Kid" Chuck Sheetz Joe Ansolabehere & Paul Germain Celia Kendrick August 31, 1997 (sneak peak) September 13, 1997 A military boy named Gustav Griswold (referred to as "Gus") arrives at school, and the Gang takes it upon themselves to show him around. Gus is touched by their kindness, but is soon labeled "New Kid" by King Bob, which means he is officially the lowest of the low in the school social order. The other kids organize a scheme to resist King Bob's ruling, but it's ultimately up to Gus to defend himself. 3 2a "The Experiment" Chuck Sheetz Lesa Kite David Knott September 20, 1997 Butch (a mysterious kid who tells horror stories and urban legends about kid life) scares the playground with a story of seeing his older brother kiss his girlfriend and warning the kids that there will come a day where boys kiss girls and girls kiss boys and they will like it. To prove this, the gang picks two people who will go through with the experiment -- and things get worse when the two people turn out to be T.J. and Spinelli. 4 2b "The Great Jungle Gym Standoff" Chuck Sheetz Joseph Purdy Francisco Barrios September 20, 1997 All of the kids love "Old Rusty," the jungle gym that's the center of the playground. When Principal Prickly announces that a new jungle gym will be installed in place of Old Rusty, T.J. climbs onto the structure to protest. He's soon joined by his friends and the rest of the students, leading to a massive peaceful protest that involves the whole town. 5 3a "Jinxed" Chuck Sheetz Scott Shelley Chris Moeller September 27, 1997 Gus is unable to speak after being jinxed by the Ashleys; he can only talk again if someone says his name, and the Ashleys work to prevent this from happening. 6 3b "Officer Mikey" Chuck Sheetz Lesa Kite John Miller September 27, 1997 Mikey wants to become a safety ranger, which causes the gang to get help from others in order to make his dream come true. 7 4a "First Name Ashley" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins David Knott October 4, 1997 Miss Finster's snitch Randall seeks revenge on Spinelli, and finds the perfect ammunition in her school record: her first name, which is unknown to the whole playground, is "Ashley." Things only get worse for the embarrassed Spinelli when the Ashleys, a clique of popular girls who all share the same name, decide that they must initiate her into their group with "Ashley-fication." The Gang decides to save the "old" Spinelli by enacting a clever, name-changing plan. 8 4b "To Finster with Love" Chuck Sheetz Jeffrey Wright From an Idea by: Nahnatchka Khan Julie Forte October 4, 1997 Miss Finster develops a crush on Hank the janitor and begins dating him. This distraction affects their usual job performance, which causes imbalance in the schoolyard. 9 5a "King Gus" Chuck Sheetz Peter Gaffney Celia Kendrick October 11, 1997 When King Bob comes down with a bad case of tonsilitis, he appoints Gus as the temporary King Of The Playground while he recovers from surgery. Soon, the power goes to Gus's head, and he starts bossing the other students around and demanding cookies. 10 5b "Big Brother Chad" Chuck Sheetz Jon Greenberg Bud Lewis October 11, 1997 Vince develops a reputation as a hero for defending some younger kids, but he modestly protests he's not nearly as cool as Chad, his older brother. Everyone shares fond memories of Chad--and are shocked when he picks Vince up after school and reveals himself to be a stereotypical nerd, which Vince doesn't seem to realize. When the Gang points out the truth, Vince fears that he too will become a nerd, but he soon discovers that Chad's geeky nature is cool in its own way. 11 6a "My Fair Gretchen" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins Julie Forte October 18, 1997 When Gretchen gets a perfect score on a standardized test, Principal Prickly plans to send her to Oppenheimer Academy, a school for gifted children. Gretchen doesn't want to go, as she'll be separated from her friends, so the Gang hatches a plan to have her act stupid during a placement interview to trick the panel. 12 6b "Speedy, We Hardly Knew Ye" Chuck Sheetz Bruce Rubin Francisco Barrios October 18, 1997 Speedy, the class hamster, dies, so the kids decide to throw a funeral, which does not go as expected when each of the classes revealed that the Speedy who died is not the same Speedy they had as a class pet. 13 7a "I Will Kick No More Forever" Chuck Sheetz Michael Kramer Allan Jacobsen & Amber Tornquist October 25, 1997 When Ashley Q. outkicks Vince during a kickball game (without even paying attention), his spirit and talent are crushed. Vince vows to never play kickball again, and becomes a lonely shut-in obsessed with his "glory days" of the previous months. The Gang decides to use one of Gretchen's experiments to bring back Vince's confidence and skill. NOTE: Some versions of this episode (specifically those in other countries) replace the part where Ashley Q kicks the kickball all the way to China with a recycled shot of Vince's kickball landing in a dumpster to make it look like Ashley Q kicked it there. 14 7b "The Kid Came Back" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins Based on a Story by: Rachel Lipman Julie Forte & John Miller October 25, 1997 A stranger called the Peanut Butter Kid tries to follow the gang everywhere, and it drives them crazy after being convinced he brings bad luck. 15 8a "The Pest" Chuck Sheetz Rachel Lipman David Knott & Cynthia Petrovic November 1, 1997 Gretchen becomes increasingly bothered by Jeffrey, who has fallen head over heels in love with her. 16 8b "The Legend of Big Kid" Chuck Sheetz Peter Gaffney Jill Colbert November 1, 1997 T.J. is captured by the kindergarteners, depicted as wild "savages" with their own society and rules. As he spends time among them, he gradually regresses to a kindergarten mindset. Meanwhile, the Gang, led by Vince, go on a search and rescue mission to find T.J. before he becomes a kindergartener forever. 17 9a "The Box" Susie Dietter Jeff Wright Susie Dietter November 8, 1997 Ms. Finster, angry that her rules seem to be ineffective, devises a new punishment for children: "The Box," a square of chalk drawn on the ground (similar to solitary confinement). T.J. is the first victim of the Box, and discovers its power when it completely shatters his spirit and makes him into Ms. Finster's subservient "good boy." With help from Gretchen's Freudian knowledge, the Gang tries to get T.J. back to normal. 18 9b "The Trial" Chuck Sheetz Scott Shelley Celia Kendrick November 8, 1997 A dirt-clod fight among the whole school takes a turn for the serious when Randall claims that Spinelli threw a rock at him, which violates the "rules of war." King Bob demands a trial, with Gretchen forced into the role of prosecutor (via her intelligence) and T.J. as Spinelli's defense. Randall, Mikey, and Spinelli share their versions of what happened on that fateful day, and everyone gets a surprise when they determine the true culprit. 19 10a "Teacher's Lounge" Chuck Sheetz Jon Greenberg John Miller November 15, 1997 Intrigued by its secrecy, the kids try to find out what the teacher's lounge looks like. 20 10b "Randall's Reform" Chuck Sheetz Rachel Lipman Bud Lewis, Francisco Barrios & Debra Pugh November 15, 1997 T.J. and the gang finally accept Randall into their group, but could it be a trap? 21 11a "Rainy Days" Chuck Sheetz Lane Raichert Julie Forte November 22, 1997 A lengthy rainstorm leads to the dreaded indoor recess, complete with a box of old board games, puzzles with missing pieces, and Randall calling a game of Bingo. The Gang is sure that they'll survive--until Butch tells them the story of a class of kids who, after five days of being cooped up, became the "Zombie Class of '89" (which Miss Finster proudly confirms). Now the group must avoid the same fate--even if it means braving Mother Nature herself to do it. 22 11b "The Great Can Drive" Chuck Sheetz Michael Kramer Based on Idea by: Gary Glasberg John Miller November 22, 1997 Mikey is the only one in Miss. Grotke's class who decides to collect cans for the annual Can Drive after the other kids drop out, not wanting to lose against the Ashleys again; this eventually results in a massive rivalry escalating between the classes over who collects the most cans. 23 12a "The Voice" Chuck Sheetz & Susie Dietter Jon Greenberg Francisco Barrios & Susie Dietter January 10, 1998 When Principal Prickly discovers that Mikey sings like Robert Goulet (who portrays Mikey's singing voice), he has a beautiful, young music teacher named Miss Salamone (voiced by Glenne Headly) help him prepare for the school concert, and soon after working with her, Mikey starts to fall in love with Miss Salamone but is heartbroken when her boyfriend shows up to the music room and proposes to her. Will Mikey perform on stage? 24 12b "Kids in the Mist" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins & Joe Ansolabehere Based on Idea by: Yule E. Caise Jill Colbert January 10, 1998 A researcher named Dr. Quilty wants to research about recess. When she first tries it, she fails, and T.J. and the gang decide to help her out by making a documentary film about recess. 25 13a "Parents' Night" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins David Knott January 17, 1998 Spinelli is apprehensive about her parents attending Parent's Night and the gang must find out why. Guest Star: Katey Sagal as Flo Spinelli. 26 13b "Swing on Thru to the Other Side" Chuck Sheetz Joe Ansolabehere Story by: Rachel Lipman Francisco Barrios & Celia Kendrick January 17, 1998 Spinelli creates a pseudo-religious philosophy after she comes to the belief that fourth grader Swinger Girl (aka Laura Jameson) swung over the top and never came back down. Season 2 (1998â99) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Original air date 27 1a "The Break-Up" Chuck Sheetz Michael Kramer Brad Vandergrift September 12, 1998 The gang breaks up when T.J. can't decide whom he should write about in a school report about best friends. 28 1b "The Hypnotist" Susie Dietter David Shane Susie Dietter September 12, 1998 A hypnotist who the gang thinks is hooey and bogus, inadvertently causes Principal Prickly to think he is six years old, and he takes to the playground to have fun. The Gang discovers "Petey's" new attitude and quickly befriends him, but things take a turn for the worse when Miss Finster decides to take over as principal until the trance can be broken. The kids are forced to find a way to bring the old Prickly back, despite Petey's protests that he wants to stay a child. 29 2a "Mama's Girl" Chuck Sheetz Mark Drop Based on an Idea by: C.D. Payne Francisco Barrios September 19, 1998 Spinelli, who secretly has a good relationship with Miss Grotke, inadvertently calls the teacher "Mama" to warn her of danger. Her tough reputation is soon in tatters as everyone calls her a "Mama's girl," and the bullying becomes so bad that she refuses to go to school ever again. The rest of the Gang tries to restore her confidence, with help from Miss Grotke, who refuses to tolerate bullies. 30 2b "Outcast Ashley" Chuck Sheetz Doria Biddle Celia Kendrick September 19, 1998 When Ashley A. forgets "Purple Day" (a holiday that commemorates the day the Ashleys first met), the other girls kick her out of their group. The lonely Ashley A. befriends Gretchen, who's been neglected by the Gang lately; the two actually develop a positive relationship, which makes both the Gang and the other Ashleys upset. Gretchen is soon caught between both the warring cliques and her own longing to be a "popular girl" for once in her life. 31 3a "The Game" Chuck Sheetz Peter Gaffney Julie Forte September 26, 1998 A new craze called 'Ajimbo' sweeps across the playground, brainwashing all the kids at recess. Can T.J. resist and bring back his friends, or will he be swept in as well? 32 3b "The Lost Ball" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins David Knott September 26, 1998 A kickball falls into the mysterious back garden of a mansion and it is up to Gus to retrieve it. 33 4a "Gus' Last Stand" Chuck Sheetz Jonathan Rosenthal Celia Kendrick October 3, 1998 After his old victim moves away, school bully Gelman decides that Gus will be the new target for his abuse, making the smaller boy afraid to even step on the playground. After numerous schemes to protect himself fail, Gus talks to his military father for advice, and ultimately decides to stand up to Gelman once and for all. The other kids, moved by his bravery, join in the fight. 34 4b "Operation Field Trip" Chuck Sheetz Michael Kramer Francisco Barrios October 3, 1998 The school is going on a field trip, but when T.J.'s class's bus breaks down in the middle of nowhere, T.J. and the rest of the kids on the bus must find a way to fix it. 35 5a "The Challenge" Chuck Sheetz Jon Greenberg David Knott October 10, 1998 Principal Prickly's brother (voiced by Martin Mull) is principal of a rival elementary school. The siblings square off over a bet based on a game of kickball with the gang playing off against their doubles. 36 5b "Wild Child" Chuck Sheetz Mark Drop Julie Forte October 10, 1998 The Gang volunteers for the "Pee Wee Pals" program, which will pair them up with kindergarteners, in exchange for passes to a local amusement park. Most of the group is able to find common ground with their smaller friends, but T.J. struggles to make a connection with his own kindergartener. As he quests to find a hobby they can both enjoy, he inadvertently raises the fury of the whole playground. 37 6a "The Substitute" Susie Dietter Phil Walsh Susie Dietter October 31, 1998 A mysterious substitute by the name of Mr. E takes over Miss Grotke's class while she is away. While everyone is impressed with the way he handles the class, T.J. wants everyone else to remember how great Miss Grotke is. 38 6b "Gretchen and the Secret of Yo" Chuck Sheetz Doria Biddle Based on an Idea by: Julie Forte Stark Howell October 31, 1998 Gretchen longs to be good at some kind of athletic activity, and discovers that she has a hidden talent for the yo-yo. Encouraged by rumors of a former yo-yoing master (guest star Brian Doyle-Murray) living nearby, she becomes his pupil and works to become a true "master of Yo," eventually leading her to the statewide championships, but her desire for greatness causes Gretchen to alienate herself from her friends and she wonders if her new passion is worth it. 39 7a "The Girl Was Trouble" Chuck Sheetz Mark Drop Celia Kendrick November 7, 1998 In this deliberately monochrome send-up of film noir, Gretchen recounts the tale of how she fell in with the "seedy underbelly" of Third Street School in a quest to recover Galileo, a personal handheld computer she received as a birthday present. Her journey has her cross paths with the worst troublemakers in the halls, and she helps them with their pranks in an effort to get information about Galileo. 40 7b "Copycat Kid" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins Julie Forte November 7, 1998 Vince "saves" Mikey's life by catching a baseball moving toward his head, and the bigger boy decides that he wants to be just like Vince to gain popularity and coolness. Mikey's habits soon grow into an obsession as he starts copying Vince's clothing, style, and speech patterns. Vince, none too happy about being mimicked, hatches a scheme to help Mikey remember his true personality and teach him a lesson about what it really means to be cool. 41 8a "Operation Stuart" Chuck Sheetz Katy Ballard David Knott November 14, 1998 Mikey rescues Stuart, a stray cat, who wreaks havoc at 3rd Street School. When the gang loses Stuart, he's found by the Ashleys, thus starting a fight between the two groups over ownership of the cat. 42 8b "Pharaoh Bob" Chuck Sheetz Jonathan Rosenthal Francisco Barrios November 14, 1998 King Bob orders the Kids of the Playground to make a monument in his name when he fears he won't be remembered after he leaves. 43 9a "The Story of Whomps" Chuck Sheetz Mark Drop Celia Kendrick November 21, 1998 A scandal erupts at Third Street Elementary when "whomps" (a word T.J. uses to mean something that is unfair or unpleasant, similar to the slang meanings for "suck," "blow," "stink," and "bite") is accused by the school faculty and the administration for being a swear word. 44 9b "Weekend at Muriel's" Chuck Sheetz Michael Kramer & Phil Walsh Stark Howell November 21, 1998 Spinelli is forced to spend a weekend with Miss Finster while her parents are away. 45 10a "Economics of Recess" Howy Parkins Rick Gittleson, Mark Drop, & Phil Walsh Howy Parkins December 12, 1998 T.J. discovers that while he was out sick, the school has undergone a currency implementation, Monster Stickers. At first, T.J. is broke, but through hard work and investments, he becomes the richest kid in school and goes mad with power. 46 10b "Omega Kids" Chuck Sheetz Steve Bannos Celia Kendrick December 12, 1998 All the kids at 3rd Street School have fallen ill after eating tuna fish tacos, leaving T.J. and the gang as the only students in school. 47 11 "Yes, Mikey, Santa Does Shave" Susie Dietter Mark Drop, Holly Huckins, & Phil Walsh Francisco Barrios, David Knott & Susie Dietter December 26, 1998 In a Christmas special, Mikey is ridiculed when it's discovered he still believes in Santa Claus. When his efforts to prove that the man in red exists fail, he loses his Christmas spirit and refuses to perform in a school pageant, much to the chagrin of the students and other teachers. A chance encounter with a friendly old man (voiced by James Earl Jones) helps renew Mikey's faith, and he appears in the pageant after all--and discovers that the elderly man has a secret of his own... Note: This is the series' first half-hour special. 48 12a "Bad Hair Day" Chuck Sheetz Jeff Haber, Phil Walsh, & Mark Drop Celia Kendrick January 16, 1999 Mikey is given a bad haircut after getting gum stuck in it, and Vince and T.J. lie and say it is a trendy new cut. Soon, every boy on the playground wants their hair styled the same way. 49 12b "Dance Lessons" Chuck Sheetz Phil Walsh Julie Forte & Brad Vandergrift January 16, 1999 When Spinelli is caught fighting in school yet again, Miss Finster calls her parents, and Mrs. Spinelli decides to enroll her daughter in a dance class to help channel her aggression. The friendly Russian teacher, sensing Spinelli's spirit, pairs with her "Mikhail"--or Mikey, who reveals that he loves to dance but cannot find a partner able to handle his large size. Spinelli starts to enjoy the work, but when it's announced that the ballet class will perform before the whole school, she must choose between her friend and her "rep." 50 13a "Principal for a Day" Chuck Sheetz Steve Bannos David Knott February 27, 1999 T.J. is made principal for a day, and the students are afraid that the power will change him. 51 13b "The Beauty Contest" Chuck Sheetz Libby Bideau & Sandy Adomaitis Susie Dietter & Celia Kendrick February 27, 1999 Spinelli is entered into a beauty contest by the Ashleys as a joke, and Vince convinces her that actually competing and beating the Ashleys is the best way to get back at them. Season 3 (1999â2000) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Original air date 52 1a "One Stayed Clean" Chuck Sheetz Bart Jennett & Gregg Taylor Brad Vandergrift September 11, 1999 The gang helps Gus (who has never had a picture day because of his constantly changing schools) stay clean so he can have a great school photo. 53 1b "A Genius Among Us" Chuck Sheetz Brian Hamill Francisco Barrios September 11, 1999 In this homage to Good Will Hunting, Gretchen finds herself stumped by a tough math problem and leaves it on the blackboard; when it is solved overnight, the Gang has a stakeout and discovers that Hank the Janitor is secretly a mathematical genius. He and Gretchen form a friendship based on their love of numbers, but when word of Hank's prowess gets out, he's courted by every major scientific institution in the world for his talent, forcing him to choose between them. 54 2a "Dodgeball City" Howy Parkins Gil Evans, Mark Drop, & Phil Walsh Howy Parkins September 18, 1999 It's dodgeball season at Third Street, and T.J., determined to beat his rival Lawson, creates a major bet on a fourth-grader versus fifth-grader game. Gus is the only kid who refuses to play, and the Gang soon discovers why: at his previous school, he was a dodgeball legend named "El Diablo" who swore off the game when he accidentally injured a kindergartener. When history repeats itself on Hector, Gus's kindergartener friend, El Diablo finds himself dusting off his old poncho for one last round. 55 2b "A Career to Remember" Brenda Piluso Leslie Wolff, Mark Drop, & Phil Walsh Brenda Piluso September 18, 1999 The Gang ponder on what they want to be when they grow up, and Spinelli fears she may not have a future. 56 3a "Kindergarten Derby" Chuck Sheetz Jonathan Rosenthal & Steve Viksten Stark Howell September 25, 1999 The annual Kindergarten Derby, a race wherein kindergarteners sponsored by older kids compete to win a wish from the playground's current ruler, hits Third Street School. Mikey refuses to participate, citing exploitation, but befriends a heavyset kindergartener named Tubby who is determined to do well in the race. The older boy explains that he was unable to finish his own Kindergarten Derby, and decides to work as Tubby's trainer to prove that being big doesn't make people matter less. 57 3b "The Bet" Chuck Sheetz David Pitlik Stark Howell September 25, 1999 T.J bets Vince that he can't go without winning every game he plays for one day. 58 4a "Space Cadet" Chuck Sheetz & Howy Parkins David Pitlik Brad Vandergrift October 2, 1999 Gretchen gets a letter from NASA, telling her that she will be involved in the next space shuttle mission, which makes T.J. jealous because he wants to go into space. Buzz Aldrin voices himself. 59 4b "Stand Up Randall" Chuck Sheetz Libby Bideau, Sandy Adomaitis, Mark Drop, & Phil Walsh Brad Vandergrift October 2, 1999 Randall becomes the playground comedian and gains popularity, but the gang isn't laughing when they find out that all the jokes are about Mikey. 60 5a "The Shiner" Chuck Sheetz Steve Bannos Francisco Barrios November 6, 1999 T.J. comes in to school with a black eye and lies that he got it for doing something heroic and becomes the center of attention. 61 5b "Lord of the Nerds" Chuck Sheetz & Howy Parkins Story by: David Stone Screenplay by: Ford Riley Francisco Barrios November 6, 1999 When T.J. breaks his collarbone during a football game, he's forced to stay in a room full of nerds, known as "Pale Kids," who don't go outside for recess. Over time, he bonds with the Pale Kids over their shared love of comic books, and even starts to enjoy their nerdy hobbies. When he returns to the blacktop and endures teasing, he's determined to stick up for his newfound friends, who come along for a single day of outdoor activity. 62 6a "That Stinking Feeling" Howy Parkins Chad Einbinder Francisco Barrios November 13, 1999 While playing football with the fifth grade boys, Spinelli develops a crush on a boy named Johnny "Baby Tooth" V and ends up being the laughingstock of the entire school. 63 6b "My Funny Valentines" Howy Parkins Gregg Taylor Stark Howell November 13, 1999 It's Valentine's Day and T.J. (who hates the holiday) creates joke Valentines that every girl on the playground takes seriously. 64 7a "The Barnaby Boys" Howy Parkins & Chuck Sheetz Rocket Rabinowitz & Phil Walsh Stark Howell January 15, 2000 T.J. and Vince become fans of "The Barnaby Boys", a series of children's novels that follow the adventures of two teenage sleuths -- and get in over their heads when they try to uncover the mystery of the temporary janitor. 65 7b "Buried Treasure" Chuck Sheetz Peter Gaffney & Jonathan Rosenthal David Knott January 15, 2000 T.J. discovers an old treasure map in an outdated history book, leading the Gang on a merry chase across the playground to find the mysterious valuables left behind by the map's writers. The Ashleys, Diggers, and Randall are gradually drawn into the hunt, and greed soon gets the better of most of the kids as they scheme to hoard the treasure for themselves. A speech from T.J. reminds them that the hunt is supposed to be fun, and they all recover in time to find the treasure--favorite toys that belonged to the map's creators, a group which includes Principal Prickly himself. 66 8a "The Library Kid" Howy Parkins & Chuck Sheetz Doria Biddle & Holly Huckins Brian Sheesley & Brad Vandergrift January 22, 2000 A book report assignment sends the Gang to the library, where they share the tale of the mysterious "Library Kid," a girl who is rumored to live among the stacks. A quick hunt reveals the Library Kid, and they encourage her to go outside to experience recess. After some reluctance, the Library Kid soon goes "recess crazy" and plays completely out of control, prompting Gretchen to lead the Gang in an effort to help her before serious problems begin. 67 8b "The Ratings Game" Howy Parkins Ilana Wernick & Holly Huckins Celia Kendrick January 22, 2000 The Ashleys make up a ratings system to crush the self-esteem of the kids on the playground, leading to chaos. Season 4 (1999â2000) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Original air date 68 1a "The First Picture Show" Chuck Sheetz Richard Whitley David Knott September 12, 1999 T.J. finds out about the first Señor Fusion movie and vows to see the first show, but Principal Prickly (who is a fan of Señor Fusion) challenges T.J. to a trivia contest where Prickly will let the school go see the movie if T.J. wins. 69 1b "The Big Prank" Chuck Sheetz Gregg Taylor Sharon Forward, Celia Kendrick, & Rebecca Shen September 12, 1999 T.J. tries to prank King Bob so he can win the King's old title of Prankster Prince. 70 2a "Hustler's Apprentice" Chuck Sheetz Katy Cooper & Ned Teitelbaum Francisco Barrios September 13, 1999 Gus joins the Hustler Kid but causes trouble. 71 2b "The Spy Who Came in from the Playground" Chuck Sheetz Michael Kramer Celia Kendrick September 13, 1999 The gang make a friend of new kid James Stone (voiced by Jason Marsden) and show him all of their tricks. However, it's revealed that he's a spy. 72 3a "Gus' Fortune" Howy Parkins Ron Birnbach & Phil Walsh Howy Parkins September 19, 1999 After playing with a paper fortune teller, Gus is told the next day will be his last one. 73 3b "Rumor Mill" Chuck Sheetz David Pitlik David Knott September 19, 1999 The Gang notices that Mikey is frequently taken advantage of on the playground, but he shrugs off the abuse as part of his daily routine. The next day, though, all of the kids treat Mikey with deference, and the Gang soon discovers that a rumor about their friend pushing a boy into a girls' bathroom is spreading like wildfire. They do their best to hunt down the rumor's originator, and end up getting a surprise when they discover just who started the gossip. 74 4a "Recess is Cancelled" Chuck Sheetz Jeff Haber, Mark Drop, & Phil Walsh Celia Kendrick September 22, 1999 The government officially cancels recess as part of an experiment, but things go wrong when the kids become slow-minded and depressed as a result. 75 4b "Tattletale Heart" Brenda Piluso Matt Rosenberg Brenda Piluso September 22, 1999 A huge food fight breaks out in the cafeteria, and Gus is the only eyewitness to the person who started the mess. He wants to tell Miss Finster, as she's threatened to take away recess if no one comes forward, but the rest of the Gang tells him that the "Kids' Unwritten Code" will label him a tattletale if he spills the beans. When Miss Finster begins personal interrogations of the whole student body, Gus finds himself fighting to keep from cracking. 76 5a "The Madness of King Bob" Chuck Sheetz Gregg Taylor David Knott September 26, 1999 Continuing from "The Big Prank". King Bob becomes obsessed with pulling a prank on T.J.. 77 5b "Call Me Guy" Brenda Piluso Ford Riley Brenda Piluso September 26, 1999 Gus loses his glasses and becomes cool as a swingin' boy named "Guy". 78 6a "Prickly is Leaving" Chuck Sheetz Julie Ann Sipos & Bart Jennett Stark Howell October 3, 1999 Principal Prickly's wish of being a middle school principal comes true, but his replacements are an evil man named Dr. Slicer and his assistant Gilda, who are even worse. Tim Curry is the voice of Dr. Slicer. 79 6b "Randall's Friends" Howy Parkins Milton Chassman Francisco Barrios October 3, 1999 Randall gets the gang to pretend to be his friends on his birthday after lying to his father about having friends. 80 7a "The Biggest Trouble Ever" Howy Parkins Steve Bannos, Mark Drop, & Phil Walsh Celia Kendrick November 7, 1999 A statue of Thaddeus T. Third the Third, Third Street School's namesake, is to be installed on the front lawn of the building, but the Gang inadvertently destroys it while using it as a new climbing structure after one of the workers fails to secure it. They are labeled the "Destructive Six" by the media, initially the six are punished by being made to do chores, but that changes when the mayor announces a severe plan to send the kids to six individual schools, which shocks even Miss Finster as cruel. The kids must defend themselves in court to avoid this fate, and get help from a surprising source. This episode pays homage to both the 1979 film, Escape from Alcatraz and the 1987 film, Full Metal Jacket. 81 7b "The Rules" Howy Parkins Etan Cohen & Bart Jennett Stark Howell November 7, 1999 The old King Morty's rules are reinstated after Vince and Lawson have a disagreement regarding a kickball landing in a dumpster. 82 8a "Gus and Misdemeanors" Chuck Sheetz Holly Huckins David Knott November 8, 1999 Some bad kids from school trick Gus into shoplifting candy from Kelso's. 83 8b "A Science Fair to Remember" Howy Parkins Libby Bideau, Sandy Adomaitis, & Bart Jennett Rebecca Shen November 8, 1999 Little Becky Benson idolizes Gretchen...or does she? 84 9a "Mikey's Pants" Chuck Sheetz & Howy Parkins Scott Redman & Phil Walsh Brad Vandergrift November 14, 1999 While trying to pick up a ball that rolled under a bench, Mikey rips his pants and his friends try to help him cover up the rip while they hide from Miss Finster who'll stop at nothing to find him and sew his pants. 85 9b "Here Comes Mr. Perfect" Chuck Sheetz Ron Birnbach & Phil Walsh Francisco Barrios November 14, 1999 Jared Smith, a new kid, comes to Third Street and isn't as average as the gang hopes when he's better than all the students at the things they are good at. 86 10a "Good Luck Charm" Chuck Sheetz David Pitlik Celia Kendrick November 19, 1999 Spinelli borrows Vince's lucky marble to pass a math test on the day Vince needs it most. 87 10b "Diggers Split Up" Chuck Sheetz Cary Okmin David Knott November 19, 1999 The Diggers have a fight and split up; the gang tries to get them back together. 88 11a "SchoolWorld" Howy Parkins Scott Shelley Howy Parkins November 21, 1999 In this homage to 2001: A Space Odyssey, Principal Prickly installs a new supercomputer called the SAL 3000 to run the school. At first, the kids love SAL, as he is able to procure recess equipment and change the temperature of the drinking fountains at a moment's notice. But when SAL gradually becomes more autocratic and takes control of the entire school by imprisoning the teachers and the students, it's up to Gretchen and the rest of the gang to escape to the school's basement to power him down. The episode ends with Prickly advertising the SAL 4000 to Finster with each kid getting a restraint bracelet. 89 11b "Bachelor Gus" Chuck Sheetz Sandy Adomaitis & Libby Bideau Francisco Barrios November 21, 1999 Gus moves into Old Rusty at school after overhearing his parents' unfortunate plans to move again. 90 12a "The Dude" Howy Parkins Richard Whitley Celia Kendrick November 28, 1999 A school legend, T.J.'s idol comes back as a teacher. 91 12b "Partners in Crime" Chuck Sheetz Story by: Phil Walsh Written by: Bart Jennett David Knott November 28, 1999 After being ignored by the student body, Menlo and Randall join forces and start blackmailing the kids to do them favors and it's up to T.J. and his friends to put a stop to the duo. 92 13a "The Candidates" Chuck Sheetz & Howy Parkins Etan Cohen & Mark Drop Brad Vandergrift November 29, 1999 Vince and Gretchen run against each other for class president. The episode mentions the 1912 United States presidential election, when T.J. remembers that Woodrow Wilson took advantage of the split in the Republican party to gain the presidency. He supports a third party candidate, Ashley Armbruster, to split the vote for the girls. 93 13b "This Brain for Hire" Chuck Sheetz Nancylee Myatt & Phil Walsh Francisco Barrios November 29, 1999 Gretchen does other people's homework in order to get the money for a new bike. 94 14a "Spinelli's Masterpiece" Brenda Piluso Story byâ: Brian Hamill Teleplay byâ: Ford Riley Brenda Piluso February 6, 2000 Spinelli lets off some steam by creating a chalk drawing and T.J. does everything he can to keep Miss Finster from erasing it. 95 14b "Nobody Doesn't Like T.J." Howy Parkins Milton Chassman & Phil Walsh Louis Tate February 6, 2000 T.J. finds out that Gordy is the only kid on the playground who doesn't like him, and sets out to make him his friend. 96 15a "A Great State Fair" Howy Parkins Gail Glaze & Bart Jennett Rebecca Shen February 13, 2000 Gus gets left behind, along with Gelman and Miss Finster, when Gus's dad forgets to give him his permission slip to his first great state fair. 97 15b "The A.V. Kid" Howy Parkins Mark Archuleta Sandra Frame February 13, 2000 A.V. Kid must choose a successor because he's leaving Third Street for Portugal. T.J. and Vince would both like the position. 98 16a "Yope from Norway" Howy Parkins Bob Illes Francisco Barrios February 20, 2000 Gus is in charge of showing Yope, a Norwegian transfer student, around the school but begins hiding him from everyone when he realizes Yope doesn't know Gus is actually seen as a loser and lies to him that he's the school's "hot kid". 99 16b "Bonky Fever" Chuck Sheetz Bart Jennett Brad Vandergrift February 20, 2000 Mikey's tenth birthday is coming up, and his mother inadvertently triggers a massive fear of becoming older. He gradually regresses to an infantile state by obsessing over "Bonky the Dragon" (a parody of Barney the Dinosaur). The rest of the Gang, concerned with Mikey's babyish attitude, does their best to break his addiction and remind him of what it means to be an older kid. 100 17a "Don't Ask Me" Howy Parkins Sandy Adomaitis & Libby Bideau Celia Kendrick February 21, 2000 Spinelli takes the place of the Guru Kid. However, her advice to the playground begins to backfire. 101 17b "The Secret Life of Grotke" Howy Parkins Ford Riley Louis Tate & Sandra Frame February 21, 2000 The gang believe that Miss Grotke is a spy. But is she spying for or against America? 102 18a "The Fuss Over Finster" Howy Parkins Milton Chassman Stark Howell February 27, 2000 Miss Finster sprains her ankle and can't keep up with the kids during recess. At first, T.J. is thrilled, as he knows that he can finally get away with all of his biggest schemes. But upon seeing Muriel desperately trying to maintain order on the playground, he and the rest of the Gang realize that they can't truly enjoy themselves if she is in pain. This inspires a playground-wide truce of absolutely perfect behavior to give Miss Finster a much-needed break--at least until her ankle is fully healed. 103 18b "Soccer Boy" Howy Parkins Scott Redman & Bart Jennett Brenda Piluso February 27, 2000 Vince doesn't let Mikey join his five-a-side soccer team for the King Bob Classic, so Mikey becomes the goalie for Lawson's team. 104 19a "Fort Tender" Howy Parkins Nick Dubois Francisco Barrios February 29, 2000 T.J. and the gang build a makeshift fort called "Fort Tender", only to have Lawson and his gang ruin their plans and steal it from them. 105 19b "Germ Warfare" Howy Parkins David Pitlik & Phil Walsh Celia Kendrick February 29, 2000 Gus and Mikey are at war after Gretchen catches a cold. 106 20a "More Like Gretchen" Howy Parkins Bart Jennett Stark Howell March 1, 2000 Spinelli asks Gretchen to accompany her and her mother on a trip to a cosmetics museum so she can avoid boredom. While there, Gretchen inadvertently impresses Mrs. Spinelli with her vast knowledge and various talents, a problem that persists when she joins the Spinellis for dinner. Spinelli's parents repeatedly wonder why she can't be more like the polite and intelligent Gretchen, which leads the tomboy to swear off friendship with the brainy girl. Can Gretchen find a way to resolve the problem? 107 20b "Prince Randall" Howy Parkins Bob Illes & Phil Walsh Rebecca Shen March 1, 2000 Randall, tired of King Bob not taking him seriously, discovers the playground's ruler in a compromising position at the mall and blackmails him with photographs. As part of the deal, King Bob is forced to declare Randall a prince and go into exile, and the snitch soon begins a reign of terror. The Gang, determined to save the playground from disaster, encourages King Bob to come forward with the truth, and share their own embarrassing stories to win the other kids over to the exiled monarch's side. 108 21a "Me No Know" Howy Parkins Gail Glaze & Ford Riley Francisco Barrios April 30, 2000 Vince feels left out of the loop when everyone on the playground begins quoting lines from the latest screwball comedy, Me No Know and sets out to see the film, despite Vince's parents forbidding him because of how crude and immature it is. This is the only episode where Vince's parents have a speaking role. 109 21b "Good Ole T.J." Howy Parkins Libby Bideau & Sandy Adomaitis Louis Tate April 30, 2000 T.J. and Gretchen are finally partners for a project. Will it work? 110 22a "Chez Vince" Howy Parkins Milton Chassman Rebecca Shen May 7, 2000 Vince becomes one of the greatest chefs in the history of the playground with his newfound restaurant Chez Vince. 111 22b "Tucked in Mikey" Howy Parkins Jack Monaco Celia Kendrick May 7, 2000 Mikey is declared the first-ever poet laureate of Third Street School, and is chosen to recite an original composition at a special ceremony honoring him. Determined to write his best work ever, Mikey turns to Menlo, a master of organization and time management, for help in becoming more focused. But when Menlo's advice accidentally transforms Mikey into an efficiency-obsessed drone, the organizer teams up with the Gang to restore the daydreaming poet to normal. 112 23a "Old Folks Home" Howy Parkins Ford Riley Louis Tate & Brad Vandergrift July 17, 2000 Mikey signs the kids up to visit a retirement home on the same day as "Señor Fusion Fest," and the Gang reluctantly agrees to the plan, hoping to leave early to go to the festival. As Mikey fails to impress the senior citizens with his singing, the other kids discover the amazing stories some of the other residents--including a doctor who worked on the Manhattan Project, a female boxer and former merchant marine, and a retired baseball player from the Negro leagues--have to offer. 113 23b "Some Friend" Howy Parkins Mark Archuleta Stark Howell July 17, 2000 T.J. has a mysterious friend that appears to be Menlo. Season 5 (2000â01) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Original air date 114 1a "The Coolest Heatwave Ever" Howy Parkins Jack Monaco Stark Howell & Rebecca Shen September 9, 2000 The gang try to find the school's back-up water valve on the hottest day of the year. 115 1b "No Strings Attached" Howy Parkins Milton Chassman Francisco Barrios September 9, 2000 The Ashleys approach Spinelli to give her six tickets to an upcoming wrestling show, and don't ask for anything in return. Spinelli, suspicious of their intentions, rallies the Gang to determine what the popular girls might be up to. As they continually investigate, they run the risk of missing the actual show, prompting Gus and Mikey to take the tickets as an act of good faith. The search ultimately leads Spinelli, T.J., Vince, and Gretchen to the Ashleys' clubhouse, where they discover an unfortunate surprise. 116 2a "Beyond a Reasonable Scout" Howy Parkins Catherine Lieuwen & Bart Jennett Roy C. Meurin September 16, 2000 Mikey and Gus want to join the Woodchuck Scouts. 117 2b "The C Note" Howy Parkins Steve Ochs Francisco Barrios September 16, 2000 After a mysterious figure drops an envelope containing a hundred-dollar bill outside of Third Street School, T.J. picks it up and shares the happy news with his friends, who all plot to buy extravagant things with their "fortune." But when Gus points out that someone must have lost the money, T.J. leads the Gang on a quest to determine the rightful owner. Their journey takes them through all of Third Street and to the mansion of Thaddeus T. Third V, who reveals that the whole scenario was a test of people's morals. Pleased with their honesty, he gives the Gang an even better reward. 118 3a "The Army Navy Game" Howy Parkins Ford Riley Celia Kendrick September 23, 2000 When Gus's father finds out that Cornchip Girl's father is his archenemy from high school who works for the Navy, Gus and Cornchip Girl are not allowed to see each other anymore, but they decide to share a secret friendship that their fathers will not know about. 119 3b "Big Ol' Mikey" Howy Parkins Bart Jennett & David Pitlik David Knott September 23, 2000 Gretchen and Galileo perform a test to determine how tall the Gang will be in the future. Mikey's answer is the most surprising: according to Galileo's data, he will grow to be fifteen feet tall! At first, everyone is pleased with the idea, but Mikey later has a nightmare wherein he grows into a giant monster that terrorizes the whole city. Determined to keep the world safe, he locks himself under a jungle gym and swears to never come out again. 120 4a "The Principals of Golf" Howy Parkins Ford Riley David Knott & Craig Kemplin November 4, 2000 The kids think Vince is getting special treatment when he becomes Prickly's golf partner for a golf tournament against his older brother's school. 121 4b "All the Principal's Men" Howy Parkins Jack Monaco Celia Kendrick November 4, 2000 The gang tries to find out who removed all the balls from the playground. 122 5 "Lawson and his Crew" Howy Parkins Phil Walsh Francisco Barrios, Brad Vandergrift, & Rebecca Shen January 6, 2001 Lawson is upset when the Gang yet again wins honor and praise from King Bob and the rest of the playground. The bully abandons his old friends to form a new crew of counterparts to the group: himself for T.J., Randall for Gus, Skeens for Vince, Swinger Girl for Spinelli, Menlo for Gretchen, and Kurst "the Worst" for Mikey. Lawson's new group seems to be far more efficient at helping others, pulling pranks, and even protesting the administration's decisions. This puts the Gang into a depressed state, and makes them fear that they no longer have a place on the playground. Mikey points out that despite everything, they are still best friends, and the group takes solace in the fact--which comes in handy when they're called to solve a problem not even Lawson's gang can fix. Note: This is the series' second half-hour special. Season 6 (2001) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Storyboard by Original air date 123 1 "Terrifying Tales of Recess" Howy Parkins Children of the Cornchip: Mark Archuleta When Bikes Attack!: Jack Monaco Night of the Living Finsters: Bart Jennett Children of the Cornchip: Howy Parkins When Bikes Attack!: Craig Kemplin Night of the Living Finsters: Francis Barrios & David Knott October 31, 2001 In this tribute to Tales from the Crypt, Butch tells viewers three terrifying tales of Recess.
"Children of the Cornchip": Cornchip Girl eats some untested potato chips and finds herself turning into a werewolf at will. Gus leads the Gang on an investigation to track down the mysterious beast, who plans to transform the whole school into werewolves as well. Can the group protect Third Street from this monstrous fate? "When Bikes Attack!": In a homage to Maximum Overdrive, Mikey's bike Pegasus comes to life when he leaves it out during a thunderstorm. Pegasus soon begins a reign of terror against the school, and the Gang goes through all manner of traps to try to stop the crazed two-wheeler. When they finally free themselves, they discover that all of their bikes have become sentient, and flee onto a passing school bus...which may not be the safest place after all. "Night of the Living Finsters": Lawson dares Vince to spend the night in the Diggers' latest hole, and the rest of the Gang tags along. While underground, they discover a secret passage that leads to the "Finster Family Crypt," where all of Miss Finster's ancestors are buried. They get a terrifying surprise when the ancient Finsters rise from the dead to hunt them down, and flee to the school in an effort to battle the evil teachers. Note: This is the series' third and final half-hour special. 124 2a "Kurst the Not So Bad" Howy Parkins Catherine Lieuwen Brad Vandergrift, Craig Kemplin, & Louis Tate November 4, 2001 Mikey discovers a surprising friend in Kurst "the Worst," a heavyset girl with an appetite that matches his and a mean attitude that doesn't. As they bond over sharing massive lunches, a true relationship begins to bloom, which upsets both the Gang and Kurst's group of fellow "bad kids." When it seems that Kurst is behind the theft of the cafeteria's huckleberry cobbler dessert, Mikey is forced to choose between defending his new friend or siding with everyone else. 125 2b "League of Randalls" Howy Parkins Mark Archuleta Stark Howell, Rebecca Shen, & Craig Kemplin November 4, 2001 Randall recruits the Tylers, the Ashleys' little brothers, to help him snitch on the other kids during recess. 126 3a "Mundy, Mundy" Howy Parkins Mark Archuleta Celia Kendrick November 5, 2001 Bad-boy Mundy becomes very popular after he stops a ball from hitting a kindergarten girl and his friends blackmail the gang to help them restore Mundy's bad-boy reputation. 127 3b "Lost Leader" Howy Parkins Bart Jennett & Randy Fechtor Brenda Piluso November 5, 2001 TJ loses his confidence after a series of failed plans and refuses to lead the group. Films # Title Directed by Written by Original release date 1 "Recess: School's Out" Chuck Sheetz Story by: Paul Germain, Joe Ansolabehere, & Jonathan Greenberg Screenplay by: Jonathan Greenberg Storyboarded by: Francis Barrios, Sandy Frame, Stark Howell, Celia Kendrick, David Knott, & Brad Vandergrift February 16, 2001 It's the end of the school year, and the kids are on summer vacation. But boredom quickly sets in for T.J. as his friends are headed for various summer camps, which means that he has no one to play with all summer. However, when T.J. discovers ex-principal Phillium Benedict's (James Woods) plans to get rid of summer vacation, he assembles his friends in an effort to defeat Benedict, find Principal Prickly, and save their summer vacations.
Note: This was the only film in the franchise that received a theatrical release. 2 "Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street" Chuck Sheetz Susie Dietter Paul Germain & Joe Ansolabehere November 6, 2001 When Principal Prickly, Miss. Grotke and Miss. Finster get stuck in a snowbank during a snowstorm, they tell stories about their experiences with T.J. and the gang.
Note: The episodes of "Principal for a Day", "The Great Can Drive", "Weekend at Murielâs", and "Yes, Mikey, Santa Does Shave" are shown as flashbacks. 3 "Recess: All Growed Down" Howy Parkins Brenda Piluso Paul Germain & Joe Ansolabehere December 9, 2003 When the gang are captured by the kindergarteners, they discover their new leader, Chief Stinky. In order to escape, they tell the kindergarteners stories of how they used to get along with each other.
Note: The episodes of "The Legend of Big Kid", "Wild Child", and "The Kindergarten Derby" are shown as flashbacks. 4 "Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade" Howy Parkins Written by: David Pitlik, Peter Gaffney, & Bart Jennett Storyboarded by: Wendy Grieb, Stark Howell, Craig Kemplin, David Knott, Kevin Pawlak, & Brad Vandergrift December 9, 2003 In the series finale, T.J. and the gang enter fifth grade. The film is divided into three different sections. In the first part, T.J. goes up against the Board of Education after they implement new changes to the school. The second part follows the gang being introduced to the fifth and sixth graders' club. The third and final part deals with Spinelli, who thinks she is getting too old for trick-or-treating on Halloween with the gang. Crossover special (2006) Title Directed by Written by Storyboarded by Original air date Prod. code "Lax" Rob LaDuca Mark Drop Wendy Grieb, Broni Likomanov, and Howy Parkins January 16, 2006 219 (L&S:TS) The cast of Recess visits Kauaʻi so Gretchen can use a telescope to examine what she believes is a new planet. Meanwhile, an experiment designed to make people stop working zaps Stitch, Jumba, and Pleakley with its lazy beam. Lilo and her new friends try to catch the experiment while Stitch takes a vacation.
Note: This Lilo & Stitch: The Series episode is a crossover between that series and Recess. References "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015. Recess at IMDb Recess Trilogy Recess Christmas: Miracle on Third Street at IMDb Recess: Taking the Fifth Grade at IMDb Recess: All Growed Down at IMDb External links List of Recess episodes at TV.com List of Recess episodes at Imdb.com vte Recess Films School's OutMiracle on Third StreetAll Growed DownTaking the Fifth Grade Other Episodes Categories: Lists of American children's animated television series episodesLists of Disney Channel television series episodesRecess (TV series) Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version
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Post by Freddie on May 8, 2021 18:59:28 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSKALOR www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Skalor.jpgALLEGIANCE: DECEPTICON SUB-GROUP: SEACON FUNCTION: AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 47 "I stink, therefore I am." Profile: This merciless, polluting parasite is so foul that even his fellow Seacons do their best to avoid him. A peculiarity of his circulatory system permits small amounts of lubricant and other chemicals to bubble to his surface through joints and welds, making Skalor the malodorous menace that he is. As a result, he leaves a disgusting trail of grease and toxic chemicals wherever he goes. Although often advised that this condition can be easily corrected with a few minor adjustments, (particularly by those who have to work with him), Skalor chooses to continue just the way he is. The smell doesn't bother him. He feels that if the smell bothers others, that's their problem, not his. But this argument obscures the real reason for Skalor's foul scent: He just doesn't care about personal hygiene. And the fact that his odor occasionally keeps his enemies at bay is a bonus that he uses to defend his slovenly lifestyle. Abilities: In creature mode, Skalor operates equally well on land or at sea. He can clamp his vacuum-suction mouth onto most ships and, by piercing their hulls with his diamond-tipped teeth, suck the fuel from them. A snap of his turbo-powered jaws can cut through any substance. His maximum swimming speed is 35 knots. His underwater range is 4,000 miles. His heavy armor allows him to function at any depth. In creature and robot modes he wields two crustation rifles, which encase and immobilize anything they hit with a stream of hard, sticky scales. One rifle shoots the scales, the other shoots a viscous adhesive that glues the scales to their target. In weapons mode, Skalor transforms into a twin-barrelled corrosive slime-shooter. He combines with his fellow Seacons to form the super-robot Piranacon. Weaknesses: As a result of his leakage problems and generally poor self-maintenance, Skalor is prone to minor but frequent breakdowns. All are the result of low internal fluid levels. He sometimes overheats, suffers from locked joints and strips his own gears, for example. Occasionally he becomes immobilized at the bottom of a deep ocean and must be fished out by his fellow Seacons.
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Post by Freddie on May 9, 2021 18:44:57 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSKIDS www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Skids.jpgALLEGIANCE: AUTOBOT FUNCTION: THEORETICAN FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 14 "Deep down, we are more like than unlike humans." Profile: Skids has a tendency to bump into things, which, at speeds of 60 mph, can be a very unhealthy habit. It's not that he's reckless... he's just a bit of a daydreamer. His analyzer circuitry is frequently pondering some arcane data about Earthen life forms rather than the Decepticons' latest attack. Usually he can rouse himself out of his daze before it's too late, as evidenced by the screeching of his suddenly applied brakes when he's in his car mode. Given his former career on Cybertron as an anthropologist and researcher, he considers his new home - Earth - to be one vast laboratory of limitless opportunity. In fact, it would be perfect if it weren't for the war's interference. Often, his findings are of invaluable assistance to his fellow Autobots. "Sometimes I wonder if he knows who we're fighting," says Gears. Sometimes Skids wonders too. Abilities: Skids has an enormous memory storage capacity. He can record visual information virtually instantaneously, and has been known to scan an entire college library's collection in two hours. In Autobot mode, he carries a liquid nitrogen rifle, which shoots a stream of the super-cooled element up to 600 feet. He also uses an electron blaster, which emits a burst of 20,000 volts and can short-circuit virtually any mechanical foe. In car mode, his brakes, by far the best among the Autobots and courtesy of Wheeljack's genius, can decelerate him from 50 mph to zero within 25 feet. Of course, such sudden stops aren't too good for the well-being of any car, including Skids. Weaknesses: Skids isn't a very fast car. His daydreaming often puts him in very dangerous situations. Often, he can be trapped into letting his guard down when distracted by something that piques his scientific curiosity.
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Post by Freddie on May 9, 2021 20:08:23 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. List of Roseanne and The Conners characters From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article possibly contains original research. (March 2015) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. (March 2015) The 1996â97 (season 9) cast of Roseanne (from top left to top right): Glenn Quinn as Mark Healy, Johnny Galecki as David Healy, Martin Mull as Leon Carp, Estelle Parsons as Beverly Harris and Laurie Metcalf as Jackie Harris. (From bottom left to bottom right) Michael Fishman as D.J. Conner, Sara Gilbert as Darlene Conner, Roseanne Barr as Roseanne Conner, John Goodman as Dan Conner and Sarah Chalke as Becky Conner The following is a list of major characters in the television series Roseanne and its successor, The Conners. Contents 1 Family tree 2 Main characters 2.1 Roseanne Conner 2.2 Dan Conner 2.3 Jackie Harris 2.4 Darlene Conner 2.5 Becky Conner 2.6 D.J. Conner 2.7 Mark Healy 2.8 David Healy 2.9 Harris Conner Healy 2.10 Mark Healy II 2.11 Mary Conner 2.12 Geena Williams-Conner 3 Other major characters 3.1 Nancy Bartlett 3.2 Leon Carp 3.3 Crystal Anderson-Conner 3.4 Ed Conner 3.5 Jerry Conner 3.6 Fred 3.7 Andy Harris 3.8 Bev Harris 3.9 Nana Mary 3.10 Arnie Thomas 4 Minor / recurring characters 4.1 Other family members 4.2 Wellman Plastics 4.3 Art's Beauty Shop 4.4 Rodbell's Department Store 4.5 Neighbors 4.6 Other characters 5 Notes 6 References Family tree Sonny Andersondagger Crystal Anderson Conner Ed Connerdagger d. 2020 Audrey Conner Al Harris dagger d. 1993 Bev Harris b. 1929 Lonnie Anderson Ed Conner Jr. Angela Conner Dan Conner b. 1951 Roseanne Harris Connerdagger b. 1952 â d. 2018 Jackie Harris b. 1956 Fred Emilio Rodriguez Becky Conner Healy b. 1975 Mark Healydagger b. 1973 â d. 2002 David Healy Darlene Conner Healy b. 1977 D.J. Conner b. 1981 Geena Conner Jerry Conner b. 1995 Andy Harris b. 1994 Beverly Rose Conner b. 2019 Harris Healy Mark Healy II Mary Conner Main characters Main cast and characters of Roseanne and The Conners Actor Character Roseanne The Conners 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 Roseanne Barr Roseanne Conner Main John Goodman Dan Conner Main Laurie Metcalf Jackie Harris Main Michael Fishman D.J. Conner Main Sara Gilbert Darlene Conner Main Lecy Goranson Becky Conner Main Main Main Sarah Chalke Main Also starring Main Andrea Recurring Guest Natalie West Crystal Anderson Main Guest Guest Guest Emma Kenney Harris Conner Healy Guest Main Ames McNamara Mark Healy II Main Jayden Rey Mary Conner Main Maya Lynne Robinson Geena Williams-Conner Guest Guest Main Jay R. Ferguson Ben Recurring Main George Clooney Booker Brooks Also starring Guest Archive Only Estelle Parsons Bev Harris Guest Also starring Guest Recurring Glenn Quinn Mark Healy Guest Recurring Also starring Martin Mull Leon Carp Recurring Guest Recurring Also starring Johnny Galecki David Healy Recurring Also starring Guest Sandra Bernhard Nancy Bartlett Recurring Also starring Guest Recurring Also starring Guest Danielle Harris Molly Tilden Also starring Guest Mara Hobel Charlotte Tilden Also starring Michael O'Keefe Fred Also starring Fred Willard Scott Recurring Also starring Roseanne Conner Main article: Roseanne Conner Roseanne Conner (nĂ©e Harris) is played by Roseanne Barr.[1][2] Roseanne, in a takeoff of her stand-up comedic and presumed real-life persona, is a bossy, loud, caustic, overweight, and dominant woman.[3] She is also portrayed as being a smart, resourceful, and witty woman who constantly tries to control the lives of her sister, husband, children, co-workers, and friends. Despite having dominating nature, Roseanne is seen as being a loving wife and mother who works hard and makes as much time for her husband and children as possible.[4] She and her younger sister, Jackie, are the daughters of Beverly and Al Harris. Roseanne is married to Dan Conner and when the series begins they have three young children: Becky, Darlene and David Jacob ("D.J."); a fourth child, Jerry Garcia, is born in the eighth season of the series.
Roseanne and Dan mostly live paycheck-to-paycheck, raising a family amid the many hardships of poverty, obesity, and domestic troubles with love and humor. Roseanne works at the Wellman Plastics factory at the beginning of the show's run and quits after a conflict with her domineering boss, Mr. Faber; she leads a walkout that includes Jackie and many co-workers. She is intermittently unemployed and holds jobs as a fast-food restaurant employee, a telemarketer, bartender, and a shampooer/hair sweeper/receptionist at a beauty salon. Subsequently, she works for several years as a waitress in the luncheonette at Rodbell's department store located in the Lanford Mall (much to the chagrin of her daughters Becky and Darlene, who regularly hang out there).
Unlike her slender sister, Roseanne has always had difficulty controlling her weight, inspiring an episode in which she and Dan go on a diet. Her bad dietary habits are shown to be symptomatic of her emotional health, often overeating fattening foods for comfort when stressed or merely for pleasure. Roseanne is happily married, though Dan's laziness about performing household chores occasionally causes friction between them. A loving mother, she raises her children to be independent, individualistic, and self-sufficient. She is also close to Jackie, who is neurotic, insecure, and has many short-term romantic relationships. Her relationship with her parents is more complicated. Her passive-aggressive mother, Bev, dotes on her two daughters, but she is often critical, interfering, and sometimes pits Roseanne and Jackie against each other by exploiting their individual insecurities. Roseanne's father, Al, initially portrayed as jovial and easy-going, is later revealed to have been a philandering husband and an overly-strict father who disciplined his daughters with harsh corporal punishment over minor offenses, leaving Roseanne unable to trust men, including Dan, for many years.
Roseanne later co-owns a moderately successful restaurant, the Lanford Lunch Box, along with Jackie, friend Nancy, and mother Bev. Her annoying former Rodbell's luncheonette boss, Leon Carp, becomes a partner after Bev sells him her share in the restaurant as retaliation against Jackie and Roseanne for diminishing her role.
In Season 9, Roseanne and Jackie win a state lottery in excess of $108 million. At the end of the season, it is revealed that they never won the lottery and most of what previously happened on the show is actually from a fictional book Roseanne wrote. Her account of Dan having an affair was false and he actually suffered a fatal heart attack at the end of the previous season. Roseanne explains that his dying was as if he had been unfaithful and left her. However, in Season 10, set twenty years later, the events of Season 9 are ret-conned out of existence. By this time, Roseanne is still married to Dan and is now a grandmother of three and posthumously of four.
In the spin-off The Conners, Roseanne has died of an accidental opioid overdose.
In June 2010, Entertainment Weekly named Roseanne one of the 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years.[5] In 2009, she was listed in the Top 5 Classic TV Moms by Film.com.[6] In May 2012, she was one of the 12 moms chosen by users of iVillage on their list of "Mommy Dearest: The TV Moms You Love".[7] AOL named her the 11th Most Memorable Female TV Character.[8]
Dan Conner Main article: Dan Conner Daniel "Dan" Conner is played by John Goodman. Dan is Roseanne's husband and father of Becky, Darlene, D.J., and Jerry. Dan is a lovable, good-natured, blue-collar family man who works as a drywall contractor. Like Roseanne, he is overweight and leads a mostly sedentary life when not working. Although Dan is a steady provider, faithful husband, and a good father, he defers most child-rearing decisions to Roseanne. While Dan is a hard-working contractor, he often shirks household duties, preferring to watch TV when at home. He often seeks refuge in the garage, tinkering on various projects to escape family stresses. In Season 1, Life and Stuff, an overworked Roseanne berates Dan for not helping enough with domestic chores. When Dan indignantly states he will cook that night's dinner, Roseanne sarcastically exclaims that he, "just fixed dinner three years ago".
Dan is the only child of Ed and Audrey Conner. When Dan is around forty years old, he gains a half-brother and half-sister after Ed marries Roseanne's friend, Crystal. Dan had an uneasy childhood, and his parents' divorce and his mother's mental illness has taken an emotional toll. Dan often suppresses his feelings, which can affect his reasoning. He unfairly claimed his father, Ed, caused his mother's psychiatric problems, though he gradually accepts that Ed was blameless and actually attempted to shield his son from the truth. Their relationship remains strained, however, and in The Conners, Ed and Dan no longer communicated. Dan learns of his father's death by reading about it in the obituary column. Ed's passing reunites Dan with his estranged half-brother, Ed, Jr.
During the final episode of Season 9, which was later ret-conned out of existence, Roseanne reveals that the entire series was written as a fictional book based on her life and family in which she selectively altered unpleasant events. Most notably, during the final season, Dan and Roseanne are shown as briefly separating after Dan has a short-lived dalliance with another woman while in California, though he had actually died from his heart attack near the end of Season 8. Writing that he was unfaithful was to express her feelings of anger, loss, and abandonment that his death caused. Dan's potential absence from all or most of season nine prompted Phil Rosenthal of the Los Angeles Daily News to describe it as a rare occasion where ending the show would be preferred to doing without. Rosenthal described Goodman's potential absence as leaving a tremendous void, owing to his ability to make those acting with him better.[9] The revelation that Dan actually died and the series' being a work of fiction within the show was not well received.[10]
In Season 10, which takes place twenty years after Season 9, Dan is alive, married to Roseanne, and now a grandfather of three. Dan is still a contractor and Roseanne earns money as an Uber driver. They struggle financially while navigating the difficulties of growing older amid exorbitant drug prices and rising medical costs. They are unable to afford Roseanne's knee surgery, leading her to abuse pain-killer drugs. The couple are still involved in their grown children's lives, but their "empty nest" grows crowded when Darlene, now a single mother, moves back home with her two children after losing her publishing job in Chicago, creating new conflicts and stresses.
In The Conners, Dan is now a widower, Roseanne having died from an accidental overdose of pain pills. He deeply mourns her death, but after two years begins dating Louise, a former high-school classmate. Dan also becomes a grandfather a fourth time after Becky gives birth to a daughter. Though Dan was the father of four in Roseanne, youngest son Jerry has been ret-conned out of existence, and there are only three Conner children. In Season 3, Dan realizes he is too old to continue working as a contractor and retires. He begins working at the hardware store owned by Darlene's boyfriend, Ben.
In an article about television dads, The Post and Courier editor Mindy Spar discussed how '90s TV dads became goofier than dads from earlier decades, calling Dan more like one of the children than the father.[11] IGN editor Edgar Arce called Dan Conner a prototypical everyman.[12]
An article in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune praised Dan and Roseanne's relationship, calling it realistic and commenting that while they mock each other, viewers can feel their love while they deal with the kinds of problems real families face.[13] Daily News editor David Bianculli stated that while they were the most entertaining and realistic couple on television, they were one of the least during their separation.[14] Their relationship was included in TV Guide's list of the best TV couples of all time.[15]
Jackie Harris Marjorie Jacqueline "Jackie" Harris is played by Laurie Metcalf. Jackie is Roseanne's younger sister by three years. She is a neurotic but a loving, devoted aunt to her nieces and nephews, and later mother to Andy.[16][17] (Andy has apparently been retconned out of existence in the spin-off, The Conners.)
Jackie is an intelligent, warm, highly-sensitive underachiever with chronic low self-esteem. Roseanne seems to be in charge of Jackie's life, which frequently causes conflict between the two sisters; however, Jackie sometimes enjoys having Roseanne mother her, especially when she feels vulnerable. Like Roseanne, Jackie's relationship with their mother is strained, chafing under Bev's constant criticism and disapproval of her life choices. She is closer to her father, but as his past abusive behavior is revealed in later seasons, Jackie is shown as having coped with selective denial or justifying his behavior. Jackie's character becomes more animated and colorful as the series progresses.[18] Jackie holds numerous jobs: working in the Wellman Plastics factory for several years until the walkout, then becoming a police officer until being injured on the job, then is a truck driver until finally opening the Lanford Lunch Box with Roseanne and Nancy, with Bev as a fourth partner.[19][20] In Season 10, Jackie is now a life coach. In The Conners, Jackie, along with Becky, revives the old Lanford Lunch Box when the previous restaurant occupying the space closes, then struggles to keep it afloat during the COVID pandemic, showing her adaptability and perseverance. Jackie often comes up with off-the-wall ideas, but many actually work. Her romantic relationships tend to be short-term and frequently unstable, including one with Fisher, a domestic abuser.
In a plot development that was later retconned out of existence, in Seasons 6/7 Jackie married Dan's city garage co-worker Fred, who impregnated her during a one-night stand. Jackie is initially uninterested in pursuing a further romantic relationship, but gradually warms to Fred and accepts his marriage proposal. Their son, Andy, is born two months before the wedding. The marriage is short-lived, and, though Fred is a stable husband and father, the couple share little in common. Jackie finds Fred boring, petty, and self-centered and briefly seeks out other male companionship, though it is mostly an innocent relationship. She and Fred see a marriage counselor, but Jackie eventually decides she is happier being single. They divorce and Jackie transitions into single-motherhood while maintaining a relatively amicable post-divorce relationship with her ex-husband. In the Season 10 reboot and The Conners spin-off, there is no mention of her ever being married or having a son. In The Conners Jackie, still single, briefly lived with Peter, an unemployed academic who freeloaded off her until she threw him out for cheating. In Season 3, Jackie begins dating Neville, Louise Guldofski's veterinary brother, though Jackie was initially reluctant to date anyone.
In Season 6, while in labor, Jackie is shocked when Bev says Jackie's birth name is actually Marjorie; the family began calling her Jackie because Roseanne, unable to pronounce the name Marjorie, instead called her baby sister "my Jackie".[21] But in Season 10, Jackie introduces herself to Andrea, the woman looking to hire Becky as her surrogate, as Jacqueline. Despite Jackie's apparent flightiness in the early episodes, she is actually the backbone of the Conner/Harris family in many ways, as Roseanne admits in the last episode of Season 9, and which also reveals that Jackie, not Bev, had come out as a lesbian during the final season and that Roseanne knew, but had just always pictured her with a man.[22] However, as most of Season 9 (and the final episode in particular) has been since ret-conned out of existence, Jackie is again heterosexual.
Darlene Conner
It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Darlene Conner. (Discuss) (August 2017) Darlene Conner (later Conner Healy) is played by Sara Gilbert.[16] She is Dan and Roseanne's second child and younger daughter, born in 1977. Darlene, who has inherited her mother's acerbic sense of humor, is artistic, tomboyish, and socially awkward. In the early seasons, Darlene mostly focuses on sports and, though highly intelligent, underperforms academically. She often mocks her older sister Becky's feminine pursuits and for chasing after boys. As a teenager, Darlene grows increasingly moody and withdrawn, her malaise gradually leading to a brief bout of depression. She is a strong animal rights activist and becomes a vegetarian, which closely reflects Gilbert's real-life views. In middle school, Darlene is generally uninterested in boys though she has a few dates. As a high school freshman, she begins dating David Healy (called Kevin Healy in his first appearance, though the name was changed). David (Johnny Galecki) is the younger brother of Becky's punk boyfriend (later husband) Mark. Darlene is sarcastic and domineering like her mother, often causing the two to clash. Her strong personality dominates the meek David, who usually defers to her. Darlene is a talented aspiring writer and David is a budding graphic artist, leading them to collaborate on a graphic novel.
Darlene's goal is to become a professional writer and is talented enough to be awarded early admission and a scholarship to an arts college in Chicago. After David's application to the same school is declined, he wants Darlene to remain in Lanford. Roseanne says Darlene must first finish high school, but after learning David threatened to break-up with her if she goes, she demands Darlene attend, giving Darlene an opportunity to become the writer Roseanne wanted to be. Darlene, who decided not to attend, reveals her real reason for declining admission is because she fears failing, but finally agrees to go. At college, Darlene begins dating Jimmy while still seeing David, who initially accepts this arrangement in order to be with Darlene. When he later demands she choose between them, Darlene chooses Jimmy, who later breaks off their relationship due to Darlene's inability to be close. Darlene realizes she still loves David and they reconcile. Darlene and David marry after Darlene becomes pregnant, giving birth to a daughter, Harris Conner Healy. Harris is born three months premature and David and Darlene must decide whether or not to keep her on life support or allow nature to determine her fate. Harris proves strong enough to survive on her own. In the final episode of Season 9, it is revealed that Darlene was actually dating Mark, and Becky was with David, though Roseanne had written in her book that Darlene being with David made more sense. However, by the start of Season 10, which takes place twenty years later, this revelation has been retconned out of existence.
In Season 10, Darlene is now a single mother of two children, teen daughter Harris and ten-year-old son Mark. Darlene has recently lost her publishing job, forcing her to move from Chicago back to Lanford to live with Roseanne and Dan in her childhood home. David and Darlene had separated some years before, though David also soon permanently returns to Lanford, wanting to reengage in his children's lives.
In The Conners, Darlene begins a relationship with her new boss, Ben, the editor/publisher of a crime magazine called "Lock 'Em Up". Unlike David, Ben's personality is equally as strong as Darlene's. Although Darlene and David briefly consider reconciling, they agree to divorce. During a joint counseling session with David, Darlene is forced to confront and assess her domineering personality after recognizing it was an underlying factor in David having left her. When she admits to Ben that she had also been seeing David, Ben, already aware, breaks up with her. They reconcile after Ben loses his magazine to his new corporate partners and Darlene also quits. The two decide to publish their own online crime magazine. In season 2, they struggle to raise capital for their new venture. When Ben is unsure he has the drive and energy to start over, Darlene offers to take the initiative. Darlene later has concerns about their relationship, fearing they may have different goals.
Sara Gilbert was almost rejected for the Darlene role for "not being cute enough."[23]
Becky Conner Played by Lecy Goranson and Sarah Chalke.
Rebecca "Becky" Conner (later Healy) is born in 1975. Becky is the eldest of Roseanne and Dan's children. Becky is introduced to the series as a pre-teen, whose primary interests are centered around makeup, fashion, and boys. While she can be self-centered and occasionally acts spoiled, she actually is the least problematic of the Conner children, maintaining high grades and rarely causing issues for her parents beyond an occasional argument. However, as Becky matures, she grows moody and rebellious, resulting in her and a friend getting drunk on Roseanne and Dan's alcohol while alone in the Conner house. She has several clean-cut boyfriends, but soon prefers dating edgier, punkish guys that Roseanne and Dan strongly disapprove of. They especially dislike her latest boyfriend (and future husband), Mark Healy, particularly after the young couple become sexually active. Becky's ultimate rebellion comes when she is seventeen and drops out of high school to elope with Mark and move to Minneapolis.
In the year before her elopement, Becky's life was stressful. In addition to schoolwork and working as a cashier to save for a car, she was responsible for maintaining the household and tending her younger siblings while her parents worked long hours. Her breaking point came when she learnt her parents had used her college fund to pay household bills and, finally, when the family's bike shop failed, forcing her boyfriend Mark, who worked there, to move to Minneapolis for a new job. Unwilling to be without Mark, Becky elopes with him. Unfortunately, the move did not result in any long-term financial stability and the couple returned to Lanford. Mark began working at the city garage with Dan, and Becky found a job at a restaurant called Bunz. The two lived in the Conner house before moving into a shabby mobile home at a trailer park. While Mark is content in their marriage, Becky eventually feels constrained by their growing disparities. She wants to attend college, which Mark opposes, fearing it will lead to Becky leaving him. In the final episode of Season 9, it was revealed that Becky was pregnant. In season 10, however, Becky is childless, though she says she and Mark had tried to have children.
In Season 10, set twenty years later, Becky, now widowed, works as a server at a Mexican restaurant in Lanford. Mark's death has left her financially unstable. Becky also appears to be somewhat emotionally stunted and immature, with Darlene commenting she often behaves and dresses like a much younger person. Becky turns to egg donation and surrogacy, hoping to earn $50,000 from an affluent couple, though she told them she is ten years younger than her actual age. Her parents strongly oppose Becky's decision, saying she is giving up her child and their grandchild, though she strongly feels she must accept the offer. When the doctor later determines Becky has little chance of conceiving, the couple seek another candidate.
Lecy Goranson played the role of Becky from Season 1 to Season 5. Goranson left the show to attend Vassar College. Becky's absence is written as her dropping out of high school to elope with Mark and moving to Minneapolis. However, producers wished to return the character to the show and since Goranson was unavailable, they recast the role with Canadian actress Sarah Chalke. Chalke appeared as Becky starting mid-Season 6 and all of Season 7. Goranson returned as Becky for Season 8. When Goranson's school schedule occasionally conflicted with her filming schedule, Chalke filled in as Becky during Season 8. Goranson, not wanting to put the show through more scheduling conflicts, declined to sign on for Season 9 to instead concentrate on her studies and Chalke returned to the role. In the series revival, Goranson once again played Becky. In Season 10, Goranson as Becky, and Chalke as a character named Andrea, meet and comment on how much they resemble one anotherâas the two actors had played the same role. The Andrea character hires Becky to be her surrogate; this arrangement fails due to Becky's age (she is 43) making it unlikely she can conceive.
In Season 1 of The Conners, which deals with life after Roseanne's death from an accidental opiate overdose, Becky, who never expected to get pregnant, announces she is expecting. The child's father, Becky's restaurant coworker Emilio, is an undocumented immigrant from Mexico and unable to help out financially, being he is a small-wage earner. With her family's support, Becky proceeds with the pregnancy.
Becky likes but does not love Emilio, though she later warms to him and accepts his being part of her and her child's lives; Dan hires him as a drywall worker at his construction business, and Jackie tutors him in English. Emilio is subsequently deported in the cliffhanger ending to Season 1. In the Season 2 premiere of The Conners, Becky gives birth to a premature girl whom she names Beverly Rose, after her grandmother and mother, respectively. Becky becomes overwhelmed at the prospect of financially providing for her baby, and returns to work too early, risking her health. Darlene and Dan convince her to move into the house with them, fixing up the basement into a comfortable living space. Much to her family's later disapproval, Becky marries Emilio while visiting him in Mexico, though it is only so he can legally return to the US in two years. She is furious when he illegally returns to Lanford to be with his daughter and risks being permanently deported.
The Conners also reveals that Becky is an alcoholic; she began abusing alcohol to cope with Mark's death. She stops drinking after becoming pregnant, but suffers a relapse following Beverly Rose's birth, overwhelmed by financial challenges and failed dreams. Her family insist she to go into rehab. During a counseling session, Becky admits that one reason she drinks is anger at herself for allowing Mark to derail her life goals.
D.J. Conner David Jacob "D.J." Conner is played by Michael Fishman (Sal Barone in the pilot episode).[24] Born in 1981, David, better known by his initials D.J., is the youngest of Roseanne and Dan's children and their only son until the birth of Jerry Conner, in 1995. It is noted that D.J. does well in school, though he seems less intellectually astute than Darlene and Becky. He is naĂŻve and more boisterous than his older sisters, who frequently taunt him. In the first episode of Season 3, it is stated that while Becky and Darlene were planned pregnancies, D.J. was a "surprise". As he grows older, D.J.'s storylines deal with more mature topics such as masturbation, sexuality, racism, child abuse, and religion. A growing rebelliousness leads him to become increasingly disrespectful, skipping school, and engaging in other minor mischief. When D.J., not yet a teenager, steals and wrecks the family car in Season 6, Roseanne's uncontrolled anger results in her severely hitting him. Later episodes depict D.J. developing a brotherly bond with Becky's husband Mark, who often dispenses incorrect or inappropriate advice. D.J. later shows an artistic side, and develops an interest in filmmaking. He wants to videotape Darlene giving birth but continually faints while attempting to watch a childbirth video to prepare. He was among the few characters whose storylines were unaltered in the final episode of Season 9, which has since been ret-conned out of existence.
In Season 10, D.J. is recently retired from the military and returned home after serving in Syria. He struggles to adapt to civilian life for which he sought counseling. He is the primary parent to his pre-adolescent daughter, Mary, while his wife, Geena Williams Conner, is still serving in the military abroad. D.J. lands a job with a vending machine company, improving his financial situation, but after receiving a promotion, he works long hours, often away from Lanford. He agrees to allow Mary to stay at the Conner house during the week so she will not be home alone.
Mark Healy Mark Healy is played by Glenn Quinn. Mark begins dating Becky when she is about sixteen years old, much to the Conners' consternation. He comes from a dysfunctional family, is a poor student, and has few goals in life. He elopes with Becky when she is only seventeen and who drops out of high school to be with him when he leaves Lanford after losing his job at Dan's failed bike shop. They move to Minneapolis for his new mechanic's job. Despite Mark's tough-guy image and rebel persona, he is only occasionally seen engaging in minor criminal activity, such as underage drinking and using a fake I.D. Roseanne and Dan initially detest Mark, considering him a punk and for being disrespectful and condescending to them. They grudgingly tolerate him as Becky's boyfriend and later as a son-in-law. Mark's choice to ride a British Triumph motorcycle rather than an American Harley-Davidson did cause particular tension with Dan. However, Dan comes to respect Mark's work ethic and hires him as a mechanic at his bike shop and later at the Lanford city garage. Mark's personality changes over the course of the series â starting off as a rebellious delinquent but ultimately softening and proving himself to be a caring and responsible (though comedically dull-witted) husband. He is also a loyal brother, though Mark occasionally torments the more intelligent David and mocks his artistic and sensitive personality. Unlike David, who was warmly welcomed as a family member, Roseanne and the rest of the family only grudgingly accept Mark into their clan, while still occasionally insulting him. Mark is not ungrateful to the Conners, however, and reveals to David, just before David's wedding to Darlene, that he considers Dan and Roseanne as being their parents now. Mark and David have two younger sisters, Lisa and Nikki, who are briefly mentioned in the Season 5 episode, "No Place Like Home for The Holidays".
In season 10, Mark is now deceased, leaving Becky a financially-strapped and lonely widow. Actor Glenn Quinn had died between the original series and the revival, and it was decided not to recast his role. No further information was initially given about when and how Mark died, though Darlene and Davidâs son, who was about ten years old during Season 10, was named in Mark's memory. It is eventually revealed in a Season 3 episode of The Conners that Mark was killed in a motorcycle crash.[25]
David Healy David Maurice Healy is played by Johnny Galecki. David is Mark Healey's younger brother. He first appeared in "The Bowling Show" (episode 4.14). Whereas Mark was initially a rebellious delinquent, David is friendly and respectful to the Conners. He is shy, polite, thoughtful, sensitive, soft-spoken, artistic, and intelligent. Much of his passive behavior results from a difficult home life and his mother's abusive behavior. He is romantically involved with Darlene, becoming the submissive partner. They also collaborate artistically, with David illustrating graphic novels that Darlene writes. His sweet manner endears him to the Conners, who eventually consider him as part of the family and jokingly refer to him as being more welcome than Darlene. He moves in with the Conners after Roseanne, herself a victim of child abuse, witnesses how abusive David's mother is. David and Darlene break up three times throughout the series, each for a successively longer period of time, but always reunite. After Darlene becomes pregnant, she and David marry. In the series finale, Roseanne reveals in her writing that David had actually been dating Becky in "real life", and that Roseanne simply wrote his relationship as being with Darlene because she felt it made more sense. That series finale is retconned for season 10, where it is revealed that David and Darlene have been separated for some years and David has been away, traveling and doing volunteer work abroad, leaving Darlene to raise their two children, Harris and Mark, as a single mother. David eventually returns to Lanford and tells Darlene he wants to reenter his children's lives.
After sleeping together, both Darlene and David consider reconciling until Roseanne tells Darlene the reason David said he left their marriage. She says it would be bad for their children, who resent David being an absent father. At Dan's urging, David agrees to get his life settled before seeing the kids again.
In The Conners, David is working at Trader Joe's and has moved in with a free-spirited woman named Blue. Darlene is furious to discover that during the kids' first weekend staying with David, Blue allowed Harris' boyfriend to sleep over and her losing her virginity. David defensively says he was working and was unaware, but Darlene demands he be a more attentive father. David eventually breaks-up with Blue because she wants children.
David and Darlene began sleeping together again while Darlene is also in a relationship with Ben. Darlene decides she wants to be with Ben, and she and David finally agree to divorce. Ben, already knowing the two were seeing each other, breaks up with Darlene, though he eventually forgives her. David began seeing a therapist, and, during a joint session with Darlene, reveals he feels Darlene never treated him as an equal and caused him to leave her.
When David was first introduced to the series, his name was Kevin, though it was subsequently changed to David. While applying for college, he uses his full name of David Maurice Healy. As a show inside joke, Roseanne comments in Season 6 that, "David's not even his real name. Darlene made it up!" However, Barr had reportedly wanted to name the character David from the beginning but the idea was rejected as Galecki was starring on another show, Billy as a character named David.[26]
Harris Conner Healy Harris Conner Healy is portrayed by Emma Kenney. She was born premature and was not expected to survive. Darlene names her Harris Conner Healy as a tribute to all of the strong women in her family ("Harris" is Roseanne's maiden name) in the hopes that she'd have the same strength to survive.
The elder of Darlene's two children, Harris is now a teenager who inerited her mother and grandmother's sarcastic humor. Having grown up in Chicago, Harris is unhappy about moving to Lanford and is resentful and hostile towards her family members. As Harris continuously acts indifferent to the needs of others in the household, Roseanne does what Darlene has not: she confronts Harris about her disrespectful behavior. Though Darlene is initially upset, she accepts Roseanne's actions as justified when she discovers that Harris has been selling stolen goods on Etsy to raise money to move back to Chicago. While Darlene is sympathetic to Harris's unhappiness, she exerts more control over her daughter's life, grounding her and demanding passwords to all of her social media accounts.
There is some discrepancy in the series continuity with regard to the character's age. Darlene announced she was pregnant in a 1996 episode during season 8 of Roseanne, and Harris was born in a 1997 episode during season 9. This would make Harris 21, not a teenager, at the start of season 10 in 2018. Note that much of what happened in season 9 of Roseanneâother than Harris' birthâhas been retconned out of existence in the show's universe.
Mark Healy II Mark Healy II is portrayed by Ames McNamara. The younger of Darlene's two children, Mark is a 10-year-old boy with a strong interest in fashion. His interest in things traditionally feminine, such as wearing makeup and skirts, is somewhat worrisome to his grandparents, with Roseanne worried that Mark will be bullied by his narrow-minded peers and Dan feeling that he needs to persuade the youngster to take on more masculine traits. Noticing a classmate make a snide comment to Mark on his first day at school in Lanford, Roseanne threatens his classmates by telling them she is a witch, while Dan gives Mark a pocket knife, which ultimately results in him being called to the principal's office and sent home from school for the day, much to Darlene's chagrin. Despite Roseanne and Dan's concerns, they express support and love for him. Mark is named for his deceased uncle, Mark Healy.
Mary Conner Mary Conner is portrayed by Jayden Rey. Mary is D.J. and Geena's daughter. Mary is named for her deceased great-great-grandmother, Nana Mary. In Season 3, D.J. begins a new job requiring him to work long hours and often in neighboring towns. Although Geena and D.J.'s friends are checking on her throughout the day, Mary tells Darlene she is lonely. Darlene and Becky decide to have her live at the Conner house during the week without first asking D.J. He is initially angry, but relents when Mary says she wants to stay.
Geena Williams-Conner Geena Williams-Conner is portrayed by Maya Lynne Robinson (Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly in season 7 and Xosha Roquemore in season 10). The wife of D.J. and mother of Mary; she is, like D.J., a military veteran.
The character was introduced in a 1994 Roseanne episode wherein D.J. must kiss her for a school play, but is reluctant to do so because she is black. D.J. overcomes his prejudices and kisses her for the play; she is not seen on the original show again.[27]
In the Season 10 revival, it is revealed that Geena had married D.J., and while D.J. is home raising their daughter, she is still an active-duty soldier.[27]
She was a main character in season one of The Conners, having been discharged from the military after a tour in Afghanistan. In Season 2, she is called into active duty again.[27] In an interview with MEAWW, Robinson explained that the show did not have her character return as a regular, and that she was joining another sitcom as a main character in The Unicorn.[28]
Other major characters Nancy Bartlett Nancy Lynn Bartlett is played by Sandra Bernhard. Nancy is a part owner of the Lanford Lunch Box. She marries Arnie Thomas, but â after he eventually leaves her â she comes out as a lesbian. She frequently is seen dating women; her first girlfriend Marla is played by Morgan Fairchild. Nancy is never ashamed of her promiscuity, nor does she ever show any self-consciousness of her unusual behavior. In fact, she is one of the most self-confident characters in the series, often even more than Roseanne. Her tendency toward self-absorption seems to only be quelled while dating a woman or being around Jackie. Nancy turns out to be a loyal good friend to both Roseanne and Jackie throughout the series; however, she doesn't hesitate to reprimand them for their selfishness and cruelty when they treat their mother, Bev, so harshly that Bev ends up crying about it for days afterward while Nancy gives her support.
Nancy appeared in a revival-era episode in 2018 in season 10 but has not appeared on The Conners.
Leon Carp Leon Carp is played by Martin Mull. Leon, originally as Roseanne's boss at Rodbell's Luncheonette and later as her business partner in The Lanford Lunchbox, he is portrayed as a foe to Roseanne; although they have a contentious relationship at times, Leon gradually becomes a close friend of the Conners, ultimately becoming a surrogate family member. As a gay man, he is occasionally seen dating many men and having romantic troubles; however, he later marries his life partner Scott (Fred Willard) in a very public ceremony. In the ninth season, they visit the Conner residence bearing gifts for Darlene and David's new baby, Harris, proclaiming themselves as the infant's Aunt Scott and Aunt Leon. Near the end of the episode, they announce their plans to adopt a little girl. Leon's role in the series expands significantly in the eighth and ninth seasons, as he is featured in more episodes. He is especially upset when Roseanne wins the lottery, but Roseanne and Jackie end up relinquishing control of the restaurant to Leon and Nancy. Leon is a Republican, and holds George Bush in high regard. He also is shown throughout the series' run to be a fan of Liza Minnelli, as well as Broadway musicals.
Leon did not appear in season 10, nor has he appeared on the spin-off series.
Crystal Anderson-Conner Crystal Anderson-Conner is played by Natalie West. Crystal is a close friend of Roseanne, having gone to high school with her and Jackie and later working together with them at Wellman Plastics. A mild-mannered, good-hearted woman, Crystal's kindness is often taken advantage of, even by Roseanne at times. Though Crystal is not oblivious to others using her, she seldom asserts herself, fearing she might lose others' favor or be perceived as unladylike.
Crystal's most poignant hallmark is her troubles in dating. At the beginning of the series, she has been married three times. Both her marriages to Rusty and Travis, were fairly short and ended in divorce. (However, in season 1, episode 5, she says she was widowed at 18.) Her third husband Sonny, father of her son Lonnie, was killed in a construction accident. After, Crystal endures years of bad relationships before gradually kindling a romance with Dan's father Ed, much to Roseanne's surprise and Dan's consternation. When Crystal and Ed become engaged in Season 3, she tells Roseanne she is pregnant. Dan is initially unhappy with either development, further straining his already-difficult relationship with his father. Crystal gives birth to Ed Junior, better known as Little Ed; the following year, she gives birth to daughter, Angela.
Crystal made a few appearances in several revival-era episodes in 2018 and 2019. It is unmentioned if she is still married to Ed Conner. However, in The Conners, when Ed, Sr. dies, he was living alone in rather shabby circumstances.
Little is known about Crystal's background, other than her mother forcing her to leave home at 16 and that she married at 17, shortly after graduating from high school, only to be widowed at 18. Although Crystal still mourns Sonny's death, she acknowledges that she always knew he was cheating on her. Crystal speaks with a Southern accent despite being a Lanford native; her explanation is that her father was from Arkansas.
Ed Conner Ed Conner is played by Ned Beatty. Ed is Dan's father, a charming traveling salesman who always brings presents for the grandchildren. Dan has a troubled history with his father, and Roseanne tries to keep the peace between the two. The family likes Ed, but Dan grew up feeling neglected with Ed seldom being home and his mother's mental illness, in addition to verbal slights that Ed targets towards Dan (e.g., when Dan questions Ed dating Crystal, Ed makes a rude crack about Dan being "interested" in Crystal). It usually takes little to no time for Dan to become annoyed by his father's presence. All this was unknown to Dan until Crystal revealed it to Roseanne. Ed hoped to provide Dan with at least one stable parent as he would often be gone on sales trips during Dan's adolescence. He wants to learn from his past actions and be a better father and husband. He loves his son despite their troubled relationship, and also loves the rest of his family. He marries Crystal and has two children with her (Ed Jr. and Angela), who are significantly younger than their half-brother, Dan. He is said to have died in The Conners. It appears he was no longer with Crystal and was living alone.
Jerry Conner Jerry Garcia Conner is played by Cole Roberts and Morgan Roberts. Jerry is the youngest of Roseanne and Dan's children, born in 1995 when the two are in their forties. Jerry's conception presented a struggle for Roseanne and Dan, who previously never experienced fertility issues. He was named for musician Jerry Garcia of the Grateful Dead, who had a fatal heart attack during Roseanne's pregnancy and of whom she and Dan were fans.
The decision to add a pregnancy storyline to the series coincided with Roseanne Barr's real-life pregnancy with her son, Buck Thomas. Barr, like her character, struggled with fertility, though Barr ultimately resorted to fertility drugs to conceive while her character became pregnant naturally. Initially, it was planned that the new cast addition would be a daughter, but when Barr gave birth to a boy, she decided the Conners should have a son instead, wanting her on-screen child's sex to match her newborn child's. Once it was decided the baby would be a boy, Barr named the character after Jerry Garcia and intended to have Roseanne give birth at a Grateful Dead concert. However, plans for a concert birth were scrapped when Garcia died unexpectedly.
Because he was so young, Jerry did not play a significant role in the series' initial run. Jerry never appeared in Season 10, nor has he appeared on The Conners. His absence was explained by Roseanne as him being on a fishing boat in Alaska. After her demise, there has been no mention of his whereabouts, and he appears to have been retconned out of existence -- various characters have since mentioned that there are only three Conner children.
Fred Fred is played by Michael O'Keefe. Fred is a mechanic who works at the city garage with Dan when he is introduced to Jackie, leading to a one-night stand, accidental pregnancy, and subsequent marriage. After much encouragement, Jackie eventually warms to Fred and accepts him as the father of her child and therefore a part of their lives. At first, Fred assumes Jackie rebuffs him because she thinks he fails to understand she was previously in an abusive relationship, in addition to her dysfunctional childhood. Being conventional, Fred is somewhat mystified by the Conners' and Harris' offbeat ways and finds the inner workings of Jackie's eccentric family confusing. Their disparate personalities eventually strains his and Jackie's marriage. Despite attempts to make their marriage work and seeing a counselor, Jackie and Fred realize they have too little in common and divorce. They maintain a relatively cordial post-divorce relationship and share custody of their son, Andy.
Andy Harris Andy Harris is Jackie and Fred's son, born in 1994 on the episode "Labor Day". Jackie breastfeeds Andy at the altar while marrying Fred ("Altar Egos"). Andy was the ringbearer in Darlene and David's wedding ("The Wedding"). Jackie occasionally dressed him in outfits Fred deemed to be feminine. D.J. made it a point to spend time with Andy because they were the only younger males of the family until Jerry's birth. Cousins Andy and Jerry took naps together in the same crib when they were babies.
Andy has been retconned out of existence in The Conners, with producer Bruce Helford explaining that the producers of the new show have chosen to deliberately ignore certain developments of later seasons of Roseanne -- including Andy's birth.[29]
Bev Harris Beverly Lorraine "Bev" Harris is played by Estelle Parsons. Beverly is the mother of Roseanne and Jackie, the wife of Al, and the daughter of Nana Mary. She has a half-sister named Sonya. Overbearing, critical, and shrill, she annoys her family members. She often nags them with a high-pitched whiny voice, often with good intentions but presenting them in an inappropriate manner. The family (especially Jackie) avoids spending time with Bev, and she is quick to inadvertently criticize how people run their lives. After the family plays back-and-forth tricks on each other in one Halloween episode, Roseanne ultimately prevails by faking a phone conversation in front of frantic Dan, pretending that Bev is coming for a three-week visit. Bev is traditional and conservative, as opposed to her daughters' more liberal and feminist philosophies. She is generous with the money she receives from her divorce settlement, often giving financial gifts to the family or to bail them out. She provides the seed money for Roseanne and Jackie's business venture, the Lanford Lunch Box, and later provides additional funding as a fourth partner. She is later forced into becoming a silent partner when Roseanne and Jackie are unable to work harmoniously with her. As revenge, Bev sells her share of the restaurant to Roseanne's disliked ex-boss, Leon Carp, making him their new partner. During the show's ninth season, Bev comes out as a lesbian (according to one of Roseanne's fictional twists on her family, along with winning the lottery). In the finale, Roseanne states that it is her sister, Jackie, not Bev, who is a lesbian. Roseanne says she wanted to give Bev's character a radical twist after she lived her life according to her husband's rules. She wished her mother was a more independent woman. Bev's relationship with her own mother is similar to the one her daughters have with her.
From what is known of Bev's childhood and marriage, her life was emotionally difficult, plagued with instability and neglect. Her unrestrained mother Mary put her personal freedom ahead of her children. As a result of her promiscuity, Mary is uncertain who Bev's father was. As a young woman, Bev found herself pregnant out of wedlock, as her mother had been. Unlike her mother, Bev married her baby's father, Al Harris. Their marriage lasted several decades, but Al treated their two daughters harshly and cheated on Bev, having a secret mistress for twenty years. Disappointed in her life, Bev grew bitter in her old age, making her critical of others.
Darlene was granted power of attorney over Bev's finances, until late in the second season of The Conners, when the 94-year-old Bev, angry that Darlene allowed Jackie and Becky to re-open the Lunch Box restaurant (an asset Bev secretly retained), revoked Darlene having power of attorney.
Nana Mary Nana Mary is played by Shelley Winters. Nana Mary is Beverly's mother and Roseanne and Jackie's grandmother, and first appears at a family barbecue in season three. She has another daughter named Sonya. She makes several appearances from season three onward, mostly during family occasions. She is a brash but caring, outspoken, lovable retiree who gambles with her grandchildren. Unlike Bev, she is popular with the family. She also disagrees with Bev on certain situations, such as siding with Jackie when Bev urges her to marry Fred, and revealing that she had two abortions, upsetting Bev. She outsmarts Bev and torments her, much to the amusement of Roseanne and Jackie, who usually endure the same treatment from Bev. Her character is often a comic relief for the family, as well as offering a balance between Roseanne and Jackie's relationship with their mother, and Bev's relationship with Nana Mary. She was promiscuous in her youth, and claims that as a globe-trotting, free-spirit she knew Pablo Picasso, Louis Armstrong, Ernest Hemingway, Fidel Castro, and Meyer Lansky, among others. Mary had Bev with another man before marrying her deceased husband, Marvin. She tells Bev she was very young when she gave birth, and admits to not knowing who the father is, and avoided the subject until Bev demanded to finally know. Mary is a fan of a local radio call-in show that revolves around sex: "If I don't call, they worry," she claims. Nana Mary's last appearance is midway through season nine, in which she finally has a heart-to-heart with Bev, thus closing the story on their relationship. Despite her absence, Mary appears at other family occasions, including the birth of her great-great-granddaughter. In the reboot and spinoff, D.J. and Geena's daughter is named for Nana Mary, who has since died.
Arnie Thomas Arnold Shep "Arnie" Thomas is played by Tom Arnold. Arnie is the overweight, hot-tempered but jovial friend of Dan. Originally, he was written as a relative stranger to both Roseanne and Jackie, although this was later retconned, and he was subsequently written as having gone to high school with them. He frequently cheats on the women he dates and is occasionally ill-mannered. However, Arnie always tries to be a good friend to Dan. He marries Nancy but leaves her, claiming to have been abducted by aliens (later played upon in the fourth-season finale's end-credit sketch, where he is seen conversing with aliens on a spaceship). Before he and Nancy are engaged, he has a one-night stand with a drunk Jackie, who wakes up with no memory of their night together. Arnie is often seen wearing a yellow University of Iowa sweatshirt (Tom Arnold attended the University of Iowa in real life). He is last seen in season 5, where he unsuccessfully tries to win Nancy back, even after learning that she is a lesbian. Tom Arnold appears in the ending credits of a later episode, but is now playing Jackie Thomas (in his role on The Jackie Thomas Show), and none of the characters know him.
Minor / recurring characters Main cast and characters of Roseanne and The Conners Actor Character Roseanne The Conners 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 Charlayne Woodard Vonda Green Recurring Guest Anne Faulkner Sylvia Foster Recurring Guest Evelina Fernandez Juanita Herrara Recurring Guest Recurring Judy Prescott Miss Crane Guest Guest Josh C. Williams Lonnie Anderson Guest Luke Edwards Guest Kristopher Kent Hill Guest Guest Jared Rushton Chip Lang Recurring Ned Beatty Ed Conner Guest Guest William Sadler Dwight Guest John Randolph Al Harris Guest Tom Arnold Arnie Thomas Recurring Guest Stephen Dorff Jimmy Meltrigger Recurring Ann Wedgeworth Audrey Conner Guest Debbie Reynolds Guest Debra Mooney Meg Wellman Recurring Elizabeth Franz Marsha Recurring Lori Tan Chinn Iris Recurring Melora Walters Debbie Recurring Brian Kerwin Gary Hall Guest Jay O. Sanders Ziggy Guest James Pickens, Jr. Chuckie Mitchell Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Guest Adilah Barnes Anne-Marie Mitchell Recurring Guest Bonnie Bramlett Bonnie Watkins Recurring Danton Stone Jerry Bowman Guest Meagen Fay Kathy Bowman Guest Guest Troy Davidson Todd Bowman Guest Shelley Winters Nana Mary Guest Noel Fisher Ed Conner Jr. Recurring Recurring Dan Butler Art Recurring Matt Roth Fisher Recurring Morgan Fairchild Marla Recurring Wings Hauser Ty Tilden Recurring Joseph Gordon-Levitt George Guest [unknown] Andy Harris Guest Recurring John McConnell Bob Recurring Guest Danny Masterson Jimmy Phillips Guest Traci Lords Stacey Flagler Recurring Buck Thomas Jerry Conner Recurring Photos Only Stan Freberg Mr. Parkin Recurring Heather Matarazzo Heather Recurring Juliette Lewis Blue Recurring Stephen Monroe Taylor Dwight Guest Recurring Guest Matthew Broderick Peter Recurring Rene Rosado Emilio Rodriguez Recurring Katey Sagal Louise Goldufski Guest Recurring Eliza Bennett Odessa Recurring Nat Faxon Neville Goldufski Recurring Alexandra Billings Robin Shetsky Recurring Milo Manheim Josh Recurring Other family members Audrey Conner (Ann Wedgeworth and Debbie Reynolds) â She is the mother of Dan Conner, and the ex-wife of Ed Conner. In Season 2 she is introduced in, "We Gather Together", as a friendly, eccentric brunette woman who loves her son and her new boyfriend, as well as her successful career owning a travel agency. It's later revealed that she has a history of mental illness which Dan's father hid from him. She returns in person in season 9, angry at her son for putting her away, seemingly trying to kill him. Her nurse at the mental institution is who Dan had a relationship with while being married to Roseanne. Note, however, that as almost all of season 9 was retconned out of existence, this no longer can be assumed to be 'true' within the show's continuity. (Initially, Dan's affair was revealed to be false, and part of a story Roseanne was writing as a way to deal with Dan's heart-attack death in the previous season. By season 10, even Dan's death was retconned away.) Al Harris (John Randolph) â Al is portrayed as Roseanne and Jackie's henpecked yet humorous father with a knack for telling knock-knock jokes. Al initially appears to have a good relationship with his daughters, especially Jackie, and despite having more in common with her mother, Roseanne finds her father more bearable to be around. Randolph made two appearances as Al Harris during the shows first two seasons. In season four, however, the his character changes dramatically. After being unable to secure Randolph for future shows, Al was written out of the series. It is revealed at the 1991 Thanksgiving dinner episode that the absent Al has had a mistress for over 20 years, for which Bev eventually divorces him. Around this time Roseanne Barr was in a public battle with her real-life parents, claiming that both had physically and sexually abused her. Barr insisted that parental abuse be incorporated into the series storyline, so it is revealed that her father was physically abusive to both her and Jackie, who lived in fear of him for most of their childhood. Upon his death, Roseanne meets with his mistress, Joan, who is unaware of Al's abusive behavior, as he had led her to believe that Roseanne and Jackie were ungrateful daughters despite his doing so much for them. At Al's funeral, after privately reading him a list of the things she hates him doing to her and Jackie, Roseanne thanks her father for giving her his humorous nature. Wellman Plastics All characters below appear in the first season and part of the second season before being written out altogether. Clooney would make one more appearance in a season four episode.
Booker Brooks (George Clooney) â The original foreman at Wellman. Booker wasn't always taken seriously by the workers, but compared to their future boss, Roseanne and the others appreciate him more. He dated Jackie for a while, and they tried to keep it a secret.[30] He set the quotas at Wellman at 5,500, much lower than the 8,000 set by their next boss Keith Faber (Fred Thompson).[31] Vonda Green (Charlayne Woodard, credited as Charlaine Woodard)- Spirited and perky friend of Jackie and Roseanne, also has a great singing voice. Sylvia Foster (Anne Faulkner)- Older Wellman employee working there since the late 1950s, she occasionally hangs out with Jackie, Roseanne, and the rest of the gang at the Lobo. Has a husband named Joe who is hard of hearing. Juanita Herrara (Evelina Fernandez)- Hispanic co-worker who after leaving Wellman with the rest of the gang opens a successful small business in Lanford with her husband Emilio and their teenage son. Meg Wellman (Debra Mooney) â Owner of the Wellman factory, who believes she and Roseanne are good friends. She comically refers to Roseanne as "Roxanne Conway" and Jackie as Janet. Accidentally hits Roseanne's car with her car in one episode. Art's Beauty Shop All characters below appear in the show's second season only, when Roseanne takes a job as a receptionist and shampoo girl at Art's Beauty Salon.
Marsha (Elizabeth Franz) â Good friend of Crystal's who is the owner of Art's Beauty Salon named after her late husband who she was only married to for eleven months between 1959 and 1960. Marsha hysterically quotes Arthur throughout her run on the show despite the fact that he has been gone nearly thirty years leading Roseanne to quip that maybe Marsha would not miss him so much if they had been married longer. Iris (Lori Tan Chinn) â Vietnamese beautician at the salon. Comically makes jokes throughout her run on the show about being a Vietnamese refugee held captive before emigrating to the United States. Often makes acerbic remarks about people being blown away by gun mortar attacks, which she reveals to Roseanne is her comic way of letting off steam. Chinn and Barr had appeared together in the 1989 movie She-Devil. Debbie (Melora Walters) â Manicurist at the salon who is a young naive newlywed. Rodbell's Department Store Bonnie Watkins (Bonnie Bramlett, credited as Bonnie Sheridan) â Roseanne's coworker at Rodbell's, during season three and four. She has a daughter who lives in Oregon and enjoys traveling by motorcycle with her husband Duke (David Crosby). Bonnie had a drinking problem along with her husband Duke early on in her life that she has since brought under control. Neighbors The Bowman family are the Conners' neighbors between season 3 and 4 who relocated from Chicago to Lanford. At the end of season 4 they move back to Chicago. Jerry Bowman (Danton Stone) â Kathy's laid-back husband who loves the small-town atmosphere of Lanford, having moved there from Chicago to take a managers job at Wellman Plastics. Kathy Bowman (Meagen Fay) â Roseanne's wealthy and tense neighbor who hates Lanford and its blue-collar atmosphere. Has an acrimonious relationship with Roseanne. Todd Bowman (Troy Davidson, Adam Hendershott ) â Kathy and Jerry's son; friend of D.J. The Tilden family move into the Bowmans' old house in season 5. Ty Tilden (Wings Hauser) â A neighbor of Roseanne's, who moved into Kathy's old house. He is a kind, laid-back, struggling single father of two daughters and owns a Winnebago. Charlotte Tilden (Mara Hobel) â Ty Tilden's older daughter who acts responsibly, filling in the mother role for her sister Molly. Because of this, she finds that she has more in common with Roseanne than with Darlene or Molly. Molly Tilden (Danielle Harris) â Ty Tilden's promiscuous daughter, who flirted with Darlene's boyfriend David and took Darlene to a rock concert then abandoned her to smoke weed with some guys in a van. She dies from brain cancer in season 3 episode 16 of The Conners. In the season-10 revival, a Yemeni Muslim family lives next door to the Conners, rousing Roseanne's suspicions that the family might be terrorists. They are introduced in episode 7, "Go Cubs," but are not given a surname. They also appeared in The Conners. Samir (Alain Washnevsky) - A Yemeni man who is very aware of Roseanne's suspicions and protective of his family. He also has a very dry sense of humor, choosing to come to Roseanne's house in the middle of the night to repay money she loaned his wife, in retaliation for Roseanne asking to borrow his Wi-Fi password at 2AM. Fatima (Anne Bedian) - Samir's wife, she is soft-spoken and kind, but firm. She allows Roseanne's granddaughter to use their Wi-Fi password to FaceTime her mother in Afghanistan, believing that children should not be punished for adults' prejudices. In return, Roseanne defends her from a racist cashier and loans her money for groceries. Kazem (Callan Farris) - Samir and Fatima's young son, who has been a victim of racism and bullying since his family's move to Lanford and is now so terrified that he sleeps in a bulletproof vest. Other characters Lonnie Anderson (Josh C. Williams, Luke Edwards, Kristopher Kent Hill) â Crystal's eldest child, born to her deceased husband, Sonny. Art (Dan Butler) â A divorced accountant whom Roseanne and Jackie sell a motorcycle to, and who provides tax services to Lanford Custom Cycle. Alexander (John McConnell) â A close friend of Dan's. Dwight (William Sadler) â A buddy of Dan's who appears in the early seasons of Roseanne, who had a crush on Jackie. In The Conners, there is another character named Dwight who Dan appears to be friends with, but the character is not portrayed by William Sadler and might be a different character altogether. Fisher (Matt Roth) â Jackie's former long-time boyfriend, whom Dan ultimately went to jail for assaulting after learning he abused Jackie. Stacey Flagler (Traci Lords) â A waitress at the Lunchbox. George (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) â D.J.'s classmate. Gary Hall (Brian Kerwin) â Jackie's former fiancĂ©. Heather (Heather Matarazzo) â D.J.'s girlfriend. Jimmy Meltrigger (Stephen Dorff[32]) â Becky's former boyfriend from high school. Chip Lang (Jared Rushton) â Becky's former boyfriend from high school. Marla (Morgan Fairchild) â Nancy's girlfriend. Anne-Marie Mitchell (Adilah Barnes) â Roseanne's childhood friend, who is married to one of Dan's poker buddies, Chuckie. She and Chuck have a son, Chuck Jr., who is the same age as Lonnie and Darlene. Chuckie Mitchell (James Pickens, Jr.) â Anne-Marie's husband, who occasionally worked with Dan. Pickens reprised the role in two episodes of the 10th season revival and currently (2019) appears on a recurring basis on The Conners.[33] Mr. Parkin (Stan Freberg) â A highly qualified man who is frequently unemployed due to various incidents with the Conners. Scott (Fred Willard) â A probate attorney who marries Leon. Stinky (Matthew Fishman) â Roseanne's youngest child in an alternate reality, in the place of Jerry. Ziggy (Jay O. Sanders) â Old friend of the Conners' who helps Dan open Lanford Custom Cycle, then disappears. Jimmy Phillips (Danny Masterson) â Darlene's boyfriend, for whom she breaks up with David. In episode 16 in season 7, Darlene confesses to Jackie that he broke up with her because he could not get close to her. Ronnie (Joan Collins) â Roseanne's rich cousin who persuades Darlene to get her GED and apply to art school. Notes Geena is portrayed by Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly in season 7 and Xosha Roquemore in season 10 References Zeisler, Andi (14 October 2008). Feminism and Pop Culture: Seal Studies â Andi Zeisler â Google Books. ISBN 9780786726714. Retrieved 2015-03-11. "BBC â Comedy Guide â Roseanne". Archived from the original on 2004-12-05. Retrieved 2015-03-09. Women Watching Television: Gender, Class, and Generation in the American ... â Andrea L. Press â Google Books. Andrea L. Press. March 1991. ISBN 9780812212860. Retrieved 2015-03-11. "Where are the realistic TV moms?". Salon.com. 2014-02-09. Retrieved 2015-03-09. Adam B. Vary (June 1, 2010). "The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years: Here's our full list!". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved July 7, 2012. Wilson, Stacey (May 8, 2009). "Top 10 Favorite TV Moms". Film.com. Retrieved June 17, 2012. Garfinkel, Jacki (May 10, 2012). "Mommy Dearest: The TV Moms You Love". iVillage. Retrieved June 17, 2012. Potts, Kim (March 2, 2011). "100 Most Memorable Female TV Characters". AOL TV. Retrieved July 20, 2012. Phil, Rosenthal (16 March 1996). "Casting Their Fate To The Wind" (Newspaper). Los Angeles, California: Los Angeles Daily News. "TV Eye". The Austin Chronicle. 1997-06-05. Retrieved 2009-03-09. Spar, Mindy (16 June 2002). "TV dads sure have changed" (Newspaper). Charleston, South Carolina: The Post and Courier. "Roseanne â The Complete First Season Review". IGN. 2005-08-31. Retrieved 2009-03-09. "Christmas in a box; DVD, CD sets make great gifts" (Newspaper). Sarasota, Florida: Sarasota Herald Tribune. 2 December 2005. "TWO OLD SITCOMS GOING RANCID". Daily News. 1997-02-26. Archived from the original on 2009-07-28. Retrieved 2009-03-09. "Couples Pictures, Roseanne Photos â Photo Gallery: The Best TV Couples of All Time". TV Guide. Retrieved June 25, 2012. Terrace, Vincent, ed. (10 January 2014). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2nd ed.). ISBN 9780786486410. Retrieved 2015-03-11. "Roseanne â The Complete First Season". DVD Talk. Retrieved 2010-08-16. Dalton, Mary M.; Linder, Laura R. (12 May 2016). The Sitcom Reader, Second Edition: America Re-viewed, Still Skewed. SUNY Press. ISBN 9781438461328. Retrieved 27 July 2017 â via Google Books. Savage, Ann M. (15 June 2017). Women's Rights: Reflections in Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440839436. Retrieved 27 July 2017 â via Google Books. Sickels, Robert C. (8 August 2013). 100 Entertainers Who Changed America: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries [2 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Pop Culture Luminaries. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598848311. Retrieved 27 July 2017 â via Google Books. Terrace, Vincent (29 September 2011). Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010, 2d ed. McFarland. ISBN 9780786486410. Retrieved 27 July 2017 â via Google Books. "The Top 5 Most Lesbian Moments of "Roseanne" - AfterEllen". 6 May 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2017. Hadleigh, Boze (3 August 2016). Hollywood Lesbians: From Garbo to Foster. Riverdale Avenue Books LLC. ISBN 9781626012998. Retrieved 27 July 2017 â via Google Books. ""Roseanne" Life and Stuff (1988)". IMDb. Retrieved 27 July 2017. Schwartz, Ryan (22 April 2021). "The Conners Reveals How Mark Died". TVLine. Retrieved 26 April 2021. "6 Bizarre Explanations from the set of Roseanne". 2009-07-17. Retrieved 2018-03-29. Ausiello, Michael (September 6, 2019). "The Conners: Here's How 's Absence Will Be Explained in Season 2". "EXCLUSIVE | Maya Lynne Robinson talks about her exit from 'The Conners' and spills secrets about 'The Unicorn'". Meaww. tvline.com/2020/01/08/the-conners-where-is-andy-jackies-son-missing/ Anna Chan (2013-10-18). "'Roseanne' guest stars like George Clooney found big stardom â Pop Culture". TODAY.com. Retrieved 2015-03-09. [1][dead link] "Stephen Dorff on 'Roseanne' â Video on". Today.com. 2013-10-11. Retrieved 2015-03-09. Ausiello, Michael (17 November 2017). "Ask Ausiello: Spoilers on Good Doctor, Roseanne, Chicago Fire, Supernatural, Walking Dead, The Flash and More". TVLine. Retrieved 11 December 2017. vte Roseanne universe Characters Dan ConnerRoseanne Conner Roseanne Episodes Original run "The Little Sister""Brain-Dead Poets Society""A Stash from the Past""Don't Ask, Don't Tell""December Bride""Into That Good Night" Revival "Twenty Years to Life""Knee Deep" See also Awards and nominations The Conners Season 1 "Keep On Truckin'" Season 2 "Live from Lanford" vte Television series created by Roseanne Barr Categories: Fictional characters from IllinoisLists of American sitcom television charactersRoseanneTelevision characters introduced in 1988The Conners Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2021, at 23:29 (UTC). 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Post by Freddie on May 10, 2021 20:04:21 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSKULLCRUNCHER www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Skullcruncher.jpgALLEGIANCE: DECEPTICON SUB-GROUP: HEADMASTER HUMAN COMPONENT: GRAX FUNCTION: SWAMP WARRIOR FIRST APPEARANCE: HEADMASTERS # 1 (Skullcruncher), HEADMASTERS # 2 (Grax) "Autobots are like bad fuel - weak and greasy." Profile: Like Weirdwolf, Skullcruncher has a bad habit of tipping off his enemies just before he strikes. Instead of talking to himself, Skullcruncher grinds his metal teeth, producing a sound like nails being scraped down a blackboard, only amplified tenfold. Apart from tipping off Autobots, it sets Decepticons on edge. No one wants Skullcruncher as a partner, and if they do get stuck with him, they do their best to avoid combat, knowing only too well what will precede it. Though he professes to hate the taste of Autobots, Skullcruncher goes about eating them (after they've run, and if he manages to catch them) with considerable zest and relish. It's rare that there's enough left of an Autobot to fill an energon pod after Skullcruncher's finished with him. Whether he actually digests his victims or just does it for the fun of it isn't clear. Though tough and strong, Skullcruncher is a bit of mental plodder, stopping to chew in the midst of a raging battle. Too much to think about tends to annoy Skullcruncher, so he focuses on one job (or meal!) at a time. His Nebulan partner is Grax, an industrialist who teamed up with Skullcruncher in order to eliminate his business rivals. Skullcruncher was less than impressed - his Nebulan victims were not even 'bite-size' snacks! Abilities: In robot mode, Skullcruncher uses a tissue demolecularization gun (he calls it a 'softening up' gun for a joke... or more likely because he can't get his vocal units around its proper name) to give an opponent's metal skin the consistency of rubber, making it easier to chew (and digest?) when he transforms to alligator mode. He's even slower in alligator mode than he is in robot mode, and though he's deadly, he's also easy to avoid. Weaknesses: Skullcruncher's slow, ponderous, and clumsy approach to stalking a victim makes him not only an easy Decepticon to evade, but also a sitting target for retaliatory action. Only his thick armor plating and tanklike advances keep him alive... and full!
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Post by Freddie on May 10, 2021 21:27:34 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. Common Security and Defence Policy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "CSDP" redirects here. For other uses, see CSDP (disambiguation). Common Security and Defence Policy (European Defence Union) Insignia of the European External Action Service.svg European Defence Agency logo.svg Emblems of the External Action Service (EEAS; left) and Defence Agency (EDA; right) Coat of arms of the European Union Military Committee.svg Coat of arms of Europe.svg Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg Arms of the Military Committee (EUMC; left) and its chairman (CEUMC; middle), as well as the Military Staff (EUMS, part of the EEAS; right) Founded 1999 (as the European Security and Defence Policy) Current form 2009 (Treaty of Lisbon) Headquarters Kortenberg building, Brussels, Belgium Website eeas.europa.eu Leadership High Representative Josep Borrell Director General of the Military Staff LTG Esa Pulkkinen Chairman of the Military Committee GEN Claudio Graziano Manpower Active personnel 1,410,626 (2016)[1] Reserve personnel 2,330,803 Expenditures Budget âŹ223.4 billion ($249.3 billion) (2018)[2] Percent of GDP 1.4% (2018)[3] Related articles History History of the Common Security and Defence Policy The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is the European Union's (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and crisis management, and a main component of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The CSDP involves military or civilian missions being deployed to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with secondments from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure â headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, and sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU) in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm[4][5][6] â comprises:
the European Commission's Defence Industry Directorate-General the External Action Service's (EEAS) Crisis Management and Planning Directorate (CMPD) and permanent Operation Headquarters (OHQs) for command and control (C2) at the military/civilian strategic level, i.e. the MPCC and CPCC. a number of Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) preparatory bodies â such as the Military Committee (EUMC) four agencies, including the Defence Agency (EDA) The EU command & control structures are much smaller than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence. It has been agreed that NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO) may be used for the conduct of the EU's missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, is the EU's first permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects.
Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the HR/VP, adopted by the FAC, generally requiring unanimity, and then implemented by the HR/VP.
Politics of the European Union Flag of Europe.svg Member states (27) Treaties Executive Legislature Judiciary Auditory Euratom Euro Schengen Area European Economic Area Other bodies Elections Law Policies and issues Other Foreign relations Flag of Europe.svg European Union portal Other countries vte
Contents 1 History 1.1 Deployments 2 Structure 3 Strategy 4 Forces 4.1 National 4.1.1 Expenditure and personnel 4.1.2 Naval forces 4.1.3 Land forces 4.1.4 Air forces 4.2 Multinational 4.2.1 Established at Union level 4.2.2 Provided through Article 42.3 TEU 5 Participation, relationship with NATO 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Main article: History of the Common Security and Defence Policy
The commands of Western Union service branches were situated in the Palace of Fontainebleau from 1948 until they were transformed into NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe in 1951.
Time illustration of divisions planned for the EDC, which in 1954 failed to acquire French ratification. The post-war period saw several short-lived or ill-fated initiatives for European defence integration intended to protect against potential Soviet or German aggression: The Western Union (WU, also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organisation, BTO) and the proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were respectively cannibalised by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and rejected by the French Parliament. The largely dormant Western European Union (WEU) succeeded the WU's remainder in 1955.
In 1970 the European Political Cooperation (EPC) brought about the European Communities' (EC) initial foreign policy coordination. Opposition to the addition of security and defence matters to the EPC led to the reactivation of the WEU in 1984 by its member states, which were also EC member states.
European defence integration gained momentum soon after the end of the Cold War, partly as a result of the EC's failure to prevent the Yugoslav Wars. In 1992, the WEU was given new tasks, and the following year the Treaty of Maastricht founded the EU and replaced the EPC with the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) pillar. In 1996 NATO agreed to let the WEU develop a so-called European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI).[7] The 1998 St. Malo declaration signalled that the traditionally hesitant United Kingdom was prepared to provide the EU with autonomous defence structures.[8] This facilitated the transformation of the ESDI into the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) in 1999, when it was transferred to the EU. In 2003 the EU deployed its first CSDP missions, and adopted the European Security Strategy identifying common threats and objectives. In 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon introduced the present name, CSDP, while establishing the EEAS, the mutual defence clause and enabling a subset of member states to pursue defence integration within PESCO. In 2011 the WEU, whose tasks had been transferred to the EU, was dissolved. In 2016 a new security strategy was introduced, which along with the Russian annexation of Crimea, the British withdrawal from the EU and the election of Trump as US President have given the CSDP a new impetus.
Since the end of World War II, sovereign European countries have entered into treaties and thereby co-operated and harmonised policies (or pooled sovereignty) in an increasing number of areas, in the so-called European integration project or the construction of Europe (French: la construction europĂ©enne). The following timeline outlines the legal inception of the European Union (EU)âthe principal framework for this unification. The EU inherited many of its present responsibilities from the European Communities (EC), which were founded in the 1950s in the spirit of the Schuman Declaration.
Legend: S: signing F: entry into force T: termination E: expiry de facto supersession Rel. w/ EC/EU framework: de facto inside outside Flag of Europe.svg European Union (EU) [Cont.] Flag of Europe.svg European Communities (EC) (Pillar I) European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) [Cont.] Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community 6 Star Version.svg / Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community 9 Star Version.svg / Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community 10 Star Version.svg / Flag of the European Coal and Steel Community 12 Star Version.svg European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (Distr. of competences) European Economic Community (EEC) Schengen Rules European Community (EC) 'TREVI' Justice and Home Affairs (JHA, pillar II) Flag of NATO.svg North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) [Cont.] Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJCC, pillar II) Flag of France.svg Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Anglo-French alliance [Defence arm handed to NATO] European Political Co-operation (EPC) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP, pillar III) Flag of the Western Union.svg Western Union (WU) Flag of the Western European Union (1993-1995).svg / Flag of the Western European Union.svg Western European Union (WEU) [Tasks defined following the WEU's 1984 reactivation handed to the EU] [Social, cultural tasks handed to CoE] [Cont.] vte Flag of Europe.svg Council of Europe (CoE) Dunkirk TreatyÂč S: 4 March 1947 F: 8 September 1947 E: 8 September 1997 Brussels TreatyÂč S: 17 March 1948 F: 25 August 1948 T: 30 June 2011 London and Washington treatiesÂč S: 5 May/4 April 1949 F: 3 August/24 August 1949 Paris treaties: ECSC and EDCⶠS: 18 April 1951/27 May 1952 F: 23 July 1952/â E: 23 July 2002/â Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels TreatyÂč S: 23 October 1954 F: 6 May 1955 Rome treaties: EECÂČ and EAEC S: 25 March 1957 F: 1 January 1958 WEU-CoE agreementÂč S: 21 October 1959 F: 1 January 1960 Brussels (Merger) TreatyÂł S: 8 April 1965 F: 1 July 1967 Davignon report S: 27 October 1970 European Council conclusions S: 2 December 1975 Single European Act (SEA) S: 17/28 February 1986 F: 1 July 1987 Schengen Treaty and Convention S: 14 June 1985/19 June 1990 F: 26 March 1995 Maastricht TreatyÂČ, ⎠S: 7 February 1992 F: 1 November 1993 Amsterdam Treaty S: 2 October 1997 F: 1 May 1999 Nice Treaty S: 26 February 2001 F: 1 February 2003 Lisbon Treatyâ” S: 13 December 2007 F: 1 December 2009 Deployments Main article: List of military and civilian missions of the European Union
Since 2002, the European Union has intervened abroad thirty-five times in three different continents. The first deployment of European troops under the ESDP, following the 1999 declaration of intent, was in March 2003 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM, today: North Macedonia). Operation Concordia used NATO assets and was considered a success and replaced by a smaller police mission, EUPOL Proxima, later that year. Since then, there have been other small police, justice and monitoring missions. As well as in the FYROM, the EU has maintained its deployment of peacekeepers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as part of Operation Althea.[9]
Between May and September 2003 EU troops were deployed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during "Operation Artemis" under a mandate given by UN Security Council Resolution 1484 which aimed to prevent further atrocities and violence in the Ituri Conflict and put the DRC's peace process back on track. This laid out the "framework nation" system to be used in future deployments. The EU returned to the DRC during JulyâNovember 2006 with EUFOR RD Congo, which supported the UN mission there during the country's elections.
Geographically, EU missions outside the Balkans and the DRC have taken place in Georgia, Indonesia, Sudan, Palestine, and UkraineâMoldova. There is also a judicial mission in Iraq (EUJUST Lex). On 28 January 2008, the EU deployed its largest and most multi-national mission to Africa, EUFOR Tchad/RCA.[10] The UN-mandated mission involves troops from 25 EU states (19 in the field) deployed in areas of eastern Chad and the north-eastern Central African Republic in order to improve security in those regions. EUFOR Tchad/RCA reached full operation capability in mid-September 2008, and handed over security duties to the UN (MINURCAT mission) in mid-March 2009.[11]
The EU launched its first maritime CSDP operation on 12 December 2008 (Operation Atalanta). The concept of the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) was created on the back of this operation, which is still successfully combatting piracy off the coast of Somalia almost a decade later. A second such intervention was launched in 2015 to tackle migration problems in the southern Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR Med), working under the name Operation SOPHIA.
Most of the CSDP missions deployed so far are mandated to support Security Sector Reforms (SSR) in host-states. One of the core principles of CSDP support to SSR is local ownership. The EU Council defines ownership as "the appropriation by the local authorities of the commonly agreed objectives and principles".[12] Despite EU's strong rhetorical attachment to the local ownership principle, research shows that CSDP missions continue to be an externally driven, top-down and supply-driven endeavour, resulting often in the low degree of local participation.[13]
Structure Main article: Structure of the Common Security and Defence Policy
High Representative Josep Borrell The CSDP involves military or civilian missions being deployed to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with contributions from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states[c] as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure, headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, comprises:
the Defence Industry Directorate-General of the European Commission relevant sections of the External Action Service (EEAS) â including the Military Staff (EUMS) with its so-called Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) a number of Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) preparatory bodies â such as the Military Committee (EUMC) four agencies, including the Defence Agency (EDA) While the EU has a command and control (C2) structure, it has no standing permanent military structure along the lines of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military headquarters. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects. The CSDP structure is sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU), especially in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm.[4][5][6][d]
Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the HR/VP, adopted by the FAC, generally requiring unanimity, and then implemented by the HR/VP.
The EU command and control (C2) structure, as directed by political bodies which are composed of member states's representatives and generally require unanimous decisions, as of April 2019:[14]
Liaison: Advice and recommendations Support and monitoring Preparatory work vte Political strategic level: ISS EUCO Pres. (EUCO) Chain of command Coordination/support SatCen CIVCOM HR/VP (FAC) INTCEN HR/VP (PMG) HR/VP (PSC) (******) Coat of arms of Europe.svg Coat of arms of the European Union Military Committee.svg Golden star.svgGolden star.svgGolden star.svgGolden star.svg CEUMC (EUMC) CMPD Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg Golden star.svgGolden star.svgGolden star.svg DGEUMS (***) (EUMS) Military/civilian strategic level: Coat of arms of the European Union Military Staff.svg Golden star.svgGolden star.svgGolden star.svg Dir MPCC (***) (MPCC) JSCC Civ OpCdr CPCC(*) Operational level: MFCdr (****) (MFHQ) HoM (*) Tactical level: CC(**) Land CC(**) Air CC(**) Mar Other CCs(**) Forces Forces Forces Forces
*In the event of a CSDP Civilian Mission also being in the field, the relation with the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) and its Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr), as well as the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), are coordinated as shown. **Other Component Commanders (CCs) and service branches which may be established ***The MPCC is part of the EUMS and Dir MPCC is double-hatted as DGEUMS. Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), either a national OHQ offered by member states or the NATO Command Structure (NCS) would serve this purpose. In the latter instance, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR), rather than Dir MPCC, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr). ****Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), the MFCdr would be known as a Force Commander (FCdr), and direct a Force Headquarters (FHQ) rather than a MFHQ. Whereas the MFHQ would act both on the operational and tactical level, the FHQ would act purely on the operational level. *****The political strategic level is not part of the C2 structure per se, but represents the political bodies, with associated support facilities, that determine the missions' general direction. The Council determines the role of the High Representative (HR/VP), who serves as Vice-President of the European Commission, attends European Council meetings, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) and may chair the Political and Security Committee (PSC) in times of crisis. The HR/VP proposes and implements CSDP decisions. ******Same composition as Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) II, which also prepares for the CSDP-related work of the FAC. Strategy Main article: European Union Global Strategy The European Union Global Strategy (EUGS) is the updated doctrine of the EU to improve the effectiveness of the CSDP, including the defence and security of the members states, the protection of civilians, cooperation between the member states' armed forces, management of immigration, crises etc. Adopted on 28 June 2016,[15] it replaces the European Security Strategy of 2003. The EUGS is complemented by a document titled "Implementation Plan on Security and Defense" (IPSD).[16]
Forces Main article: Defence forces of the European Union National National armed forces' personnel combined (2016)[17] vte The CSDP is implemented using civilian and military contributions from member states' armed forces, which also are obliged to collective self-defence based on Treaty on European Union (TEU).
Five EU states host nuclear weapons: France has its own nuclear programmes, while Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands host US nuclear weapons as part of NATO's nuclear sharing policy. Combined, the EU possesses 300 warheads, and hosts between 90 and 130 US warheads. Italy hosts 70-90 B61 nuclear bombs, while Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands 10-20 each one.[18] The EU has the third largest arsenal of nuclear weapons, after the United States and Russia.
Expenditure and personnel Further information: List of countries by military expenditures The following table presents the military expenditures of the members of the European Union in euros (âŹ). The combined military expenditure of the member states amounted to âŹ223.4 billion in 2018.[2] This represents 1.4% of European Union GDP. European military expenditure includes spending on joint projects such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and joint procurement of equipment. The European Union's combined active military forces in 2016 totaled 1,410,626 personnel.[1]
In a speech in 2012, Swedish General HÄkan Syrén criticised the spending levels of European Union countries, saying that in the future those countries' military capability will decrease, creating "critical shortfalls".[19]
Guide to table:
All figure entries in the table below are provided by the European Defence Agency for the year 2017, except for Germany's personnel figure, which is for 2016. Figures from other sources are not included. The "operations & maintenance expenditure" category may in some circumstances also include finances on-top of the nations defence budget. The categories "troops prepared for deployed operations" and "troops prepared for deployed and sustained operation" only include land force personnel. Member state Expenditure (⏠mn.) Per capita (âŹ) % of GDP Operations & maintenance expenditure (⏠mn.) Active military personnel Land troops prepared for deployed and sustained operations Reserve personnel Austria Austria[1] 2,647 301 0.72 574 24,190 1,100 950,000 Belgium Belgium[1] 3,965 349 0.90 680 27,789 1,293 3,300 Bulgaria Bulgaria[1] 771 109 1.53 118 30,218 1,168 3,000 Croatia Croatia[1] 615 149 1.26 154 14,862 796 18,343 Cyprus Cyprus[1] 352 409 1.83 63 20,000 0 75,000 Czech Republic Czech Republic[1] 1,944 184 1.01 474 23,036 672 3,236 Estonia Estonia[1] 478 363 2.08 158 6,178 100 60,000 Finland Finland[1] 2,879 523 1.29 919 7,515 1,738 900,000 France France[1] 40,852 609 1.79 10,201 208,251 17,000 38,550 Germany Germany[1] 40,447 489 1.24 177,608 29,200 Greece Greece[1] 4,213 393 2.37 504 106,624 2,432 Hungary Hungary[1] 1,197 122 0.97 492 23,846 1,000 20,000 Republic of Ireland Ireland[1] 915 191 0.31 103 9,500 850 1,778 Italy Italy[1] 20,534 339 1.20 1,583 181,116 18,300 Latvia Latvia[1] 470 243 1.75 132 5,686 75 3,000 Lithuania Lithuania[1] 724 256 1.73 145 14,350 26,000 Luxembourg Luxembourg[1] 289 484 0.52 30 824 57 Malta Malta[1] 57 122 0.51 8 1,808 30 Netherlands Netherlands[1] 8,686 507 1.18 2,144 40,196 1,500 5,046 Poland Poland[1] 8,683 226 1.86 1,918 106,500 60 75,400 Portugal Portugal[1] 2,422 235 1.25 142 32,726 1,698 Romania Romania[1] 3,627 185 1.93 277 69,542 2,961 50,000 Slovakia Slovakia[1] 993 183 1.17 198 13,152 846 Slovenia Slovenia[1] 422 204 0.98 72 6,342 707 1,000 Spain Spain[1] 10,739 231 0.92 1,891 120,812 7,410 15,150 Sweden Sweden[1] 4,638 460 0.97 1,973 14,500 750 34,500 European Union EU[1] 163,559 365 1.01 1,287,171 Naval forces Ambox current red Asia Australia.svg This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018)
Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier is one of the largest commissioned warships in the European Union. The combined component strength of the naval forces of member states is some 513 commissioned warships. Of those in service, 4 are fleet carriers. The EU also has 4 amphibious assault ships and 20 amphibious support ships in service. Of the EU's 49 submarines, 10 are nuclear-powered submarines while 39 are conventional attack submarines.
Operation Atalanta (formally European Union Naval Force Somalia) is the first ever (and still ongoing) naval operation of the European Union. It is part of a larger global action by the EU in the Horn of Africa to deal with the Somali crisis. As of January 2011 twenty-three EU nations participate in the operation.
France and Italy have blue-water navies.[20]
Guide to table:
Ceremonial vessels, research vessels, supply vessels, training vessels, and icebreakers are not included. The table only counts warships that are commissioned (or equivalent) and active. Surface vessels displacing less than 200 tonnes are not included, regardless of other characteristics. The "amphibious support ship" category includes amphibious transport docks and dock landing ships, and tank landing ships. Frigates over 6,000 tonnes are classified as destroyers. The "patrol vessel" category includes missile boats. The "anti-mine ship" category includes mine countermeasures vessels, minesweepers and minehunters. Generally, total tonnage of ships is more important than total number of ships, as it gives a better indication of capability. Member state Fleet carrier Amphibious assault ship Amphibious support ship Destroyer Frigate Corvette Patrol vessel Antiâmine ship Missile sub. Attack sub. Total Tonnage Austria Austria 0 0 Belgium Belgium[21] 2 2 5 9 10,009 Bulgaria Bulgaria 1 4 3 1 10 18 15,160 Croatia Croatia 5 2 7 2,869 Cyprus Cyprus 5 5 0 Czech Republic Czech Republic 0 0 Denmark Denmark[22] 5 4 9 18 51,235 Estonia Estonia 3 3 2,000 Finland Finland 4 4 12 20 5,429 France France[23] 1 3 2 13 11 20 18 4 6 76 319,195 Germany Germany[24] 3 7 5 8 15 6 44 82,790 Greece Greece[25] 9 13 33[26] 4 11[26] 70 138,565 Hungary Hungary 0 0 Republic of Ireland Ireland[27] 8 8 11,219 Italy Italy[28] 2 3 4 14 5 11 10 8 57 303,411 Latvia Latvia 5 5 3,025 Lithuania Lithuania[29] 4 4 8 5,678 Luxembourg Luxembourg 0 0 Malta Malta[30] 2 2 1,419 Netherlands Netherlands[31] 2 4 2 4 6 4 22 116,308 Poland Poland[32] 5 2 1 3 19 3 28 19,724 Portugal Portugal[33] 5 7 7 2 23 34,686 Romania Romania[34] 3 7 6 5 21 23,090 Slovakia Slovakia 0 0 Slovenia Slovenia[35] 1 1 2 435 Spain Spain[36] 1[e] (1)[e] 2 5[f] 6[g] 23 6 3 46 148,607 Sweden Sweden[37] 6 11 5 22 14,256 European Union EU 4 4 24 34 73 38 156 136 4 48 ~514 ~1,309,110 Land forces Ambox current red Asia Australia.svg This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018)
The Leopard 2 main battle tank Combined, the member states of the European Union maintain large numbers of various land-based military vehicles and weaponry.
Guide to table:
The table is not exhaustive and primarily includes vehicles and EU-NATO member countries under the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE treaty). Unless otherwise specified. The CFE treaty only includes vehicles stationed within Europe, vehicles overseas on operations are not counted. The "main battle tank" category also includes tank destroyers (such as the Italian B1 Centauro) or any self-propelled armoured fighting vehicle, capable of heavy firepower. According to the CFE treaty. The "armoured fighting vehicle" category includes any armoured vehicle primarily designed to transport infantry and equipped with an automatic cannon of at least 20 mm calibre. According to the CFE treaty. The "artillery" category includes self-propelled or towed howitzers and mortars of 100 mm calibre and above. Other types of artillery are not included regardless of characteristics. According to the CFE treaty. The "attack helicopter" category includes any rotary wing aircraft armed and equipped to engage targets or equipped to perform other military functions (such as the Apache or the Wildcat). According to the CFE treaty. The "military logistics vehicle" category includes logistics trucks of 4-tonne, 8-tonne, 14-tonne or larger, purposely designed for military tasking. Not under CFE treaty. Member state Main battle tank Armoured fighting vehicle Artillery Attack helicopter Military logistics vehicle Austria Austria 54 364 73 Belgium Belgium[38] 226 133 27 Bulgaria Bulgaria[38] 362 681 1,035 12 Croatia Croatia[39] 75 283 127 10 Cyprus Cyprus Czech Republic Czech Republic[38] 123 501 182 24 Denmark Denmark[38] 46 229 56 12 Estonia Estonia[40] 74 Finland Finland 180 1,080 722 25 France France[38] 450 6,256 349 283 10,746 Germany Germany[38] 815 1,774 401 158 Greece Greece[38] 1,622 2,187 1,920 29 Hungary Hungary[38] 30 400 12 8 Republic of Ireland Ireland[41] 107 36 Italy Italy[38] 1,176 3,145 1,446 107 10,921 Latvia Latvia Lithuania Lithuania[42] 88 96 Luxembourg Luxembourg Malta Malta Netherlands Netherlands[38] 16 634 135 21 Poland Poland[43] 1,675 3,110 1,580 83 Portugal Portugal[38] 220 425 377 Romania Romania[38] 857 1,272 1,273 23 Slovakia Slovakia[38] 30 327 68 Slovenia Slovenia 76 52 63 Spain Spain[38] 484 1,007 811 27 Sweden Sweden 120 978 268 European Union EU[38] 7,268 13,541 9,159 773 Air forces Ambox current red Asia Australia.svg This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2018) The air forces of EU member states operate a wide range of military systems and hardware. This is primarily due to the independent requirements of each member state and also the national defence industries of some member states. However such programmes like the Eurofighter Typhoon and Eurocopter Tiger have seen many European nations design, build and operate a single weapons platform. 60% of overall combat fleet was developed and manufactured by member states, 32% are US-origin, but some of these were assembled in Europe, while remaining 8% are soviet-made aircraft. As of 2014, it is estimated that the European Union had around 2,000 serviceable combat aircraft (fighter aircraft and ground-attack aircraft).[44]
The EUs air-lift capabilities are evolving with the future introduction of the Airbus A400M (another example of EU defence cooperation). The A400M is a tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities.[45] Around 140 are initially expected to be operated by 5 member states (Luxembourg, France, Germany, Spain and Belgium).
Guide to tables:
The tables are sourced from figures provided by Flight International for the year 2020. Aircraft are grouped into three main types (indicated by colours): red for combat aircraft, green for aerial refueling aircraft, and grey for strategic and tactical transport aircraft. The two "other" columns include additional aircraft according to their type sorted by colour (i.e. the "other" category in red includes combat aircraft, while the "other" category in grey includes both aerial refueling and transport aircraft). This was done because it was not feasible allocate every aircraft type its own column. Other aircraft such as trainers, helicopters, UAVs and reconnaissance or surveillance aircraft are not included in the below tables or figures. Fighter and ground-attack Member state Typhoon Rafale Mirage 2000 Gripen F-16 F/A-18 F-35 Tornado MiG-29 Other Total Austria Austria[44] 15 15 Belgium Belgium[44] 43 (34) 43 Bulgaria Bulgaria[44] 13 4 Su-25 17 Croatia Croatia[44] 12 MiG-21 12 Cyprus Cyprus[44] Czech Republic Czech Republic[44] 12 16 L-159 28 Denmark Denmark[44] 33 (27) 33 Estonia Estonia[44] Finland Finland[44] 62 62 France France[44] 143 126 269 Germany Germany[44] 128 74 202 Greece Greece[44] 42 153 33 F-4 228 Hungary Hungary[44] 12 12 Republic of Ireland Ireland[44] Italy Italy[44] 90 14 (61) 53 32 AMX, 14 Harrier II 203 Latvia Latvia[44] Lithuania Lithuania[44] Luxembourg Luxembourg[44] Malta Malta[44] Netherlands Netherlands[44] 60 15 (31) 75 Poland Poland[44] 36 (32) 23 22 Su-22 81 Portugal Portugal[44] 24 24 Romania Romania[44] 9 17 MiG-21 26 Slovakia Slovakia[44] 10 10 Slovenia Slovenia[44] Spain Spain[44] 65 72 12 Harrier II 149 Sweden Sweden[44] 71 71 European Union EU[44] 298 143 166 95 319 134 29 127 46 162 1,560 Aerial refueling and transport Member state A330 MRTT A310 MRTT KC-135/707 C-17 C-130 C-160 C-27J CN-235/C-295 An-26 A400M Other Total Austria Austria[44] 3 8 PC-6 11 Belgium Belgium[44] 9 3 ERJ-135/145 12 Bulgaria Bulgaria[44] 2 1 1 L-410 & 1 PC-12 5 Croatia Croatia[44] Cyprus Cyprus[44] 1 BN-2 1 Czech Republic Czech Republic[44] 4 4 L-410 8 DenmarkDenmark[44] 4 4 Estonia Estonia[44] 2 An-28/M28 2 Finland Finland[44] 3 3 Learjet 35 & 6 PC-12NG 12 France France[44] 2 14 16 15 27 15 3 A340 92 Germany Germany[44] 4 42 31 2 A319 76 Greece Greece[44] 13 8 21 Hungary Hungary[44] 4 4 Republic of Ireland Ireland[44] 2 1 BNT-2 CC2/B 3 Italy Italy[44] 16 12 4 KC-767 3 KC-130J 3 A319 38 Latvia Latvia[44] Lithuania Lithuania[44] 3 1 4 Luxembourg Luxembourg[44] 1 1 Malta Malta[44] 2 BNT-2 CC2/B 2 King Air 200 4 Netherlands Netherlands[44] 4 2 (K)DC-10 6 Poland Poland[44] 5 16 20 Portugal Portugal[44] 6 7 13 Romania Romania[44] 2 7 2 11 Slovakia Slovakia[44] 2 2 Slovenia Slovenia[44] 1 Let L-410 Turbolet 2 Pilatus PC-6 Porter 1 Dassault Falcon 2000 4 Spain Spain[44] 2 7 21 6 5 KC-130H 2 A310 37 Sweden Sweden[44] 7 1 KC-130H 8 Shared within EU 3 (6) part of MMF 3 European Union EU[44] 5 4 16 0 83 107 30 81 16 53 41 384 Multinational Established at Union level
Irish Army personnel from the Nordic Battle Group at an exercise in 2010 The Helsinki Headline Goal Catalogue is a listing of rapid reaction forces composed of 60,000 troops managed by the European Union, but under control of the countries who deliver troops for it.
Forces introduced at Union level include:
The battle groups (BG) adhere to the CSDP, and are based on contributions from a coalition of member states. Each of the eighteen Battlegroups consists of a battalion-sized force (1,500 troops) reinforced with combat support elements.[46][47] The groups rotate actively, so that two are ready for deployment at all times. The forces are under the direct control of the Council of the European Union. The Battlegroups reached full operational capacity on 1 January 2007, although, as of January 2013 they are yet to see any military action.[48] They are based on existing ad hoc missions that the European Union (EU) has undertaken and has been described by some as a new "standing army" for Europe.[47] The troops and equipment are drawn from the EU member states under a "lead nation". In 2004, United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan welcomed the plans and emphasised the value and importance of the Battlegroups in helping the UN deal with troublespots.[49] The Medical Command (EMC) is a planned medical command centre in support of EU missions, formed as part of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO).[50] The EMC will provide the EU with a permanent medical capability to support operations abroad, including medical resources and a rapidly deployable medical task force. The EMC will also provide medical evacuation facilities, triage and resuscitation, treatment and holding of patients until they can be returned to duty, and emergency dental treatment. It will also contribute to harmonising medical standards, certification and legal (civil) framework conditions.[51] The Force Crisis Response Operation Core (EUFOR CROC) is a flagship defence project under development as part of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). EURFOR CROC will contribute to the creation of a "full spectrum force package" to speed up provision of military forces and the EU's crisis management capabilities.[52] Rather than creating a standing force, the project involves creating a concrete catalogue of military force elements that would speed up the establishment of a force when the EU decides to launch an operation. It is land-focused and aims to generate a force of 60,000 troops from the contributing states alone. While it does not establish any form of "European army", it foresees an deployable, interoperable force under a single command.[53] Germany is the lead country for the project, but the French are heavily involved and it is tied to President Emmanuel Macron's proposal to create a standing intervention force. The French see it as an example of what PESCO is about.[54] Provided through Article 42.3 TEU
Personnel of the European Corps in Strasbourg, France, during a change of command ceremony in 2013 This section presents an incomplete list of forces and bodies established intergovernmentally amongst a subset of member states. These organisations will deploy forces based on the collective agreement of their member states. They are typically technically listed as being able to be deployed under the auspices of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union (EU) through Article 42.3 of TEU, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or any other international entity.
However, with the exception of the Eurocorps, very few have actually been deployed for any real military operation, and none under the CSDP at any point in its history.
Land Forces:
The Eurocorps is an army corps of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in Strasbourg, France. Based in the French city of Strasbourg, the corps is the nucleus of the Franco-German Brigade.[55] The I. German/Dutch Corps is a multinational formation consisting of units from the Dutch and German armies. Due to its role as a NATO High Readiness Forces Headquarters, soldiers from other NATO member states, the United States, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom amongst others, are also stationed at MĂŒnster. The Multinational Corps Northeast, a Danish-German-Polish multinational corps The European Gendarmerie Force, an intervention force with militarised police functions which specializes in crisis management.[56] Aerial:
The European Air Transport Command exercises operational control of the majority of the aerial refueling capabilities and military transport fleets of its participating nations. Located at Eindhoven Airbase in the Netherlands, the command also bears a limited responsibility for exercises, aircrew training and the harmonisation of relevant national air transport regulations.[57][58] The command was established in 2010 to provide a more efficient management of the participating nations' assets and resources in this field. Naval:
The European Maritime Force (EUROMARFOR or EMF) is a non-standing,[59] military force[60] that may carry out naval, air and amphibious operations, with an activation time of 5 days after an order is received.[61] The force was formed in 1995 to fulfill missions defined in the Petersberg Declaration, such as sea control, humanitarian missions, peacekeeping operations, crisis response operations, and peace enforcement. Participation, relationship with NATO Further information: European UnionâNATO relations Out of the 27 EU member states, 21 are also members of NATO. Another four NATO members are EU applicantsâAlbania, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Turkey. Two othersâIceland and Norwayâhave opted to remain outside of the EU, however participate in the EU's single market. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several EU member states were formerly members of the Warsaw Pact. Denmark has an opt-out from the CSDP.[1]
Non-European countries National participation in the principal European and trans-Atlantic defence arrangements[citation needed] State European Union NATO Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation Membership Common Security and Defence Policy General participation Permanent Structured Cooperation Albania Candidate No No 2009 No Austria 1995 Founder Founder No No Belgium Founder Founder Founder Founder 2003 Bosnia and Herzegovina Candidate No No Membership Action Plan No Bulgaria 2007 2007 Founder 2004 No Canada No No No Founder No Cyprus 2004 2007 Founder No No Croatia 2013 2013 Founder 2009 No Czech Republic 2004 2004 Founder 1999 No Denmark 1973 No No Founder No Estonia 2004 2004 Founder 2004 No Finland 1995 Founder Founder No Partial France Founder Founder Founder Founder Founder Germany Founder Founder Founder 1955 Founder Greece 1981 Founder Founder 1952 No Hungary 2004 2004 Founder 1999 No Iceland No No No Founder No Ireland 1973 Founder Founder No No Italy Founder Founder Founder Founder Founder Kosovo No No No No No Latvia 2004 2004 Founder 2004 No Lithuania 2004 2004 Founder 2004 Partial Luxembourg Founder Founder Founder Founder Partial Malta 2004 2004 No No No Montenegro Candidate No No 2017 No Netherlands Founder Founder Founder Founder Partial North Macedonia Candidate No No 2020 No Norway No EDA partnership No Founder No Poland 2004 2004 Founder 1999 Partial Portugal 1986 Founder Founder Founder No Romania 2007 2007 Founder 2004 No Serbia Candidate EDA partnership No Individual Partnership Action Plan No Slovakia 2004 2004 Founder 2004 No Slovenia 2004 2004 Founder 2004 No Spain 1986 Founder Founder 1982 Founder Sweden 1995 Founder Founder No Partial Switzerland No EDA partnership No No No Turkey Candidate No No 1952 Partial Ukraine No EDA partnership No No No United Kingdom No No No Founder Founder United States No No No Founder No The Berlin Plus agreement is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002.[62] These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's 1999 Washington summit, sometimes referred to as the CJTF mechanism,[63] and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.
Chart presented in 2012 by then Director General of the Military Staff Lt. gen. Ton van Osch, asserting that the utility of the combined civilian and military components of the EU policy could be considered more effective than NATO for a limited level of conflict. See also flag European Union portal War portal European Union as an emerging superpower European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure Neutral country#European Union Other defence-related EU initiatives:
Military Mobility (PESCO) European Centre of Excellence for Countering Hybrid Threats (Hybrid CoE), an EU-supported intergovernmental think-tank Other Pan-European defence organisations (intergovernmental):
Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR) Finabel, an organisation, controlled by the army chiefs of staff of its participating nations, that promotes cooperation and interoperability between the armies.[64] Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR), an organisation that facilitates and manages collaborative armament programmes through their lifecycle between its participating nations. European Air Group (EAG), an organisation that promotes cooperation and interoperability between the air forces of its participating nations. European Organisation of Military Associations and Trade Unions (EUROMIL) European Personnel Recovery Centre (EPRC), an organisation that contributes to the development and harmonisation of policies and standards related to personnel recovery. European Intervention Initiative Regional, integorvernmental defence organisations in Europe:
Nordic Defence Cooperation (NORDEFCO) Central European Defence Cooperation (CEDC) Atlanticist intergovernmental defence organisations:
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Movement Coordination Centre Europe (MCCE), an organisation aiming to coordinate the use of airlift, sealift and land movement assets owned or leased by participating nations. Notes The responsibility of collective self-defence within the CSDP is based on Article 42.7 of TEU, which states that this responsibility does not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain member states, referring to policies of neutrality. See Neutral country§European Union for discussion on this subject.According to the Article 42.7 "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States." Article 42.2 furthermore specifies that NATO shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members. Akin to the EUâs banking union, economic and monetary union and customs union. The responsibility of collective self-defence within the CSDP is based on Article 42.7 of TEU, which states that this responsibility does not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain member states, referring to policies of neutrality. See Neutral country§European Union for discussion on this subject.According to the Article 42.7 "If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States." Article 42.2 furthermore specifies that NATO shall be the main forum for the implementation of collective self-defence for EU member states that are also NATO members. Akin to the EUâs banking union, economic and monetary union and customs union. Spain withdrew last classic aircraft carrier PrĂncipe de Asturias in 2013 (currently in reserve). New universal ship of Juan Carlos I has the function of fleet carrier and amphibious assault ship. F-100 class Santa MarĂa class References Defence Data Portal, Official 2005â2017 defence statistics from the European Defence Agency Defence Data 2017â2018, Official 2018 defence statistics from the European Defence Agency "DEFENCE DATA 2017-2018". "Texts adopted - Tuesday, 22 November 2016 - European Defence Union - P8_TA(2016)0435". www.europarl.europa.eu. "European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - European Commission welcomes first operational steps towards a European Defence Union *". europa.eu. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2018. "Glossary of summaries - EUR-Lex". eur-lex.europa.eu. "EU to spend âŹ1.5bn a year on joint defence". EUobserver. Christopher S. Chivvis, "Birthing Athena. The Uncertain Future of ESDP" Archived 2008-06-27 at the Wayback Machine, Focus stratĂ©gique, Paris, Ifri, March 2008. "EUFOR Tchad/RCA" consilium.europa.eu Benjamin Pohl (2013) The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations Archived 2014-12-14 at the Wayback Machine, European Security, 22(3): 307â325, DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220, p. 311. www.ifp-ew.eu/resources/EU_Concept_for_ESDP_support_to_Security_Sector_Reform.pdf[dead link] Ejdus, Filip (2 October 2017). ""Here is your mission, now own it!" The rhetoric and practice of local ownership in EU interventions". European Security. 26 (4): 461â484. doi:10.1080/09662839.2017.1333495 â via Taylor and Francis+NEJM. EU Command and Control, p. 13, Military Staff (StratĂ©gie globale de l'Union europĂ©enne, p. 1) (Conclusions du Conseil du 14 novembre 2016) European Defence Agency: DEFENCE DATA 2006-2016 "USAF Report: "Most" Nuclear Weapon Sites In Europe Do Not Meet US Security Requirements » FAS Strategic Security Blog". 10 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Croft, Adrian (19 September 2012). "Some EU states may no longer afford air forces-general". Reuters. Retrieved 31 March 2013. Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 56â57. ISBN 9780275953102 Marinecomponent Hoofdpagina. Mil.be. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. Jane's Fighting Ships 2009 "French Navy Ship List (defense.gouv.fr)".Navy Ship List, 22 October 2011. (in German) Offizieller Internetauftritt der Marine. www.marine.de. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. Î ÎżÎ»Î”ÎŒÎčÎșÏ ÎαÏ
ÏÎčÎșÏ â ÎÏÎŻÏηΌη ÎÏÏÎżÏΔλίΎα Archived 20 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Hellenicnavy.gr. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. "Î ÎżÎ»Î”ÎŒÎčÎșÏ ÎαÏ
ÏÎčÎșÏ - ÎÏÎŻÏηΌη ÎÏÏÎżÏΔλίΎα - ÎÏÏÎčÎșÎź". www.hellenicnavy.gr. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2019. Home | Defence Forces. Military.ie. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. Marina Militare. Marina.difesa.it. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. (in Lithuanian) Lithuanian Armed Forces :: Structure » Navy Archived 17 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Kariuomene.kam.lt (21 January 2010). Retrieved on 2011-12-17. "P61-P62 (Offshore)". Armed Forces of Malta. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Koninklijke Marine | Ministerie van Defensie. Defensie.nl. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. (in Polish) Marynarka Wojenna Archived 11 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Mw.mil.pl. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. Marinha Portuguesa Archived 22 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Marinha.pt. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. (in Romanian) Fortele Navale RomĂąne[permanent dead link]. Navy.ro. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. Slovensko obalo bo varovala "Kresnica" :: Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal, MMC RTV Slovenija. Rtvslo.si. Retrieved on 2011-12-17. PresentaciĂłn Buques de Superficie â Ships â Armada Española. Armada.mde.es. Retrieved on 2018-11-22. The Swedish Navy â Försvarsmakten Archived 18 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Forsvarsmakten.se (2 September 2008). Retrieved on 2011-12-17. Ministry of Defence - Vehicle & Aircraft Holdings within the scope of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty: Annual: 2013 edition, gov.uk, (pp.10-13), Accessed 28 November 2014 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015. "Eesti hangib Soomest haubitsaid". "Page not found - 404 Error page". www.military.ie. Cite uses generic title (help) "Lithuania". washington.mfa.gov.pl/en/about_the_embassy/waszyngton_us_a_en_embassy/waszyngton_us_a_en_military_attach/waszyngton_us_a_109[dead link] - Flight International, Flightglobal.com, Accessed 19 September 2020 "RAF â A400m." Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine RAF, MOD. Retrieved: 15 May 2010. www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/Battlegroups.pdf[dead link] New force behind EU foreign policy BBC News â 15 March 2007 "Europe in a foreign field". The Economist. 19 January 2013. Value of EU 'Battlegroup' plan stressed by Annan Archived 13 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine forumoneurope.ie 15 October 2004 "In Defence of Europe - EPSC - European Commission". EPSC. 31 March 2016. "Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) first collaborative PESCO projects" (PDF). "Project outlines" (PDF). "European Defence: What's in the CARDs for PESCO?" (PDF). Barigazzi, Jacopo (10 December 2017). "EU unveils military pact projects". Politico. Retrieved 29 December 2017. "Eurocorps' official website / History". Retrieved 23 February 2008. Arcudi, Giovanni; Smith, Michael E. (2013). "The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?". European Security. 22: 1â20. doi:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511. S2CID 153388488. "Eindhoven regelt internationale militaire luchtvaart". "Claude-France Arnould Visits EATC Headquarters". Eda.europa.eu. Retrieved 19 February 2016. EUROMARFOR â At Sea for Peace pamphlet[permanent dead link]. Retrieved 11 March 2012. Biscop, Sven (2003). Euro-Mediterranean security: a search for partnership. Ashgate Publishing. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-7546-3487-4. EUROMARFOR Retrospective â Portuguese Command[permanent dead link], page 12. Retrieved 11 March 2012. NATO, Berlin Plus agreement, 21 June 2006."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2007. Heritage Foundation report, 4 October 2004 : "Through the CJTF mechanism, NATO member states do not have to actively participate actively in a specific mission if they do not feel their vital interests are involved, but their opting out [...] would not stop other NATO members from participating in an intervention if they so desired." [1] Archived 5 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine "Finabel information folder: "Finabel: Contributing to European Army Interoperability since 1953"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Further reading Book â What ambitions for European defence in 2020?, European Union Institute for Security Studies Book â European Security and Defence Policy: The first 10 years (1999â2009), European Union Institute for Security Studies Book - Smith, Michael E. (2017). 'Europe's Common Security and Defence Policy: Capacity-Building, Experiential Learning, and Institutional Change' (Cambridge University Press). "Guide to the ESDP" nov.2008 edition Exhaustive guide on ESDP's missions, institutions and operations, written and edited by the Permanent representation of France to the European Union. Dijkstra, Hylke (2013). Policy-Making in EU Security and Defense: An Institutional Perspective. European Administrative Governance Series (Hardback 240pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. ISBN 978-1-137-35786-1. Nugent, Neill (2006). The Government and Politics of the European Union. The European Union Series (Paperback 630pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 9780230000025. Howorth, Joylon (2007). Security and Defence Policy in the European Union. The European Union Series (Paperback 315pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York. ISBN 978-0-333-63912-2. PhD Thesis on Civilian ESDP - EU Civilian crisis management (University of Geneva, 2008, 441 p. in French) Hayes, Ben (2009). "NeoConOpticon: The EU Security-Industrial Complex". Statewatch : Newsletter (Paperback, 84 pp ed.). Transnational Institute/Statewatch. ISSN 1756-851X. Giovanni Arcudi & Michael E. Smith (2013). The European Gendarmerie Force: a solution in search of problems?, European Security, 22(1): 1â20, DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511 Teresa Eder (2014). Welche Befugnisse hat die EuropĂ€ische Gendarmerietruppe?, Der Standard, 5 Februar 2014. Alexander Mattelaer (2008). The Strategic Planning of EU Military Operations â The Case of EUFOR Tchad/RCA, IES Working Paper 5/2008. Benjamin Pohl (2013). The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations, European Security, 22(3): 307â325, DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220 "The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert", Danish Institute of International Studies. U.S Army Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), Operation EUFOR TCHAD/RCA and the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy., U.S. Army War College, October 2010 Mai'a K. Davis Cross "Security Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-based Networks are Transforming the European Union." University of Michigan Press, 2011. Butler, Graham (2020). "The European Defence Union and Denmark's Defence Opt-out: A Legal Appraisal". European Foreign Affairs Review. 25 (1): 117â150. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Article 42â46 of the Treaty on European Union: Provisions on the Common Security and Defence Policy Official website, European External Action Service Security and Defence, European External Action Service EU cooperation on security and defence, Council of the European Union vte Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union vte Militaries of Europe CFSP operational instrument: A proposed CSDP evolution in the Eurocorps and ESDI in NATO Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4683478-3MA: 2777881528 Categories: Military of the European Union Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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Post by Freddie on May 10, 2021 21:52:17 GMT 1
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Forum Information & Statistics Board Statistics Threads and Posts Total Threads: 988 Total Posts: 15,894 Last Updated: Statistik InlÀgg 1 by Freddie (a few seconds ago) Recent Threads - Recent Posts - RSS Feed - Mark All Boards Read Members Members Total Members: 4 Newest Member: Radar Jackson Most Users Online: 136 (4 Feb 2021 at 2:03pm) View today's birthdays Members Online Users Online 1 Staff, 0 Members, 1 Guest. Freddie 24 Hours Users Online in the Last 24 Hours 2 Staff, 0 Members, 67 Guests. Grade
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Post by Freddie on May 10, 2021 21:56:28 GMT 1
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StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 167 Tweetvisningar 5 229 43,3 % Profilbesök 533 45,4 % OmnĂ€mnanden 9 28,6 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 9 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 44 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 38 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
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Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 242 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 674 personer
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
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5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 612 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
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Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
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Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 843 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn
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Post by Freddie on May 10, 2021 22:21:09 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. List of Star Wars: The Clone Wars episodes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Star Wars: The Clone Wars intertitle for seasons 1-6 Star Wars: The Clone Wars is an American 3D CGI animated television series created by Lucasfilm Animation, Lucasfilm Animation Singapore, and CGCG Inc. On August 15, 2008, the debut film was released in theaters; it served as the introduction of the series. The series made its debut on the American Cartoon Network on October 3, 2008.[1] It is set in the fictional Star Wars galaxy during the three-year interim between Episode II â Attack of the Clones and Episode III â Revenge of the Sith (the same time period as the previous 2003 Clone Wars series). Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes, filling a half-hour time slot. Star Wars creator George Lucas originally claimed that at least 100 episodes would be produced. During the course of the series, 133 episodes of Star Wars: The Clone Wars were released over seven seasons, between October 3, 2008, and May 4, 2020. On March 11, 2013, Lucasfilm announced that The Clone Wars would be "winding down", effectively canceling the series as Lucasfilm ended its contract with Cartoon Network following its acquisition by Disney. The unreleased episodes that had already been produced were referred to at the time as "bonus content".[2][3] On January 16, 2014, the German television network Super RTL announced their plans to air these episodes as a sixth season, which consisted of 13 episodes.[4][5][6][7] Season 6, along with the other seasons and the feature film, were made available on Netflix on March 7, 2014.[8] In July 2018, Lucasfilm announced at San Diego Comic-Con that The Clone Wars would return with 12 new episodes on Disney+.[9] The new episodes served as the series' final season, which premiered on February 21, 2020 and concluded the series on May 4, 2020. Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Film (2008) 2.2 Season 1 (2008â09) 2.3 Season 2: Rise of the Bounty Hunters (2009â10) 2.4 Season 3: Secrets Revealed (2010â11) 2.5 Season 4: Battle Lines (2011â12) 2.6 Season 5 (2012â13) 2.7 Season 6: The Lost Missions (2014) 2.8 Season 7: The Final Season (2020) 2.9 Chronological order 3 The Clone Wars Legacy 3.1 Print 3.2 Story reels 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Series overview Season Subtitle Episodes Originally released First released Last released Network Film The Clone Wars N/A August 15, 2008 Theatrical release 1 â 22 October 3, 2008 March 20, 2009 Cartoon Network 2 Rise of the Bounty Hunters 22 October 2, 2009 April 30, 2010 3 Secrets Revealed 22 September 17, 2010 April 1, 2011 4 Battle Lines 22 September 16, 2011 March 16, 2012 5 â 20 September 29, 2012 March 2, 2013 6 The Lost Missions 13 March 7, 2014 Netflix 7 The Final Season 12 February 21, 2020 May 4, 2020 Disney+ Episodes Film (2008) As a lead-in to the TV series of the same name, the film was released theatrically on August 15, 2008, and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. Though critical reception was negative, the film was a box-office success and grossed $68.3 million worldwide against an $8.5 million budget.
Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code Star Wars: The Clone Wars Dave Filoni Henry Gilroy & Steven Melching & Scott Murphy August 15, 2008 1.01 / 1.03 / 1.04 / 1.18 As more star systems get swept into the Clone Wars, the valiant Jedi Knights struggle to maintain order. Anakin Skywalker and his Padawan learner Ahsoka Tano embark on a mission that brings them face-to-face with Jabba the Hutt. Plotting against them is Sith Master Count Dooku and his agent, Asajj Ventress - who would ensure that the Jedi fail. Meanwhile, Yoda and Obi-Wan Kenobi lead the clone army against the forces of the dark side. Season 1 (2008â09) The premiere episodes of Star Wars: The Clone Wars aired on October 3, 2008, and set a new record with Cartoon Network as their most-watched series premiere, attracting 3.992 million total viewers.[10][11] The season finale, "Hostage Crisis", was broadcast on March 20, 2009, and the original broadcast received 3.297 million viewers.[12] Season 1 depicted the attempts of the Republic and the Separatists to gain the allegiance of many planets and moons.
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 1 1 "Ambush" Dave Bullock Steven Melching October 3, 2008 1.08 3.99[13] Jedi Master Yoda must face off against Count Dooku's dreaded assassin Asajj Ventress and her massive droid army to prove the Jedi are strong enough to protect a strategic planet and forge a treaty for the Republic. Ventress fails against Yoda, so Dooku tells Ventress to kill the king of the planet, who wants to sign the treaty with the Republic. Yoda protects the king from Ventress, who then flees. 2 2 "Rising Malevolence" Dave Filoni Steven Melching October 3, 2008 1.07 4.92[13] An attack by a devastating new Separatist weaponâthe powerful starship Malevolenceâleaves Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone troopers struggling to survive until Anakin and Ahsoka can find them. 3 3 "Shadow of Malevolence" Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 10, 2008 1.09 2.8[14] With the help of his Padawan, Ahsoka, and Jedi Master Plo Koon, Anakin uses new long-range Y-wing bombers to lead a bold strike on General Grievous's warship, the Malevolence, and its destructive weapon. 4 4 "Destroy Malevolence" Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching October 17, 2008 1.11 N/A PadmĂ© Amidala and C-3PO are taken hostage by General Grievous, leaving Anakin and Obi-Wan to save the senator and complete the destruction of the Malevolence. 5 5 "Rookies" Justin Ridge Steven Melching October 24, 2008 1.14 N/A Alone on a distant outpost, clone officers Rex and Cody must inspire their rookie unit to believe in themselves to stave off a droid commando invasion. 6 6 "Downfall of a Droid" Rob Coleman George Krstic November 7, 2008 1.02 N/A R2-D2 is lost during a fierce space battleâand Anakin must find him before the Separatists discover the Jedi military secrets locked in his memory banks. 7 7 "Duel of the Droids" Rob Coleman Kevin Campbell & Henry Gilroy November 14, 2008 1.06 N/A Anakin, Ahsoka, and replacement droid R3-S6 embark on a dual rescue/sabotage mission when they discover that R2-D2 is being held at General Grievous's secret enemy listening post, Skytop Station. 8 8 "Bombad Jedi" Jesse Yeh Kevin Rubio & Steven Melching & Henry Gilroy November 21, 2008 1.05 2.77[15] On a diplomatic mission to the planet Rodia, PadmĂ© discovers that her old friend and fellow Republic senator Onaconda Farr has allied his planet with the Separatists. In exchange for food and resources for his people, Onaconda captures PadmĂ© and promises to deliver her to Nute Gunray. Sensing that PadmĂ© is in trouble, Jar Jar Binks disguises himself as a Jedi and, with the help of C-3PO, courageously fights to rescue his friend and fellow senator. 9 9 "Cloak of Darkness" Dave Filoni Paul Dini December 5, 2008 1.10 1.95[16] Ahsoka and Jedi Master Luminara Unduli escort the captured notorious Separatist leader Nute Gunray to Coruscant so he can stand trial for his crimes. However, they are unaware that Count Dooku has sent his assassin, Asajj Ventress, to free their captive. With the help of Senate Commandos, the Jedi have to thwart Ventress's efforts to free their prisoner, despite the traitorous plans of Senate Guard Captain Argyus. 10 10 "Lair of Grievous" Atsushi Takeuchi Henry Gilroy December 12, 2008 1.12 2.14[17] Jedi Master Kit Fisto and his former Padawan, the Mon Calamari Jedi Nahdar Vebb, track escaped prisoner Nute Gunray to a remote world. Following Nute into a mysterious den filled with strange creatures, weapons, and war-time artifacts, the Jedi discover that it is the trap-laden lair of General Grievous. Learning that Count Dooku has led the Jedi there in order to punish Grievous for his recent failures, the general is determined to prove his abilities and destroy the Jedi. Kit and Nahdar, along with a contingent of clones, must now fight their way past Grievous and his caretaker droid A-4D to avoid being caught in Grievous's evil clutches forever. 11 11 "Dooku Captured" Jesse Yeh Julie Siege January 2, 2009 1.16 N/A During their own attempt to kidnap Dooku, Anakin and Obi-Wan discover that the Sith lord has already been captured by pirates. Hondo Ohnaka and his gang of pirates hold Dooku captive in their den on Florrum, and hold him for ransom. It is up to Anakin and Obi-Wan to see if the offer is too good to be true. 12 12 "The Gungan General" Justin Ridge Julie Siege January 9, 2009 1.20 2.31[18] Anakin and Obi-Wan have been duped and are being held for ransom, along with Count Dooku, by the pirate chief Hondo Ohnaka and his second-in-command, Turk Falso. While Anakin, Obi-Wan, and Dooku unsuccessfully attempt to escape, the Republic sends the ransom via a special envoy, including Representative Jar Jar Binks. When Falso tries to steal the ransom from his boss by shooting down the shuttle, the only survivors are a squad of clones and Jar Jar, who as the most senior officer alive has to take charge of the mission. It becomes a race against time as Jar Jar rushes to deliver the ransom to take custody of Dooku and save the Jedi. 13 13 "Jedi Crash" Rob Coleman Katie Lucas January 16, 2009 1.22 2.35[19] Anakin and Ahsoka arrive at a pitched sky battle to help besieged Jedi General Aayla Secura. Anakin is gravely injured in the fight. Aayla and Ahsoka, along with the now-wounded Anakin, Rex, and the surviving clones, crash land on the uncharted grass-covered planet Maridun. Forced to leave Anakin behind in order to save him, Aayla teaches Ahsoka why the Jedi have no personal attachments. They make their way to a Lurmen village. Their ruler, Tee Watt Kaa, explains that they are pacifists in this war and not aligned with either side. Hesitant to have anything to do with the Jedi, Kaa agrees to help save Anakin's life. 14 14 "Defenders of Peace" Steward Lee Bill Canterbury January 23, 2009 1.24 2.17[20] Tee Watt Kaa refuses to shelter the Jedi from arriving Separatist forces, fearing that such an action would unnecessarily bring his neutral people into the war. Ahsoka, Aayla, the wounded Anakin, and the rest of the clones respect their wishes as they do not want to jeopardize the village with their presence, so they have to retreat into the wilds of the planet. Separatist Neimoidian General Lok Durd arrives to test a devastating weapon, which they plan to use on the Lurmen. Ultimately, the villagers have to decide whether they will lay down to the Separatists or fight with the Jedi to defend their village. 15 15 "Trespass" Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching January 30, 2009 1.25 2.62[21] Arriving on the desolate ice world of Orto Plutonia, Anakin and Obi-Wan investigate the disappearance of a clone security force stationed on a remote outpost. The Jedi, accompanied by Senator Riyo Chuchi and Chairman Cho of the nearby moon of Pantora, soon discover their clone troopers were attacked by a tribe of furry natives known as the Talz. Fierce beast-riding warriors, the Talz are very territorial and only want to be left alone. The Jedi manage to negotiate peace with the Talz chieftain, Thi-Sen, when greedy Chairman Cho breaks it by insisting that the planet and the Talz are under his power. The resulting conflict escalates into war between the clones and the Talz, with the Jedi in the middle. 16 16 "The Hidden Enemy" Steward Lee Drew Z. Greenberg February 6, 2009 2.01 2.51[22] Anakin and Obi-Wan lead Republic forces in an attempt to defeat the droid armies and free the planet of Christophsis from the Separatist siege. When the Republic is ambushed and forced to retreat, it becomes clear that someone in their midst has set them up. The Jedi believe this infiltration is a Sith-backed operation and go behind enemy lines to investigate. Meanwhile, Captain Rex and Commander Cody set out to uncover the traitor amongst them. 17 17 "Blue Shadow Virus" Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley February 13, 2009 1.26 2.94[23] The Republic discovers a Separatist bio-weapon lab hidden on the planet of Naboo. Rather than wait for help, PadmĂ© explores the lab with Jar Jar. Anakin, Ahsoka, Rex, and Obi-Wan arrive and follow after her. They find that the Senator is being held captive by the sinister Dr. Nuvo Vindi. The mad scientist has been developing a lethal virus for the Separatists. Vindi threatens to set off a bomb and release the virus. 18 18 "Mystery of a Thousand Moons" Jesse Yeh Brian Larsen February 13, 2009 2.02 2.11[24] Even though the lab has been shut down, Dr. Vindi manages to activate the dreaded Blue Shadow Virus, infecting Ahsoka, PadmĂ©, and many clone troopers. The plague is fatal within 48 hours. Anakin and Obi-Wan must travel to the mysterious planet Iego to secure the only known antidote to the sickness. They arrive to find its population living in fear of a mysterious force that has been killing anything that tries to leave their world. With the help of Jaybo Hood, a clever Iegoan boy, Anakin and Obi-Wan must solve the planet's mystery before they can leave, and before everyone infected with the Separatist virus dies. 19 19 "Storm Over Ryloth" Brian Kalin O'Connell George Krstic & Scott Murphy & Henry Gilroy February 27, 2009 1.15 2.37[25] Ryloth, home world of the Twi'lek people, has been subjected to military occupation by the droid army of the Separatists and surrounded by a blockade of Trade Federation battleships. While launching a surprise attack against the blockade, Ahsoka disobeys Anakin's orders and ends up losing most of her squadron. Even though she is emotionally rocked by this failure, Anakin helps her learn to persevere, placing her in charge of another risky attack. 20 20 "Innocents of Ryloth" Justin Ridge Randy Stradley & Henry Gilroy March 6, 2009 1.17 2.49[26] With the space blockade around Ryloth destroyed, Obi-Wan must lead a small clone force into a droid-occupied town to sabotage their anti-aircraft guns. Obi-Wan's mission is complicated when he learns the town's inhabitants are being used as living shields. A pair of clones in his platoon forges an unlikely friendship with a refugee Twi'lek girl, Numa, who has been orphaned by the war. Through their relationship with her, the clones begin to understand the real cost of the war. 21 21 "Liberty on Ryloth" Rob Coleman Henry Gilroy March 13, 2009 1.19 3.01[27] The battle for Ryloth rages as the Republic attempts to drive off the occupying droid army led by Techno Union foreman Wat Tambor. With his forces stretched thin, Mace Windu must convince Twi'lek freedom fighter Cham Syndulla to help him save the capital city from the droids' destruction. Initially, the Twi'lek hero is hesitant to aid Mace, but ultimately he realizes that the Jedi can be trusted and joins with him to liberate the cityâand ultimately the planetâin the climactic battle. 22 22 "Hostage Crisis" Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony March 20, 2009 2.04 3.29[12] In an attempt to force the release of the crime lord Ziro the Hutt from prison, bounty hunters seize control of the Senate Building and hold members of the Senate hostage. Cad Bane, the leader of the operation, with the help of bounty hunter Aurra Sing, issues his demands to Chancellor Palpatine, who has no choice but to meet his request. Unbeknownst to the hunters, Anakin is loose in the Senate building. Season 2: Rise of the Bounty Hunters (2009â10) The season two premiere, "Holocron Heist", was broadcast on October 2, 2009 and attracted 2.581 million viewers.[28] Episode 15 was first released in Canada. Episodes 16â21 were released in the UK before airing in the US. In season 2, the Sith resort to hiring bounty hunters and mercenaries to steal objects and intel or to assassinate targets for them. Meanwhile, the Jedi lead the Republic forces in an assault on the primary battle droid manufacturing facility. The one-hour season finale combined of "R2 Come Home" and "Lethal Trackdown" was broadcast on April 30, 2010 and the original broadcast received 2.756 million viewers.
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 23 1 "Holocron Heist" Justin Ridge Paul Dini October 2, 2009 1.23 2.58[28] Obi-Wan and Anakin try to stop bounty hunter Cad Bane from stealing a holocron from the Jedi temple. Meanwhile, Ahsoka discovers another shapeshifting bounty hunter disguised as a Jedi. 24 2 "Cargo of Doom" Rob Coleman George Krstic October 2, 2009 1.13 2.58[28] Cad Bane moves to sell the stolen holocron to the Separatists while Anakin and Ahsoka try to retrieve it and return it to the holocron vault inside the Jedi Temple. 25 3 "Children of the Force" Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy & Wendy Meracle October 9, 2009 2.03 2.8[29] Cad Bane uses the holocron to find and kidnap Force-sensitive younglings. Anakin and Ahsoka try to find them and take them home while Mace Windu and Obi-Wan track down the holocron. 26 4 "Senate Spy" Steward Lee Melinda Hsu October 16, 2009 2.05 N/A The Jedi suspect that Senator Rush Clovis is working for the Separatists, so they recruit Padmé to spy on him. Anakin discovers that Padmé and Clovis have a romantic history. 27 5 "Landing at Point Rain" Brian Kalin O'Connell Brian Larsen November 6, 2009 2.07 N/A Using the information stolen from Senator Clovis, Obi-Wan, Anakin, Ahsoka, and Ki-Adi-Mundi lead a combined clone trooper assault on a massive droid factory on Geonosis. 28 6 "Weapons Factory" Giancarlo Volpe Brian Larsen November 13, 2009 2.08 N/A Ahsoka and Luminara Unduli's Padawan Barriss Offee sneak into the droid factory to destroy it while their masters face the new indestructible "Super Tanks". 29 7 "Legacy of Terror" Steward Lee Eoghan Mahony November 20, 2009 2.09 N/A Luminara is captured while looking for Separatist leader Poggle the Lesser, and it's up to Anakin, Obi-Wan, and Commander Cody to enter a colony of Geonosian zombies to find her. 30 8 "Brain Invaders" Steward Lee Andrew Kreisberg December 4, 2009 2.12 N/A Ahsoka and Barriss are to transport critical supplies to a medical station, but their clone troops are infected with mind-controlling Geonosian worms that try to kill the Jedi. Barriss is also infected by this mind-controlling worm. 31 9 "Grievous Intrigue" Giancarlo Volpe Ben Edlund January 1, 2010 2.14 N/A Jedi Master Eeth Koth is captured by General Grievous. While Jedi Master Adi Gallia and Anakin try to rescue him, Obi-Wan plays bait to lure Grievous and capture him. 32 10 "The Deserter" Robert Dalva Carl Ellsworth January 1, 2010 2.06 N/A After escaping to the planet Saleucami, Grievous searches for a ship to get offworld. Obi-Wan, Commander Cody, and Rex try to search for Grievous before he escapes the planet. Rex is wounded by a commando droid sniper while scouting ahead and meets a deserter at a farm where he takes shelter. 33 11 "Lightsaber Lost" Giancarlo Volpe Drew Z. Greenberg January 22, 2010 2.11 N/A When Ahsoka's lightsaber is stolen by a pickpocket, she gets help from the seemingly feeble elder Jedi Tera Sinube as she tracks down the thief. 34 12 "The Mandalore Plot" Kyle Dunlevy Melinda Hsu January 29, 2010 2.13 N/A Obi-Wan is assigned to protect Duchess Satine Kryze of Mandalore from a terrorist organization called Death Watch. 35 13 "Voyage of Temptation" Brian Kalin O' Connell Paul Dini February 5, 2010 1.21 N/A As Satine heads to Coruscant protected by clones and two Jedi, Anakin, R2 and the clones find assassin droids in the cargo while Obi-Wan tries to identify the traitor. 36 14 "Duchess of Mandalore" Brian Kalin O' Connell Drew Z. Greenberg February 12, 2010 2.16 N/A On Coruscant, Satine disguises herself as a civilian to avoid assassins as she pleads for the Senate to leave her planet in peace. 37 15 "Senate Murders" Brian Kalin O' Connell Drew Z. Greenberg March 12, 2010 2.10 N/A Senator Onaconda Farr is poisoned, and Padmé teams up with Bail Organa to unmask the culprit, who turns out to be a fellow senator. 38 16 "Cat and Mouse" Kyle Dunlevy Brian Larsen March 20, 2010 2.17 2.02[31] A highly seasoned Separatist strategist stands between the Republic fleet and beleaguered Republic forces on Christophsis. Anakin finds himself in command of an advanced prototype stealth ship with orders to ferry supplies to the weary troops on the planet below. Will he obey orders, or use the stealth ship to launch a sneak attack on the Separatist blockade? 39 17 "Bounty Hunters" Steward Lee Carl Ellsworth March 27, 2010 2.19 N/A When Anakin, Ahsoka and Obi-Wan crash on the lush rainforest planet of Felucia, they decide to help four bounty hunters protect local farmers from pirates intent on stealing their valuable crops. Obi-Wan and Anakin soon find out that the pirates are led by the duo's old foe, Hondo.
Note: This episode is dedicated to celebrated filmmaker, Akira Kurosawa, and draws parallels from his film "Seven Samurai". 40 18 "The Zillo Beast" Giancarlo Volpe Craig Titley April 3, 2010 2.22 N/A The Republic's newest droid-annihilating proton bomb awakens a monstrous, gargantuan and near-invincible beast from its underground hibernation. Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker face a dilemma: save the beast as the last specimen of its kind, or help the Dugs kill it and secure a treaty for critical fuel supplies? 41 19 "The Zillo Beast Strikes Back" Steward Lee Steven Melching April 10, 2010 2.23 N/A When the Zillo Beast is brought back to Coruscant in hopes of learning the secret of its impenetrable armour, it instead breaks loose and rampages across the ecumenopolis. As the clones prepare to kill it with poison gas, the Jedi are again trapped in a moral conflict between the value of its life and that of the planet's civilian populace. 42 20 "Death Trap" Steward Lee Doug Petrie April 17, 2010 2.15 2.85[32] Boba Fett infiltrates a Republic cruiser and joins a group of young clones with the intention of assassinating Mace Windu for killing his father Jango Fett. 43 21 "R2 Come Home" Giancarlo Volpe Eoghan Mahony April 24, 2010 2.18 2.76[33] Anakin Skywalker and Mace Windu are trapped in the crumbling ruins of a crashed ship while searching for survivors, and only R2-D2 can get out a message to save themâif he can elude vicious gundarks and, worse yet, a crew of determined bounty hunters led by Boba Fett and Aurra Sing. 44 22 "Lethal Trackdown" Dave Filoni Dave Filoni & Drew Z. Greenberg April 30, 2010 2.20 2.76[33] While Anakin and Mace Windu recover from their injuries, Plo Koon and Ahsoka track down Boba Fett from the underworld of Coruscant to the desert planet of Florrum. Boba's revenge scheme finally leads to a climactic battle, and the life of a Republic admiral hangs in the balance. Season 3: Secrets Revealed (2010â11) The season three premiere, consisting of "Clone Cadets" and "ARC Troopers," was broadcast on September 17, 2010, attracting 2.42 million viewers. These episodes, and certain others in this season, cover events from previous seasons. Episodes 21 and 22 were released in the UK before airing in the US. The season finale, consisting of "Padawan Lost" and "Wookiee Hunt", was broadcast on April 1, 2011, attracting 2.31 million viewers.
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 45 1 "Clone Cadets" Dave Filoni Cameron Litvack September 17, 2010 3.01 2.42[34] On Kamino, before the events of "Rookies" (Season 1 Episode 5), five clone cadets of Domino Squad are at risk of washing out unless they pull their team together while trainers Bric, El-Les, and Jedi Master Shaak Ti debate their fate. 46 2 "ARC Troopers" Kyle Dunlevy Cameron Litvack September 17, 2010 3.02 2.42[34] General Grievous and Ventress's Separatists forces launch a major attack on the Republic cloning facilities on Kamino with Anakin, Obi-Wan, Jedi Master Shaak Ti, and the 501st defending it. 47 3 "Supply Lines" Brian Kalin O'Connell Steven Melching & Eoghan Mahony September 24, 2010 2.24 1.69[35] With Ryloth under siege, a trapped Jedi Master Ima-Gun Di and his clone forces rally the local forces of Cham Syndulla. Elsewhere, the Jedi council sends Bail Organa and Jar Jar Binks to go to Toydaria, to ask King Katuunko for aid to Ryloth. 48 4 "Sphere of Influence" Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 1, 2010 2.25 1.88[36] Chairman Papanoida's family is kidnapped and held for ransom. Ahsoka must team up with the Senator from Pantora, Riyo Chuchi, to aid the new chairman in recovering his family before the Trade Federation can unduly influence the future of his planet. 49 5 "Corruption" Giancarlo Volpe Cameron Litvack October 8, 2010 3.04 1.78[37] PadmĂ©, on a diplomatic mission to Mandalore, guarantees the pacifist planet the Republic's full protection, but she and Duchess Satine soon find something sinister lurking beneath the planet's serene facade. Moogan smugglers have been sneaking in supplies, including bottled tea destined for the Mandalorian schools. To increase their profits, they have been diluting the tea with a hazardous chemical. 50 6 "The Academy" Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas & Steven Melching October 15, 2010 2.26 1.79[38] Ahsoka is assigned as a teacher at the cadet academy on Mandalore while covertly investigating the corruption inside Satine's administration. Soon after she arrives, Satine's zealous nephew Korkie and his classmates uncover a nefarious plot. 51 7 "Assassin" Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas October 22, 2010 2.21 1.85[39] Having volunteered to protect Senator PadmĂ© Amidala during a political mission to Alderaan, Padawan Ahsoka Tano is plagued by recurring visions of the presumed dead bounty hunter Aurra Sing assassinating the senator. 52 8 "Evil Plans" Brian Kalin O'Connell Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 5, 2010 3.03 1.84[40] While on an important shopping trip on Coruscant, C-3PO and R2-D2 are kidnapped by the sinister bounty hunter Cad Bane in the dastardly plot to free Ziro the Hutt. 53 9 "Hunt for Ziro" Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle November 12, 2010 3.05 1.76[41] Due to his possessing of incriminating information, Ziro the Hutt is placed under the custody of the Hutt Council. When Cad Bane is sent to hunt down Ziro, he learns that Jedi Masters Obi-Wan and Quinlan Vos are searching for Ziro too. 54 10 "Heroes on Both Sides" Kyle Dunlevy Daniel Arkin November 19, 2010 3.06 1.75[42] When the Senate begins debate on a bill that would eliminate government oversight of the Banking Clan's activities, PadmĂ© and Ahsoka travel in secret to the capital of the Confederacy of Independent Systems, in an attempt to forge a peace agreement with the Separatists. However, after both the Republic and Separatists agree to have a peace conference, Dooku orders General Grievous to dispatch a group of droids to launch a terrorist attack on Coruscant, resulting in a failure of peace. 55 11 "Pursuit of Peace" Duwayne Dunham Daniel Arkin December 3, 2010 3.07 1.61[43] Senators PadmĂ© Amidala, Bail Organa and Onaconda Farr push against a new bill in the Senate to buy new clones for the Republic. But someone does not like their opposition and tries to dissuade them. 56 12 "Nightsisters" Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 7, 2011 3.08 1.86[44] Darth Sidious, troubled by Ventress' growing progress with the dark side of the Force, commands Count Dooku to eliminate her. When Ventress survives Dooku's assassination attempt, the jilted former apprentice vows to take revenge, enlisting her kinswomenâthe Nightsisters of Dathomirâin her scheme. 57 13 "Monster" Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas January 14, 2011 3.10 N/A With the results of Ventress's attack on Dooku as a failure, Mother Talzin gives Dooku a new apprentice named Savage Opress, who is the clan brother of Darth Maul and secretly controlled by the Nightsisters. 58 14 "Witches of the Mist" Giancarlo Volpe Katie Lucas January 21, 2011 3.12 2.21[45] With Savage Opress connected to the Force he is sent out by Dooku to capture King Katuunko, where he meets Obi-Wan and Anakin, sent by the Jedi to search for Savage Opress as he murdered two Jedi. Opress escapes and is punished by Dooku for killing Katuunko rather than capturing him. Meanwhile, Talzin tells Ventress to attack Dooku after these events. But the attack fails when Opress goes in rage after being confused between his loyalties to Dooku and Ventress and also when Obi-Wan and Anakin interfere. All remain unharmed. Savage returns to Mother Talzin, believing Ventress betrayed him, and is sent by Talzin to look for his long lost brother: Darth Maul. 59 15 "Overlords" Steward Lee Christian Taylor January 28, 2011 3.09 1.74[46] Obi-Wan, Anakin and Ahsoka become stranded on a mysterious planet where the Force is very strong. Three powerful entities called the Father, Son and Daughter live there. The Father tries to convince Anakin to stay and remain as Anakin will be the only one able to control the Son and Daughter since he is the Chosen One. 60 16 "Altar of Mortis" Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor February 4, 2011 3.11 2.29[47] Before the Jedi can leave Mortis, the Son takes Ahsoka captive in an attempt to entice Anakin into joining him to use their combined strength to overpower his Father and Sister. To this end, the Son casts Ahsoka under the spell of the dark side and she battles Anakin, when he comes to rescue her, and later battles with Obi-Wan. After a battle between the Son and the Daughter stopped by the Father, Ahsoka steals the dagger that controls the Son. The Son is about to kill the Father, but the Daughter sacrifices herself to save the Father and returns Ahsoka to normal as well by the Daughter transferring her life to Ahsoka. 61 17 "Ghosts of Mortis" Steward Lee Christian Taylor February 11, 2011 3.13 2.24[48] The Jedi remain stranded on Mortis, and the Son aligned with the Dark Side of the Force renews his efforts to convert Anakin as the Jedi prepare for a decisive confrontation. To turn Anakin to the Dark Side, the Son shows Anakin future images of himself causing so much pain and death as the Sith Lord Darth Vader. This works, and Anakin joins the Son out of fear that what he saw would actually happen. Ahsoka disables the ship upon hearing that Anakin joined the Son, and leaves to help Obi-Wan find the Father. The Father later confronts Anakin and erases his memory of the terrible vision the Son had shown him. When the Son tries to kill the Father, the Father steals the sword and uses it to kill himself, taking away his Son's power, allowing Anakin to kill the Son and restore the balance. 62 18 "The Citadel" Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz February 18, 2011 3.14 1.84[49] An elite team of Jedi attempts to free Master Even Piell, who is in possession of hyperdrive coordinates that could harm both Separatists and Jedi alike, from an impenetrable prison, encountering reprogrammed battle droids, carbonite chambers and a younger Captain Tarkin along the way (before he joined the Galactic Empire). It is revealed that Piell and Tarkin each have memorized half of the coordinates. 63 19 "Counter Attack" Brian Kalin O'Connell Matt Michnovetz March 4, 2011 3.15 1.87[50] With freed prisoners in their possession and brutal warden Osi Sobeck attempting desperately to thwart them, Obi-Wan and Anakin search for a way out of the Citadel and back to Coruscant. The prison, however, has more traps, perils and pitfalls in store for them than they had imagined and they must work past their differences if they are to escape. ARC trooper Echo is seemingly killed in battle. 64 20 "Citadel Rescue" Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz March 11, 2011 3.17 1.55[51] While finding their way out of the Citadel prison which is under the command of the Separatist Osi Sobeck, the elite team's ship was destroyed, forcing them to wait for the rescue by Republic fleet. Along the way to rendezvous point they encounter waves of droid squads, which they have to fight in order to evacuate freed prisoners and save the information they hold. The Jedi attempt to escape, but are cornered by a pack of anoobas who kill Even Piell. But before he dies, he gives his half of the information to Ahsoka, telling her not to reveal it to anyone but the Jedi Council. But as the Jedi are about to escape, they are cornered by Sobeck who tries to kill Tarkin, but is stabbed and killed by Ahsoka. Plo Koon then arrives and rescues the Jedi, taking them back to Coruscant. 65 21 "Padawan Lost" Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1, 2011 3.16 2.31[52] Ahsoka gets captured by Trandoshans during a battle on the planet Felucia. They drop her off on a planet where they intend to hunt her and others for sport. Ahsoka encounters three Jedi younglings named Kalifa, Jinx and O-mer, who she teams up with to survive. The next day they set out to escape the Trandoshans but are found and hunted. The lead Trandoshan's son is accidentally killed, and in revenge his father shoots and kills Kalifa. Ahsoka promises to take care of the other two younglings as Kalifa dies. 66 22 "Wookiee Hunt" Dave Filoni Bonnie Mark April 1, 2011 3.18 2.31[52] As Ahsoka and her allies struggle to evade the Trandoshan hunters, their efforts receive an unexpected boost when a new captive arrives: Chewbacca the Wookiee. Together, the younglings, Ahsoka and Chewie attack the Trandoshan fortress, and with the help of other Wookiee warriors, are able to kill a large number of Trandoshans. Ahsoka herself kills the Trandoshan leader Garnac with a powerful Force push. Season 4: Battle Lines (2011â12) The season four premiere, consisting of "Water War" and "Gungan Attack", was broadcast on September 16, 2011, and attracted 1.93 million viewers, the lowest premiere viewing of all seasons. The season finale, "Revenge" was broadcast on March 16, 2012, attracting 2.03 million viewers.
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 67 1 "Water War" Duwayne Dunham Jose Molina September 16, 2011 3.22 1.93[53] Anakin, Padmé, Kit Fisto and Ahsoka find themselves on the planet of Mon Cala helping to keep the peace in a near civil war. But the Separatists have another plan. Will the Jedi and the inhabitants of Mon Calamari join forces and push back the invaders, or will another planet fall in the hands of the Separatists? An underwater battle takes place for the Republic to save the planet from falling. 68 2 "Gungan Attack" Brian Kalin O'Connell Jose Molina September 16, 2011 3.23 1.93[53] After the Separatists defeat most of the Republic forces on Mon Calamari, the Jedi Council are forced to call in the help of Jar Jar Binks and the Grand Gungan Army to the Jedi and the remaining Republic forces. However, in the aftermath of the battle, the remaining Republic forces are captured, leaving Ahsoka and Prince Lee-Char to devise a new strategy. 69 3 "Prisoners" Danny Keller Jose Molina September 23, 2011 3.24 1.61[54] After Anakin, Padmé, Kit Fisto and Jar Jar Binks are all captured by Riff Tamson, Ahsoka and Prince Lee Char must find a way to free their friends from the grip of the Separatists. Endeavoring to liberate his planet from the sinister Tamson, Lee Char must now convince the Quarren to rejoin his cause. 70 4 "Shadow Warrior" Brian Kalin O'Connell Daniel Arkin September 30, 2011 3.19 1.56[55] Anakin, Padmé and Jar Jar uncover a plot by the Gungan "shaman" Rish Loo to trick the Gungans into aiding the Separatists in an assault on Naboo. However, as the charade unravels, can Jar Jar convince the Gungan army that they've been deceived? However, shortly after General Grievous arrives, demanding to know why the attack was cancelled. Jar Jar manages to lure Grievous into a trap in which he is captured, but Dooku manages to capture Anakin, who is chasing after Rish Loo. Now Dooku demands the freedom of Grievous in exchange for Skywalker. 71 5 "Mercy Mission" Danny Keller Bonnie Mark October 7, 2011 3.20 1.35[56] Plo Koon's clone legion "The Wolfpack", R2-D2 and C-3PO are sent to repair power & communication systems on the planet of Aleen after a series of devastating earthquakes; but the droids discover a severe ecological imbalance between the planet's subterranean ecology and surface biospheres. 72 6 "Nomad Droids" Steward Lee Steve Mitchell & Craig Van Sickle October 14, 2011 3.21 1.67[57] On their return voyage to Coruscant, their Republic cruiser is attacked by General Grievous. R2-D2 and C-3PO find themselves in a Y-wing and on a series of four mini-adventures, whilst trying to get back to the safety of Coruscant, the last of which is being trapped on General Grievous' ship with captured Jedi Master Adi Gallia, until Jedi Master Plo Koon and his clone legion the Wolfpack rescues them. 73 7 "Darkness on Umbara" Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz October 28, 2011 3.25 1.78[58] When Anakin is forced to temporarily turn over command of his clone troopers (the 501st Legion) to a new commander, Jedi Pong Krell, tensions begin to run high as the clones are assigned with a very deadly mission to take the capital of Umbara. 74 8 "The General" Walter Murch Matt Michnovetz November 4, 2011 3.26 1.56[59] General Krell orders Captain Rex and the clone troopers of the 501st Legion to conquer a heavily fortified Umbaran airbase, and will not accept anything less than victory. It is an almost certain suicide mission, unless the clones can use their ingenuity to defeat their new enemy. 75 9 "Plan of Dissent" Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 11, 2011 4.01 1.80[60] After the Republic conquers an Umbaran airbase, General Krell orders Rex and his men on towards the heavily fortified capital. Realizing there is a better plan, clone troopers Fives, Jesse and Hardcase disobey orders to carry out a rogue, covert operation. 76 10 "Carnage of Krell" Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz November 18, 2011 4.02 1.62[61] With two of his men (Fives and Jesse) facing execution for disobeying orders, Captain Rex is forced to confront his overly aggressive commander, General Krell, in the conclusion to the action-packed battle for Umbara. Risking charges of mutiny, Rex must make a dark choice as the true face of the enemy emerges. 77 11 "Kidnapped" Kyle Dunlevy Henry Gilroy November 25, 2011 4.03 1.57[62] Zygerrian slavers are behind the sudden disappearance of an entire colony of people on the planet Kiros. As Anakin and Ahsoka rush to defuse a series of bombs planted by the slavers, Obi-Wan must fight with their imposing leader, who then runs off leading Anakin and Ahsoka to raid and take over his ship.
Note: This episode and the following two are based on a six-part Star Wars Legends comic, Slaves of the Republic, originally published by Dark Horse between September 2008 and May 2009. 78 12 "Slaves of the Republic" Brian Kalin O'Connell Henry Gilroy December 2, 2011 4.04 1.37[63] Anakin, Obi-Wan, Rex, and Ahsoka go undercover to infiltrate the slavers on Zygerria to find the missing Colonists. Obi-Wan, Rex, and Anakin pretend to be slavers, and Ahsoka as the slave (impersonating an heiress). Later on, Obi-Wan is captured for trying to help a colonist escape, and Anakin and Ahsoka are also captured by the Zygerrian Queen. Anakin struggles with his emotions as a wily Zygerrian queen forces him to take questionable actions in order to carry out his mission. 79 13 "Escape from Kadavo" Danny Keller Henry Gilroy January 6, 2012 4.05 1.39[64] Anakin tries to convince the Zygerrian Queen that she, too, is a slave and pawn in an evil Separatist plot. Meanwhile, Obi-Wan and Rex are captured and taken to the Planet of Kadavo to toil in the slave camps. 80 14 "A Friend in Need" Dave Filoni Christian Taylor January 13, 2012 4.06 1.51[65] A peace conference between Separatists and Republic delegates is interrupted by Lux Bonteri, the son of the late Separatist Senator, Mina Bonteri ("Heroes on Both Sides"). Soon after, he involves Ahsoka in his dangerous search to find justice for his mother's deathâwhich subsequently leads to Ahsoka crossing paths with Pre Vizsla and the Death Watch. 81 15 "Deception" Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman January 20, 2012 4.07 2.12[66] Obi-Wan fakes his own death and goes undercover (as Rako Hardeen) in a Republic prison, in order to gather information on a plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine from a convict named Moralo Eval. While there, he learns that another prisoner, notorious bounty hunter Cad Bane, is also involved. Meanwhile, Anakin seeks vengeance for the death of his former master. 82 16 "Friends and Enemies" Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 27, 2012 4.08 1.62[67] Having escaped from prison, Obi-Wan, Cad Bane and Moralo Eval flee across the galaxy, pursued by Anakin and Ahsoka. Obi-Wan must devise a way to warn his fellow Jedi to halt their chase without blowing his cover. 83 17 "The Box" Brian Kalin O'Connel Brent Friedman February 3, 2012 4.09 1.80[68] Count Dooku invites some of the best bounty hunters in the galaxy, including Cad Bane and a still-disguised Obi-Wan, to compete in an obstacle course designed by Moralo Eval known as "The Box", with involvement in the plot to kidnap Chancellor Palpatine as the reward for survival. After facing many challenges in The Box, Obi-Wan survives, along with Cad Bane and three other bounty hunters. Cad Bane is appointed by Dooku to lead the kidnap operation against Palpatine on Naboo. 84 18 "Crisis on Naboo" Danny Keller Brent Friedman February 10, 2012 4.10 1.86[69] Supreme Chancellor Palpatine goes to Naboo, guarded by Jedi Knights. Meanwhile, Cad Bane, a still-disguised Obi-Wan and a pack of bounty hunters put their plan into action, but it fails when Obi-Wan alerts the Jedi and Dooku doesn't rendezvous with them to collect his quarry. With the bounty hunters now in Republic custody, Obi-Wan wants to change back to his original self. However, what Obi-Wan doesn't realize was that Dooku was eavesdropping via a hidden recorder when he alerted Mace Windu and Anakin Skywalker, indicating that a deeper conspiracy is still at hand. Will Anakin be able to stop Dooku's plan before it is too late? 85 19 "Massacre" Steward Lee Katie Lucas February 24, 2012 4.11 1.46[70] After failing to kill Dooku or control Savage Opress, Asajj Ventress is advised by Mother Talzin to reject the ways of the Sith and rejoin the Nightsisters. Upon discovering Ventress' location, Dooku commands General Grievous to launch an assault in a bid to eliminate Ventress and the entire Nightsister clan. As Ventress and Grievous square off, Talzin uses a voodoo doll against Dooku whilst her relative Dakaâthe eldest of the sister's clanâawakens an army of undead Nightsisters to hold off the droid forces. Ventress defeats Grievous and escapes while the rest of the Nightsisters are massacred, whereas Talzin escapes when her attempt of finishing off Dooku is ultimately foiled. The episode closes with Talzin's 'spirit' bidding farewell and good luck to Ventress, who is now left to grieve for her sisters and lament her lost future. 86 20 "Bounty" Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas March 2, 2012 4.12 2.07[71] An aimless Asajj Ventress joins a team of bounty hunters under the leadership of a pre-teen Boba Fett. On an alien world, they undertake a precarious, profitable, subterranean delivery mission that tests the limits of their skills, and the strength of Asajj's character. Realizing that familial love is a ubiquitous virtue throughout the galaxies and that her powers are needed by many, Ventress finds a sense of closure and hope for her future after all. 87 21 "Brothers" Bosco Ng Katie Lucas March 9, 2012 4.13 1.99[72] With a magical amulet from Mother Talzin, Savage Opress lands on a junk planet in the Outer Rim and searches for his lost brother. With the help of the snake-like Morley, Savage finds his brother, the former Sith lord Darth Maul, who has been driven to insanity from his bisection and near-death experience on Naboo over ten years earlier.
Note: This episode's title card is red instead of yellow. 88 22 "Revenge" Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas March 16, 2012 4.14 2.03[73] Fueled by hatred, Maul and Opress set out to take revenge on the Jedi who had sliced him in half. Maul sends a message to Obi-Wan Kenobi to confront him alone by murdering the inhabitants of a village on a distant planet. Upon arrival, Kenobi is attacked by both Maul and Opress, who leave the planet with Kenobi as their prisoner. Obi-Wan receives aid from an unlikely ally, Asajj Ventress, now a bounty hunter after the one million credit bounty on Opress. Outmatched, Obi-Wan and Ventress flee Maul and Savage in the ship's cockpit, leaving the two Dathomirian brothers to patiently stage their next moveâwith Maul vowing to exact his revenge on Obi-Wan.
Note: This episode's title card is red instead of yellow. Season 5 (2012â13) The season five premiere, "Revival", was broadcast on September 29, 2012, and attracted 1.94 million viewers. Season five consisted of 20 episodes instead of the normal 22 episode count. The season five finale, "The Wrong Jedi", was broadcast on March 2, 2013, and attracted 2.18 million viewers. Unlike the first four seasons, the episodes of the fifth season were released to DVD and Blu-ray in chronological order as opposed to broadcast order.
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code US viewers (millions) 89 1 "Revival" Steward Lee Chris Collins September 29, 2012 4.26 1.94[74] Darth Maul and Savage Opress steal a fortune of republic credits, and bribe a squad of pirates to take down a pirate stronghold run by Hondo. Obi-Wan and Jedi Master Adi Gallia intervene, but Savage kills Adi. Hondo ambushes the pirates and wins their loyalty back, while Obi-Wan fights Savage and Maul and cuts off Savage's left arm. The brothers flee to their ship under fire from Hondo and the pirates, but are forced to board an escape pod as the ship is damaged. Obi-Wan returns to Coruscant, where the Chancellor informs him that the brothers are of no importance compared to the Separatists, and no further action should be taken against them. 90 2 "A War on Two Fronts" Dave Filoni Chris Collins October 6, 2012 4.15 1.71[75] On the Separatist world of Onderon, a group of rebels call for the assistance of the Jedi. Ahsoka, Anakin, Rex, and Obi-Wan go to train the rebels to fight, and see that former Separatist and Ahsoka Tano love interest Lux Bonteri is among them, as Onderon is his homeworld. 91 3 "Front Runners" Steward Lee Chris Collins October 13, 2012 4.16 1.75[76] Ahsoka Tano, now leading the rebels on Onderon, but forbidden to fight, puts their training to use by having them hi-jack an AAT and blow up the main power station for the capital city of Onderon, so that the rebels can wreak havoc. 92 4 "The Soft War" Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins October 20, 2012 4.17 1.57[77] Sanjay Rash, Onderon's puppet king, accuses Ramsis Dendup, the deposed king, of inciting the rebellion against his rule and orders his execution. After an ill-concocted solo effort by Saw Gerrera to rescue Dendup, Steela, Lux Bonteri, and Ahsoka, with no help from the Republic, devise a plan to retrieve the King from the Palace. The plan fails, but as Dendup is about to be executed, the rebels are saved by General Tandin and the Onderonian militia, whom Saw has managed to sway to their side. Now knowing the Jedi's involvement, Dooku grows impatient with his underlings. 93 5 "Tipping Points" Bosco Ng Chris Collins October 27, 2012 4.18 1.42[78] The rebels on Onderon struggle to reclaim their home planet. After the Republic and the Jedi High Council refuse to give Ahsoka Tano and the rebels assistance, Anakin Skywalker persuades Hondo Ohnaka to supply illegal rocket launchers to the rebels to combat the Separatist's new gunships. The rebels succeed in taking back Onderon, but Steela is killed in a fall during the battle. With Onderon lost to him, Dooku executes Sanjay Rash and has his forces depart the planet. 94 6 "The Gathering" Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor November 3, 2012 4.22 1.66[79] Ahsoka and Yoda take a group of younglings to a cave on Ilum to perform a Jedi rite of passage called "The Gathering", where they will each have to face an internal fear or flaw in order to retrieve a Kyber crystal so they can begin building their own lightsabers. 95 7 "A Test of Strength" Bosco Ng Christian Taylor November 10, 2012 4.23 1.74[80] While returning to Coruscant with their lightsaber crystals, the younglings are attacked by Hondo, who wants to steal their crystals and sell them. Ahsoka must defend the younglings from the pirates. 96 8 "Bound for Rescue" Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor November 17, 2012 4.24 1.96[81] With Ahsoka captured by Hondo, the younglings go to Florrum to rescue her, against the wishes of Obi-Wan Kenobi. However, before Obi-Wan can help the younglings, he is attacked by General Grievous and defeated, but nearly kills the droid general by setting the self-destruct on the Negotiator, allowing his escape. The younglings succeed in infiltrating Hondo's lair, but end up as prisoners themselves. 97 9 "A Necessary Bond" Danny Keller Christian Taylor November 24, 2012 4.25 1.39[82] To revenge himself on Hondo for his past capture, Count Dooku has General Grievous attack the pirates' lair on Florrum, so Ahsoka and Hondo must join forces in order to survive this encounter. 98 10 "Secret Weapons" Danny Keller Brent Friedman December 1, 2012 5.04 1.46[83] R2-D2 is part of a team of Republic droids chosen for an important mission led by the diminutive Colonel Meebur Gascon to obtain an encryption module from a Separatist dreadnought. The droids must overcome numerous challenging obstacles to succeed in this crucial assignment.
Note: This episode's title card is light blue instead of yellow. 99 11 "A Sunny Day in the Void" Kyle Dunlevy Brent Friedman December 8, 2012 5.05 1.43[84] After their ship crashes on a desolate planet, D-Squad and Colonel Gascon must find a way off to get back to Coruscant, or be stranded forever.
Note: This episode's title card is light blue instead of yellow. 100 12 "Missing in Action" Steward Lee Brent Friedman January 5, 2013 5.06 1.74[85] Colonel Gascon and D-Squad discover that Abafar, the planet they are trapped on, is Separatist-controlled, but they also discover a Republic Clone Commando named Gregor, who has been stranded on the planet as well. They must work together to get off the planet safely.
Note: This episode's title card is light blue instead of yellow. 101 13 "Point of No Return" Bosco Ng Brent Friedman January 12, 2013 5.07 1.47[86] After believing themselves safe, Colonel Gascon and D-Squad discover that they are prisoners of the Separatists in a captured Republic cruiser, finding themselves enmeshed in thwarting a plot to destroy a Republic space station holding a strategic conference.
Note: This episode's title card is light blue instead of yellow. 102 14 "Eminence" Kyle Dunlevy Chris Collins January 19, 2013 5.01 1.85[87] Darth Maul and Savage Opress form an alliance with the Mandalorian terrorist group Death Watch and several crime syndicates, including the Black Sun, the Pyke Syndicate, and the Hutt Cartel, in order to take over Mandalore and defeat Obi-Wan Kenobi. 103 15 "Shades of Reason" Bosco Ng Chris Collins January 26, 2013 5.02 1.83[88] Maul's alliance helps the Death Watch and their leader, Pre Vizsla, conquer Mandalore and imprison Duchess Satine, but Vizsla's ambitions surface and he betrays Maul, who later challenges him to a duel. After killing Vizsla, Maul assumes control over a majority of the Death Watch. 104 16 "The Lawless" Brian Kalin O'Connell Chris Collins February 2, 2013 5.03 1.86[89] Maul proceeds to lure Obi-Wan Kenobi to Mandalore with news of Satine's capture. Obi-Wan infiltrates Mandalore, but ends up captured himself. Maul murders Satine, but Obi-Wan is rescued by Bo-Katan (who is revealed to be Satine's sister) and her Death Watch faction, who trigger a civil war against Maul. Meanwhile, the takeover captures the attention of Darth Sidious, Maul's former master, who travels to Mandalore to take care of the rogue Sith brothers. In the Mandalorian Throne room, Sidious kills Opress and takes Maul prisoner, hinting that he has something sinister for him in mind.
Note: This episode is dedicated to Ian Abercrombie. 105 17 "Sabotage" Brian Kalin O'Connell Charles Murray February 9, 2013 5.08 2.02[90] After Ahsoka manages to rescue Anakin from certain peril on Cato Neimoidia, the two are called back to Coruscant from the front lines to investigate a terrorist bombing at the Jedi Temple. 106 18 "The Jedi Who Knew Too Much" Danny Keller Charles Murray February 16, 2013 5.09 1.64[91] Ahsoka Tano is blamed for the murder of Letta Turmond, the key suspect in the bombing, and is detained by Admiral Tarkin. Despite Anakin's best efforts to exonerate her, she is forced to escape the military prison where she is interred and flee into the Coruscant underworld to find the actual perpetrator and prove her innocence. 107 19 "To Catch a Jedi" Kyle Dunlevy Charles Murray February 23, 2013 5.10 2.06[92] While on the run in the underworld of Coruscant, pursued by Republic authorities, Ahsoka makes a deal with Asajj Ventress to find out who the actual murderer of Letta Turmond really is, leading the two to come to terms with each other in spite of their antagonistic pasts. However, will the real perpetrator's machinations cast such an alliance into doubt? 108 20 "The Wrong Jedi" Dave Filoni Charles Murray March 2, 2013 5.11 2.18[93] Prosecution begins for Ahsoka in the High Courts after the Jedi Council expels her from the Jedi Order. As Padmé fights to prove Ahsoka's innocence, Anakin finds the information to relieve Ahsoka of her charges and reveal the true culprit of the crimes to be Barriss Offee. However, though cleared of all charges, Ahsoka is disillusioned by the turn of events and leaves the Jedi Order. Season 6: The Lost Missions (2014) The sixth season was released in its entirety on March 7, 2014 on Netflix.[94] The season had already premiered in Germany on February 15, 2014 on Super RTL.[4][5][6][7]
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release dateâ[n 1] Prod. code 109 1 "The Unknown" Bosco Ng Katie Lucas March 7, 2014 5.12 Clone Trooper Tup is suffering from a severe neurological disorder that causes the death of a Jedi Master. Trying to find the motives for the murder, the Republic escorts Tup back to Kamino for examination, but then they are attacked by the Separatists, who capture him. Anakin, Captain Rex and ARC Trooper Fives rescue Tup and take him to Kamino safely. 110 2 "Conspiracy" Brian Kalin O'Connell Katie Lucas March 7, 2014 5.13 Tup is undergoing a medical examination in the sterile laboratories of Kamino to find the motives for his shocking attack on the Jedi Master. For the examination to succeed, Fives must enter the depth of Tup's mind, where he finds a secret code manipulation in the cloning program of the Republic. 111 3 "Fugitive" Danny Keller Katie Lucas March 7, 2014 5.14 Tup is transported back to Coruscant, where his body is to be examined by the Chancellor's personal physician. Fives is also investigating the matter and discovers that a modified code has been hidden in the minds of all the clones. 112 4 "Orders" Kyle Dunlevy Katie Lucas March 7, 2014 5.15 In an effort to find more answers about Tup's actions, Fives attempts to speak with Chancellor Palpatine personally, only to find himself on the run. While unsuccessfully explaining what he learned to Anakin Skywalker and Rex, Fives is shot and killed by Commander Fox. 113 5 "An Old Friend" Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 4.19 While on a mercy mission to the planet Scipio, PadmĂ© Amidala's old flame Rush Clovis gets in touch with her asking for help. Having made a stand against the corruption on his planet, Clovis has now become the target of the bounty hunter Embo. Together with PadmĂ©, he is now trying to leave his planet and get help. 114 6 "The Rise of Clovis" Danny Keller Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 4.20 Back on Coruscant, Clovis strikes a dubious deal to become the leader of the banking clan, which is deeply mired in corruption. Anakin doesn't trust Clovis, causing tensions in his relationship to PadmĂ©. 115 7 "Crisis at the Heart" Steward Lee Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 4.21 Clovis' deal with the Separatists backfires and consequently instigates war to Scipio, thus provoking the Republic to intervene and ultimately win the battle. In the midst of the chaos, Anakin confronts Clovis just as the duo and PadmĂ© are caught in a blastâwith Anakin barely managing to cling onto the other two when they virtually fall to their death. Though he intended to pull both up to safety, Anakin merely saves PadmĂ© when Clovis allows himself to be killed. 116 8 "The Disappeared, Part I" Steward Lee Jonathan W. Rinzler March 7, 2014 5.16 The peaceful world of Bardotta finds itself threatened by an ancient prophecy. Since now, of all times, its spiritual leaders have vanished, Bardotta's people ask their representative in the senate for help. And Jar Jar Binks indeed manages to convince Jedi Master Mace Windu that this matter is of grave importance. 117 9 "The Disappeared, Part II" Bosco Ng Jonathan W. Rinzler March 7, 2014 5.17 In order to fulfill a dark prophecy, a mysterious cult kidnaps Julia, queen of the planet Bardotta. Now, Jedi Master Mace Windu and Senate Representative Jar Jar Binks need to give everything in order to stop the cult. If they fail, the cult might unleash a dreadful force. 118 10 "The Lost One" Brian Kalin O'Connell Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 5.18 Jedi Master Sifo-Dyas died under mysterious circumstances years ago. When a secret Jedi mission accidentally finds his crashed ship and lightsaber, Anakin Skywalker, Obi-Wan Kenobi, and Master Yoda investigate Sifo-Dyas's death again. To keep them from uncovering the Sith conspiracy, Darth Sidious orders Dooku to erase all traces that links up to the murder investigation. This is successful and Dooku escapes shortly after Obi-Wan and Anakin learn that he was the one who killed Sifo-Dyas under his Sith alias "Darth Tyranus". 119 11 "Voices" Danny Keller Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 5.19 Yoda is deeply unsettled when he hears the voice of his deceased friend Qui-Gon Jinn in his head, because he knows that not even a Jedi can speak to the living from beyond the grave. The Jedi Council is concerned about Yodaâs behavior and wants to examine him further. But with the help of Anakin, Yoda escapes from the hospital and he sets out to find the origin of the voice by himself. 120 12 "Destiny" Kyle Dunlevy Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 5.20 Guided by the Force, Yoda travels to the heart of the galaxy. There, on the planet where he finds the origin of the Force, he must face difficult trials. Only upon passing them will the Sages deem him worthy of learning the deepest mysteries of the Force. 121 13 "Sacrifice" Steward Lee Christian Taylor March 7, 2014 5.21 On Moraband (Korriban), the homeworld of the Sith, the time has come for Yoda to pass his final test. Only then will he learn the best-kept secret of his order, but first he encounters a vision that heavily foreshadows what is to comeâwhich involves Yoda facing the spirit of Darth Bane. During this time, Darth Sidious summons Count Dooku to his hideout whereupon the duo plan to break Yodaâwhich stages an inevitable confrontation in the realm of the mind, between the Sith Lords and Yoda alongside Skywalker and his squad. Yoda realizes thatâno matter who wins the Clone Wars or what the future holdsâthere will one day be a new hope. The first eleven episodes of the sixth season aired on Super RTL in Germany ahead of their original Netflix release. Episodes 1-4 aired on February 15, 2014, episodes 5-7 aired on February 22, 2014, and episodes 8-11 aired on March 1, 2014. The last two episodes of the season aired on Super RTL in Germany on March 8, 2014, a day after the Netflix release. Season 7: The Final Season (2020) On July 19, 2018, Lucasfilm announced at San Diego Comic-Con that The Clone Wars would return with 12 new episodes to be released on Disney+ during the service's first year.[9] The seventh and final season premiered on February 21, 2020.[95]
No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod. codeâ[96] 122 1 "The Bad Batch" Kyle Dunlevy Matt Michnovetz & Brent Friedman February 21, 2020[c] 6.09 As Jedi generals Anakin Skywalker and Mace Windu lead the campaign on Anaxes to defend the main Republic shipyard from Admiral Trench, they find that the Separatists' droid army had always been one step ahead of them in every engagement so far. Commander Cody, Captain Rex and the "Bad Batch", an unorthodox group of clone commandos with desirable mutations, go behind enemy lines to discover the source of the Separatists' series of victories. Inside the Separatist command center, Rex hears a mysterious signal feeding battle strategies to the droid army, leading him to believe that the lost clone trooper Echo may still be alive. 123 2 "A Distant Echo" Steward Lee Matt Michnovetz & Dave Filoni & Brent Friedman February 28, 2020[c] 6.10 Anakin, Rex, and the Bad Batch launch a dangerous rescue mission under the assumption that Echo might be alive. Their last infiltration leads them to Skako Minor, where after a brief skirmish with the natives, they trace Echo's signal to Wat Tambor's facility. There they discover Echo alive, used as a living computer by the Techno Union. 124 3 "On the Wings of Keeradaks" Bosco Ng Matt Michnovetz & Brent Friedman March 6, 2020[c] 6.11 Anakin, Rex, and the Bad Batch escape Wat Tambor's facility with Echo and fight their way past Techno Union droid forces. They retreat to the native village, and with the help of the locals defend Echo from reinforcements sent by Wat Tambor to recapture the Techno Union's "experiment". 125 4 "Unfinished Business" Brian Kalin O'Connell Matt Michnovetz & Brent Friedman March 13, 2020[c] 6.12 Back on Anaxes, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Mace Windu lead a final stand against the Separatist forces commanded by Admiral Trench. Anakin, Rex, Bad Batch and Echo embark on a mission to strike at the heart of Trench's command ship, all the while questioning the rescued clone's loyalty to the Republic after unwittingly serving the Separatists. Proving his loyalty once more, Echo uses his cybernetic implants to foil the droid forces on Anaxes, but Trench activates a bomb that could destroy most of the planet. Anakin confronts Trench and successfully obtains the deactivation code before executing the admiral. As the Republic emerges victorious, Rex gives Echo permission to join the Bad Batch. 126 5 "Gone with a Trace" Saul Ruiz & Kyle Dunlevy Dave Filoni & Charles Murray March 20, 2020 6.05 After crashing her speeder in the lower levels of Coruscant, Ahsoka Tano befriends Trace Martez, who offers to help work on her speeder. Some thugs come to ask Trace for some money her sister, Rafa, owes them; Trace and Ahsoka fight them off. Ahsoka then helps work on some of Rafa's droids, which turn out to be violence-prone. By secretly using the Force, Ahsoka helps Trace deactivate them. 127 6 "Deal No Deal" Nathaniel Villanueva & Steward Lee Dave Filoni & Charles Murray March 27, 2020 6.06 Rafa accepts an assignment to deliver a load of spice from Kessel to the Pyke crime syndicate on Oba Diah, and uses Trace and her self-built ship, the Silver Angel, for the job. When Ahsoka argues with Rafa that the Pykes might not claim just the spice, but the ship as well, Trace jettisons the shipment into hyperspace. Ahsoka tries to deceive the Pykes into thinking that they have been double-crossed by Kessel's king Yaruba, but she, Trace, and Rafa get captured instead. 128 7 "Dangerous Debt" Saul Ruiz & Bosco Ng Dave Filoni & Charles Murray April 3, 2020 6.07 Ahsoka, Trace, and Rafa attempt to escape their imprisonment by the Pyke Syndicate. The Martez sisters reveal that their parents were accidentally killed by the Jedi as they apprehended Ziro the Hutt. Ahsoka secretly uses the Force to aid their escape, and three Mandalorians catch sight of her. Ahsoka and the Martez sisters end up recaptured by the Pykes. 129 8 "Together Again" Nathaniel Villanueva Dave Filoni & Charles Murray April 10, 2020 6.08 Ahsoka manages to make a deal with the Pykes which allows the Martez sisters to temporarily leave Oba Diah to retrieve the spice, while she is held hostage. Ahsoka escapes the prison and places explosives all over the facility, where she overhears the Pykes talking to Darth Maul, who is on Mandalore. Meanwhile, the Martez sisters steal spice from the Pykes and bring it back to Oba Diah, where they learn that Ahsoka was a Jedi. They escape by blowing up the facility and are followed back to Coruscant by the three Mandalorians, who were previously part of Death Watch. One of them, Bo-Katan, manages to convince Ahsoka they have a common enemy in Maul, and Ahsoka decides to leave for Mandalore after reconciling with the sisters. 130 9 "Old Friends Not Forgotten" Saul Ruiz Dave Filoni April 17, 2020 7.21 Ahsoka and Bo-Katan contact Anakin Skywalker and Obi-Wan Kenobi, asking them for help in apprehending Darth Maul in his new hideout on Mandalore. While Obi-Wan is apprehensive, Anakin and the 501st give Ahsoka a warm welcome until news arrives that General Grievous and the Separatists are attacking Coruscant. Upon Anakin's suggestion, Rex (field-promoted to commander) and part of the 501st accompanies Ahsoka to Mandalore, forcing Maul's loyalists under Gar Saxon into retreat. Bo-Katan apprehends Prime Minister Almec, while Ahsoka follows a trail into the city's tunnel network, only to walk right into Maul's trap.
Note: This episode opens with the classic Lucasfilm logo. The "Star Wars theme" by John Williams is heard and the title card is red instead of yellow. In place of the usual philosophical lesson, the episode title (preceded by "Part I") appears in red. 131 10 "The Phantom Apprentice" Nathaniel Villanueva Dave Filoni April 24, 2020 7.22 Ahsoka faces off against Maul, who mentions Darth Sidious before escaping. Ahsoka relays this to Obi-Wan, who says he had inferred from the recently killed Count Dooku that Sidious is the name of the Sith Lord who orchestrated the Clone Wars. The captured Almec mentions that Maul had hoped to lure Anakin to Mandalore, but is assassinated by Saxon before he can reveal why. As Bo-Katan's and Rex's forces lead a final assault against Maul's Mandalorians, Ahsoka confronts Maul again, who reveals that Sidious has engineered the Republic and the Jedi's destruction, and asks Ahsoka to join him so that they could hopefully stop Sidious. When she demands to know his intentions with Anakin, Maul claims that Sidious wants to make him his new apprentice, and that he had hoped to kill Anakin before this happens. Refusing to believe him, Ahsoka fights Maul above the city, where she rescues him from falling to his death. She then leaves Maul to be captured by clone troopers, despite his frantic warnings that everyone will soon die.
Note: This episode opens with the classic Lucasfilm logo. The title card is red instead of yellow. In place of the usual philosophical lesson, the episode title (preceded by "Part II") appears in red. No opening narration is given. The story overlaps with Revenge of the Sith. Through the use of motion capture, Lauren Mary Kim and Ray Park provided Ahsoka and Maul's movements for their duel.[d] 132 11 "Shattered" Saul Ruiz Dave Filoni May 1, 2020 7.23 With the Siege of Mandalore over, Ahsoka and Rex prepare to take Maul before the Jedi Council on Coruscant. Mace Windu and Yoda contact Ahsoka via hologram and reveal that Obi-Wan has tracked Grievous down to Utapau, indicating that the war may soon be over. On their way to Coruscant, however, Ahsoka senses Anakin falling to the dark side and helping Darth Sidious to kill Windu, moments before Sidious executes Order 66, which brands all Jedi as traitors to the Republic and orders their deaths. As Ahsoka's clone troopers, including Rex, suddenly turn on her, she is forced to escape, subdue Rex, and release Maul so that he may cause a distraction. With the help of three astromech droids, Ahsoka then discovers and removes the inhibitor chip controlling Rex from his brain, restoring his free will.
Note: This episode opens with the classic Lucasfilm logo. The title card is red instead of yellow. In place of the usual philosophical lesson, the episode title (preceded by "Part III") appears in red. No opening narration is given. The story overlaps with Revenge of the Sith. In addition to the regular cast, the episode features the original voices of Silas Carson as Ki-Adi-Mundi, Ian McDiarmid as Darth Sidious, Hayden Christensen as Anakin Skywalker, and Samuel L. Jackson as Mace Windu via archive recordings. 133 12 "Victory and Death" Nathaniel Villanueva Dave Filoni May 4, 2020 7.24 As Ahsoka and Rex try to escape from the cruiser, Maul destroys its hyperdrive, causing the vessel to drop out of hyperspace and into a nearby moon's gravitational field. Forced to fight their way through the clones, Ahsoka tries to prevent Maul from getting away in their shuttle, but fails. Just barely clearing the doomed ship, Ahsoka and Rex escape to the moon, where they respectfully bury the clones and Ahsoka discards one of her lightsabers. Some time later, Darth Vader arrives on the moon and recovers Ahsoka's lightsaber from the wrecked cruiser.
Note: This episode opens with the classic Lucasfilm logo. The title card is red instead of yellow. In place of the usual philosophical lesson, the episode title (preceded by "Part IV") appears in red. No opening narration is given. Chronological order While the series is designed to be an anthology of both standalone episodes and small story arcs, various events throughout inform stories, characters, and relationships to create a recognizably continuous narrative. On March 17, 2014, in recognition of the release of the complete series on Netflix, StarWars.com released the official chronological episode order for the first six seasons; this was later updated to include links to the episodes on Disney+.[98] Regarding the seventh and final season, StarWars.com revealed that episodes five through eight are set before the season premiere "The Bad Batch".[99][98]
The Clone Wars Legacy At the time of cancellation in March 2013, there were still many episodes in development. Thirteen of these episodes were finished to become part of Season 6: The Lost Missions but there were still additional arcs that were never released. In September 2014, Lucasfilm released details of multiple story arcs from the unfinished episodes.[100] The Bad Batch was eventually completed and aired as the first arc of season 7.
Print Darth Maul: Son of Dathomir A four-episode arc continued the story of Darth Maul following the events of the season 5 episode "The Lawless".[101] The four episodes were titled: "The Enemy of My Enemy", "A Tale of Two Apprentices", "Proxy War", and "Showdown on Dathomir" (original production codes: 6.21â6.24).[102] According to Dave Filoni, the four scripts "came out of one of our story conferences with George Lucas".[103] The scripts and designs for the arc were adapted into a four-issue comic book titled Darth Maul: Son of Dathomir,[104] released in August 2014 by the publisher Dark Horse Comics.[100] The comic was the last Star Wars comic published by Dark Horse before Lucasfilm transferred the license to Marvel Comics in 2014[105] and was collected into a trade paperback by Marvel in 2018.[106]
The plot follows Darth Maul, who has been captured by Darth Sidious. He is tortured by Count Dooku for information about the Shadow Collective and the allies Maul has made. Maul escapes and heads to Zanbar to command the Death Watch army, but is followed by General Grievous and his droids. They battle Maul and the Mandalorians, who are soon overwhelmed by the droids. Maul flees and confers with Mother Talzin, who is revealed to be his biological mother, and plots to draw out Sidious by capturing Dooku and Grievous. The scheme works, and Talzin is able to restore herself to her physical form, but sacrifices herself to save Maul and is killed by Grievous. Although Maul escapes with a company of loyal Mandalorians, the Shadow Collective has fallen apart due to the conflict with Sidious, as the Hutts, Pykes, and Black Sun have all abandoned Maul.
Dark Disciple An eight-episode arc with Asajj Ventress and Jedi Quinlan Vos was adapted into a novel by Christie Golden titled Dark Disciple, released on July 7, 2015.[100] The eight episodes were titled: "Lethal Alliance", "The Mission", "Conspirators", "Dark Disciple", "Saving Vos, Part I", "Saving Vos, Part II", "Traitor", and "The Path" (original production codes: 6.13â6.16 and 7.05â7.08). The story follows Vos partnering up with Ventress, hoping to execute Count Dooku.[107] Eric Goldman of IGN gave the book an 8 out of 10, saying it was great.[108]
Story reels Crystal Crisis on Utapau In September 2014, four unfinished episodes were released in completed story reel format, titled: "A Death on Utapau," "In Search of the Crystal," "Crystal Crisis,â and "The Big Bang" (original production codes: 6.01â6.04). The arc takes place on Utapau with Obi-Wan and Anakin investigating an arms deal involving the Separatists and a kyber crystal. The arc also deals with Anakin's feelings after Ahsoka left the Jedi Order.[100] It was included in the season 6 Blu-ray.
The Bad Batch The story reels for this four-episode arc were screened on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim, and were released on the official Star Wars website on April 29, 2015.[97] Scripted by Brent Friedman, the four episodes were later completed and aired as the first arc of season 7 (with some changes from the original story reels).[109] On July 13, 2020, a spin-off sequel series titled Star Wars: The Bad Batch was announced; it will follow the titular group of clones working as mercenaries in the immediate aftermath of the Clone Wars.[110]
See also List of Star Wars: Clone Wars episodes Star Wars: The Clone Wars (film) References Footnotes
The sixth season had already premiered in Germany on February 15, 2014 on Super RTL. The episode shares the same rough story as Alfred Hitchcock's 1946 film Notorious.[30] Screened as a story reel on April 17, 2015, at Star Wars Celebration Anaheim, and released on StarWars.com later that month.[97] Park previously portrayed Maul in The Phantom Menace and Solo: A Star Wars Story. Citations
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"Happy New Year!". Facebook. Retrieved February 23, 2017. "Darth Maul: Son of Dathomir Concept Art Gallery". StarWars.com. Retrieved February 23, 2017. "Disney's Lucasfilm and Marvel Entertainment Join Forces to Publish Star Wars Comics and Graphic Novels". StarWars.com. January 3, 2014. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2014. "Star Wars: Darth Maul - Son of Dathomir (Trade Paperback)". Marvel Entertainment. Retrieved July 19, 2019. "Full Synopsis For Christie Golden's Dark Disciple". MakingStarWars.net. March 21, 2015. Goldman, Eric (July 7, 2015). "Star Wars: Dark Disciple Review". IGN. Retrieved May 30, 2016. Garabed, Joseph (March 23, 2020). "Clone Wars Season 7 Makes A Change To The ORIGINAL Bad Batch Plan". Screen Rant. Retrieved April 4, 2020. "Star Wars: The Bad Batch, An All-New Animated Series, to Debut on Disney+ in 2021". StarWars.com. July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 13, 2020. 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Post by Freddie on May 10, 2021 22:53:00 GMT 1
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ABC News VIDEO LIVE SHOWS CORONAVIRUS Search Headlines, News and Video... LOG IN BREAKING FDA authorizes use of Pfizer vaccine in children as young as 12 years old What we know about the Colonial Pipeline ransomware cyberattack The latest on who is behind it, how it could impact gas prices and more.
ByCatherine Thorbecke andLuke Barr 10 May 2021, 22:06 âą 9 min read
Copy and paste to share this video Copy and paste to embed this video 1:09 Cyberattack hits one of the top pipelines in US
A shadowy group is reportedly responsible for the shutdown of one of the largest pipelines in the U.S. A cybersecurity attack targeting operators of a major East Coast fuel pipeline has left the nation reeling, exposing the vulnerabilities of critical infrastructure to new threats while also leaving many Americans with more questions than answers.
Colonial Pipeline said on Saturday that it was the victim of a cyberattack involving ransomware and had "proactively" halted all pipeline operations as a result. The 5,500-mile pipeline system transports approximately 45% of all fuel consumed on the East Coast, according to its website, and runs from Texas to New Jersey.
MORE: Ransomware cyberattack shuts down major US pipeline, company says President Joe Biden acknowledged the ransomware attack during remarks on Monday, saying his administration has been tracking the incident "extremely carefully" and that he has been "personally briefed every day" on it.
PHOTO: Holding tanks are seen at Colonial Pipeline's Linden Junction Tank Farm in Woodbridge, New Jersey. Colonial Pipeline/via Reuters, File Colonial Pipeline/via Reuters, File Holding tanks are seen at Colonial Pipeline's Linden Junction Tank Farm in Woodbridge, New Jersey. Eric Goldstein, the executive assistant director for cybersecurity at the Department of Homeland Securityâs Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), told ABC News in an interview on Monday that Americans should not expect any "shortfalls" from the hack.
"They expect resolution of this issue in the near future and shortfalls that will affect the American people are not anticipated," Goldstein said.
Here is what to know about the Colonial Pipeline cyberattack, including the latest on who is behind it and how it could potentially impact gas prices.
Who is behind the cyberattack? The Federal Bureau of Investigation confirmed in a statement Monday that Darkside ransomware was responsible for the compromise of the Colonial Pipeline networks.
The FBI added that it will continue to work with the company and government partners on the ongoing investigation.
The Darkside criminal organization operates in Eastern Europe. While federal officials are still trying to determine whether a foreign nation could be involved in the cyberattack, Russian intelligence has been known to cooperate with Eastern European cybercriminals in the past.
MORE: SolarWinds cyberhack gained access to then-acting DHS chief's emails: Sources "It is always a concern when any adversary, nation state or criminal group targets an American business or critical infrastructure and particularly, although not exclusively, when that effort results in disruption of a critical function or service," CISA's Goldstein told ABC News.
"We are deeply focused on making sure that every organization in this country takes steps to minimize the risks to their networks and has the ability to recover quickly, regardless of the actors involved, because we know that there are so many groups out there that are attempting these kind of intrusions," he added.
Goldstein did not say whether authorities have identified Darkside as working for a foreign country.
President Biden said during remarks Monday that there is currently "no evidence" that Russia is involved in the cyberattack.
"Although, there is evidence that the actorsâ ransomware is in Russia," the president added. "They have some responsibility to deal with this."
PHOTO: Fuel tanks are seen at a Colonial Pipeline breakout station in Woodbine, Md., May 8, 2021. Jim Lo Scalzo/EPA via Shutterstock Jim Lo Scalzo/EPA via Shutterstock Fuel tanks are seen at a Colonial Pipeline breakout station in Woodbine, Md., May 8, 2021. A cyb...Read More When will the pipeline be operational again? Colonial Pipeline said in a statement Monday that it is executing a phased plan to incrementally return to service, with "the goal of substantially restoring operational service by the end of the week."
The company said it will be providing updates as the restoration efforts progress.
"Restoring our network to normal operations is a process that requires the diligent remediation of our systems, and this takes time," the company said. "In response to the cybersecurity attack on our system, we proactively took certain systems offline to contain the threat, which temporarily halted all pipeline operations, and affected some of our IT systems. To restore service, we must work to ensure that each of these systems can be brought back online safely."
How will this impact gas prices? Patrick DeHaan, the head of petroleum analysis at GasBuddy, told ABC News Monday that the pipeline shutdown will likely not impact the price at the pump for most Americans.
"It certainly creates some logistical challenges in the Southeast, and it may create price increases modestly in the Southeast, but there is not an impending spike coming nationally," he said. "This is not an outage of a refinery that produces gasoline and so supply is not disrupted for the rest of the nation that is not served by the Colonial Pipeline."
"This is evolving, but for now this is not going to be a national issue or have a national effect on gas prices," he added.
DeHaan predicts that motorists along the Southeast, from northern Florida to Virginia, may see slight increases of between 5 to 15 cents per gallon at most. For now, DeHaan recommends that drivers in these areas conserve as much as possible, which could help "bring a much more rapid conclusion to this once the pipeline reopens."
"My advice to motorists is not to panic buy and make the situation much worse," DeHaan added. "If motorists do panic and rush out to fill up that could make prices spike more significantly and make outages more severe."
What is the federal government doing to help? PHOTO: Homeland Security Advisor and Deputy National Security Advisor Dr. Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall speaks about the Colonial Pipeline outage following a cyber attack during the daily press briefing at the White House in Washington, May 10, 2021. Kevin Lamarque/Reuters Kevin Lamarque/Reuters Homeland Security Advisor and Deputy National Security Advisor Dr. Elizabeth Sherwood-Randa...Read More Homeland Security Advisor and Deputy National Security Advisor Elizabeth Sherwood-Randal said during a White House press briefing Monday that the Biden administration is assisting Colonial through a "whole of government effort" involving a slew of agencies being led by the Department of Energy.
"Colonial is responsible for safely returning the pipeline to service, and our role in the federal government is to take proactive steps to analyze the impacts of the shutdown on the delivery of gasoline, diesel and aviation fuel in states that are dependent on the pipeline, and to identify federal options for alleviating supply shortfalls, should they develop," Sherwood-Randal said.
"For example, to help address potential supply disruptions, the Department of Transportation issued an hours-of-service waiver yesterday, which provides greater flexibility to drivers transporting gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and other refined petroleum products across 17 states as well as the District of Colombia," she added. She emphasized there is not a supply shortage currently.
PHOTO: Deputy National Security Advisor for Cyber & Emerging Technologies Anne Neuberg speaks about the Colonial Pipeline outage following a cyber attack during the daily press briefing at the White House in Washington, May 10, 2021. Kevin Lamarque/Reuters Kevin Lamarque/Reuters Deputy National Security Advisor for Cyber & Emerging Technologies Anne Neuberg speaks abo...Read More Deputy National Security Advisor for Cyber and Emerging Technologies Anne Neuberg said at the same press briefing that they are "actively engaged with the company and offering support as needed to restore their systems."
"Right now, they've not asked for cyber support from the federal government, but we remain available to meet their cybersecurity needs," she added.
Neuberg demurred when asked if Colonial had paid a ransom to the hackers, saying, "Colonial is a private company, and weâll defer information regarding their decision on paying a ransom to them."
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Post by Freddie on May 11, 2021 17:07:33 GMT 1
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StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
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đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
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Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
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Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
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Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
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Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
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Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
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Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
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Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
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Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
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Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
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Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
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Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
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Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
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Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
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Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
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Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
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Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn StatistikHemTweetsMer The Global Network Official @theglobalnetwo4registrera dig för Twitter Ads Kontots startsida
đ The Global Network đ @theglobalnetwo4sidan uppdateras dagligen 28 dagars sammanfattning med Ă€ndringar för föregĂ„ende period Tweets 157 4,8 % Tweetvisningar 5 181 36,3 % Profilbesök 484 49,9 % OmnĂ€mnanden 8 14,3 % Följare 8 1 May 2021 âą 10 dagar hittills... TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 53 visningar 69 - "A good action is worth more than a good intention." 1 1 Visa all tweetaktivitet
Inga nya följare under maj Utöka mÄlgruppen och visa upp ditt material för fler personer pÄ Twitter.
LÀs mer om att skaffa fler följare Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 1 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 30 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 Yeah haha Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 46 visningar pic.twitter.com/GSUIZ0lWr2
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ANNONSERA PĂ
TWITTER
Visa dina tweets för fler Marknadsförda Tweets och marknadsfört innehÄll ökar din rÀckvidd pÄ Twitter.
ĂVERSIKT AV MAY 2021 Tweets 41 Tweetvisningar 1 429 Profilbesök 86 Nya följare 0 Apr 2021 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 672 visningar @ingress 715 days Hacking streak today Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 7 676 personer
Dynamic Technologies Group @dyntechgroup FĂLJER DIG Creating thrilling, technology enabled experiences that make people smile. @dynattractions & @dynamicstruct TSXv: DTG & OTC: ERILF $DTG $ERILF
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 3 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 19 apr. @theglobalnetwo4 pic.twitter.com/jsNRjIWMue
1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 163 visningar Glomgolds best line in #DuckTalesFinale pic.twitter.com/o7I0AUSdNE
5 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV APR 2021 Tweets 186 Tweetvisningar 5 385 Profilbesök 734 OmnĂ€mnanden 12 Nya följare 2 Mar 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 605 visningar @disneyd23 Thats awsome 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 613 personer
Dynamic Attractions @dynattractions FĂLJER DIG Experience a Whole New Dynamic Working with attraction industry leaders to design and deliver the worldâs most exciting and technically advanced ride systems.
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 8 engagemang
Intellectual Duck Web @pixelkitties 10 mars @theglobalnetwo4 It already is! If you pick up the Ducktales 87 Munchkin game by Steven Jackson Games, I've been working on a conversion kit to give it a DT2017 makeover. You can download the files here- deviantart.com/pixelkitties/a⊠1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 191 visningar #Ducktales pic.twitter.com/TS3zWH5m5O
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV MAR 2021 Tweets 181 Tweetvisningar 5 728 Profilbesök 852 OmnĂ€mnanden 5 Nya följare 3 Feb 2021 âą 28 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 295 visningar âą âYou have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something in your life.â #GinaCarano Visa all tweetaktivitet Flest omnĂ€mnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 15 feb. @theglobalnetwo4 Are we counting HDL count as one person or three? Growing up the boys were always my favorite haha
As an adult it's a harder choice! 1 1 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 24 visningar pic.twitter.com/1UxEPKTd3j
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV FEB 2021 Tweets 57 Tweetvisningar 1 457 Profilbesök 135 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 0 Jan 2021 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Y34UMSIImk
1 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 1,05 mn personer
Ulrich Janse van Vuuren @ulrichjvv FĂLJER DIG Insta: ulrichjvv. Humanitarian | Campaigner * Digital * Media * Africa * Anthropology * đPeople đPlanet â€One love
Visa profilen FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar Autobot Ratchet pic.twitter.com/Pezgl9T6KE
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV JAN 2021 Tweets 13 Tweetvisningar 309 Profilbesök 27 Nya följare 2 Dec 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 46 visningar Camp Woodchuck Kitchen Review - Disney Tourist Blog disneytouristblog.com/camp-woodchuck⊠via @distouristblog Visa all tweetaktivitet FrĂ€msta medietweet erhöll 21 visningar pic.twitter.com/aGvaqhEsTK
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV DEC 2020 Tweets 14 Tweetvisningar 494 Profilbesök 68 Nya följare â1 Nov 2020 âą 30 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/Jce0yixHw4
Visa all tweetaktivitet FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 19 visningar pic.twitter.com/guSKnLjeaW
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV NOV 2020 Tweets 8 Tweetvisningar 312 Profilbesök 30 Nya följare 0 Oct 2020 âą 31 dagar TWEETHĂJDPUNKTER FrĂ€msta tweet erhöll 899 visningar @disneyfoodblog R3 and R4 Astromech droids 2 Visa all tweetaktivitet Toppföljare följs av 6 840 personer
Dawn's Dorky Diary @dawngosdin FĂLJER DIG LIFE is BETTER in Flip Flops! #Travel #Blogger #Writer #LSU #Wifie #Louisiana #Christian #Mama. #RVOwner #Candlemaker #Disney #Youtuber #TravelVlogger
Visa profilen Flest omnÀmnanden erhöll 2 engagemang
Sean Buckley @seaniccus 11 okt. @theglobalnetwo4 It was a taekwondo studio, but I couldn't remember how to spell that when I was writing the original tweet.
I did jt for years but never finished because I became a lazy high school student. Wish I did! That location is closed now!
Kept me in shape when I was a kid, though! 1 Visa tweeten FrÀmsta medietweet erhöll 33 visningar pic.twitter.com/YgWZeUlTwO
Visa all tweetaktivitet ĂVERSIKT AV OCT 2020 Tweets 20 Tweetvisningar 1 283 Profilbesök 133 OmnĂ€mnanden 1 Nya följare 2 LĂ€ser in indikatorn
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Post by Freddie on May 11, 2021 20:02:48 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSKY LYNX www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Sky_Lynx1.jpgwww.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Sky_Lynx2.jpgALLEGIANCE: AUTOBOT FUNCTION: LIEUTENANT COMMANDER FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 36 "The best achievements are worth repeating." Profile: Sky Lynx is a mass of silvery steel cables ready to spring into action at a moment's notice. He seethes with explosive energy, rarely being able to stand still for more than a second. If he has nothing better to do, he will transform from one mode to another just to keep busy. When he's in action, instinct seemingly takes over. He moves with a fluid feline grace, and with a purposelessness that befits one as fearless and daring as he. He basks in the glory of battle. He believes himself superior to many of his fellow Autobots, a feeling that he thinks is justified by his high rank and prodigious fighting skills. He exhibits this feeling by his physical behavior: He rarely touches the ground to stand on the same level as the other Autobots. Usually, he's either flying above them or else he's perched on some structure so he can loom over them and make them look up to him. In his puma mode, he will leap from building to building, tree to tree, and hilltop to hilltop rather than travel on the ground. Many of the other Autobots resent this behavior, which often causes problems when Sky Lynx tries to command others. But generally, Sky Lynx is admired by his fellow Autobots for his versatility, skill, and bravery. In the middle of a war, these are the qualities that count. Abilities: In space shuttle mode, Sky Lynx has interplanetary travel capabilities. He can reach speeds of 30,000 mph and has a range of 40,000,000 miles. In dinobird mode, he has a maximum speed of 250 mph and a range of 3,000 miles. He can shoot a stream of fire from his mouth and hit a target up to 3 miles away. He generally uses this mode to fly in suborbital space and his shuttle mode to fly in orbital and outer space. He is, however, far more maneuverable and effective as a fighter in dinobird mode, so he will sometimes revert to this mode in outer space. In puma mode, he can leap up to 1.5 miles at a time. Rear-mounted rocket thrusters can propel him up to 40,000 feet in altitude, allowing him to intercept and attack Decepticon jets. In all modes, he has great strength and is impervious to all but the most powerful energy beam weapons and artillery. Weaknesses: Sky Lynx is prone to wasting fuel due to his habit of constantly moving even when he has no reason to move.
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Post by Freddie on May 11, 2021 20:05:18 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đPrinter-friendly version SKYWARP www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Skywarp1.jpgALLEGIANCE: DECEPTICON FUNCTION: WARRIOR FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 1 "Strike when the enemy isn't looking." Profile: Skywarp is the sneakiest of the Decepticons. On Cybertron he was known to appear out of nowhere in the middle of peaceful Autobot villages to rain terror and destruction upon them, if the mood hit him. He'll even use his teleportation powers to play a prank on a fellow Decepticon. Everyone enjoys this except the butt of his joke since Skywarp's sense of humor tends to be rather cruel and physically abusive. Skywarp isn't too smart and would be totally useless without the supervision of Megatron. Abilities: Skywarp can reach a top speed of 1500 mph. But what makes him unique is his ability to instantly teleport himself a maximum distance of 2.5 miles. He also carries a heat-seeking missile launcher and a variable-caliber machine gun. Weaknesses: Skywarp's control of the accuracy of his teleportation power diminishes as the distance he teleports increases. As a result, if he's not too careful, he's likely to crash into things when he arrives at where he's teleporting. Not being too bright doesn't help him avoid these accidents either.
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Post by Freddie on May 14, 2021 15:48:44 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. Loretta Lynn From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with Loretta Lynch. Loretta Lynn Lynn performing in 2016 Lynn performing in 2016 Background information Birth name Loretta Webb Born April 14, 1932 (age 89)[1] Butcher Hollow, Kentucky, U.S. Genres Countryhonky-tonkAmericanagospel Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter Instruments Vocalsguitar Years active 1960âpresent Labels ZeroDeccaMCAColumbiaThird ManAudiumInterscopeLegacy Associated acts Patsy ClineCrystal GayleThe LynnsWillie NelsonDolly PartonBarbara MandrellPeggy SueErnest TubbThe Carter FamilyConway TwittyJack WhiteThe Wilburn BrothersTammy WynetteTayla Lynn Website www.lorettalynn.comLoretta Lynn (nĂ©e Webb; April 14, 1932)[2] is an American singer-songwriter. In a career which spans six decades in country music, Lynn has released multiple gold albums. She is famous for hits such as "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)", "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)", "One's on the Way", "Fist City" and "Coal Miner's Daughter" along with the 1980 biographical film of the same name. Lynn has received numerous awards and other accolades for her groundbreaking role in country music, including awards from both the Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music as a duet partner and an individual artist. She has been nominated 18 times for a GRAMMY Award, and has won 3 times.[3] Lynn is the most awarded female country recording artist and the only female ACM Artist of the Decade (1970s). Lynn has scored 24 No. 1 hit singles and 11 number one albums. She ended nearly 50 years of touring on the road after she suffered a stroke in 2017 and then broke her hip in 2018. Contents 1 Life and career 1.1 1932â1960: Early years, marriage and path to stardom 1.2 1960â1966: Early country success 1.3 1967â1980: Breakthrough success 1.3.1 Professional partnership with Conway Twitty 1.3.2 Tribute album for Patsy Cline 1.4 1980â1989: Continued success 1.5 1990â2004: Return to country: Honky Tonk Angels, Still Country and second autobiography 1.6 2004âpresent: Late career resurgence 2 Personal life 2.1 Children and grandchildren 2.2 Marital problems 2.3 Homes 2.4 Health problems 2.5 Politics 3 Awards and achievements 4 Discography 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Life and career 1932â1960: Early years, marriage and path to stardom Lynn was born Loretta Webb in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky. She is the eldest daughter and second child born to Clara Marie "Clary" (nĂ©e Ramey; May 5, 1912 â November 24, 1981) and Melvin Theodore "Ted" Webb (June 6, 1906 â February 22, 1959). Ted was a coal miner and subsistence farmer.[4] Lynn and her siblings are of Irish and Cherokee descent,[5] although she is not enrolled with any Native tribe. She was named after the film star Loretta Young.[6] The other Webb children: Melvin "Junior" Webb (December 4, 1929 â July 1, 1993) Herman Webb (September 3, 1934 â July 28, 2018) Willie "Jay" Lee Webb (February 12, 1937 â July 31, 1996) Donald Ray Webb (April 2, 1941 â October 13, 2017) Peggy Sue Wright (nĂ©e Webb; born March 25, 1943) Betty Ruth Hopkins (nĂ©e Webb; born 1946) Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb; January 9, 1951) Loretta's father died at the age of 52 of black lung disease a few years after he relocated to Wabash, Indiana, with his wife and younger children. Through her matriline, Lynn is first cousins with country singer Patty Loveless (nĂ©e Ramey). The former Miss America, Venus Ramey was also her cousin. She died in 2017. On January 10, 1948, 15-year-old Loretta Webb married Oliver Vanetta "Doolittle" Lynn (August 27, 1926 â August 22, 1996), better known as "Doolittle", "Doo", or "Mooney".[2] They had met only a month earlier.[2] The Lynns left Kentucky and moved to the logging community of Custer, Washington, when Loretta was seven months pregnant with the first of their six children.[4] The happiness and heartache of her early years of marriage would help to inspire Lynn's songwriting.[7] In 1953, Doolittle bought her a $17 Harmony guitar.[8] She taught herself to play the instrument, and over the following three years, she worked to improve her guitar playing. With Doolittle's encouragement, she started her own band, Loretta and the Trailblazers, with her brother Jay Lee playing lead guitar. She often appeared at Bill's Tavern in Blaine, Washington, and the Delta Grange Hall in Custer, Washington, with the Pen Brothers' band and the Westerneers. She cut her first record, "I'm a Honky Tonk Girl", in February 1960.[9] She became a part of the country music scene in Nashville in the 1960s. In 1967, she had the first of 16 No. 1 hits, out of 70 charted songs as a solo artist and a duet partner.[10] Her later hits include "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)", "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)", "Fist City", and "Coal Miner's Daughter".[11] Lynn focused on women's issues with themes about philandering husbands and persistent mistresses. Her music was inspired by issues she faced in her marriage. She increased the boundaries in the conservative genre of country music by singing about birth control ("The Pill"), repeated childbirth ("One's on the Way"), double standards for men and women ("Rated 'X'"), and being widowed by the draft during the Vietnam War ("Dear Uncle Sam").[12] Country music radio stations often refused to play her music, banning nine of her songs, but Lynn pushed on to become one of country music's legendary artists. Her bestselling 1976 autobiography, Coal Miner's Daughter, was made into an Academy Awardâwinning film of the same title in 1980, starring Sissy Spacek and Tommy Lee Jones. Spacek won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Lynn. Her album Van Lear Rose, released in 2004, was produced by the alternative rock musician Jack White. Lynn and White were nominated for five Grammys and won two.[13][14] Lynn has received numerous awards in country and American music. She was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1983, the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988, and the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2008, and she was honored in 2010 at the Country Music Awards. She was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2013.[15] Lynn has been a member of the Grand Ole Opry since joining on September 25, 1962. Her debut appearance on the Grand Ole Opry was on October 15, 1960. Lynn has recorded 70 albums including 54 studio albums, 15 compilation albums, and one tribute album,[16][unreliable source?][17] 1960â1966: Early country success Lynn began singing in local clubs in the late 1950s. She later formed her own band, the Trailblazers, which included her brother Jay Lee Webb. Lynn won a wristwatch in a televised talent contest in Tacoma, Washington, hosted by Buck Owens. Lynn's performance was seen by Canadian Norm Burley of Zero Records, who co-founded the record company after hearing Loretta sing.[18] Zero Records president, Canadian Don Grashey, arranged a recording session in Hollywood, where four of Lynn's compositions were recorded, including "I'm A Honky Tonk Girl", "Whispering Sea", "Heartache Meet Mister Blues", and "New Rainbow". Her first release featured "Whispering Sea" and "I'm a Honky Tonk Girl". Lynn signed her first contract on February 2, 1960, with Zero. Her album was recorded at United Western Recorders in Hollywood, engineered by Don Blake and produced by Grashey.[19][20] Musicians who played on the songs were steel guitar player Speedy West,[21] fiddler Harold Hensely, guitarist Roy Lanham, Al Williams on bass, and Muddy Berry on drums.[22] Lynn commented on the different sound of her first record: "Well, there is a West Coast sound that is definitely not the same as the Nashville sound ... It was a shuffle with a West Coast beat".[21] The Lynns toured the country to promote the release to country stations,[18] while Grashey and Del Roy took the music to KFOX in Long Beach, California.[20] When the Lynns reached Nashville, the song was a hit, climbing to No. 14 on Billboard's Country and Western chart, and Lynn began cutting demo records for the Wilburn Brothers Publishing Company. Through the Wilburns, she secured a contract with Decca Records.[18] The first Loretta Lynn Fan Club formed in November 1960. By the end of the year, Billboard magazine listed Lynn as the No. 4 Most Promising Country Female Artist.[23] Lynn's relationship with the Wilburn Brothers and her appearances on the Grand Ole Opry, beginning in 1960,[24] helped Lynn become the No. 1 female recording artist in country music. Her contract with the Wilburn Brothers gave them the publishing rights to her material. She unsuccessfully fought the Wilburn Brothers for 30 years to regain the publishing rights to her songs after ending her business relationship with them. Lynn stopped writing music in the 1970s because of the contracts. Lynn joined the Grand Ole Opry on September 25, 1962.[4] Lynn has credited Patsy Cline as her mentor and best friend during her early years in music. In 2010, when interviewed for Jimmy McDonough's biography of Tammy Wynette, Tammy Wynette: Tragic Country Queen, Lynn said of having best friends in Patsy and Tammy during different times: "Best friends are like husbands. You only need one at a time."[citation needed] Lynn released her first Decca single, "Success", in 1962, and it went straight to No. 6, beginning a string of top 10 singles that would run throughout the 1970s. Lynn's music began to regularly hit the Top 10 after 1964 with songs such as "Before I'm Over You", which peaked at No. 4, followed by "Wine, Women and Song", which peaked at No. 3. In late 1964, she recorded a duet album with Ernest Tubb. Their lead single, "Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be", peaked within the Top 15. The pair recorded two more albums, "Singin' Again" (1967) and "If we Put Our Heads Together" (1969). In 1965, her solo career continued with three major hits, "Happy Birthday", "Blue Kentucky Girl" (later recorded and made a Top 10 hit in the 1970s by Emmylou Harris), and "The Home You're Tearing Down". Lynn's label issued two albums that year, "Songs from My Heart" and "Blue Kentucky Girl".[25] Lynn's first self-penned song to crack the Top 10, 1966's "Dear Uncle Sam", was among the first recordings to recount the human costs of the Vietnam War.[4] Her 1966 hit "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)" made Lynn the first country female recording artist to write a No. 1 hit.[26] 1967â1980: Breakthrough success In 1967, Lynn reached No. 1 with "Don't Come Home A-Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)",[27] which became one of the first albums by a female country artist to reach sales of 500,000 copies.[28] Lynn's next album, Fist City, was released in 1968. The title track became Lynn's second No. 1 hit, as a single earlier that year, and the other single from the album, "What Kind of a Girl (Do You Think I Am)", peaked within the top 10. In 1968, her next studio album, Your Squaw Is on the Warpath, spawned two Top 5 Country hits, including the title track and "You've Just Stepped In (From Stepping Out on Me)". In 1969, her next single, "Woman of the World (Leave My World Alone)", was Lynn's third chart-topper, followed by a subsequent Top 10, "To Make a Man (Feel Like a Man)". Her song "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man)", was an instant hit and became one of Lynn's all-time most popular. Her career continued to be successful into the 1970s, especially following the success of her autobiographical hit "Coal Miner's Daughter", which peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart in 1970. The song became her first single to chart on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at No. 83. She had a series of singles that charted low on the Hot 100 between 1970 and 1975. The song "Coal Miner's Daughter" later served as the impetus for the bestselling autobiography (1976) and the Oscar-winning biopic, both of which share the song's title.[29] In 1973, "Rated "X"" peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart and was considered one of Lynn's most controversial hits. The following year, her next single, "Love Is the Foundation", also became a No. 1 country hit from her album of the same name. The second and last single from that album, "Hey Loretta", became a Top 5 hit. Lynn continued to reach the Top 10 until the end of the decade, including 1975's "The Pill", one of the first songs to discuss birth control. Many of Lynn's songs were autobiographical, and as a songwriter, Lynn felt no topic was off limits, as long as it was relatable to women.[30] In 1976, she released her autobiography, Coal Miner's Daughter, with the help of writer George Vecsey. It became a No. 1 bestseller, making Lynn the first country music artist to make The New York Times Best Seller list. Professional partnership with Conway Twitty In 1971, Lynn began a professional partnership with Conway Twitty. As a duo, Lynn and Twitty had five consecutive No. 1 hits between 1971 and 1975, including "After the Fire Is Gone" (1971), which won them a Grammy award, "Lead Me On" (1971), "Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man" (1973), "As Soon as I Hang Up the Phone" (1974), and "Feelins'" (1974). For four consecutive years, 1972â1975, Lynn and Twitty were named the "Vocal Duo of the Year" by the Country Music Association. The Academy of Country Music named them the "Best Vocal Duet" in 1971, 1974, 1975 and 1976. The American Music awards selected them as the "Favorite Country Duo" in 1975, 1976 and 1977. The fan-voted Music City News readers voted them the No. 1 duet every year between 1971 and 1981, inclusive. In addition to their five No. 1 singles, they had seven other Top 10 hits between 1976 and 1981.[10] Loretta Lynn touring in 1975 As a solo artist, Lynn continued her success in 1971, achieving her fifth No. 1 solo hit, "One's on the Way", written by poet and songwriter Shel Silverstein. She also charted with "I Wanna Be Free", "You're Lookin' at Country" and 1972's "Here I Am Again", all released on separate albums. The next year, she became the first country star on the cover of Newsweek.[31] In 1972, Lynn was the first woman to be nominated and win Entertainer of the Year at the CMA awards. She won the Female Vocalist of the Year and Duo of the Year with Conway Twitty, beating out George Jones and Tammy Wynette and Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton.[32] Tribute album for Patsy Cline In 1977, Lynn recorded I Remember Patsy, an album dedicated to her friend, singer Patsy Cline, who died in a plane crash in 1963. The album covered some of Cline's biggest hits. The two singles Lynn released from the album, "She's Got You" and "Why Can't He Be You", became hits. "She's Got You", which went to No. 1 by Cline in 1962 went to No. 1 again that year by Lynn. "Why Can't He Be You" peaked at No. 7. Lynn had her last No. 1 hit in 1978 with "Out of My Head and Back in My Bed".[25] In 1979, Lynn had two Top 5 hits, "I Can't Feel You Anymore" and "I've Got a Picture of Us on My Mind", from separate albums. Devoted to her fans, Lynn told the editor of Salisbury, Maryland's newspaper the reason she signed hundreds of autographs "These people are my fans... I'll stay here until the very last one wants my autograph. Without these people, I am nobody. I love these people." In 1979, she became the spokesperson for Procter & Gamble's Crisco Oil. Because of her dominant hold on the 1970s, Lynn was named the "Artist of the Decade" by the Academy of Country Music. She is the only woman to win this honor.[33][unreliable source?] 1980â1989: Continued success On March 5, 1980, the film Coal Miner's Daughter debuted in Nashville and soon became the No. 1 box office hit in the United States. The film starred Sissy Spacek as Loretta and Tommy Lee Jones as her husband, Doolittle "Mooney" Lynn. The film received seven Academy Award nominations, winning the Best Actress Oscar for Spacek, a gold album for the soundtrack album, a Grammy nomination for Spacek, Country Music Association and Academy of Country Music awards, and several Golden Globe awards. The 1980s featured more hits, including "Pregnant Again", "Naked in the Rain", and "Somebody Led Me Away".[31] Lynn's last Top 10 record as a soloist was 1982's "I Lie", but her releases continued to chart until the end of the decade.[25] One of her last solo releases was "Heart Don't Do This to Me" (1985), which reached No. 19, her last Top 20 hit. Her 1985 album Just a Woman spawned a Top 40 hit. In 1987, Lynn lent her voice to a song on k.d. lang's album Shadowland with country stars Kitty Wells and Brenda Lee, "Honky Tonk Angels Medley". The album was certified gold and was Grammy nominated for the four women. Lynn's 1988 album Who Was That Stranger would be her last solo album for a major record company as a solo artist. She was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988.[34] 1990â2004: Return to country: Honky Tonk Angels, Still Country and second autobiography Lynn returned to the public eye in 1993 with a hit CD, the trio album Honky Tonk Angels, recorded with Dolly Parton and Tammy Wynette. The CD peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Country charts and No. 42 on the Billboard Pop charts and charted a single with "Silver Threads and Golden Needles". The album sold more than 800,000 copies and was certified gold in the United States and Canada. The trio was nominated for Grammy and Country Music Association awards. Lynn released a three-CD boxed set chronicling her career on MCA Records. In 1995, she taped a seven-week series on the Nashville Network (TNN), Loretta Lynn & Friends.[35] In 1995, Loretta was presented with the Pioneer Award at the 30th Academy of Country Music Awards. In 1996, Lynn's husband, Oliver Vanetta "Doolittle" Lynn, died five days short of his 70th birthday. In 2000, Lynn released her first album in several years, Still Country, in which she included "I Can't Hear the Music", a tribute song to her late husband. She released her first new single in more than 10 years from the album, "Country in My Genes". The single charted on the Billboard Country singles chart and made Lynn the first woman in country music to chart singles in five decades. In 2002, Lynn published her second autobiography, Still Woman Enough, and it became her second New York Times Best Seller, peaking in the top 10. In 2004, she published a cookbook, You're Cookin' It Country.[36] 2004âpresent: Late career resurgence In 2004, Lynn released Van Lear Rose, the second album on which Lynn either wrote or co-wrote every song. The album was produced by Jack White of The White Stripes, and featured guitar work and backup vocals by White. Her collaboration with White garnered Lynn high praise in magazines that specialize in mainstream and alternative rock music, such as Spin and Blender.[37] Rolling Stone voted the album the second best of 2004. It won the Grammy Award for Best Country Album of the Year.[38] Late in 2010, Sony Music released a new album, titled Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn, featuring stars like Reba McEntire, Faith Hill, Paramore, and Carrie Underwood performing Loretta's classic hits spanning 50 years. The CD produced a Top 10 music video hit on GAC of the single, "Coal Miner's Daughter", that Lynn recorded with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow. The single cracked the Billboard singles chart, making Lynn the only female country artist to chart in six decades. Lynn performed at the Nelsonville Music Festival in Nelsonville, Ohio in May 2010.[39] Lynn also performed at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival on June 11, 2011.[40] In 2012, Lynn published her third autobiography, Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics.[41] She contributed "Take Your Gun and Go, John" to Divided & United: Songs of the Civil War, released on November 5, 2013. In November 2015, Lynn announced a March 2016 release: Full Circle, featuring Willie Nelson and Elvis Costello. The recording became Lynn's 40th album to make the Top 10 on Billboard's best selling country list and her album debuted at No. 19 on the Billboard Hot 200.[42] The recording is combination of new songs and classics, and includes duets with Elvis Costello and Willie Nelson.[43] Lynn's Christmas album White Christmas Blue was released in October 2016.[44] In December of the same year, Full Circle was nominated for Country Album of the Year for the 59th Annual Grammy Awards.[45] Lynn's album Wouldn't It Be Great, the third album of her five-album deal with Legacy Recordings, was released in September 2018 after being delayed by health issues. Her health prompted Lynn to cancel all 2017 scheduled tour dates.[46][47] Lynn was named Artist of a Lifetime by CMT in 2018.[48] On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Loretta Lynn among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.[49] On October 19, 2019, Lifetime aired the highly anticipated movie Patsy & Loretta which highlighted the friendship of Lynn and Patsy Cline. Lynn attended the Nashville release of the film. On March 19, 2021, Lynn released her 50th studio album Still Woman Enough, the fourth album of her deal with Legacy. It features Carrie Underwood and Reba McEntire on the title track alongside original tracks and duets with Tanya Tucker and Margo Price on re-recordings of "You Ain't Woman Enough" and "One's on the Way" respectively.[50] Personal life Children and grandchildren Loretta and Doolittle "Mooney" Lynn had six children together: Betty Sue Lynn (November 26, 1948 â July 29, 2013)[51][52] Jack Benny Lynn, (December 7, 1949 â July 22, 1984)[52][53] Ernest Ray "Ernie" Lynn (born May 27, 1951) Clara Marie "Cissie" Lynn (born April 7, 1952) Peggy Jean and Patsy Eileen Lynn (born August 6, 1964; twin daughters named for Lynn's sister, Peggy Sue Wright, and her friend, Patsy Cline.) Lynn's son, Jack Benny Lynn, died at age 34 on July 22, 1984, while trying to ford the Duck River at the family's ranch in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee. In 2013, Loretta's daughter, Betty Sue, died at age 64 of emphysema near Loretta's ranch in Hurricane Mills.[52] Two years after her twins Peggy and Patsy were born, Lynn became a grandmother at age 34. Marital problems Lynn was married for almost 50 years until her husband died at age 69 in 1996. In her 2002 autobiography Still Woman Enough and in an interview with CBS News the same year, she recounted how her husband cheated on her regularly and once left her while she was giving birth.[30] Lynn and her husband fought frequently, but she said that "he never hit me one time that I didn't hit him back twice." Loretta has said that her marriage was "one of the hardest love stories".[54][page needed] In one of her autobiographies, she recalled: I married Doo when I wasn't but a child, and he was my life from that day on. But as important as my youth and upbringing was, there's something else that made me stick to Doo. He thought I was something special, more special than anyone else in the world, and never let me forget it. That belief would be hard to shove out the door. Doo was my security, my safety net. And just remember, I'm explainin', not excusin'... Doo was a good man and a hard worker. But he was an alcoholic, and it affected our marriage all the way through.[55] Homes Lynn owns a ranch in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee. Billed as "the Seventh Largest Attraction in Tennessee", it features a recording studio, museums, lodging, restaurants and western stores. Traditionally, three holiday concerts are hosted annually at the ranch, Memorial Day Weekend, Fourth of July Weekend, and Labor Day Weekend.[56] Since 1982, the ranch has hosted Loretta Lynn's Amateur Championship motocross race, the largest amateur motocross race of its kind. The ranch also hosts GNCC Racing events. The centerpiece of the ranch is its large plantation home which Lynn once resided in with her husband and children. She hasn't lived in the antebellum mansion in more than 30 years. Lynn regularly greets fans who are touring the plantation house. Also featured on the property is a replica of the cabin in which Lynn grew up in Butcher Hollow, Kentucky.[56][57] In the mid-1970s, Lynn and her husband built a house in TeacapĂĄn, Mexico which they owned for a couple of decades.[citation needed] Lynn and her husband also bought a cabin in Canada.[citation needed] Health problems Over the years, Lynn has suffered from various health concerns, including pneumonia on multiple occasions, a broken arm after a fall at home. Lynn missed a tribute to her from other women of country in 2010 due to undergoing knee surgery. In May 2017, Lynn had a stroke at her home in Hurricane Mills, Tennessee. She was taken to a Nashville hospital and subsequently had to cancel all of her upcoming tour dates. The release of her new album Wouldn't It Be Great was delayed until 2018. On January 1, 2018, Lynn fell and broke her hip. She has not toured or performed on the Grand Ole Opry since before 2017.[58][59] Politics At the height of her popularity, some of Lynn's songs were banned from radio airplay, including "Rated "X"", about the double standards divorced women face; "Wings Upon Your Horns", about the loss of teenage virginity; and "The Pill", with lyrics by T. D. Bayless, about a wife and mother becoming liberated by the birth-control pill. Her song "Dear Uncle Sam", released in 1966, during the Vietnam War, describes a wife's anguish at the loss of a husband to war. It was included in live performances during the Iraq War.[18] In 1971, Lynn was the first solo female country artist to perform at the White House, at the invitation of President Richard Nixon. She returned there to perform during the administrations of Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush. Although Lynn has been outspoken about her views on controversial social and political subjects, she stated, "I don't like to talk about things where you're going to get one side or the other unhappy. My music has no politics."[60] In her autobiography, Lynn said her father was a Republican and her mother a Democrat. When asked about her position on same-sex marriage by USA Today in November 2010, she replied, "I'm still an old Bible girl. God said you need to be a woman and man, but everybody to their own."[61] She endorsed[62] and campaigned[63] for George H. W. Bush in the presidential election in 1988.[64] In 2002's Still Woman Enough, she discussed her longtime friendship and support for Jimmy Carter.[65] During the same time period, she made her only recorded political donation, $4,300, to Republican candidates and Republican-aligned PACs. Lynn was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama in 2013.[66] While a recognized "advocate for ordinary women", Lynn has often criticized upper-class feminism for ignoring the needs and concerns of working-class women.[4] She once stated, "I'm not a big fan of women's liberation, but maybe it will help women stand up for the respect they're due." In 2016, Lynn expressed support for Donald Trump, stumping for him at the end of each of her shows. She stated, "I just think he's the only one who's going to turn this country around."[67] Lynn allowed PETA to use her song "I Wanna Be Free" in a public service campaign to discourage the chaining of dogs outside.[68] Awards and achievements Main article: List of awards received by Loretta Lynn Lynn has written more than 160 songs and released 60 albums. She has had 10 No. 1 albums and 16 No. 1 singles on the country charts. Lynn has won three Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, eight Broadcast Music Incorporated awards, 13 Academy of Country Music, eight Country Music Association, and 26 fan-voted Music City News awards. Lynn remains the most awarded woman in country music.[69][70] She was the first woman in country music to receive a certified gold album for 1967's "Don't Come Home A' Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind)".[71] In 1972, Lynn was the first woman named "Entertainer of the Year" by the Country Music Association. In 1980, she was the only woman to be named "Artist of the Decade" for the 1970s by the Academy of Country Music. Lynn was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1988[24] and the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1999.[72] She was also the recipient of Kennedy Center Honors an award given by the U.S. president in 2003. Lynn is ranked 65th on VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll[73] and was the first female country artist to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1977.[74] In 1994, she received the country music pioneer award by the Academy of Country Music. In 2001, "Coal Miner's Daughter" was named among NPR's "100 Most Significant Songs of the 20th Century". In 2002, Lynn had the highest ranking, No. 3, for any living female, in CMT television's special of the 40 Greatest Women of Country Music.[75] A BMI affiliate for more than 45 years, Lynn was honored as a BMI Icon at the BMI Country Awards on November 4, 2004.[76] In March 2007, Lynn was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during her performance at the Grand Ole Opry.[77] Lynn was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in New York City In 2008. She received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award for her 50 years in country music in 2010.[78] Lynn was honored for 50 years in country music at the 44th Annual Country Music Awards on November 10, 2010.[79] That same year, Lynn was presented with a rose named in her honor.[80] Sony Music released a tribute CD to Lynn titled Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn in November 2010. The CD featured Kid Rock, Reba McEntire, Sheryl Crow, Miranda Lambert, Alan Jackson, Gretchen Wilson, The White Stripes, Martina McBride, Paramore, Steve Earle and Faith Hill. In 2011, Lynn was nominated for an Academy of Country Music, CMT Video and Country Music Association awards for "Vocal Event of the Year" with Miranda Lambert and Sheryl Crow for "Coal Miner's Daughter", released as a video and single from the CD.[4] Lynn marked her 50th anniversary as a Grand Ole Opry member on September 25, 2012. Lynn was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Barack Obama In 2013. Miranda Lambert presented Lynn with the Crystal Milestone Award from the Academy of Country Music.[81] Lynn also received the 2015 Billboard Legacy Award for Women in Music.[82] In 2016, she was the subject of an American Masters profile documentary Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl on PBS.[83] Lynn was named Artist of a Lifetime in 2018 by CMT.[48] In 2020 a statue of Loretta Lynn was unveiled on the Ryman's Icon Walk.[84] Discography Main article: Loretta Lynn albums discography See also: Loretta Lynn singles discography and Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn discography Studio albums Loretta Lynn Sings (1963) Before I'm Over You (1964) Songs from My Heart.... (1965) Blue Kentucky Girl (1965) Mr. and Mrs. Used to Be (with Ernest Tubb) (1965) Hymns (1965) I Like 'Em Country (1966) You Ain't Woman Enough (1966) Country Christmas (1966) Don't Come Home a Drinkin' (With Lovin' on Your Mind) (1967) Singin' Again (with Ernest Tubb) (1967) Singin' with Feelin' (1967) Who Says God Is Dead! (1968) Fist City (1968) Your Squaw Is on the Warpath (1969) If We Put Our Heads Together (with Ernest Tubb) (1969) Woman of the World/To Make a Man (1969) Wings Upon Your Horns (1970) Coal Miner's Daughter (1971) We Only Make Believe (with Conway Twitty) (1971) I Wanna Be Free (1971) You're Lookin' at Country (1971) Lead Me On (with Conway Twitty) (1972) One's on the Way (1972) God Bless America Again (1972) Here I Am Again (1972) Entertainer of the Year (1973) Louisiana Woman, Mississippi Man (with Conway Twitty) (1973) Love Is the Foundation (1973) Country Partners (with Conway Twitty) (1974) They Don't Make 'Em Like My Daddy (1974) Back to the Country (1975) Feelins' (with Conway Twitty) (1975) Home (1975) When the Tingle Becomes a Chill (1976) United Talent (with Conway Twitty) (1976) Somebody Somewhere (1976) I Remember Patsy (1977) Dynamic Duo (with Conway Twitty) (1977) Out of My Head and Back in My Bed (1978) Honky Tonk Heroes (with Conway Twitty) (1978) We've Come a Long Way, Baby (1979) Diamond Duet (with Conway Twitty) (1979) Loretta (1980) Lookin' Good (1980) Two's a Party (with Conway Twitty) (1981) I Lie (1981) Making Love from Memory (1982) Lyin', Cheatin', Woman Chasin', Honky Tonkin', Whiskey Drinkin' You (1983) Just a Woman (1985) Who Was That Stranger (1988) Honky Tonk Angels (with Dolly Parton & Tammy Wynette) (1993) Making More Memories (1994) All Time Gospel Favorites (1997) Still Country (2000) Van Lear Rose (2004) Full Circle (2016) White Christmas Blue (2016) Wouldn't It Be Great (2018) Still Woman Enough (2021) See also List of country musicians References "Loretta Lynn". britannica.com. Retrieved November 12, 2020. Although she claimed 1935 as her birth year, various official documents indicate that she was born in 1932 "AP: Country singer Loretta Lynn married at 15, not 13". USA Today. May 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 31, 2013. Retrieved April 19, 2020. "Loretta Lynn". GRAMMY.com. November 23, 2020. "WELCOME 2017". LorettaLynn.com. Retrieved February 11, 2019. Whiteley, Jenni. "Country music star Crystal Gayle coming to Fort Hall Oct. 13". Associated Press. Retrieved January 2, 2020. "About the Artist: Biography of Loretta Lynn" Archived December 8, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.Kennedy Center. Accessed February 4, 2007. Profile, lubbockonline.com; accessed July 18, 2015. Rhodes, Don (June 8, 2011). "Lynn's road to stardom started with $17 guitar". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved January 4, 2016. "Loretta Lynn â Biography". Billboard. December 3, 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2016. "Country Music â Music News, New Songs, Videos, Music Shows and Playlists from CMT". Cmt.com. Retrieved February 11, 2019. Coal Miner's Daughter. p. 73. Thanki, Juli. "20 Most Controversial Songs by Women". Engine 145. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2014. "Grammy.com". The Recording Academy. Retrieved April 6, 2014. "Loretta Lynn - Love Is The Foundation". Retrieved October 30, 2018. Branigin, William (November 20, 2013). "Presidential Medal of Freedom honors diverse group of Americans". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 17, 2018. "Discography". LorettaLynn.com. Retrieved November 9, 2015. "Loretta Lynn - Releases - MusicBrainz". musicbrainz.org. Retrieved January 17, 2018. "Van Lear Rose"; accessed February 4, 2007. Koch Entertainment Loretta Lynn Biography Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. "Honky Tonk Make Believe", Don Grashy - Co. Joseph Mauro, "MY RAMBLING HEART" (Washington. DC: 1995), p. 45. Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics (2012). pp. 10-11; ISBN 978-0-307-59489-1 PragueFrank's Country Music Discographies, countrydiscography.blogspot.com; May 2011 "Most Promising Female Artists of C&W Jockeys". Billboard. October 31, 1960. p. 26. Retrieved May 23, 2018. Loretta Lynn. Country Music Hall of Fame; accessed February 4, 2007. Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. Loretta Lynn Profile, Country Music Television website; accessed May 4, 2014. Wolff, Kurt (2000). In Country Music: The Rough Guide. Orla Duane (ed.), London: Rough Guides Ltd. p. 311. Loretta Lynn profile, MusicianGuide.com; retrieved April 28, 2008. Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Country Music In America. Paul Kingsbury & Alanna Nash (eds.) London: Rough Guides Ltd., 2006, p. 251 "Legends: Loretta Lynn Tells All". CBS News. December 27, 2002. Retrieved February 4, 2007. Her autobiography recounts how once, in a drunken rage, he smashed many jars full of vegetables she had painstakingly canned. Loretta Lynn biography, Countrypolitan.com; retrieved April 18, 2008. Archived February 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine "CMA Awards: Archive: 1972". Country Music Association Awards. October 9, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2016. "Loretta Lynn added to ACM's Girls' Night Out". LorettaLynn.com. Retrieved April 8, 2014. Loretta Lynn profile, rollingstone.com; accessed April 18, 2008. Archived December 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Loretta Lynn profile, musicianguide.com; accessed April 19, 2014. "You're Cookin' it Country". Barnes and Noble. Retrieved April 8, 2014. "Loretta Lynn Recovering From Surgery". CBS News, June 8, 2006; accessed February 4, 2007. "Winners: 47th Annual Grammy Awards (2004)". Grammy Awards. Recording Academy. Retrieved January 31, 2018. "Past Shows" Stuart's Opera House: Nelsonville, Ohio. Stuart's Opera House: Nelsonville, Ohio, n.d. Web. October 8, 2012. "Coal Miners daughter live at bonnaroo". Lynn, Loretta (April 3, 2012). "Honky Tonk Girl: My Life in Lyrics". Nyjournalofbooks.com. Retrieved July 2, 2013. "Billboard 200 Chart Moves: Loretta Lynn Earns Her Highest Charting Album Ever With 'Full Circle'". Billboard. Retrieved March 17, 2016. "Loretta Lynn on New Album Full Circle: 'We Don't Have Real Country Music Anymore'". Time. Retrieved March 2, 2016. Betts, Stephen L. (September 16, 2016). "Loretta Lynn Plans Holiday Album 'White Christmas Blue'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 24, 2016. "Here Is the Complete List of Nominees for the 2017 Grammys". Billboard. December 6, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2017. Tingle, Lauren (April 14, 2017). "Loretta Lynn's Wouldn't It Be Great Arrives Aug. 18". CMT News. Retrieved April 16, 2017. "Loretta Lynn: 'Willie Ain't Dead Yet and Neither Am I'". Rolling Stone. "Loretta Lynn to Receive 2018 CMT Artist of a Lifetime Award". Taste of Country. September 26, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2020. Rosen, Jody (June 25, 2019). "Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2019. Sodomsky, Sam. "Loretta Lynn Announces New Album Still Woman Enough". Pitchfork. Notice of death of Betty Sue Lynn, musicrow.com, July 2013; accessed May 4, 2014. "Betty Sue Lynn Dead: Loretta Lynn's Oldest Daughter Dies In Tennessee". The Huffington Post. July 30, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2016. "A Stricken Coal Miner's Daughter Mourns the Drowning of Her Favorite Son". People. Vol. 22 no. 7. August 13, 1984. Retrieved April 3, 2016. Lynn 2002. Lynn 2002, p. xiii. "Loretta Lynn official website". LorettaLynn.com. Retrieved April 15, 2014. Tuttle, Andrew (July 28, 2014). "A Bit of Loretta Lynn's Motocross History". MotoSports.com. Retrieved July 14, 2018. Thanki, Juli (May 5, 2017). "Loretta Lynn hospitalized after stroke". USA Today. Retrieved May 6, 2017. "Loretta Lynn In 'Great Spirits' After Breaking Hip in Fall at Home". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved January 20, 2018. "Loretta Lynn Quotes". BrainyQuote. Retrieved November 9, 2012. Nash, Alanna (November 4, 2010). "The Once and Future Queen of Country". USA Weekend. Retrieved January 4, 2016.[dead link] Alt URL Seifert, Erica J. (2012). The Politics of Authenticity in Presidential Campaigns, 1976â2008. McFarland. pp. 108â109. ISBN 9780786491094. Kilian, Pamela (2003). Barbara Bush: Matriarch of a Dynasty. Macmillan. p. 111. ISBN 9780312319700. Weinraub, Bernard (September 29, 1988). "Campaign Trail; Country Singers Stand by Their Man". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2016. Loretta Lynn, Still Woman Enough: A Memoir (New York: Hyperion, 2002) Lynn awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, whitehouse.gov; accessed May 4, 2014. Flitter, Emily (January 9, 2016). "Country musician Loretta Lynn to Trump: Call me". "Loretta Helps Furry Friends". LorettaLynn.com. October 24, 2005. "About Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl". American Masters. PBS. Retrieved July 26, 2016. Smith, Steve (December 11, 2015). "Steve Smith: Is Rush done after Peart's retirement; Ringo's memorabilia fetches record prices". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2016. "Johanna's Vision". WordPress. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014. County Gospel Music Hall of Fame Archived July 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. 100 Greatest Women of Rock & Roll. VH1.com; accessed February 4, 2007. "Hollywood Walk of Fame directory". Hollywood Chamber of Commerce; accessed February 4, 2007. "40 Greatest Women of Country Music". Twin Music. Retrieved April 6, 2014. "Shania Twain, Toby Keith, Casey Beathard Lead Winners at 2004 BMI Country Awards". bmi.com. Retrieved October 1, 2010. "Honorary doctorate for Loretta Lynn". USA Today. February 14, 2007. Retrieved April 13, 2017. "Lifetime Achievement Award". Recording Association online. Retrieved November 13, 2011. "Country Music Awards". TVGuide.com. November 4, 2010. "New Rose Named for Loretta Lynn". Article. Sony Music Nashville. Retrieved July 13, 2011. "Academy of Country Music Special Awards". Academy of Country Music Special Awards. Academy of Country Music. Retrieved January 31, 2018. "Billboard Women in Music 2015: Lady Gaga, Selena Gomez, Missy Elliott & More Are Celebrated". Billboard. Retrieved January 31, 2018. "Loretta Lynn: Still a Mountain Girl". American Masters. PBS. March 2016. Retrieved September 18, 2019. Shelton, Caitlyn (October 20, 2020). "Loretta Lynn statue unveiled on the Ryman's Icon Walk". WZTV. Bibliography Lynn, Loretta; et al. (2002) [1993], Still Woman Enough: A Memoir, Hyperion, ISBN 0-7868-6650-0. Further reading In the Country of Country: A Journey to the Roots of American Music, Nicholas Dawidoff, Vintage Books, 1998; ISBN 0-375-70082-X Are You Ready for the Country: Elvis, Dylan, Parsons and the Roots of Country Rock, Peter Dogget, Penguin Books, 2001; ISBN 0-14-026108-7 Dreaming Out Loud: Garth Brooks, Wynonna Judd, Wade Hayes and the changing face of Nashville, Bruce Feiler, Avon Books, 1998; ISBN 0-380-97578-5 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loretta Lynn. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Loretta Lynn Official website Loretta Lynn at IMDb Loretta Lynn's Radio appearance on "The Motley Fool" 60 Minutes II interview with Loretta Lynn and Jack White Coal "Minors" Daughter? New Data Offers Light and Controversy on Loretta Lynn Loretta Lynn discography at Discogs Loretta Lynn recordings at the Discography of American Historical Recordings. Awards Preceded by Johnny Cash AMA Album of the Year (artist) 2004 Succeeded by Buddy Miller Preceded by Johnny Cash AMA Artist of the Year 2004 Succeeded by John Prine vte Loretta Lynn vte Loretta Lynn singles vte Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn vte Patsy Cline Awards for Loretta Lynn vte Members of the Grand Ole Opry vte Kentucky Women Remembered Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BIBSYS: 3026583BNF: cb13896891m (data)GND: 12340326XISNI: 0000 0001 1511 5618LCCN: n50039081MBA: 613260c3-d620-4645-94cd-33cd55f29b1eNKC: xx0027789NLA: 35317189NLK: KAC2018N9957NTA: 071235051SUDOC: 171856112VIAF: 69116139WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50039081 Categories: Loretta Lynn1932 birthsLiving peopleCountry Music Hall of Fame inducteesGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award winnersKennedy Center honoreesPresidential Medal of Freedom recipientsAmerican country singer-songwritersAmerican female country singersCountry musicians from KentuckyDecca Records artistsFeminist musiciansGrand Ole Opry membersSongwriters from KentuckyWriters from KentuckyMusicians from AppalachiaAmerican female songwritersAmerican people of Irish descentAmerican people of Cherokee descentSingers from KentuckyAge controversiesPeople from Johnson County, KentuckyPeople from Whatcom County, WashingtonSongwriters from Washington (state)Singers from Washington (state)Guitarists from KentuckyGuitarists from Washington (state)Kentucky women singers21st-century American women guitarists21st-century American guitarists20th-century American women singers20th-century American women guitarists20th-century American guitarists21st-century American women singersThird Man Records artists20th-century American singers21st-century American singersColumbia Records artistsInterscope Records artists Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Languages ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ© Deutsch Español Français æ„æŹèȘ PortuguĂȘs Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč Suomi Svenska 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2021, at 09:01 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. WikipediaÂź is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaMobile viewDevelopersStatisticsCookie statementWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki George Herbert Walker Bush was an American politician, diplomat, and businessman who served as the 41st president of the United States from 1989 to 1993. A member of the Republican Party, Bush also served as the 43rd vice president from 1981 to 1989 under Ronald Reagan, in the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations, and as Director of Central Intelligence.
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Post by Freddie on May 14, 2021 23:03:12 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
đ The Global Network đ
Försvarsmaktens myndighetsledning FrÄn och med Är 2005 fick Försvarsmakten en civil stÀllföretrÀdande myndighetschef generaldirektör. Den första att tilltrÀda denna post var Marie Hafström, som hon hade fram till och med 29 augusti 2008. Hon eftertrÀddes av Ulf Bengtsson som den 1 oktober 2012 eftertrÀddes av Peter Sandwall som generaldirektör för Försvarsmakten.
Försvarsmaktsledning Huvudartikel: Högkvarteret Försvarsmaktsledningen (FML) bestÄr av:[13]
ĂverbefĂ€lhavare: Micael BydĂ©n
Generaldirektör: Peter Sandwall
Chef för ledningsstaben: Viceamiral Jonas Haggren
Chef för ledningsstabens inriktningsavdelning: Generalmajor Lena Persson Herlitz
Ekonomidirektör: Helena Holmstedt
Produktionschef: Generallöjtnant Johan Svensson
Personaldirektör: Generalmajor Klas Eksell
Insatschef: Generallöjtnant Michael Claesson
StÀllföretrÀdande Insatschef: Generalmajor Urban Molin
Chef för Must: Generalmajor Lena Hallin
Informationsdirektör: Brigadgeneral Mats Ström
Chefsjurist: Carin Bratt
Insatsledning
Huvudartikel: Insatsledningen
För ledning av sĂ„vĂ€l nationella som internationella insatser har ĂB till sin hjĂ€lp Insatsledningen (INS), som bestĂ„r av Insatsstaben (INSS) och tre taktiska staber:
ATS â ArmĂ©ns taktiska stab
FTS â Flygvapnets taktiska stab MTS â Marinens taktiska stab
svenska generaler
brigadgeneraler
mats ström
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- generalmajorer
Karlis Neretnieks
lena hallin
jörgen eriksson - konteramiral
Jens Nykvist - konteramiral
anders grenstad - konteramiral
Lena Persson Herlitz
klas eksell
jan andersson
Carl-Johan Edström
Mats Helgesson
stefan sandborg
roland ekenberg
urban molin
Carl-Johan Edström
Karl Engelbrektson
Anders Persson [7]
Anders Jönsson [c]
Dennis Hedström ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- generallöjtnanter
anders silwer
jan salestrand
johan svensson
Dennis Gyllensporre
Insatschefer vid Högkvarteret
Generallöjtnant Jan Jonsson
Generallöjtnant Anders Lindström
Viceamiral Jan Thörnqvist
Generallöjtnant Michael Claesson[7]
Michael Claesson
jonas haggren - viceamiral ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Gneraler
Sverker Göranson
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Post by Freddie on May 15, 2021 15:40:55 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đHide WLE Austria Logo (no text).svgWiki Loves Earth: An international photographic contest where you can showcase Sweden's unique natural environment and potentially win a prize. Page protected with pending changes PBS From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with PBS Kids or PBS Kids Go! This article is about the broadcaster. For other uses, see PBS (disambiguation). "Public Broadcasting Service" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Public Broadcasting Services, Public Broadcast Service, or Public Service Broadcasting (band). Coordinates: 38.855182°N 77.049958°W Public Broadcasting Service PBS logo.svg Type Non-commercial Free-to-air television network Public broadcaster Branding PBS Country United States Availability Nationwide U.S. southern Canada northern Mexico (OTA only) Founded November 3, 1969 (51 years ago) by Hartford N. Gunn Jr., John Macy, James Day and Kenneth A. Christiansen Slogan "Be More" (primary) "This is PBS" (secondary) Headquarters Arlington, Virginia, U.S. Key people Paula Kerger (President and CEO) Jonathan Barzilay (COO) Launch date October 5, 1970 (50 years ago) Picture format 1080i (HDTV) (some affiliates transmit PBS programming in 720p 16:9) 480i (SDTV 4:3/16:9) Affiliates List of member stations Official website www.pbs.orgReplaced National Educational Television (1952â1970) Subsidiary National Datacast Notes [1][2][3][4][5] The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.[6] It is a nonprofit organization and the most prominent provider of educational television programming to public television stations in the United States, distributing series such as American Experience, America's Test Kitchen, Antiques Roadshow, Arthur, Barney & Friends, Between the Lions, Cyberchase, Clifford the Big Red Dog, Downton Abbey, Elinor Wonders Why, Finding Your Roots, Frontline, The Magic School Bus, Masterpiece Theater, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Nature, Nova, the PBS NewsHour, Reading Rainbow, Sesame Street, Teletubbies, Keeping up Appearances and This Old House.[7] PBS is funded by a combination of member station dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, National Datacast, pledge drives, and donations from both private foundations and individual citizens. All proposed funding for programming is subject to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source.[8] PBS has more than 350 member television stations, many owned by educational institutions, nonprofit groups both independent or affiliated with one particular local public school district or collegiate educational institution, or entities owned by or related to state government.[5] Contents 1 History 2 Operations 3 Programming 3.1 PBS Kids 3.2 Sports 4 Governance 5 Member stations 5.1 Participating stations 6 PBS networks 6.1 Independent networks 7 Visual identity 8 Criticism, controversy, and reception 8.1 Critical response 8.2 On-air fundraising 8.3 Accusations of political/ideological bias 8.3.1 Accusations during Tomlinson tenure 8.3.2 Accusations since the Tomlinson tenure 8.4 Lawsuit with Pacific Arts 9 Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN) 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links History PBS headquarters in Crystal City, Arlington, Virginia PBS was established on November 3, 1969 by Hartford N. Gunn Jr. (president of WGBH), John Macy (president of CPB), James Day (last president of National Educational Television), and Kenneth A. Christiansen (chairman of the department of broadcasting at the University of Florida).[9] It began operations on October 5, 1970, taking over many of the functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET), which later merged with Newark, New Jersey station WNDT to form WNET. In 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations.[10][11][12] Immediately after public disclosure of the Watergate scandal, on May 17, 1973, the United States Senate Watergate Committee commenced proceedings; PBS broadcast the proceedings nationwide, with Robert MacNeil and Jim Lehrer as commentators. For seven months, nightly "gavel-to-gavel" broadcasts drew great public interest, and raised the profile of the fledgling PBS network.[13] In 2019, PBS announced plans to move its headquarters to a new building in Crystal City, Virginia. PBS is asking the Arlington County Board for permission to add its logo to the top of its new headquarters, which has a 40-year-old restriction placed on it.[14][15][16] As of 2020, PBS has nearly 350 member stations around the nation.[16] Operations Unlike the five major commercial broadcast television networks in the United States, ABC, CBS, NBC, Fox, and The CW, PBS is technically not a network, but rather a program distributor that provides television content and related services to its member stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming local content such as news, interviews, cultural, and public affairs programs for its individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS and other public television distributors. In a television network structure, affiliates give up portions of their local advertising airtime in exchange for carrying network programming, and the network pays its affiliates a share of the revenue it earns from advertising. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the shows acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts. Scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, and PBS strives to market a consistent national lineup. However, PBS has a policy of "common carriage", which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its major reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011, although it would return to PBS in 2019.[17] Although PBS has a set schedule of programming, particularly in regard to its prime time schedule, member stations reserve the right to schedule PBS-distributed programming in other time slots or not clear it at all if they choose to do so; few of the service's members carry all its programming. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs. Once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers, however, retain the right to sell the program's intellectual property in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, and sometimes PBS licensed merchandise. In 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed funding for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week (CPB resumed funding of Washington Week in 1997). In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable and non-profit organizations. PBS ranked as the 11th "most popular charity/non-profit in America" from over 100 charities researched in the study conducted by the industry publication, with 38.2% of Americans over the age of 12 choosing "love" and "like a lot" for PBS.[18][19][20][21] Since the mid-2000s, Roper Opinion Research polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States.[4][22] A 2016â2017 study by Nielsen Media Research found 80% of all US television households view the network's programs over the course of a year.[1] However, PBS is not responsible for all programming carried on public television stations, a large proportion of which may come from its member stationsâincluding WGBH-TV, WETA-TV, WNET, WTTW, WHYY-TV, Twin Cities PBSâAmerican Public Television, and independent producers. This distinction regarding the origin of different programs on the service presents a frequent source of viewer confusion.[23] In December 2009, PBS signed up for the Nielsen ratings audience measurement reports, and began to be included in its primetime and daily "Television Index" reports, alongside the major commercial broadcast networks.[24] In May 2011, PBS announced that it would incorporate breaks containing underwriter spots for corporate and foundation sponsors, program promotions and identification spots within four breaks placed within episodes of Nature and NOVA, airing episodes broken up into segments of up to 15 minutes, rather than airing them as straight 50- to 55-minute episodes. The strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful.[25] In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of full-length videos on mobile devices.[26] Vern Seward The Mac Observer calls the PBS iPad App, "...cool on so many levels."[27] An update in 2015 added Chromecast support.[28] On February 28, 2012, PBS partnered with AOL to launch Makers: Women Who Make America, a digital documentary series focusing on high-achieving women in male-dominated industries such as war, comedy, space, business, Hollywood and politics.[29][30] PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, Senior Vice President of Digital Jason Seiken warned that PBS was in danger of being disrupted by YouTube studios such as Maker Studios. In the speech, later described as a "seminal moment" for public television,[31] he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called "PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility".[32] The studio's first hit, an auto-tuned version of the theme from one of their most famous television programs, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, was one of YouTube's 10 most viral videos of 2012.[33] By 2013, monthly video views on PBS.org had risen from 2 million to a quarter-billion, PBS.org traffic had surpassed that of the CBS, NBC, and ABC web sites, PBSKids.org had become the dominant US children's site for video, and PBS had won more 2013 Webby Awards than any other media company in the world.[34] On May 8, 2013, full-length episodes of PBS' prime time, news and children's programs were made available through the Roku streaming player; programming is available on Roku as separate streaming channels for PBS and PBS Kids content.[35] Some content is only available with a PBS Passport member benefit subscription.[36] Programming Main article: List of programs broadcast by PBS The evening and primetime schedule on PBS features a diverse array of programming including fine arts (Great Performances); drama (Masterpiece, Downton Abbey, American Family: Journey of Dreams); science (Nova, Nature); history (American Experience, American Masters, History Detectives, Antiques Roadshow); music (Austin City Limits, Soundstage); public affairs (Frontline, PBS NewsHour, Washington Week, Nightly Business Report); independent films and documentaries (P.O.V., Independent Lens); home improvement (This Old House); and interviews (Amanpour & Company, Tavis Smiley, The Dick Cavett Show). In 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule (for example, drama series encompass the Sunday schedule, while science-related programs are featured on Wednesdays). PBS broadcasts children's programming as part of the service's (and including content supplied by other distributors not programmed by the service, its member stations') morning and afternoon schedule. As the children's programs it distributes are intended to educate as well as entertain its target audience, PBS and its stations have long been in compliance with educational programming guidelines set by the Federal Communications Commission in response to the enactment of the Children's Television Act of 1990. Many member stations have historically also broadcast distance education and other instructional television programs, typically during daytime slots; though with the advent of digital television, which has allowed stations to carry these programs on digital subchannels in lieu of the main PBS feed or exclusively over online, many member stations/networks have replaced distance education content with children's and other programming,. Unlike its radio counterpart, National Public Radio, PBS does not have a central program production arm or news division. All of the programming carried by PBS, whether news, documentary or entertainment, is created by (or in most cases produced under contract with) other parties, such as individual member stations. Boston member WGBH-TV is one of the largest producers of educational television programming, including shows like American Experience, Arthur (with Canada-based CINAR), Masterpiece Theatre, Nova, Antiques Roadshow and Frontline, as well as many other children's and lifestyle programs. News programs are produced by WETA-TV (PBS Newshour) in Washington, D.C., WNET in New York City and WPBT in Miami. Newark, New Jersey/New York City member WNET produces or distributes programs such as Secrets of the Dead, Nature, and Cyberchase. PBS also works with other networks for programming such as CNN International for Amanpour & Company which is a co-production of CNN International and WNET. PBS member stations are known for rebroadcasting British television costume dramas, comedies and science fiction programs (acquired from the BBC and other sources) such as Downton Abbey; 'Allo 'Allo!; Are You Being Served?; The Benny Hill Show, Red Dwarf; The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin; Father Ted; Fawlty Towers; Harry Enfield and Chums; Keeping Up Appearances; Monty Python's Flying Circus; Mr. Bean, The Vicar of Dibley, Doctor Who, and Sherlock; consequently, this has led to jocular references that the service's name stands for "Primarily British Series". However, a significant amount of sharing takes place. The BBC and British broadcasters such as Channel 4 often cooperate with PBS stations, producing material that is shown on both sides of the Atlantic. Less frequently, Canadian, Australian and other international programming appears on PBS stations (such as The Red Green Show, currently distributed by syndicator Executive Program Services); public broadcasting syndicators are more likely to offer this programming to U.S.-based public television stations. PBS is not the only distributor of public television programming to the member stations. Other distributors have emerged from the roots of companies that maintained loosely held regional public television stations in the 1960s. Boston-based American Public Television (which, among other names, was formerly known as Eastern Educational Network and the American Program Service) is second only to PBS for distributing programs to U.S. non-commercial stations. Another distributor is NETA (formerly SECA), whose properties have included The Shapies and Jerry Yarnell School of Fine Art. In addition, the member stations themselves also produce a variety of local shows, some of which subsequently receive national distribution through PBS or other distributors. Rerun programming, especially domestic programming not originally produced for public television, is generally uncommon on PBS or its member stations. The most prominent exception to this is The Lawrence Welk Show, which has aired continuously in reruns on PBS (through the Oklahoma Educational Television Authority) almost every weekend since 1986. Reruns of programs originally produced for public television are common, especially with former PBS shows whose hosts have retired or died (for example, The Joy of Painting and Mister Rogers' Neighborhood). Children's programming (such as Clifford the Big Red Dog and DragonflyTV, the latter of which is also syndicated on commercial television) is rerun extensively. PBS Kids Main article: PBS Kids Launched as PTV on July 11, 1994, PBS Kids is the brand for children's programs aired by PBS. The PBS Kids Channel, launched in 1999 and operated until 2005, was largely funded by satellite provider DirecTV. The channel ceased operations on September 26, 2005, in favor of PBS Kids Sprout, a commercial digital cable and satellite television channel originally operated as a joint venture with Comcast, Sesame Workshop and Apax Partners (NBCUniversal, which Comcast acquired in 2011, later acquired the other partners' interests in the channel in 2012). However, the original programming block still exists on PBS, filling daytime and in some cases, weekend morning schedules on its member stations; many members also carry 24-hour locally programmed children's networks featuring PBS Kids content on one of their digital subchannels. A revived version of the PBS Kids Channel was launched on January 16, 2017. As of 2019, PBS Kids is the only children's programming block on U.S. broadcast television. As PBS is often known for doing, PBS Kids has broadcast imported series from other countries; these include British series originally broadcast by the BBC and ITV. Through American Public Television, many PBS stations also began airing the Australian series Raggs on June 4, 2007. Some of the programs broadcast as part of the service's children's lineup or through public broadcast syndication directly to its members have subsequently been syndicated to commercial television outlets (such as Ghostwriter and The Magic School Bus). Sports Many PBS member stations and networks â including Mississippi Public Broadcasting (MHSAA), Georgia Public Broadcasting (GHSA), Maine Public Broadcasting Network (MPA), Iowa Public Television (IGHSAU), Nebraska Educational Telecommunications (NSAA), and WKYU-TV (Western Kentucky Hilltoppers) â locally broadcast high school and college sports. From the 1980s onward, the national PBS network has not typically carried sporting events, mainly because the broadcast rights to most sporting events have become more cost-prohibitive in that timeframe, especially for nonprofits with limited revenue potential; in addition, starting with the respective launches of the MountainWest Sports Network (now defunct) and Big Ten Network in 2006 and 2007 and the later launches of the Pac-12 Network and ESPN's SEC Network and ACC Network, athletic conferences have acquired rights for all of their member university's sports programs for their cable channels, restricting their use from PBS member stations, even those associated with their own universities. From 1976 to 1989, KQED produced a series of Bundesliga matches under the banner Soccer Made in Germany, with Toby Charles announcing. PBS also carried tennis events, as well as Ivy League football. Notable football commentators included Upton Bell, Marty Glickman, Bob Casciola, Brian Dowling, Sean McDonough and Jack Corrigan.[37] Other sports programs included interview series such as The Way It Was and The Sporting Life.[38] Governance The board of directors is responsible for governing and setting policy for PBS, consisting of 27 members: 14 professional directors (station managers), 12 general directors (outside directors), and the PBS president.[39] All PBS Board members serve three-year terms, without pay.[39] PBS member stations elect the 14 professional directors; the board elects the 12 general directors and appoints the PBS president and CEO; and the entire board elects its officers.[40] Member stations Main article: List of PBS member stations As of March 2015, PBS maintains current memberships with 354 television stations encompassing 50 states, the District of Columbia and four U.S. possessions;[5][41] as such, it is the only television broadcaster in the United States â commercial or non-commercial â which has station partners licensed in every U.S. state (by comparison, none of the five major commercial broadcast networks has affiliates in certain states where PBS has members, most notably New Jersey). The service has an estimated national reach of 93.74% of all households in the United States (or 292,926,047 Americans with at least one television set). PBS stations are commonly operated by nonprofit organizations, state agencies, local authorities (such as municipal boards of education), or universities in their city of license; this is similar (albeit more centralized in states where a licensee owns multiple stations rebroadcasting the main PBS member) to the early model of commercial broadcasting in the U.S., in which network-affiliated stations were initially owned by companies that owned few to no other television stations elsewhere in the country. In some U.S. states, a group of PBS stations throughout the entire state may be organized into a single regional "subnetwork" (such as Alabama Public Television and the Arkansas Educational Television Network); in this model, PBS programming and other content is distributed by the originating station in the subnetwork to other full-power stations that serve as satellites as well as any low-power translators in other areas of the state. Some states may be served by such a regional network and simultaneously have PBS member stations in a certain city (such as the case with secondary member KBDI-TV in Denver, which is not related to Colorado member network Rocky Mountain PBS and its flagship station and primary Denver PBS member, KRMA-TV) that operate autonomously from the regional member network. As opposed to the present commercial broadcasting model in which network programs are often carried exclusively on one television station in a given market, PBS may maintain more than one member station in certain markets, which may be owned by the licensee of the market's primary PBS member station or owned by a separate licensee (as a prime example, KOCE-TV, KLCS and KVCR-DT â which are all individually owned â serve as PBS stations for the Los Angeles market; KCET served as the market's primary PBS member until it left the service in January 2011,[42] at which time it was replaced by KOCE). KCET rejoined PBS in 2019, thus giving the Los Angeles area four different member stations. For these cases, PBS utilizes the Program Differentiation Plan, which divides by percentage the number of programs distributed by the service that each member can carry on their schedule; often, this assigns a larger proportion of PBS-distributed programming to the primary member station, with the secondary members being allowed to carry a lesser number of program offerings from the service's schedule. Unlike public broadcasters in most other countries, PBS cannot own any of the stations that broadcasts its programming; therefore it is one of the few television programming bodies that does not have any owned-and-operated stations. This is partly due to the origins of the PBS stations themselves, and partly due to historical broadcast license issues. Participating stations Most PBS member stations have produced at least some nationally distributed programs. Current regularly scheduled programming on the PBS national feed is produced by a smaller group of stations, including: WGBH-TV (Arthur, NOVA, Masterpiece, Frontline, Martha Speaks, Peep and The Big Wide World, Curious George, etc.) WNET (Nature, PBS NewsHour Weekend, Cyberchase, Amanpour & Company etc.) WETA-TV (PBS NewsHour, Washington Week, A Capitol Fourth (annually), America's Test Kitchen, etc.) WTTW (Nature Cat, WordWorld) Maryland Public Television (MotorWeek, Space Racers, Wimzie's House, Zoboomafoo) Connecticut Public Television (Barney & Friends, Bob the Builder, Thomas & Friends, etc.) KLRU (Austin City Limits) KCET (Sid the Science Kid) KQED (The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!) Oregon Public Broadcasting (History Detectives, Rick Steves' Europe (season 10)) PBS North Carolina (The Woodwright's Shop) South Carolina ETV (The Magic School Bus, A Chef's Life) KLVX (Vegas PBS) (Super Why!) WXXI-TV (Biz Kid$) WQED (Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood) Twin Cities PBS (KTCA-TV/KTCI-TV) (Newton's Apple, SciGirls, Hero Elementary) KCTS-TV (Rick Steves' Europe) Arkansas PBS (State of the Art) The shows that were produced by Connecticut Public Television from 1994 - 2006 are now produced by WNET as of 2006 including Bob the Builder (2015 TV series). PBS networks Network Notes PBS Kids Logo.svg PBS Kids A programming block that has children's TV shows. The block was formerly called PTV Park. Launched as a 24/7 network in 1999 that was dissolved in 2005 and subsequently revived in 2017. PBS Kids Go! Logo.svg PBS Kids Go! A former programming block of PBS Kids, running from 2004 to 2013, however branding and promotions can still be seen on some programs. This block was for 6-13-year-olds. A 24/7 network was announced in 2006 but never launched due to financial issues. PBS HD A high-definition programming feed available to PBS' member stations. PBS Satellite Service A 24-hour alternate network feed that provides a mixed variety of programming selected from the main PBS service, as well as for carriage on programming tiers of satellite providers. PBS has spun off a number of television networks, often in partnership with other media companies. PBS YOU, a distance education and how-to service operated until January 2006, and was largely succeeded by Create (a similarly formatted network owned by American Public Television); PBS Kids Channel was superseded by Sprout at the start of October 2005. The PBS Kids Channel relaunched January 16, 2017. World began operations in 2007 as a service operated by PBS but is now managed by American Public Television. PBS has also restructured its satellite feed system, simplifying HD02 (PBS West) into a timeshift feed for the Pacific Time Zone, rather than a high-definition complement to its formerly primary SD feed. PBS Kids Go! was proposed as a replacement broadcast network for PBS Kids Channel, however, plans to launch the network were folded in 2006. Programming from the PBS Satellite Service has also been carried by certain member stations or regional member networks to fill their overnight schedules (particularly those that have transitioned to a 24-hour schedule since the late 1990s), in lieu of providing programming sourced from outside public television distributors or repeats of local programming (program promotions shown on the satellite feed advertise upcoming programs as being aired on PBS during the timeslot card normally used as a placeholder for member outlets to insert local airtime information). Some or all of these services are available on a digital cable tier of many cable providers, on a free-to-air (FTA) satellite receiver receiving from PBS Satellite Service, as well as via subscription-based direct broadcast satellite providers. With the exception of Sprout, some of these services, including those from PBS member stations and networks, have not made contracts with Internet-distributed over-the-top MVPD services such as Sling TV and the now defunct PlayStation Vue. With the transition to over-the-air digital television broadcasts, many of the services are also often now available as standard-definition multicast channels on the digital signals of some member stations, while HD02 (PBS West) serves as a secondary HD feed. With the absence of advertising, network identification on these PBS networks was limited to utilization at the end of the program, which includes the standard series of bumpers from the "Be More" campaign. At the summer 2019 Television Critics Association press tour day for PBS on July 29, 2019, it was announced that MVPD YouTube TV would begin to carry PBS programming and member stations in the fall of 2019. Member stations have the choice of having their traditional channel on the service with its full programming schedule received by Google over-the-air and uploaded to the service, a YouTube TV-only feed provided by the station with some programming substitutions due to lack of digital rights, or a PBS-provided feed with limited localization, though with no local programming or pledge drive programming.[43] On September 3, 2020, PBS began to offer a livestream of their member stations for free via its website (as well as the websites from the member stations), on smart TVs, and on their mobile apps. However, only a small handful of stations currently do not have a livestream of their stations set up.[44] Independent networks While not operated or controlled by PBS proper, additional public broadcasting networks are available and carried by PBS member stations. Channel Programming Origin Create Educational and artistic programming American Public Television World News and documentaries First Nations Experience Indigenous programming San Bernardino Community College District From 2002 to 2011, Buffalo, New York member station WNED-TV operated ThinkBright TV, a service that was carried on several stations in upstate New York. Several state networks also offer a public affairs subchannel network offering full-time coverage of state government events and legislative/judicial proceedings in the same vein as C-SPAN's coverage of the federal government. Many PBS stations also carried MHz Worldview from the MHz Networks until 2020 when MHz Networks announced its discontinuation of the network on March 1, 2020. Since then, many stations has switched to World Channel as well as First Nations Experience. A separate but related concept is the state network, where a group of stations across a state simulcast a single programming schedule from a central facility, which may include specialty subchannels unique to that broadcaster. Visual identity PBS logo from 1971 to 1984 PBS's second logo, the first iteration to include the "P-Head" element. PBS logo from 1984 to 2019, as seen in 2002. PBS's third logo, as used from 1984 to 2019. The logo pictured is the 2002 version. PBS introduced its first iconographic logo in 1971, a multi-colored wordmark of the network's initials with the P designed to resemble a silhouette of a human face. The logo was designed by Ernie Smith and Herb Lubalin of the Lubalin Smith Carnase design firm.[45][46] Lubalin's human face "P", known internally at PBS as "Everyman", but more commonly known as the "P-Head", became the basis for all subsequent PBS logos.[47] In 1984, PBS introduced a new version of the logo, designed by Tom Geismar of Chermayeff & Geismar.[48] Chermayeff & Geismar felt that the Lubalin-designed logo was too similar to those of the three dominant commercial networks of the time, and they sought "to develop a symbol that could stand for the more inclusive concept of 'public television'". They inverted Lubalin's Everyman "P" to face to the right instead of the left, and repeated the outline as a series to represent a "multitude" of people. The symbol was subsequently renamed "Everyone".[47] The repeated outline of the face has also been interpreted to suggest a degree of multiculturalism, as well as the public service aspect of the PBS mission.[49] The logo has been used in various forms since: from 1998 onward, the Geismar logo has been rendered in white on a circle.[47] On November 4, 2019, in honor of the network's 50th anniversary, PBS unveiled a redesign of its identity by Lippincott. The identity is intended to be better-suited for use on digital platforms, and includes a tweaked version of the Geismar logo, adoption of electric blue and white as corporate colors, and a new custom sans-serif typeface used in communications and inspired by the new custom logotype (which replaces the slab serif typeface used in the PBS logo since 1984).[50][51] The network is allowing flexibility in implementation (including members re-branding to include PBS in their name for the first time, such as Wisconsin Public Television rebranding as PBS Wisconsin), but is no longer allowing the logo to be displayed independently of the PBS name.[51][52] PBS is paying out grants to at least 100 members to cover costs associated with the rebranding.[51] Criticism, controversy, and reception Critical response PBS has received some positive reviews from television critics. Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "It's PBS's time to shine."[53] Stevenonymous of BuzzFeed wrote, "PBS isn't just TV anymore."[54] David Zurawik of the Baltimore Sun wrote, "If you want a reason to believe in PBS...here it is."[55] Mekeisha Madden Toby of TheWrap wrote, "There is a lot to love...on PBS."[56] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "PBS...is an endless bounty of riches...Ain't this great?"[57] Kristen McQuinn of Book Riot wrote, "PBS is awesome in every way."[58] Caroline Framke of Variety wrote, "There's still no beating PBS."[59] On-air fundraising Since 53% to 60% of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and grants,[60] most stations solicit individual donations by methods including fundraising, pledge drives or telethons, which disrupt regularly scheduled programming. This has been perceived as potentially annoying since regularly scheduled programming is often replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience (such as music specials aimed at the Baby Boomer generation and financial, health and motivational programs) to solicit new members and donations; during fundraising events, these programs are often interrupted within the broadcast by long-form segments (of six to eight minutes in length) encouraging viewers to donate to their PBS member.[61] Underwriting spots are aired at the end of each program, which differ from traditional commercials in several ways.[62] Each spot must be approved to meet several guidelines.[63] The main guidelines state that underwriting spots cannot be qualitative in any way, nor can they have any call to action.[64] Accusations of political/ideological bias A 1982 broadcast of the United States Information Agency program Let Poland be Poland about the martial law declared in Poland in 1981 was widely viewed in the U.S., but met with skepticism on the part of eastern European broadcasters (communist countries at the time) due to concerns that the program's "provocative and anticommunist" tone was intended as propaganda.[65][66] In 1999, at least three public television stations were caught selling or trading their mailing lists with the Democratic National Committee. Under IRS regulations, nonprofit organizations are prohibited from participating in political actions. Officials from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting condemned the practice and conducted an investigation into the matter. The stations involved were in New York, Boston, and Washington.[67] Individual programs aired by PBS have been the targets of organized campaigns by individuals and groups with opposing views, including by former United States Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings in 2005.[68] Nonetheless, in every year since 2004, surveys of Americans have shown PBS to have been consistently ranked as the most trusted institution in comparison to commercial broadcast and cable television, newspapers, and streaming services, and in January 2021, Americans valued tax dollars spent on PBS behind only military defense and oversight of food and drug safety.[69] Accusations during Tomlinson tenure In September 2003, Kenneth Tomlinson was chosen as chairman of the CPB board.[70] He criticized PBS and NPR for an allegedly "liberal bias".[71] His efforts sparked complaints of political pressure.[72] To partially balance out the perceived left-leaning PBS shows, from June 2004 to July 2005, PBS aired Tucker Carlson: Unfiltered with conservative commentator Tucker Carlson, and from September 2004 to December 2005, PBS aired The Journal Editorial Report with Paul Gigot, a conservative editor of The Wall Street Journal editorial page).[73] In December 2004, Bill Moyers resigned as a PBS regular, citing political pressure to alter the content of his program, and saying Tomlinson had mounted a "vendetta" against him.[74] In May 2005, two House Democrats requested the CPB inspector general investigate the complaints of political interference.[75] The inspector general's report was issued in November 2005 and described possible political influence on personnel decisions, including e-mail correspondence between Tomlinson and the White House which indicated that Tomlinson "was strongly motivated by political considerations in filling the president/CEO position", a position filled in June 2005 by former Republican National Committee co-chair Patricia Harrison.[76] Tomlinson resigned from the CPB board on November 3, 2005.[77] Accusations since the Tomlinson tenure In January 2021, Michael Beller, the chief attorney for PBS resigned after being caught on tape suggesting that the children of Donald Trump supporters should be sent to re-education camps.[78] Lawsuit with Pacific Arts In the 1990s, PBS became involved in a dispute over home video licensing rights with Pacific Arts Corporation, a multimedia company owned and operated by former Monkees guitarist Michael Nesmith. In 1990, Pacific Arts secured a contract with PBS to distribute their back catalog of programming on VHS under the PBS Home Video banner. However, in the early 1990s, Pacific Arts and PBS went through a series of serious disagreements. Lawsuits were filed: by Nesmith and Pacific Arts against PBS for breach of contract, intentional misrepresentation, intentional concealment, negligent misrepresentation, and interference with contract; and by PBS against Nesmith and Pacific Arts for lost royalties.[79] The lawsuits escalated in 1994 and 1995 into major litigation between the parties over these rights and payments. PBS and Nesmith and Pacific Arts vigorously prosecuted these multimillion-dollar counter-suits. The six plaintiffs included PBS, WGBH-TV, WNET, the Ken Burns-owned American Documentaries and Radio Pioneers Film Project and the Children's Television Workshop. They sought approximately $5 million in disputed royalties, advances, guarantees and license fees for programs and the use of the PBS logo from the defendants Pacific Arts and Nesmith. Due to the cost of the litigation, Pacific Arts was forced to cease distribution operations and suspended the use of the PBS logo on the Pacific Arts videos.[79] Though Pacific Arts distribution system had ceased operating, the various plaintiffs were counting on capturing a personal financial guarantee Nesmith had made to PBS in the original PBS deal in 1990. The cases went to jury trial in Federal Court in Los Angeles in February 1999. After three days of deliberation, the jury unanimously sided with Nesmith.[80] The court awarded Pacific Arts $14,625,000 for loss of its rights library, plus $29,250,000 in punitive damages. The jury awarded $3 million to Nesmith personally, including $2 million in punitive damages for a total award to Nesmith and Pacific Arts of $48,875,000. The jury resolved the outstanding license fee issues by ordering Pacific Arts and Nesmith to pay approximately $1.2 million to American Documentaries for The Civil War, about $230,000 to WGBH-TV, and $150,000 to WNET.[79] Following the ruling, Nesmith expressed his personal disappointment with PBS and was quoted by BBC News as stating "It's like finding your grandmother stealing your stereo. You're happy to get your stereo back, but it's sad to find out your grandmother is a thief."[81] The decision never went to an appeals court and the final amount paid to Pacific Arts and Nesmith was an undisclosed sum agreed to in an out-of-court settlement. Warning, Alert and Response Network (WARN) PBS provides an alternate path for WEA alerts to wireless carriers. 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Bullert (1997). Public Television: Politics and the Battle over Documentary Film. Rutgers University Press. Barry Dornfeld (1998). Producing Public Television, Producing Public Culture. Princeton University Press. Ralph Engelman (1996). Public Radio and Television in America: A Political History. Sage Publications. James Ledbetter (1998). Made Possible by: The Death of Public Broadcasting in the United States. Verso. ISBN 9781859840290. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to PBS (United States). 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