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Post by Freddie on Apr 11, 2021 12:24:40 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
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Post by Freddie on Apr 11, 2021 12:26:26 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ THE JUNIOR WOODCHUCKS RULES DOCUMENT detta dokument Ă€r offentliga för alla gröngölingar nedskrivet av fredrik lindkvist ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GRĂNGĂLINGARNAS VĂRLDSORGANISATION REGELBOKEN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 - always expect the unexpected X 2 - var alltid öppen i jakten pĂ„ det okĂ€nda 3 - bĂ€r alltid Gröngölingshandboken med dej 4 - ge aldrig upp - oavsett hur svĂ„rt det verkar 5 - BĂ€r alltid uniform inom gröngölingsomrĂ„den 6 - en gröngöling klarar svĂ„righeter med glatt humör X 7 - work harder, make your self better and try again X 8 - en gröngöling Ă€r alltid sann mot sej sjĂ€lv och andra 9 - ha alltid ett bĂ€rbart batteri med dej --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 - ha alltid kontanter med dej 11 - packa din vĂ€ska kvĂ€llen före din resa 12 - var alltid beredd pĂ„ det ovĂ€ntade 13 - missbruka inte din grads stĂ€llning 14 - det Ă€r bĂ€ttre att be om lov, Ă€n att söka förlĂ„telse 15 - TĂ€nk alltid kritiskt 16 - Ă€ven klĂ€der kan anvĂ€ndas till förband X 17 - A Woodchuck always looks out for his fellow woodchucks, no matter the costs X 18 - every action has an oppesite reaction 19 - lyssna mer Ă€n du pratar - du kanske lĂ€r dej nĂ„got --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 - en bra plan börjar med ett enda steg 21 - tĂ€nk ofta -outside the box- 22 - Set Your Priorities Right 23 - ingen stĂ„r över reglerna 24 - peppar och salt passar till allt 25 - Pick the right campsite 26 - var inte en hjĂ€lte, utan va en riktig hjĂ€lte 27 - stĂ„ för dina misstag - du lĂ€r dej bĂ€ttre dĂ„ 28 - du fĂ„r inte ljuga under ED 29 - du ska inte stjĂ€la --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 - ha alltid en plan - dĂ„ Ă€r det lĂ€ttare att improvisera 31 - var tyst och lyssna alltid mer Ă€n vad du pratar - du kanske lĂ€r dej nĂ„got vĂ€rdefullt 32 - en förlust Ă€r inte ett nederlag - utan ett nytt sĂ€tt att inte vinna pĂ„ 33 - Ăr dörren lĂ„st - ta "fönstervĂ€gen" 34 - Du ska aldrig fuska 35 - solen gĂ„r upp i ĂST och ner i VĂST 36 - Better safe then sorry 37 - var alltid utvilad kvĂ€llen före en utmaning 38 - when you hear thunder, go under cover 39 - om du har trĂ„kigt pĂ„ din resa, spela vĂ€gspel --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 - tro inte pĂ„ vad folk sĂ€ger - dubbelkolla! 41 - behöver du nĂ„got - sĂ€g till den ansvarige X 42 - bygg alltid rĂ€tt frĂ„n början och lĂ€gg inte till onödiga modifigeringar 43 - Ăr du orolig, Ă€t mat. det Ă€r dumt att oroa sej pĂ„ tom mage 44 - I nĂ€rkamp - slĂ„ss med din heder, inte dina nĂ€var 45 - There will always be more drama than what you just saw. 46 - Kunskapen Ă€r inte mĂ„let pĂ„ resan, utan det Ă€r sjĂ€lva resan till mĂ„let som Ă€r kunskapen 47 - Never forget where you come from 48 - "Gör det med noggrannhet eller lĂ„t bli!" 49 - var alltid rĂ€ttvis mot dina gröngölings kamrater --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 - underskatta aldrig ditt team 51 - bĂ€r alltid en kniv i skogen 52 - Ă€r det mörka moln pĂ„ himmelen - ta med dej ett paraply 53 - Not everyone tells the truth on the Internet 54 - tĂ€nk alltid minst 3 steg i förvĂ€g 55 - det Ă€r en stor skillnad pĂ„ att springa ivĂ€g och att göra en taktisk retrĂ€tt 56 - "Ett ögonblicks vankelmodighet kan bli ditt fall." 57 - "The least likely can be the most dangerous." 58 - "I dom lugnaste vatten simmar dom farligaste fiskarna!" 59 - "Bered dig pĂ„ strid men kĂ€mpa för fred." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 -"Know the conflict within before facing the conflict without." 61 - "A moment of indecision can be your last." 62 - "In confusion there is opportunity." 63 - "A battle front is only as good as its supply line." 64 - "Hunters drive; targets park." 65 - "Strike first, strike fast, strike hard." 66 - "Blame someone else before they blame you." 67 - "You have to know where you are before you know what to do." 68 - "Strength is more than physical." 69 - "A good shot is worth more than a good intention." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 - "don't break rules, just bend them - a lot." 71 - "Things are never as good as they seem." 72 - "Truth is revealed in the smallest detail." 73 - "It's not who's the fastest, it's who reaches the finish line." 74 - "Caution can never be overused." 75 - "Be brief of speech and long on action." 76 -"To know others you must first know yourself." 77 - "The past is the greatest teacher." X 78 - "A battle front is only as good as its supply line." 79 - "Keep shooting; eventually you're bound to hit something." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 - programmera in ICE - in case of emergency - i din telefon 81 - "Om du inte lyckas första gĂ„ngen, sĂ„ försök igen." 82 - skriv bĂ„de i mobilens kalender och pĂ„ en papperskalender 83 - ha alltid ett matförĂ„d för minst 2 mĂ„nader 84 - ha alltid en buffert för din ekonomi 85 - skapa gĂ€rna ett veckoschema 86 - BĂ€ckar och floder rinner alltid söderut 87 - planera i god tid 88 - gör alltid din gröngölingsplikt till din bĂ€sta förmĂ„ga 89 - If a site looks serious it doesnât mean itâs a trusted site. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 - Ă€r det dimma, stanna dĂ€r du Ă€r 99 - du har ett huvud - ANVĂND DET DĂ
!!! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 - work smarter and not harder 110 - Bend the line, donât break it 112 - Always look under 113 - Ăkta vĂ€nskap kan aldrig köpas 114 - Dina vĂ€nner kommer ALLTID först - priset kommer ALLTID sist 115 - "High tech circuitry is no replacement for guts." 116 - Ha alltid en uppsĂ€ttning reservklĂ€der redo 117 - "All life is precious." 118 - Enjoy each moment like it's your last." 119 - Ă€r det tungt sĂ„ Ă€r det dyrt --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120 - "Before you can be a survivor, you must be a winner." 121 - Everything IRL is on the internet. 123 - om patrullchefen Ă€r sjuk sĂ„ gĂ„r ansvaret över till vice patrullchefen 124 - You have enemies? Good. It means youâve stood up for something, sometime in your life 125 - Du ska alltid vara diskret 126 - alla kommuner mĂ„ste ha 1 Stormogul och minst 2 vice Stormoguler 127 - "Ăventyret kan dyka upp pĂ„ de mest ovĂ€ntade stĂ€llen." 128 - Always register with your local service provider. 129 - If it exists, there is a YouTube of it. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130 - If it exists, there is a Twitter of it. 131 - If it exists, there is a Instagram of it. 132 - If it exists, there is a Facebook of it. 133 - If it exists, there is a Tumblr of it. 134 - ge alltid bra kritik framför dĂ„lig kritik 135 - "It's not who's the fastest, it's who reaches the finish line." 136 - "Truth is revealed in the smallest detail." 137 - The mind is the greatest weapon." 138 - Tacka service personal genom att anvĂ€nda deras namn 139 - Ăven nĂ€r man Ă€r tyst sĂ„ kan man prata --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140 - There is a forum of it, no exceptions. 141 - If it seems like someoneâs out to get you, they are. Donât ignore your instincts. 142 - If you fail in epic proportions, it may just become a winning failure. 143 - When one sees a lion, one must get into the car. 144 - There will always be more drama than what you just saw. 145 - "LĂ€r kĂ€nna den inre konflikten innan du tar itu med den yttre." 146 - If it exists, someone is offended by it, no exceptions. 147 - det Ă€r inte tillĂ„tet att delta i nĂ„gon typ av protester i din gröngölingsuniform 148 - Copy 'n paste is made to ruin every last bit of originality 149 - The trolls will NEVER be gone. No exceptions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150 - Never take anything for granted 151 - Fall with dignity and grace 152 - Följ ditt schema 153 - HĂ„ll koll pĂ„ dina möten 154 - Know your boundaries. 155 - "Truth is revealed in the smallest detail." 156 - Du ser inte bara med dina ögon 157 - K.I.S.S.: Keep It Simple Stupid 158 - "Let your actions do your talking and no one will misunderstand you." 159 - Ăven dom minsta detaljerna Ă€r viktiga --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 - "Treat wounds but not inflict them." 161 - X 162 - A junior Woodchuck always looks out for his fellow woodchucks, no matter the costs 163 - 164 - 165 - 166 - 167 - 168 - 169 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM KĂLLKRITIK 170 - vem skrev informationen 171 - vad Ă€r kĂ€llan till denna information 172 - vart har det publicerats 173 - nĂ€r publicerades informationen 174 - 175 - 176 - 177 - 178 - 179 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 180 - 181 - 182 - 183 - 184 - 185 - 186 - 187 - 188 - 189 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 - 191 - 192 - 193 - 194 - 195 - 196 - 197 - 198 - 199 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM ADMINISTRATION 200 - skriv alltid en loggbok för varje uppdrag / hĂ€ndelse / lĂ€ger mm 201 - maila dessa dokument den 25 varje mĂ„nad till din Distriktsmogul 202 - gör alltid kopior pĂ„ allt ditt material 203 - spara viktiga nummer i en handskriven lista 204 - Ha ett stort telefon-trĂ€d 205 - 206 - 207 - 208 - 209 - 210 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211 - 212 - 213 - 214 - 215 - 216 - X 217 - rub all documents with a pencil 218 - 219 - 220 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221 - 222 - 223 - 224 - 225 - 226 - 227 - 228 - 229 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 240 - 245 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM MEDICIN & SĂKERHET 260 - simma aldrig för lĂ„ngt ut 261 - gĂ„ upp om du kĂ€nner dej kall 262 - överbelasta aldrig din bĂ„t 263 - bada aldrig ensam 264 - kolla hur djupt vattnet Ă€r innan du badar 265 - tala om vart du ska och hur lĂ€nge du ska vara borta 266 - anvĂ€nd alltid en godkĂ€nnd flytvĂ€st 267 - kolla sĂ„ bĂ„ten Ă€r hel innan avfĂ€rd 268 - alkohol och bĂ„tvett hör inte ihop 269 - stanna kvar vid bĂ„ten om den kantrar --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 270 - ABC - Andning, Blödning, Chock 271 - SOS Alarm - 112 272 - CHEST COMPRESSIONS!!! 273 - 274 - 275 - 276 - 277 - 278 - 279 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 280 - 281 - 282 - 283 - 284 - 285 - 286 - 287 - 288 - 289 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 290 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM DIN GRĂNGĂLINGS UNIFORM 300 - om du inte Ă€r i tjĂ€nst, bĂ€r alltid din gröngölingshalsduk 307 - du ska alltid bĂ€ra din gröngölings uniform pĂ„ officiellatillstĂ€llningar INGA UNDANTAG oavsett grad --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 311 - 332 - 376 - 378 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 400 - X 413 - never speak bad of fellow woodchucks 436 - 450 - 469 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM SĂKERHET 500 - Utse ALLTID 2 st eldvakter 501 - slĂ€ck elden med jord och inte med vatten 502 - Never Travel in the Dark 503 - Sleep Above the Ground 504 - Do Not Use Dirty Water to Clean Wounds 505 - Stay Calm! 506 - Eldglöd kan bli skogsdöd! 507 - Collect Rain Water 508 - gĂ„ inte ut i snön med blöta skor 509 - djur och barn kommer först vid rĂ€ddningar 510 - bada aldrig ensam --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 511 - Buddy system - 2 and 2 is a go - 1 and 1 is never done 512 - 513 - 514 - 515 - 516 - 517 - 518 - 519 - 520 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 563 - 581 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 600 - 618 - x642 - a team is only as strong as its weakest link 659 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER INOM BYGGNADER 700 - lĂ€r dej alla utrymningsvĂ€gar 701 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 710 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 720 - X 726 - always check every bridge for stability X 727 - the bravest thing a woodchuck can do in the face of danger is to walk away --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 732 - respect nature and the nature will respect you 733 - naturen kommer inte att samarbeta med dej --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 800 - 826 - BĂ€r alltid starkt fĂ€rgade klĂ€der i skogen X 841 - there is always a way around X 843 - if a bear you spy, string your food up high --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER INOM BYGGNADER 900 - lĂ„s alltid din ytterdörr nĂ€r du gĂ„r hemifrĂ„n 901 - stĂ€ng alltid av din spis 902 - du slĂ€ckte vĂ€l alla levande ljus? 917 - 918 - 999 - Everything is a repost. No exceptions. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1000 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1056 - om du fĂ„tt en ledarroll - skriv en utförlig rapport om allt du gör!!! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1100 - X 1118 - always be truthful to your crew 1119 - 1120 - 1199 - Moralen Ă€r jĂ€tteviktig --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1200 - gröngöling Ă€r man livet ut - glöm aldrig det!
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Post by Freddie on Apr 11, 2021 18:49:42 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đRATCHET www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Ratchet1.jpgwww.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Ratchet2.jpgALLEGIANCE: AUTOBOT FUNCTION: MEDIC FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 1 "You break it, I'll remake it." Profile: Ratchet was known as the best tool-and-die man on Cybertron. In his work-area bay, he can fashion anything from a pin to a cruise missile and repair most of the Autobots and their specific parts, given the right materials. His rough language and manners belie his gentle touch on the operating-assembly table. He knows how to have a good time despite his involvement in a combat group. "When does the party begin?" is his usual query after he's completed patching up his latest fallen comrade. He's more prone to giving his leader, Optimus Prime, a lot more backtalk than the other Autobots, but does his job as well as anyone. Abilities: Ratchet has an assortment of laser scalpels, arc-welders, electron microscopes, electrical circuit sensors and fluid dispensers (both lubricating and super-cooled) at his disposal. Weaknesses: His preference for partying to anything else sometimes interferes with getting his job done. Otherwise he's only limited in doing his work by time and materials available.
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Post by Freddie on Apr 12, 2021 19:05:09 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đRAVAGE ALLEGIANCE: DECEPTICON FUNCTION: SABOTEUR FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 1 www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Ravage1.jpg"Today's Autobots are tomorrow's scrap metal." Profile: Ravage operates best when he operates alone. He's a creature of the night and carries out most of his murderous mischief at that time. Often the other Decepticons have no idea where he is, but they know he's up to no good, so they don't mind. He is easily the craftiest of his comrades and is quick to devise deadly new strategies to be used against the Autobots. He tends to remain aloof from the others, but his deeds command their respect. He is an exceptionally efficient war machine. Abilities: Ravage can hide his presence from others virtually completely. He can shield any electromagnetic radiation inside him from being detected by any monitoring devices. His walk is soundless. And he can disappear from sight in subdued light or shadows. He has his own monitoring devices in his nose module that give him a superior sense of smell, hearing and full-spectrum electromagnetic wave detection. He carries two low-radiation 1 megaton proton bombs, which he can fire over 3 miles distant or set in place with a timer. Weaknesses: He is very sensitive to light and can be blinded by too much of it. Profile published in: TRANSFORMERS UNIVERSE # 3
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Post by Freddie on Apr 12, 2021 20:27:50 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đFORSKNING OM GRĂNGĂLINGSKĂ
REN överste fredrik lindkvist SYFTE MED FORSKNINGEN frĂ€mst att veta sĂ„ mycket som möjligt om gröngölingskĂ„ren BELĂNING FĂR FORSKNINGEN 5 poĂ€ng i slĂ€ktforskning 1 poĂ€ng i historiekunskap 1 poĂ€ng i uppsatsskrivande --------------------------------------------------------------- grundades av cypranikus knös - son till cornelius knös som var ankeborgs grundare Historik och beskrivning KĂ„ren grundades av Cypranius Knös, son till Ankeborgs grundare Cornelius Knös. Knatte, Fnatte och Tjatte Ă€r medlemmar med titeln general (ibland kallad 10-stjĂ€rnors generaler). KĂ„rens ledare brukar bĂ€ra titeln stormogul. Vidare finns Ă€ven flera andra titlar; dessa Ă€r ofta sĂ€rskilda förkortningar (till exempel benĂ€mns i en serie tecknad av Carl Barks och Daan Jippes 1972 en sĂ„ kallad T.V.Ă
.L.F.A.G.E.R., vilket dĂ„ Ă€r en förkortning för Toxikologisk Vetenskapsexpert pĂ„ Ă
tgĂ€rdskraftig Limnologi och Fordringsfull AnhĂ€ngare av Giftfri Ekologisk Renhet) en annan Ă€r S.TE.K (strategisk edsvuren kontrollant). Ankeborgs gröngölingskĂ„rs stormogul heter Filodemus Fimmelsven. GröngölingskĂ„rens viktigaste hjĂ€lpmedel Ă€r Gröngölingsboken Ă€ven kallad "Gröngölingarnas bok av outmĂ€ttlig visdom". GröngölingskĂ„rens medlemmar bĂ€r höga pĂ€lsmössor med svansar pĂ„. Det finns en motsvarande flickorganisation som heter GrönspĂ€ttorna. Det lĂ€r[kĂ€lla behövs] ocksĂ„ ha funnits en organisation som hette "DagslĂ€ndorna" dĂ€r Kalle Anka var med som ung. I den svenska tidningen Kalle Anka & C:o har Gröngölingarna anvĂ€nts i samband med presentationer av naturvetenskaplig karaktĂ€r.[1] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23:32 2018-10-21 Junior Woodchucks Connected to: Knowledge Huey, Dewey, and Louie Walt Disney's Comics and Stories From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Junior Woodchucks of the World emblem. It is based on the acronym of the organization's name and an upside down version of the image of Thoth, the Egyptian God of Knowledge, that was used by the Guardians of the Library of Alexandria.[1] The Junior Woodchucks of the World emblem. It is based on the acronym of the organization's name and an upside down version of the image of Thoth, the Egyptian God of Knowledge, that was used by the Guardians of the Library of Alexandria.[1] The Junior Woodchucks of the World are the Scouting organization to which the Disney characters Huey, Dewey, and Louie belong. The Junior Woodchucks were created by Carl Barks in 1951, in the story "Operation St. Bernhard" (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #125). Later stories introduced a similar organization for girls, the Littlest Chickadees, to which Daisy Duck's nieces, April, May and June belong. The hallmark of the Junior Woodchucks is their spirited dedication to environmental protection and animal welfare, as well as the preservation of knowledge and the furtherance of science. They are also known for their exalted titles and ranks (Huey, Dewey, and Louie being promoted to become Ten-Star Generals in the 1951 story of the same name) and the awarding of buckets of badges, along with severe ideals as to decorum. In this way Barks poked gentle but pointed satire at aspects of the Boy Scouts of America. Junior Woodchucks always carry with them a copy of the Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook, a fictional guidebook filled with detailed and pertinent information about whatever country or situation the Woodchucks find themselves. Its depth of coverage is remarkable, considering that it is a small paperback book. Don Rosa wrote and drew a story regarding the origin of the Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook, "Guardians of the Lost Library", which Comics Buyer's Guide mentioned as possibly the greatest comic book story of all time. Rosa's later story W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N. tells of how Huey, Dewey, and Louie came to join the Junior Woodchucks. In 1971 Carl Barks drew a model sheet of the nephews, with some of the drawings showing them in their Junior Woodchuck uniforms, for the Disney studio's publications department.[2] Most of the early Junior Woodchucks stories appeared in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories. They also appeared in Donald Duck and in Uncle Scrooge. In 1966, they got their own title, Huey, Dewey, and Louie and the Junior Woodchucks, published by Gold Key Comics for 62 issues, and then continued by Whitman Comics for another 20 issues until 1983. The stories which Carl Barks wrote for this comic book, among the last comic book stories he scripted, were drawn by Kay Wright, John Carey and Tony Strobl. More recently Daan Jippes has been commissioned by Egmont to redraw these stories emulating Barks' style and drawing inspiration from the sketches of Barks' storyboard-like scripts. Disney Comics published a Junior Woodchucks four issue mini series in 1991. History History of the Junior Woodchucks from "W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N." by Don Rosa (1997). (Edited image) History of the Junior Woodchucks from "W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N." by Don Rosa (1997). (Edited image) In the story W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N. by Don Rosa the history of the Junior Woodchucks of the World begins with the Woodchuck Militia, a defensive army unit that was formed by Cornelius Coot in the early 19th century to protect Fort Duckburg from Native Americans and other threats in the area. Clinton Coot, the son of Cornelius Coot, was the founder of the Junior Woodchucks as a Scouting organization for the children around Duckburg at the time to uphold the ideals of doing good deeds, protection of the wild lands and the preservation of knowledge. The organization eventually grew larger to include all the nations around the world. The first Junior Woodchucks were Grand Marshal Osborne and Exalted Overseer Taliaferro (a reference to Ted Osborn and Al Taliaferro) and Fulton Gearloose, the father of Gyro Gearloose. Organization The Junior Woodchucks is a para-militaristic organization with its leadership being much more similar to that of army officers than to real-life Scoutmasters. The scouting groups are organized into troops in which titles like Trooper, Lieutenant-General, Field Marshal and Ten-Star General include. Alongside self-reliance,[3] trust and honor are important to the Junior Woodchucks, as its members never lie, as for instance when Huey, Dewey and Louie promised the inhabitants of the secret sunken city of Atlantis to never reveal their city's location to the outside world.[4] As the title of the Junior Woodchucks of the World suggest, it is an international organization and has troops all around the globe, including Arabia (which consist of Desert Patrol nr. 646),[5] Brazil (which consist of the Rio de Janeiro troops)[6] and the Duckburg troops of the United States. Leadership The I.T.S.A.A.D.C.O.T.F.O.I.K., from Carl Barks' "The Chickadee Challenge" (1955). The I.T.S.A.A.D.C.O.T.F.O.I.K., from Carl Barks' "The Chickadee Challenge" (1955). The adult leadership of the Junior Woodchucks consists of troop commanders[7] (called Grand Moguls in European comics) whom often has elaborate, grand and long acronymized titles which demonstrates their ranking position and professional field. They have also been called Generals in a few stories by Carl Barks. The troop commanders' uniforms is militaristic in design and is often white or brown in color with richly decorated gold embroideries; with their headgear often being a woodchuck cap[3] or other types of military headwear. They are also often wearing a large number of meritorious and elaborate medals, badges and ribbons which makes them look very dignified and grandiose, and in some cases extremely pompous. Only Junior Woodchucks can later become troop commanders.[1] Again, according to Don Rosa's story W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N. the Junior Woodchucks of the World is governed by the Supreme Council; which is probably part of the World Office of the Junior Woodchucks, which is the organization's top office.[8] The council consists of nine high-ranking members whom collectively is called the B.I.G.S.H.OT.S. (Bureaucratic and Imposing Gathering of Supreme High Officials of the Topmost Strata) with the H.E.A.D.H.O.N.C.H.O. (Highest Executive Administrator of Divisional Headquarters and Organizer of Nearly Complete Hierarchical Overkill) as the head of the council. The Supreme Council is located in the Junior Woodchucks' World Headquarter in the City of Duckburg.[9] However other high ranking titles of uncertain position in leadership has been used within the organization in stories by Carl Barks and others. Some of these include Commander-in-Chief[10] and Exalted Grand Marshal.[3] A few other acronymized titles within the Junior Woodchucks' leadership include: I.T.S.A.A.D.C.O.T.F.O.I.K. (International Twelve-Star Admiral And Deputy Custodian Of The Fountain Of Inexhaustible Knowledge), a very high ranking title which also seem to have some authority over the Littlest Chickadees patrol in the story The Chickadee Challenge (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #181) written and drawn by Carl Barks, by declaring the bridge-building challenge between the two organisations as a tie; suggesting that the Littlest Chickadees is somehow part of or associated with the Junior Woodchuck of the World in some way. H.I.S.T.O.R.Y.N.U.T. (Hypercritical Inquiring Seeker into Tales of Old and Rumors of Yore, as well as Noser-outer of Unprovable Tommyrot) T.O.P.B.R.A.S.S. (Thunderbolt of Omniscient Perspicacity and Boss Ramrod of Abounding Succor Spreaders) O.G.U.F.O.O.L. and M.A.S.L.L.B.P.C.M. (Omnipotent Giver of Unimpeachably Full-bodied Observations on Omniscient Logic and Mighty Admirable Sachem of the Long Limousine and Benevolent Paver of the Clubhouse Mortgage) H.I.S.S. and P.O.A.H.M. (Hardheaded Intuitive Sagacity Spreader and Possessor Of All Hiss Marbles) J.A.W.B.O.N.E. (Judicious, Abstruse, Wise Bestower of Neolithic Edification). This title is held by the duckbill character Philodemus Gentlefogg of Duckburg Burrow Number 22, seen in The Junior Woodchucks story Let Sleeping Bones Lie (Uncle Scrooge #358). On few occasions Donald Duck has taken on the role as a troop commander (although in Don Rosa's story W.H.A.D.A.L.O.T.T.A.J.A.R.G.O.N., Donald is revealed to never having been allowed to join the Junior Woodchucks on account of his "hot temper"), or by Launchpad McQuack in the DuckTales TV-series. In a large number of stories, including the last ones written by Carl Barks, the Duckburg troop commander is a tall duck, who is either the same character in every story with many different titles depending on the situation or separate characters. In some Italian stories the troop commander of the Duckburg troop is a tall, strong and wise (but afraid of flight) goose whose name is Bertie McGoose. Troops Huey, Dewey and Louie as Ten Star Generals, from Carl Barks' story "Ten-Star Generals" (1951). Huey, Dewey and Louie as Ten Star Generals, from Carl Barks' story "Ten-Star Generals" (1951). To become a full member of the Junior Woodchucks and be assigned to a local troop one must first enlist as cadets, who uses no-tails woodchuck caps, and pass an initiation test that proves one's intelligence and resourcefulness.[9] After one has passed this test and become a full member, the headgear of the uniform consist of a backtail woodchuck cap and for higher-ranking members; the Exalted Hightail woodchuck cap. Within the troops there is also leadership titles inspired by the army, in which Major seems to be the lowest rank followed by higher ranking titles like Ten-Star General; which is one grade below Exalted Hightail.[11] Don Rosa has written that One-Hundred-Star General is the highest title in the Junior Woodchucks; after which promotees can proceed to earn titles above the highest ranks.[9] Holders of these titles can issue orders to lower ranking members.[8] To earn titles and get promotions in rank one have to pass tests or missions of which there is a vast number and in various fields. These include outdoors and survival skills, science and environmental protection etc. With these promotions, Junior Woodchucks receive a large number of honorific and elaborate medals, badges and ribbons in the specific field that one has mastered. All the different troops also has its own lodge as a base of operation and for gatherings. The most prestigious troop to belong to was the Duckburg Troop Nr. 1 as it was the first to be created during the time of Clinton Coot and it only admitted high-ranking members from other local troops.[9] The best known members of the Duckburg Troop Nr. 1 consist of: Ten-Star Generals[3]/ Exalted Hightails,[11] Commandants of the Hightails' Hall of Heroes,[11] Chevaliers of the Honor Guard[8] (etc.) Huey, Dewey and Louie Duck Field Marshal Fox Trooper Hogg, a character together with Field Marshal Fox most often appears in Carl Barks' later Junior Woodchucks stories and also in the modern stories by later writers and artists. Lieutenant-General Holsworthy Hog, appears in Gladstone's Usual Very Good Year (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #136), by Carl Barks. General Snozzie General Snozzie is the Official Hound of the Junior Woodchucks and was created by Carl Barks in his story Dodging Miss Daisy from 1958.[12] General Snozzie is a bloodhound occasionally deployed by the Junior Woodchucks during tests or missions and he has many skills but his main attribute and discipline is his extraordinary, and at times incomprehensibly, good scent tracking. He also has a number of acronymized titles which include: D.O.G. (Doctor of Odd-ball Gimmickry), S.S.S.S. (Supremely Sagacious Spoor Sniffer), and K.I.N.G. (Knightly, Intrepid, Natatorial Guardian). General Snozzie also has a Ph.D., B.Sc., and Ed.D. The Littlest Chickadees The Littlest Chickadees, sometimes also called the Chickadee Patrols, are female counterparts to the Junior Woodchucks. The Chickadees first appeared in "The Chickadee Challenge," a Carl Barks Donald Duck story in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #161 (1954). The Chickadees' Duckburg patrol is led by a brawny woman named Captain Ramrod. Daisy Duck's nieces April, May, and June are members of the Chickadees. The Chickadees are named after the chickadee, a species of small bird; the phrase "littlest chickadee" also suggests "my little chickadee", a term of endearment classically used by W. C. Fields. The Chickadee Patrols are based to some extent on the Girl Scouts of the USA and the Campfire Girls. In the spirit of friendly rivalry, the Duckburg Troops of the Littlest Chickadees and Junior Woodchucks once held a bridge-building competition, which ended in a tie. Carl Barks wrote a poem which mentions the rivalry between the two groups: The world is full of clans and cults Abuzz as angry bees And Junior Woodchucks snapping jeers At Littlest Chickadees RBP The Little Booneheads The Little Booneheads is another Scouting organization alongside the Junior Woodchucks, first mentioned in Ten-Stars Generals (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #132, 1951) by Carl Barks. They are however often depicted to be much more insufficient, and at times even negligent, in their outdoors and survival skills in contrast to the high standards of the Junior Woodchucks. In the Little Booneheads first appearance, it was revealed that Donald Duck was a former member, and thanks to the organization's inferior training, Donald is often getting into trouble for practicing them again. Alongside being a pun of the term "bonehead", the Little Booneheads is also a reference to the pioneer and explorer Daniel Boone; as Donald proclaims: "We had heads like Daniel Boone!".[3] Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook The Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook and Reservoir of Inexhaustible Knowledge,[13][9] or the Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook or Woodchuck book for short, appears to contain information and advice on every possible subject. Huey, Dewey, and Louie frequently consult a volume of the set to get themselves and their uncles Donald Duck and Scrooge McDuck out of dangerous situations (see deus ex machina). It was first mentioned in The Secret of Atlantis by Carl Barks in 1954, then called the Junior Woodchucks' Book of Knowledge. Its history was later discussed in Guardians of the Lost Library by Don Rosa in 1993. According to the cartoonist Don Rosa, this book was written by the Guardians of the lost Library of Alexandria, compiling the essence of all the knowledge that was unique to the Library. It was later found by Cornelius Coot who gave the book to his son Clinton Coot who, in turn, was inspired to found The Junior Woodchucks as a continuation of the Guardians of the Library. One story that is not by Don Rosa says that the Guidebook is updated by an unknown author.[14] The Woodchuck book seems almost magical in its breadth of information; it almost never fails to provide the required information and yet is small enough to fit into a Junior Woodchuck's backpack. In particular, the Guidebook contains information on lost treasure, a complete survival guide, extensive historical and technical information and phrase books for various more or less common languages (like a minimal lizard phrase book), and many more. However, it does not contain information that a Junior Woodchuck is already supposed to know, such as the location of Cape of Good Hope nor does it contain information on allegedly non-existent things. (In one episode of Duck Tales, the three nephews faced a dragon and when they consulted the Guidebook, the entry on dragons read that since dragons did not exist, there was no reason to include information on them. However, in the story on which that episode was based, the guidebook did have an entry on dragons. And, in a story which appeared in Uncle Scrooge entitled "The Golden Fleecing" the ducklings looked up the question, how to put a dragon to sleep, and found the answer, Pull the wool over his eyes. The boys then covered the dragon's eyes with the Golden Fleece, which they had just discovered by going to Colchis on the Argo and obtaining it from the Harpies.) On the other hand, the Guidebook does have information on Martian technology, despite the fact that in the DuckTales universe Martians had not been discovered when the book was printed. It is missing only one fact: The ranking order of the original Knights Templar, plus one discovered in an ancient Xanadu manuscript. In short, it is a minimal encyclopedia (although the subset of articles is extraordinarily well-chosen), available only to Junior Woodchucks. Information is readily available by searching the extensive index; a key skill of a Junior Woodchuck is being able to retrieve information quickly from the Woodchuck book in the midst of a dangerous situation, such as a bear attack, an earthquake, falling out of an airplane sans parachute, or being swallowed by a crocodile. However, in one Carl Barks story, it took the ducklings so long to look up a lifesaving question, it was almost too late. Scrooge subsequently offered to buy the Junior Woodchucks a better index for the Guidebook. Just as the Junior Woodchucks are based on the Boy Scouts of America, their Guidebook is inspired by the Boy Scout Handbook. The real Handbook (at least in the 1950s) was the same size as the Guidebook and was believed by all Scouts to contain all necessary information. In this respect, the almost limitless and sometimes esoteric knowledge the Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook offers is a gently satirical comment on the "Scout Bible", as the original Scouting For Boys by Baden-Powell was sometimes known, a book giving advice on a vast range of subjects, including "Smoking", "How The Empire Must be Held", "Courtesy To Women", and "How to Revive A Suicide".[15] That guide was the inspiration for the "Junior Woodchucks' Guidebook" (Il Manuale delle Giovani Marmotte), a series of several Disney books with tips, advice, general culture, and curious facts about nature and life, released in Italy by Mondadori in seven volumes between 1969 and 1974, and later translated into several languages. List of comics Walt Disney's Comics & Stories (1940) (Dell) Walt Disney's Christmas Parade (1949) (Dell) Donald Duck (1952) (Dell) Mickey Mouse (1952) (Dell) Uncle Scrooge (1953) (Dell) Beagle Boys (1964) (Gold Key) Huey, Dewey and Louie: Junior Woodchucks (1966) (Gold Key) Chip 'n' Dale (1967) (Gold Key) Walt Disney Comics Digest (1968) (Gold Key) Walt Disney Daisy and Donald (1973) (Gold Key) Donald Duck Adventures (1987, 1990) (Gladstone and Disney Only) Uncle Scrooge Adventures (1987) (Gladstone) Disney's DuckTales (1988) (Gladstone) Disney's DuckTales (1990) (Disney) Walt Disney's Autumn Adventures (1990) (Disney) Disney's Colossal Comics Collection (1991) (Disney) Walt Disney's Junior Woodchucks (1991) (Disney) Disney's Darkwing Duck (1991) (Disney) Uncle Scrooge: The Hunt For The Old Number One (2010) (Boom! Studios) Disney's DuckTales: Rightful Owners (2011) (Boom! Studios) In animation The Junior Woodchucks and their guidebook were a frequent plot element in the original DuckTales animated series. The Woodchucks and the guidebook also exist in the 2017 DuckTales reboot, in which the reimagined Huey is the nephew most enthusiastically involved with the organization. He also keeps his copy of the guidebook under his cap (being the only nephew to regularly wear a cap in this incarnation) and adds various entries to it as he encounters various supernatural entitites or artifacts. Webby Vanderquack's conspiracy board also includes-among various elements-a letter from the "Senior Woodchuck Council." International versions Czech: MladĂ sviĆĄti - similarly to the Italian version below, "sviĆĄt" refers to marmots rather than woodchucks. Danish: GrĂžnspĂŠtterne Dutch: Jonge woudlopers - literally "young woodwalkers" Estonian: Noorpiilurid Finnish: Sudenpennut French : Castors Juniors - junior beavers German: FĂ€hnlein Fieselschweif Greek: ?? ??e?e???t?? Icelandic: GrĂŠnjaxlarnir Indonesian: Pramuka Siaga Italian: Giovani Marmotte - this translates literally as "juvenile marmots": marmots are a ground-living, burrowing rodent, similar to a groundhog, and famous for whistling Norwegian: Hakkespettene Polish: Mlodzi Skauci - literally "young scouts", referring to the Scouting movement Portuguese: Escoteiros-Mirins (Brazil), Escuteiros-Mirins (Portugal) Russian: ? ?? Spanish: Cortapalos or JĂłvenes Castores Slovenian: Mladi taborniki - literally "young scouts", referring to the national (secular) Scouting movement taborniki. Swedish: GröngölingskĂ„ren In other media In the 1970s Bob Rozakis called his fellow young fans turned DC Comics editorial employees Junior Woodchucks[16] and they referred to themselves as such in the pages of the pro-zine The Amazing World of DC Comics which they co-edited.[17] Comedian Jeff Foxworthy once claimed, in his TV show, to have been a member of the Junior Woodchucks in his childhood. In some episodes of the comic strip Big Nate, Nate Wright and his Middle-school friends are members of the Junior Woodchucks.[18] This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. Enjoying Wikiwand? Give good old Wikipedia a great new look: Install Wikiwand Home About Us Press Site Map Terms Of Service Privacy Policy Junior Woodchucks Duck family (Disney) Connected to: Grandma Duck Carl Barks Gladstone Gander From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Lavender and Old Lace by Carl Barks; from left to right: (standing) Scrooge McDuck, Grandma Duck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Gladstone Gander; (seated) Huey, Louie, and Dewey Duck; (foreground) Gyro Gearloose (unrelated) and Gus Goose Lavender and Old Lace by Carl Barks; from left to right: (standing) Scrooge McDuck, Grandma Duck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Gladstone Gander; (seated) Huey, Louie, and Dewey Duck; (foreground) Gyro Gearloose (unrelated) and Gus Goose The Duck family is a fictional family of cartoon ducks related to Disney character Donald Duck. The family is also related to the Coot, Goose, and Gander families, as well as the Scottish Clan McDuck. Besides Donald, the best-known members of the Duck family are Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Donald's three nephews. Members of the Duck family appear most extensively in Donald Duck comic stories (although some have made animated appearances). In 1993, American comics author Don Rosa published a Duck family tree which established each characters' relationships for purposes of his stories. Rosa even created a fictional timeline for when certain characters were born. (All birth/death dates given below are Rosa's.) Some other comics authors, both before and after Rosa's family tree, have shown variations in the family. Development Carl Barks (left) and Don Rosa (right) In the early 1950s Carl Barks was in his second decade of creating comic book stories starring Donald Duck and his various relatives. He had personally created several of the latter, Scrooge McDuck and Gladstone Gander being the most notable among them, but the exact relation between them was still somewhat uncertain. Barks decided to create a personal version of their Family tree. To better define their relations, he added several previously unknown relatives. Barks never intended to publish this family tree, as he had created it for his personal use. The first public attempt at a coherent biography of the ducks was published in 1974. An Informal Biography of Scrooge McDuck by science fiction author Jack Chalker used names and events in the Barks stories (and a very few non-Barks ones) to create a life story for McDuck. It provided the basis for a Scrooge biography included in The People's Almanac.[1] By 1978 the Duck family was ingrained sufficiently in popular culture that a character in the movie Corvette Summer quips "Just call me Gladstone Duck" after being lucky.[2] In 1981 Barks was well into his retirement but his stories remained popular and had gained him unexpected fame. He had given several interviews and answered questions about his personal views on the characters and their stories. Among other subjects, Backs described his early version of the family tree. Rough sketches of the tree were published in a number of fanzines. Fans of the characters were pleased for the background it added to them. At this point Mark Worden decided to create a drawing of this family tree including portraits of the characters mentioned. Otherwise Worden made few changes to the tree, most notably adding Daisy Duck as Donald's main love interest. His illustrated version of the tree was published at first in several fanzines and later in the Carl Barks Library. The latter was a ten-volume collection of his works in hardcover black-and-white edition. In 1987 Don Rosa, a long-time fan of Carl Barks and personal friend of Mark Worden, started creating his own stories featuring Scrooge McDuck and his various associates. His stories contained numerous references to older stories by Barks as well as several original ideas. After several years he gained a fanbase of his own. In the early 1990s Egmont, the publishing house employing Don Rosa, offered him an ambitious assignment. He was to create the definitive version of Scrooge's biography and a family tree accompanying it. This was supposed to end decades of contradictions between stories which caused confusion to readers. The project was to become The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The family tree accompanying it was first published in Norway on July 3, 1993. In the process of working on Scrooge's biography, Rosa studied Barks' old stories mentioning his past. Then he added several ideas of his own. Among them were biographical information for Scrooge's supporting cast. In a way Scrooge's biography was also their own biography. Family tree by Carl Barks The family tree below shows the Goose (left) and Duck (right) portions of Donald's family tree according to Carl Barks. The chart is based on a 1950s sketch made by Barks for personal use, which was latter illustrated by artist Mark Worden in 1981.[3] [show]Family tree by Carl Barks Family tree by Don Rosa In 1993, Don Rosa published his version of the Duck family tree as part of his 12-part comics series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The most significant change was Rosa's expansion of the family tree to include the Coot relatives. Rosa also added Goostave Gander as the father of Gladstone, and made Luke Goose the father of Gus, rather than his uncle. The chart below is Rosa's tree which shows relationships within the Coot family (left) and Duck family (right). [show]Family tree by Don Rosa RBP Ancestors Pintail Duck Pintail Duck was a 16th-century Duck relative and the first early ancestor to appear in person. Pintail served in the Royal Navy as the boatswain aboard the HMS Falcon Rover. The Falcon Rover raided Spanish targets in the Caribbean Sea between 1563 and 1564 when the ship was sunk. Pintail was friends with the ship's first mate, Malcolm McDuck, who was also an ancestor of Donald. Pintail appears in the story "Back to Long Ago" (1956) in which it is suggested that he was an earlier incarnation of Donald. First generation Humperdink Duck Humperdink Duck is the earliest known modern Duck family member. He is the husband of Elvira Coot, known as "Grandma Duck", and Donald's grandfather. He worked as a farmer in Duckburg. He had three children: Quackmore, Daphne and Eider. Humperdink Duck had relevant comic appearances in two stories by Don Rosa. "The Invader Of Fort Duckburg",[4] a chapter of the saga The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, and "The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink".[5] He was known as "Pa Duck" (later known as "Grandpa Duck"). Humperdink's life before having a family was never shown in the comics. Don Rosa speculated that the Duck family originated from England, but it is unknown if Humperdink is an immigrant.[6] In the story "The Good Old Daze" by Tony Strobl,[7] Grandpa Duck (an older Humperdink) appears in flashback taking care of little Donald along with Grandma. He's portrayed as a dedicated but rigorous grandfather. Grandpa's real name wasn't revealed in this story, but in an untitled one from 1951, where an old lover of Grandma called Humperdink has a cameo appearance. Don Rosa considered that this character became Donald's grandfather.[8] In this same story, Grandma remembers an occasion where she and Humperdink heard one of her favorite songs. She says to herself, "I remember the band played that for Humperdink and me at the Fish Peddler's Picnic in 1905!". Besides, Grandma finds the ruined coat Humperdink had used to let her not step on a mud puddle and some romantic letters addressed to her written by Humperdink. Then she remembers some sweet names Humperdink used to refer to her in those letters. Humperdink appeared as "Grandpa Duck" in two comic stories previously mentioned. "The Good Old Daze" by Strobl and "The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink" by Rosa, but Strobl drew him with a quite long beard and some hair, while Rosa has drawn him with a short one and a full head of hair. In a comic story first published in 2013 Grandpa Duck (Strobl's version) appears in a flashback scene which is told by his wife Grandma Duck. This story is called "The Good Neighbors" by Lars Jensen and Flemming Andersen and makes part of the comic subseries Tamers of Nonhuman Threats.[9] Humperdink appears unnamed in the 1955 film No Hunting in which he posthumously inspires Donald to take part in hunting season. Grandma Duck Grandma Duck and Gus Goose, drawn by Frank McSavage. Grandma Duck and Gus Goose, drawn by Frank McSavage. Elvira "Grandma" Duck (nĂ©e Coot;[10] born October[11] c. 1855) is Donald's grandmother and the Duck family matriarch. In most stories, she is simply referred to as "Grandma Duck". She was introduced to the Disney comic universe by Al Taliaferro and Bob Karp in the Donald Duck newspaper comic strip, first in a picture on the wall in the August 11, 1940, Sunday page, and then as fully fledged character in the strip of Monday, September 27, 1943.[12] Taliaferro found inspiration for her in his own mother-in-law, Donnie M. Wheaton. Depending on the writer, Grandma Duck has had various given names over the years; in a story by Riley Thomson from 1950 she was named "Elviry"[13] and in a story from 1953 she was given the name "Abigail".[11] Don Rosa later gave her the name "Elvira" in his comic books series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. According to Don Rosa, Grandma was born around 1855. In the comic strips by Taliaferro and Karp, it is mentioned that in her youth she was a pioneer in the American migration to the west, riding a covered wagon and participating in many Indian Wars.[14][15] Later, she married Humperdink Duck, and they had three children named Quackmore (Donald's father), Daphne (Gladstone's mother) and Eider (Fethry's father). Grandma Duck also helped to raise her great-grandchildren, Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck. In most comic book stories as well as other media that handles Donald Duck's childhood, it is Grandma Duck who takes on the role as his caretaker. Grandma is very kindhearted and humble as well as having great respect for integrity and hard work. However, she is also very resolute and will not tolerate people who behave unfairly or otherwise badly. Therefore, she is one of the very few people who can rebuke against Scrooge McDuck when he is being too greedy, or thrifty, or behaves unfairly to family members like Donald Duck. Her family is very important to her and probably what she values most in life. Grandma is also a great cook, and has won many prizes for her pies and pastries. In many stories, especially in her early appearances, she is also very strict about cleanliness. In her first appearance for example, she is very upset with Donald for not having washed his neck properly.[16] Grandma Duck lives on a farm with many acres of land, given to her by her father Clinton Coot,[17] outside the city of Duckburg. She is very strict and punctual on how to run the farm efficiently, like always getting up very early in the morning to have time to do all the chores, which is an attitude not shared by her great-nephew and farmhand Gus Goose. Gus is very lazy and doesn't do much work at all, spending most of his time eating or sleeping instead, but Grandma is very patient with him and lets him stay on the farm anyway. In some stories, especially older ones, Grandma Duck also gets help from Gus and Jaq, the two mice from Cinderella. She also has a number of farm animals; including Billy Goat, the cows Bossy and Queenie, a bull named Angus, the hens Eggatha, Steady Heddy and Henrietta, and a horse named Dobbin. At one time, in Carl Barks' story The Whole Herd of Help (1961), she is even given an elephant named Packy by Scrooge McDuck, mostly because he wanted to get it off his hands. Grandma also has a few distant farmer neighbors and the most notable is farmer Si Bumpkin, a tall anthropomorphic chicken, who is easily annoyed when he in some way is affected by disturbances on Grandma's farm, which often caused by her family or friends. Her farm is also the center of the Duck family's annual holiday gatherings, with said gatherings usually arranged by her, and these are always merry, warm and interesting occasions, greatly appreciated by her kinfolk. Grandma's vehicle of transportation outside the farm is an early 20th century Detroit Electric automobile and for overall she lives a very old-fashioned way of life, mostly relying on older technologies, techniques and experiences she has learned over her many years, refusing to acquire any modern gadgetry or lifestyles. For example, as instead of watching her television set she got from Donald for Christmas, she watches pictures on her old stereoscope.[18] In a few stories however she does watch the weather program on an old television set, but in most stories she relies on her knee or hip, caused by weather pain, to predict rain for the crops. Typically, the only thing that runs on electricity in her house is a late 19th century telephone. Grandma Duck also owns furniture and home accessories that are very valuable as antiques but she always refuses to sell them because of the sentimental value they have to her. In some stories this causes some people to try to steal them but thereafter they are often apprehended because of Grandma's superior intellect or her reliance on her life's experiences. Grandma made her animated debut in the 1960 Wonderful World of Color episode "This is Your Life, Donald Duck", where she was voiced by June Foray. The episode depicted her great difficulty in raising Donald, a strong-willed and ill-tempered duckling from the moment he was hatched. She also made a non-speaking cameo in Mickey's Christmas Carol, as well can be spotted in background in episode of DuckTales "Horse Scents". In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck by Don Rosa, it is told that her father is Clinton Coot, her mother is Gertrude Gadwall, her grandfather is Cornelius Coot, and her brother is Casey Coot. In older Italian stories (including Marco Rota's From Egg to Duck), she is sometimes shown as Scrooge McDuck's sister, but this tradition is no longer alive. Occasionally they have also been portrayed as being cousins, another now rarely enforced tradition. The "truth" is that Scrooge is the brother of Grandma's daughter-in-law. Second generation Quackmore Duck Quackmore Duck (born 1875) is the father of Donald Duck, and has been variously depicted with or without a moustache. His parents are Humperdink and Elvira "Grandma" Duck. He was born in Duckburg, and from and early age displayed a very nasty temper. He worked at his parents' farm till 1902 when he met Hortense McDuck and they became engaged. He started working for her brother Scrooge McDuck. By 1908 he was helping Hortense and her sister Matilda McDuck run their brother's empire as Scrooge's chief accountant, mainly because Scrooge thought that as a possible heir he would probably work hard and stay honest. In 1920 he finally married Hortense and later in the same year became the father of twins: Donald and Della. So he and Hortense became parents when they already were more than 40 years old, according to Don Rosa. He remained the chief accountant till 1930 when a fight between Scrooge and his family ended all relationships between them. Quackmore retired and it is believed he died sometimes around 1950, although his exact date of death and death place are still unknown. "I shudder to imagine the kid that would come from that unholy union!", exclaimed Humperdink in "The Invader Of Fort Duckburg" by Don Rosa, predicting the type of child his grandson Donald would be because of the explosive temperaments of Quackmore and his wife Hortense. There is a panel in "The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink" by Rosa where Humperdink is behind Quackmore and Hortense during the birthday party of his daughter Daphne Duck, and his facial expression suggests he is disappointed with an argument between the couple. Since both characters have a quick temper, their marriage possibly was full of ups and downs. Quackmore's image is visible in several photographs in the DuckTales premier "Woo-oo!", and is also mentioned by name by Webby Vanderquack. Hortense McDuck Main article: Clan McDuck § Hortense McDuck Hortense Duck (nĂ©e McDuck; born 1876) is the wife of Quackmore Duck and Donald's mother. She was born in Scotland and is the youngest sister of Scrooge McDuck. Daphne Duck Daphne Gander (nĂ©e Duck) is Donald's aunt and the mother of Gladstone Gander. In the story "The Sign of The Triple Distelfink" (1998), Don Rosa explains that Gladestone's good luck was inherited from his mother, after a traveling worker painted a giant sign of the "Triple Distelfink" on her parents' stable on the day of her birth. The symbol was supposed to bring the baby luck, and it did: Daphne was always incredibly lucky. She worked in her parents' farm until at least 1902. Later, she stopped working and started living on the things she won in contests. She married Goostave Gander, and in 1920 became the mother of Gladstone Gander. Gladstone was born on her birthday and under the protection of the same symbol as his mother. Eider Duck Eider Duck is Donald's uncle. He was first mentioned in August 1944 in the story "The Fighting Falcon" by Carl Barks. In this story, Donald receives a falcon called Farragut as a present by his Uncle Eider who does not live in Duckburg. Farragut arrives inside a big box brought to Donald's house by an expressman. Barks never mentioned Eider again but Don Rosa decided to include him in his Duck Family Tree. According to Rosa, Eider is the son of Humperdink and Elvira Duck and the father of Abner and Fethry Duck. As of 1902, he worked on his parents' farm. He later married Lulubelle Loon and became the father of at least two sons, Abner "Whitewater" Duck and Fethry Duck. Lulubelle Loon Lulubelle Duck (nĂ©e Loon) is the wife of Eider Duck and the mother of Abner and Fethry Duck, according to Don Rosa's version of the Duck family tree. She doesn't have any comic appearance so far, not even a cameo one. Sheriff Dan Duck Sheriff Dan Duck (aka Cousin Dan) is an old cousin of Donald who happens to be sheriff of a Western town called Bent Spur Gulch. Dan originally has thick, dark-grey eyebrows, a long, dark-grey mustache and long, dark-grey hair on the left and right sides of his head. He is generally shown holding a crutch. He appeared in two comic stories, "Daredevil Deputy" by Jack Bradbury,[19] where he asks Donald to replace him while he recovers from "a touch of rheumatism", and "Trigger Gulch Gang" by Tony Strobl,[20] where he has only a brief appearance on the first page. Dan Duck is presumably first cousin once removed of Donald because of his advanced age. A remake of "Daredevil Deputy" was drawn by Chilean cartoonist Vicar for the Danish publisher Egmont. It's called "Sheriff for a Day", first published in 1978.[21] Third generation Donald Duck Main article: Donald Duck Donald Duck (born 1920) is the son of Quackmore and Hortense Duck, and the most well-known member of the family. His girlfriend is Daisy Duck. He does not have any children of his own, but he is very close with his nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. In some stories Donald is the triplet's legal guardian, such as in the 1942 film The New Spirit in which Donald lists the boys as dependants on his income tax form. Della Duck Della Duck (called Dumbella in Donald's Nephews; born 1920) is the mother of Huey, Dewey, and Louie. She is first described as Donald's cousin, but was later Donald's twin sister. She was first mentioned in a 1937 Donald Duck Sunday strip on October 17, 1937 in which she writes a letter explaining to Donald that she is sending her sons to stay with him. She appears as a child in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck in which she and Donald are wearing identical sailor suits. Both she and Donald are linked to Scrooge McDuck in equal measure, and yet Donald is always referred to as Scrooge's closest living relative, suggesting she has disappeared or died. In the Don Rosa comic 'Super Snooper Strikes Again', Huey, Dewey and Louie refer to themselves as 'orphaned' suggesting that their parents had died. A story about Donald Duck's 80th birthday says Della was an astronaut and gave the nephews to Donald before a dangerous space expedition.[22] In the animated series DuckTales (2017) her son Dewey discovers she was previously a companion of Scrooge and Donald's in their adventures and starts investigating the cause of her disappearance along with Webby Vanderquack and later Huey and Louie. They subsequently discover that Scrooge has gone to great lengths to conceal information about her. It is eventually revealed shortly before the triplets hatched, Della stole The Spear of Selene, a spacecraft constructed by Scrooge as a gift, to give it an early test run. However, she got caught in a cosmic storm and was lost in space. Scrooge spent a large portion of his fortune looking for her, but was ultimately unsuccessful. Blaming Scrooge for her disappearance, Donald cut all ties with him and raised Della's children on his own. Della is later shown to be alive, living on the moon in the remains of her crashed spacecraft and unable to contact Earth.[23] Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father in Don Rosa's Duck family tree Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father in Don Rosa's Duck family tree The identity of Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father is something of a mystery. The character does not appear in any stories, but he did partially appear in the 1993 Duck family tree drawn by Don Rosa. In this illustration, Rosa partially concealed the character's face with a bird. While his first name was also hidden, his last name is revealed to be Duck. His face was fully shown in the unofficial Duck family tree by Mark Worden and first published in several fanzines, which labeled him ? Duck and showed him with a flattop haircut and human-like ears. In Huey, Dewey, and Louie's first appearance in a 1937 Donald Duck Sunday strip, Della writes to Donald that the boys had placed a firecracker under their father's chair as a prank and that their father had been sent to the hospital. This was the reason why the boys first showed up at Donald's house. Thereafter the father is generally assumed to have disappeared. In "The Richest Duck in the World", when Scrooge mentions that the few family members he had had disappeared, the boys respond "We know how that feels!" Fethry Duck Fethry Duck Fethry Duck Donald's cousin Fethry Duck was created for the Disney Studio Program by Dick Kinney and Al Hubbard and was first used in the story "The Health Nut", published on August 2, 1964. Kinney and Hubbard created Fethry to be a beatnik member of the Duck family; the definition of that termâ"a person who rejects or avoids conventional behavior"âis Fethry to a tee. In personality, Fethry is an obsessive New Age thinker, eagerly trying to pursue various new hobbies and lifestyles based on books he has read or TV programs he has seen. Fethry is also quite a blunderer, however, so his new hobbies tend to cause chaos for his friends and family. In "The Health Nut," Fethry is first seen running from the airport to Donald's house, implying he isn't a Duckburg citizen at that point in time. It is also implied that Donald and Fethry know each other from earlier: Fethry calls Donald by a nickname, "Don." Elsewhere in the story, Donald thinks to himself, "Wonder what [Fethry's] kick is this time?", making it clear that he knows about Fethry's tendency to come up with temporary obsessions every now and then. Fethry wears a stocking cap, for reasons revealed in "The Health Nut": he was convinced by a self-help book author that one's head is healthier when it's kept hot. Fethry's trademark sweater, usually bearing a black stripe, is typically a different color depending on which country the story is published in: in Brazil, his sweater is generally yellow; in the Italian comics, he usually wears a red one; and, in the comic books of Egmont Publishing, the traditional color of his sweater is pink. The early Fethry comics were created for the Disney Studio Program for publication outside of the United States. An exception to this are three stories with Fethry drawn by Tony Strobl that appeared in Gold Key Comics published in 1966 (Donald Duck #105 and #106 plus Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #304). Strobl actually drew more than two hundred comic stories with Fethry for the market outside USA. The first comic story with Fethry published in the USA was "Donald's Buzzin Cousin",[24] whichâlike "The Health Nut"âshows Fethry as a nonresident of Duckburg coming to meet Donald after a long time away, though the plot is otherwise very different. Later, some of the Fethry Studio Program stories were reprinted in the Wonderful World of Disney giveaway magazine published in 1969â1970 for Gulf Oil. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Fethry mostly appeared in European- and Brazilian-produced stories; in Brazil, he even had his own comic book title during the 1980s, which lasted 56 issues. More recently (2003âpresent), Fethry's modern Egmont and 1960s Kinney/Hubbard stories have been published in domestic American comics: Uncle Scrooge and Walt Disney's Comics and Stories. Hubbard and Kinney developed more than fifty comic stories with Fethry, originally for the market outside USA.[25] Nevertheless, they did see publication in English at the time: the vast majority were published in Australia between 1964 and 1969, often in one-shot comics billed Donald and Fethry Duckâsuggesting a comedic duoâor simply Fethry Duck.[26][27] In Brazilian and Italian stories, Fethry is depicted in various occupations, including as a reporter (alongside his cousin Donald Duck and, sometimes, Daisy Duck) and comic strip artist for Scrooge McDuck's newspaper, the Duckburg Chronicle. Fethry has also gained a superheroic alter ego, The Red Bat (parody of Batman, like Donald's Paperinik), and a number of supporting characters, among them his girlfriend the urban hippie Gloria and his nephew the bratty Dugan Duck. After discovering Fethry is The Red Bat, Gloria also decided to become a superhero herself, so The Purple Butterfly (presumably a parody of Batgirl) was born, and she eventually ends up saving The Red Bat when he's in a jam. Gloria wears a hippie-like style of clothing and she usually is a carefree girl. She appeared as one of Daisy Duck's closest friends in some stories. But according to a couple of old Brazilian stories, Gloria wasn't the first and only love of Fethry. He had a girlfriend called Rita Gansa (original Brazilian name) whom he really liked before knowing Gloria.[28] Like Gladstone Gander, Rita looks like a mix between an anthropomorphic duck and an anthropomorphic goose. She was actually Fethry's childhoold classmate. There is even one story where Gloria and Rita contest against each other to know who is Red Bat's biggest fan. According to a version of Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree, Fethry is the son of Eider Duck and Lulubelle Loon, is the cousin of Donald Duck, and has a brother named Abner Duck. However, since Fethry was not created by Carl Barks and was never used in any Barks stories, Rosa does not consider Fethry part of the Duck family. Be that as it may, due to editorial pressure stemming from the character's popularity in Europe, Rosa reluctantly included him in the tree anyway.[29] With Donald, Fethry is a member of the Tamers of Nonhuman Threats, a special super-secret organization fighting hostile paranormal creatures of all sorts to protect the earth. These stories are all produced by Danish creative house Egmont Creative A/S and drawn by Flemming Andersen. They are published in pocketbooks. Fethry also works, again together with Donald, for Scrooge McDuck's secret organization, originally (in Italian) called the P.I.A.. Besides, he started starring stories as an assistant of the detective Umperio Bogarto (an Italian character whose name is a play on "Humphrey Bogart") in 1996 and as Moby Duck's First Mate in the early 2000s.[30] In earlier times, Egmont used Fethry very seldom; from the late 1990s, however, Egmont decided to bring back the character and create a whole range of new stories around him, this time based on the original 1960s concept of the character. Donald has often teamed up with Fethry to do all sort of jobs for Scrooge (usually with disastrous results), with Donald being the "straight man" and Fethry the "funny man". These terms are rather loosely applied, however, insofar as Donald's reactions to Fethry, and attempts to neutralize him, are often every bit as funny as Fethry's doings. In 1970s stories drawn by Tony Strobl, Fethry is the owner of an over-friendly dog named Poochie. Some Brazilian cartoonists also used Fethry's little-known pet.[31] At San Diego Comic Con 2018 it was announced that Fethry would be appearing in the second season of DuckTales 2017. Fethry will be voiced by Tom Kenny. Whitewater Duck Whitewater Duck[32] was created by Carl Barks and used by him only in the story "Log Jockey", published in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #267 in December 1962. According to that story, he is a distant cousin of Donald and Huey, Dewey and Louie,[33] and works as a lumberjack in the woods. Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree states that Whitewater's real name is Abner, and "Whitewater" is a nickname. He is also shown to be a son of Eider Duck and Lulubelle Loon and Fethry Duck's brother, making him Donald's first cousin. In his second appearance in "Smarter Than The Toughies" (2004) by Lars Jensen and Daniel Branca, Whitewater is the nephew of Scrooge McDuck's cousin Douglas, making him Donald's second cousin. In his third appearance in "Too Many Donalds" (2012) by Lars Jensen and Carlos Mota, Whitewater is in a relationship with Donna Duck. In this story, Donald introduces Whitewater to Daisy as his distant cousin. Dudly D. Duck Dudly D. Duck is a cousin of Donald who appears in the comic story "Why All the Crabby Ducks?" by Vic Lockman and Mike Arens.[34] He is a flopped architect and inventor who was responsible for the construction of the "Jog Tunnel", which annoys the citizens of Duckburg because it really has a jog in it, and for the bad planning of Duckburg's streets. Therefore, Dudly became very unpopular and was forced to live isolated in a lonely street, including his name was forgotten until the day that Donald discovers who planned the "Jog Tunnel", and then his girlfriend Daisy Duck reveals who is Dudly Duck through the newspaper where she works as reporter. A reporter rival of Daisy ends up discovering that Dudly is related to Donald, who in turn becomes unpopular too. Dudly appears in a Brazilian comic story where Fethry Duck works as reporter of Scrooge's newspaper, the Duckburg Chronicle, and he intends to interview Dudly, who is returning to Duckburg. He also had a cameo appearance in another Brazilian comic story where Gyro Gearloose is called by the Mayor of Duckburg (a dogface version) to fix a sinking building planned by Dudly. Actually, this building originally appeared in "Why All the Crabby Ducks?". Dimwitty Duck Dimwitty Duck (originally just called Dim-Witty) is a duck who was introduced in the comic story "The Vanishing Banister",[35] where he appears as an assistant of Donald Duck, who in turn appears working as a private detective. Daisy Duck has a brief appearance in the beginning of this one. But there are some old American stories with Dimwitty and Daisy where Donald doesn't appear. In the story "On Disappearing Island",[36] Dimwitty appeared for the first time as Moby's ship hand and from then on he became the most common supporting character in Moby's stories. Dimwitty is incredibly clumsy but he's loyal and subservient, and maybe that's the reason why Moby keeps him as his ship hand. But a close kinship between them could also explain this fact. Dimwitty is taller than Donald and Moby. In some 1970s stories, Dimwitty was shown as a friend of Gus Goose. There are some old stories where it's revealed that Dimwitty's surname is also "Duck". The first one was "The Fix-it-fiasco",[37] which also features Daisy. Just like Moby, Dimwitty had also a cameo appearance in the Darkwing Duck / Ducktales crossover called "Dangerous Currency" from 2011. A character called Dim-Witty Jr., who appears in the Junior Woodchuck's comic story "The Green Gauntlet",[38] apparently would be son of Dimwitty, since their respective names, looks and behaviors are very similar, including they both wear clothes with a "D" on it. Dimwitty has the initial letter of his name on his long hat, while Dim-Witty Jr. has this same symbol on his orange blouse. Dim-Witty Jr. is called Dimmy by Huey, Dewey and Louie. Moby also calls Dimwitty Dimmy in some of his stories with his first mate. Moby Duck Moby Duck (left) and Dimwitty Duck (right) on the cover of Moby Duck No. 25, published in 1977 by Gold Key Comics Moby Duck (left) and Dimwitty Duck (right) on the cover of Moby Duck No. 25, published in 1977 by Gold Key Comics Moby Duck', name is a spoof of Moby-Dick, was created by writer Vic Lockman and illustrator Tony Strobl in the comic-book story "A Whale of an Adventure" in Donald Duck #112 (March 1967).[39] He made his only major animated appearance in the Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color episode "Pacifically Peeking" (October 6, 1968),[39] and had a cameo appearance seated at one of the tables in the House of Mouse TV series.[citation needed] He first appeared in Donald Duck #112 where he is seen saving Donald from drowning at sea, after Donald was forced to accept Moby's proposal to work as his helper, since Moby's porpoise Porpy pretended to be a threatening shark. Later that year Moby got his own comic book title which ran 11 issues until 1970, and then from 1973 to 1978 (issues #12-30). Illustrators of American Moby Duck stories include Strobl, Kay Wright, and Pete Alvarado. Not seen in the USA for two decades, he was used in a comic subseries produced in Italy during the 2000s. Curiously, Moby had two cameo appearances in the 2010s already. The first one was in an Italian story from 2010,[40] and the second one was in the Darkwing Duck / Ducktales crossover called "Dangerous Currency" from 2011.[41] Moby has a quick temper and he can be really rude sometimes, not showing any remorse when he acts this way. He also shows a male chauvinist behavior in some stories. Moby is a disaster as a whaler, but a good sailor in general. He makes a living out of carrying cargo, especially for Scrooge McDuck. He also fights pirates and other villains, including the Beagle Boys, Mad Madam Mim, Emil Eagle, The Big Bad Wolf, and Captain Hook. There isn't any comic story where Moby was shown harpooning a whale indeed, however in the American comic story "Whale Bait",[42] first published in 1969, when Gyro Gearloose asks him why he's so gloomy, he exclaims, "Whales are scarcer than hen's teeth lately!", suggesting that he had successfully hunted whales on some occasions. But this same story also shows Moby developing affection for whales when he comes face to face with one of them for the first time and hesitates to use the harpoon of his whaler on that one, exclaiming "I-I can't! I never got so cozy with whales before as to look into their big tender pink eyes!". In the Danish comic story "Miraculous Bait",[43] first published in 1972, Moby reveals to Gyro Gearloose that he never could hunt any whale, and for this reason he is using his whaler to deliver letters. In the half-page Danish story "Hitting The Tooth Mark",[44] first published in 1973, Moby asks himself, "Why do I have a harpoon cannon?" (informal translation from the following excerpt in German language, "Wozu hab' ich ĂŒberhaupt eine Harpunierkanone?"), since he realizes that he never used this one for hunting a whale. Moby even joined forces with a female animal rights activist to save a whale belonging to a Scrooge McDuck's enterprise called Sea Kingdom, as seen in the comic story "A Whale's Ransom".[45] Moby is a relative of Donald Duck as seen in "Sea Dog's Holiday" by Vic Lockman and Kay Wright.[46] There are American old stories where Moby seems to be familiar to other members of Donald's paternal family as well, like Grandma Duck and Gladstone Gander. In the comic story "The Dread Sea Adventure" by Lockman and Wright,[47] Grandma exclaims when she sees Moby, "Moby Duck, you salty old sea biscuit!", making it clear that she knows him very well. Donald was Moby's first mate for a while but he was replaced by Dimwitty Duck (and, on rare occasions in the comic books, by Goofy). There are a couple of stories featuring Moby where Donald and Dimwitty appeared together working for Moby as his crew. The Spanish cartoonist Antoni Gil-Bao used the duo Moby and Dimwitty in various Danish comic stories.[48] Porpy also appears in many Moby's stories. Moby was one of the few secondary characters selected to be cast as a small figurine in two collections made by De Agostini, Disney Parade and Disney Collection.[49][50] Fourth generation Huey, Dewey and Louie Duck Main article: Huey, Dewey, and Louie Huey, Dewey, and Louis Duck are Donald's three nephews and identical triplet sons of Della Duck and an unnamed father. Phooey Duck is a tongue-in-cheek name for a non-existent fourth nephew of Donald Duck who was sometimes drawn by accident.[51] The name was coined by Disney comic editor Bob Foster. "Aw, phooey" is also one of Donald's catch phrases. Dugan Duck Dugan Duck is Fethry Duck's nephew who is a little bit younger than Huey, Dewey and Louie. According to the Brazilian comic story "O Nascimento Do Biquinho",[52] he is the first nephew of Fethry, being son of his sister, who lives in the periphery of Duckburg. Dugan originally owned yellow feathers, an uncommon characteristic for Disney Ducks given by his Brazilian creators, which was authorized by Disney Publishing Worldwide. He's a stubborn child whose most common activity is to cause troubles for his Uncle Fethry, who adopted Dugan after he and his girlfriend Gloria rescued him from a forest. Dugan's most frequent partner is usually a little pignose girl called Cintia, whose mother happens to be Fethry's neighbor and she really dislikes Dugan. He made a huge success in Brazil during the 1980s, when his charismatic figure was quite explored by Brazilian cartoonists, but he practically disappeared from the Brazilian comics in the next decade. Some Italian cartoonists have been used Dugan once in a while, but he just appears with white feathers in Italian comics. Coot kin The Coot family, typically called the Coot kin in stories, are the relatives of Grandma Duck and, along with the Clan McDuck, constitute the third major branch of Donald's family tree. The name "Coot" was used by several comic authors including Carl Barks, but Don Rosa was the first to show their relationship to Donald. The members of the family are depicted as white Pekin ducks like Donald, although real-life coots are typically black. Cornelius Coot Cornelius Coot (1790â1880) founded Duckburg (and the real-world, but since closed Mickey's Toontown Fair at the Magic Kingdom). He first appeared as a statue in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #138 in the 1952 story "Statuesque Spendthrifts" by Carl Barks. His statue and legacy has later appeared in many other stories. Although Cornelius was a well-known figure to readers of Disney comics, his character history was not told until Don Rosa began using the character in the late 1980s. The following history is mainly based on Rosa's stories, especially "His Majesty, McDuck", first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14. Cornelius Coot was born in 1790 as an American citizen. His ancestors had been in America for quite some time and his roots are believed to reach to the colonization of Jamestown, Virginia (1607) and the voyage of the Mayflower (1620). But he is the first member of the Coot Kin to gain prominence. His birthplace is unknown and before reaching Duckburg he was a wandering hunter. He apparently had travelled all the way from the East to the West coast making his living by trading furs from the animals he killed. He arrived at Fort Drake Borough, a British military base in Calisota, in 1818. He was apparently only looking for some trading with the soldiers, but his life took some unexpected turns. During his stay the Fort was attacked by Spanish troops from neighbouring California (the fictional Calisota includes parts historically belonging to Northern California. The Duck's version of California only includes the historical Southern California). The small British garrison could not defend the Fort and decided to retreat. To save face the commander made a deal with young Cornelius. The Fort would pass into his possession and if the Spanish managed to conquer it, he and his troops had nothing to do with the failure other than trusting an insane American to guard. Cornelius agreed. After the escape of the British he managed to frighten the Spanish away by making them believe that British reinforcements were approaching by popping some sweetcorn. (His statue depicts this.) The abandoned Fort was now Cornelius's and he had big plans for it. He renamed it Fort Duckburg and turned it into a trading camp for hunters. Soon enough, some of them began to settle down and start their own families. Cornelius started his own farm and started acting as the leader of the new settlement. Pretty soon, a village was flourishing in Duckburg. Calisota was annexed into the new independent state of Mexico in 1821 but Duckburg acted much as a city state. It had its own laws, its own leaders and thanks to Cornelius its own defense force. Cornelius organized the citizens that could carry weapons into the Woodchuck Militia, a force that would guard the territory from any threat, including any conflicts with the Native Americans of the area. Cornelius turned the old Fort into the militia's base. He personally supervised the repairs to the Fort and had the idea to build tunnels under the Fort so that even during a siege they could still move in and out of the Fort. Besides the tunnel they made, they found an already existing tunnel built by Fenton Penworthy and his men in 1579 after the Fort was built. Cornelius explored the tunnel. He found the body of the long-dead Fenton and gave him a proper burial. He also found the information on the Guardians of the Lost Library. He found and kept the book written by Fenton and containing the secret knowledge of the Guardians. Apparently he appointed himself the next Guardian, the first after Fenton. Cornelius had managed to pipe mountain water into the village. He was a capable leader and managed to improve his settlers' relationships with the Native Americans over time, and according to Gilles Maurice's non-canonical Duck Family Tree Cornelius married a Native American woman named Pluckahontas. They had their only known son Clinton Coot in 1830. Through the rest of his life Cornelius continued to act as Duckburg's unofficial leader. Even when Calisota and neighbouring California were annexed to the USA in 1848 nothing truly changed in Duckburg. When Cornelius died in 1880, aged 90, he was a very respected family man but over time he has been honored by the citizens of Duckburg as the "father" of the city. The old hunter has gained legendary status in Calisota. A statue of Cornelius holding an ear of corn is present in Mickey's Toontown Fair in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. Before 1996, the land was known as Mickey's Birthdayland/Starland, and was set in the city of Duckburg. Clinton Coot Clinton Coot (1830-1910)[53] was first mentioned in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #27 in the story "Guardians of the Lost Library", first published in July, 1994. There he was introduced as the son of Cornelius Coot and the founder of The Junior Woodchucks, inspired by the book given to him by his father. In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck it is revealed that he is the father of Grandma Duck. In Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree, Clinton is married to Gertrude Gadwall and their two children are Grandma Duck (Elvira Coot) and Casey Coot. He is named after Bill Clinton, who was running for President of the United States when Don Rosa created the character.[54] In his first animated appearance in the Legend of the Three Caballeros 2018 TV show, he is voiced by Thomas Lennon. Gertrude Gadwall Gertrude Coot (nĂ©e Gadwall) is the wife of Clinton Coot and the mother of Casey and Elvira Coot ("Grandma Duck"). Like Lulubelle Loon, Gertrude has appeared only in Don Rosa's version of the Duck family tree. Casey Coot Casey Coot (1860-c. 1960)[53] first appeared in "Last Sled to Dawson", first published in June, 1988. He is introduced as an unsuccessful gold prospector and friend of Scrooge McDuck during his years in Klondike. In need of money he sold to the significantly more successful Scrooge McDuck his share in Duckburg, Calisota, USA. His share included "Killmule Hill" which, renamed to "Killmotor Hill", comprises the land where Scrooge's money bin stands. He later appeared in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Part 8 and Hearts of the Yukon. In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Part 10 it is revealed that he and Grandma Duck are brother and sister. In Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree he is featured as a grandson of Cornelius Coot, a son of Clinton Coot and Gertrude Gadwall. He married to Gretchen Grebe and they had at least two kids named Fanny and Cuthbert Coot, being the maternal grandfather of Fanny's son Gus Goose. Gretchen Grebe Gretchen Coot (nĂ©e Grebe) is the wife of Casey Coot, the mother of Cuthbert and Fanny Coot, and the maternal grandmother of Gus Goose. Fanny Coot Fanny Coot is the mother of Donald's cousin Gus Goose and she was first mentioned in the Donald Duck comic strip of May 9, 1938 by Bob Karp & Al Taliaferro where Gus first appeared. But Gus's mother's surname wasn't revealed in this comic strip, where she identifies herself in a letter to Donald as "Aunt Fanny".[55] So she was originally sister of one of Donald's parents. In Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree she is featured as a daughter of Casey Coot and his wife Gretchen Grebe, and so a niece of Elvira Coot, Donald's paternal grandmother, and first cousin of Donald's father, Quackmore Duck. It's possible to consider that Quackmore had a high regard for his cousin Fanny, and for this reason Donald was taught to treat her as aunt. Fanny also had a brother named Cuthbert Coot and she married Luke the Goose, and then became the mother of Gus Goose. Cuthbert Coot Cuthbert Coot was introduced in the story "Webfooted Wrangler," first published in April 1945, as a distant cousin of Donald Duck and a rancher. In Don Rosa's Duck family tree he is included as a member of the Coot Kin as son of Casey Coot and Gretchen Grebe. Kildare Coot Kildare Coot was introduced by Italian artist Romano Scarpa as a highly eccentric fourth cousin of Donald Duck in the story "Sgrizzo, il papero piĂč balzano del mondo" (roughly translated as "Kildare Coot, the weirdest duck in the world"), first published on October 25, 1964. Though his exact relationship to Donald remains uncertain his last name suggests he belongs to the Coot Kin and that he is related to Donald through Elvira Coot, Donald's paternal grandmother. Curiously, Kildare usually treats Gideon McDuck, Scrooge's half-brother, as his uncle. He calls Gideon 'Zio', which means uncle in Italian.[56] Kildare and his fellow Andy Ascott (original Italian name) appear as reporters of Gideon's newspaper, The Cricket, in some Italian stories. Goose family Luke Goose Luke Goose (sometimes called Luke the Goose) is the father of Donald's cousin Gus Goose. He was originally supposed to be Gladstone Gander's father,[57][58] Daphne Duck's husband and Gus's uncle, but Carl Barks later changed his mind, making Goostave Gander (who was originally Gladstone's adoptive father after Luke and Daphne "overate at a free-lunch picnic") Gladstone's biological father and Daphne's husband. Luke the Goose disappeared from the tree. When Don Rosa created his Duck Family Tree, he used Luke Goose (removing "the" from his name) and made him the husband of Fanny Coot and Gus Goose's father. Gus Goose Gus Goose is Donald Duck's second cousin, and the great-nephew of Grandma Duck. He debuted on 9 May 1938 in Al Taliaferro and Bob Karp's newspaper comic based on Donald, before making an animated appearance in the 1939 short Donald's Cousin Gus.[59] Gus's main personality traits are laziness and gluttony.[59] Within Disney comics, Gus is usually shown living as a farmhand on Grandma Duck's farm outside of Duckburg. Along with his gluttony, Gus is quite lazy, often doing little if any work on Grandma's farm. He also has a tendency of falling asleep at random occasions, sometimes even standing up. On occasion Gus has even shown signs of ingenuity as to finding methods or solutions to make his chores much easier for him and at times even automating them so he does not have to work at all. Gus made no appearances in DuckTales, but there is a background character in the series, Vacation Van Honk, who looks very much like him. Recently, Gus Goose appeared in the 2000s animated series Disney's House of Mouse, as the club's gluttonous chef, speaking only in honks rather than words. He also made non-speaking cameo appearances in both Mickey's Christmas Carol and Who Framed Roger Rabbit. The friend and neighbor Gustav Goose from Quack Pack is probably not the same as Cousin Gus since there are very few similarities (aside from the name and general size of the character). Some confusion is also caused by the German comicbook version of Gladstone Gander being referred to as "Gustav Gans" ("Gustav Goose"). Gus Goose has appeared as boyfriend of a classy and rich anthropomorphic swan called Cissy Swann in Danish stories.[60] In Italy, a nephew of him called Pepper already appeared in two comic stories.[61] Gander family Goostave Gander Goostave Gander is Gladstone Gander's father. In some early stories he is married to Matilda McDuck, Scrooge's sister and adopted Gladstone and his brother and had a son, Osar, but Carl Barks later had him married to Daphne Duck instead. They are considered the parents of Gladstone Gander; although his wife and son's luck does not include him. "Us Ganders have never sunk low enough to associate with you Ducks!", exclaimed Gladstone to Donald in "Race to the South Seas" by Carl Barks,[62] suggesting that there is a mutual antipathy between his father's family and his mother's. In this same story, Gladstone exclaims, "Us Ganders have never worked!",[63] what suggests that originally Gladstone's luck came from his father's side. Gladstone Gander Main article: Gladstone Gander Gladstone Gander is a Walt Disney fictional character created in 1948 by comic artist and writer Carl Barks. He is an anthropomorphic male goose (or gander) who possess exceptional good luck that grants him anything he desires as well as protecting from any harm. This is in contrast to his cousin Donald Duck who is often characterized for having bad luck. Gladstone is also a rival of Donald for the affection of Daisy Duck. Shamrock Gander Shamrock Gander is Gladstone's nephew. Shamrock first appeared in a story printed in Duck Album Four Color #649 where he was shown to be as lucky as his uncle Gladstone. He has only been used a few times since; one example is a Brazilian comic story where he competes with Huey, Dewey and Louie.[64] Related topics Huey, Dewey, and Louie Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck are triplet cartoon characters created in 1937 by writer Ted Osborne and cartoonist Al Taliaferro, and are licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Huey, Dewey, and Louie are the nephews of Donald Duck and the grandnephews of Scrooge McDuck. Daisy Duck Daisy Duck is a cartoon character created in 1940 by Walt Disney Productions as the girlfriend of Donald Duck. Like Donald, Daisy is an anthropomorphic white duck, but has large eyelashes and ruffled tail feathers to suggest a skirt. Gyro Gearloose Gyro Gearloose is a fictional character, an anthropomorphic chicken created by Carl Barks for The Walt Disney Company. He is part of the Duck universe, appearing in comic book stories as a friend of Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck and anyone who is associated with them. This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. Enjoying Wikiwand? Give good old Wikipedia a great new look: Install Wikiwand Home About Us Press Site Map Terms Of Service Privacy Policy Duck family (Disney) Phantomduck Homepage Origins, metamorphosis ... Villa Rosa, Duckburg ... Hideout, special devices ... Publications, Stories ... Other Disney characters Links, Art, Gadgets ... The special car of DUCK AVENGER The car utilized by DUCK AVENGER during his missions was created in the first story, where Gyro Gearloose, following the indication of FANTOMALLARD' diary, started to install some special devices (spring ejection seat, extendible bumper and oil spread system) in the unhinged licence plate 313 of Donald's car. In the second adventure other devices are installed like the useful air cushion jets and the special camouflage changing gas which allows to paint the car in a dark flat black-green color and coming back to the original color in few minutes. In this story changes his licence plate utilizing the number 613 (maybe the licence plate of Gladstone's car?). Starting from the third adventure the special car also becomes a flyer car, but the classical color, just a little bit darkened, is maintained and the licence plate changes definitely in the letter X. As the years went by, always newer devices were installed in DUCK AVENGER's special car, unfortunately most of them grotesque and exagerated. According to the artist, the special car is shown with differences in the shape and colors. Giovan Battista Carpi for instance likes to draw the car with the bumpers, which normally are not shown by the others artists. For what concerns the color, it changes in the stories from the classical red and blue to a slightly darker version, or to a completely black or dark blue. In some stories the classical red and blue color are maintained (some artists color the car in red only). In the special issue Disney comic PAPERINIK UN EROE E MILLE GADGET (DUCK AVENGER AN HERO AND HUNDREDS GADGETS) the good artist Marco Gervasio shows the emrgency hideout of FANTOMALLARD transformed by DUCK AVENGER on a secret garage for his strange and unusual cars and machineries used in several adventures. On the right side of the wall the drawing of the FANTOMALLARD' special car prototype is shown. This DUCK AVENGER car model, originally was Donald's 313 car toy included in the Italian Disney comic TOPOLINo from n°2397 to n°2400. This model has been adeguately modified from the original design: the bumper has been added, on the inside handles and buttoms have been included and in the rear the fog light has been added as well. The car has been colored with the black-green matt painting as in the second DUCK AVENGER story, and the licence plate has been modified with the X. Others elements (radiator, hubcaps, seat etc..) have been repainted as well in order to give a less toy-like aspect to the car. Of course, Donald as the driver has been modified with a most appropriate DUCK AVENGER costume. In the 2007 the first issue of the DeAgostini Library dedicated to the famous Donald's car 313. Together the firt 66 volumes the elements and the relevant instruction to made the car are given incuding the plastic figures of Donald and his nephewes. In the volumes interesting and useful informations about this and other Disney cars, drawings and articles are present. Starting from the volume n. 76 all the elements and the relevant instruction to modify the classical Donald 's car in the special X car of DUCK AVENGER are given. The car is thus modified with the special black paint, alloy rims and the extendable bumpers. Of course together the various car element also the figure of DUCK AVENGER is given. Also in this case the 20 volumes dedicated to the special X car are plenty of interesting informations about the car, the DUCK AVENGER's special tricks and tools, his best adventures, the FANTOMALLARD' special car, the super Spider of Marvel Daisy, some information about the futuristic PK and about some other cars of various Disney Characters. The model is compoused by plastic and metal parts, several screws and electrical cables. Full mounted the car is 56 cm long and 40 cm large with a total weight of about 4,5 Kg. When the figure of DUCK AVENGER is installed the total high of the toy is about 35 cm. A very unique and well made collectible gadget for any Disney fans. Both the car versions are equipped with stering wheels and spring suspensions, functioning front and rear lights, seats soft touch leather-like, gear stick, functioning clacson, radio with three songs, starter key, and the sound of the motor. Some gadgets are also present in the car like for instance the picture of Daisy and Marvel Daisy, box tools, Duckburg and Mousetown maps, umbrella, alarm clock, suitcase, and relevant back carry-suitcase. The model is equipped with a back bonnet which can be open and with the back seat which is normaly used by the Donald 's nephewes. In the DUCK AVENGER's back bonnet thereare the box with the special tools and the maps of Duckburg and Mousetown. Being a car of the 50s the seat belts seem too modern and are not so credible. Also the motor bonnet can be open in order to show the beautiful reproduction of the motor complete of head, candels, battery, coil ignition, clacson horn and Air filter. Well made is also the metal radiator with the typic upper cap. The motor and the other sound effects are made by means of two battery. An interesting computer graphic movie about the Donal Duck and DUCK AVENGER car has been made by 3D studio Max and placed on Youtube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmAoBRHJZac.html A huge model of the DUCK AVENGER's car has been made during the Carneval of Morbegno (Italy) in the 2008. Also in this case the relevant film is available on Yuotube. www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgQh7Igc9GM.htmlDUCK AVENGER other special vehicles Other than his special car DUCK AVENGER in some adventures utilize strange vehicles always created by his friend Gyro Gearloose. Just before Donal dressed the FANTOMALLARD' costume thus in the first story PAPERINIK IL DIABOLICO VENDICATORE (DUCK AVENGER THE DEVILISH AVENGER) published on italian comic book TOPOLINO. n. 706-707 he use a special jet scooter to bring back from Villa Rose the costume and the hipnotic oil lamp. This jet scooter was given to him by Gyro while he was modify the Donald' car installing the first special devices as for the FANTOMALLARD' diary. The first real special vehicle used by DUCK AVENGER can be considere the Gyro-horse which was a mechanical flying horse appeared in the story PAPERINIK E LA PARAPSICOLOGIA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE PARAPSICOLOGY) published on TOPOPLINO n. 1125. In the story PAPERINIK E IL BINOCOLO DI SCAPPAMENTO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE EXAUST-BINOCULARS) published on TOPOLINO n.1167-1168 Gyro Gearloose provides to the masked duck a special flying device which was a long binoculars to ride as a flying broom. In the story PAPERINIK E IL PARACADUTE ASCENSIONALE (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RISING PARACHUTE) published on TOPOLINO. n. 1176 , Donal receive from Gyro a strange large flying umbrella volante named as rising parachute. In the story PAPERINIK SUPERSTAR (DUCK AVENGER SUPERSTAR) published on TOPOLINO. n. 1334 , DUCK AVENGER is equipped with a small flying saucer to be used as silence vehicle to spy his enemy. In the story PAPERINIK E IL DRAMMA CICLICO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE CYCLIC DRAMA) published on the larger size comic book ALMANACCO TOPOLINO. n. 214 , DUCK AVENGER use a special high speed Gyro-cyclo of course always created by his friend Gyro Gearloose. In the story PAPERINIK E GLI OCCHIALI MAGICI (DUCK AVENGER AND THE MAGIC GLASSES) published on TOPOLINO n. 1962 , DUCK AVENGER use a special flying armchair which unfortunatelly for him it is very difficult to pilot. A real aircraft in the shape of a batman style vehicle is also used by DUCK AVENGER in the story PAPERINIK E GLI ALIENI (DUCK AVENGER AND THE ALIENS) published on ALMANACCO TOPOLINO. n. 292 . Also in this case the special vehicle was for scure created by Gyro. In the story PAPERINIK CONTRO I METEO ROBOT (DUCK AVENGER AGAINST THE METEO ROBOT) published on ALMANACCO TOPOLINO. n. 290 , DUCK AVENGER is equipped by Gyro of a special broom which has the special characteristic to wipe away the clouds. Another strange aircraft created by Gyro for DUCK AVENGER it is shown in the storyPAPERINIK CONTRO ZAFIRE (DUCK AVENGER AGAINST ZAFIRE) published on TOPOLINO. n. 2695. In the ULTRAHEROES saga published on TOPOLINO. n. 2727-2734, 2755 , DUCK AVENGER use a modified "ultra" version of his special car. In the adventures PAPERINIK E LA SCHEGGIA ORBITALE (DUCK AVENGER AND THE ORBITAL SPLINTER) published on TOPOLINO. n. 2850 and PAPERINIK E IL SUBDOLO PERICOLO CUCCIOLO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SHIFTY PUPPY DANGER) published on TOPOLINO. n. 2853, the masked duck use a powerful, armored and armed excavator named mechanical Armarillo. In the story PAPERINIK E IL RITORNO DI MAD DUCKTOR (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN OF MAD DUCKTOR published on TOPOLINO. n. 2967, DUCK AVENGER use as a fast transport vehicle a special device with retro-rockets. In the adventures PAPERINIK SULL'OCEANO SCOMBINATO (DUCK AVENGER ON THE CHAOTIC OCEAN ) published on TOPOPLINO. n. 3006, 3007, 3008, 3009 Gyro Gearloose gives to DUCK AVENGERs a new super-powered car with new advanced special devices called 313-XTREME. In the story PAPERINIK E IL MISTERO DEL FALSO CHE Ă VERO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE MISTERY OF THE TRUE FAKE published on TOPOPLINO n. 3092, DUCK AVENGER together the singer Paperefano Bolletta use the Interjet, a strange vehicle created by Gyro Gearloose to materially fly inside the web net. Even if not related to a story, an article published on TOP. n° 3113 shows a beautiful image of Duck Avenger on board of a strange "snow motocycles". In the story PAPERINIK E IL PROTOCOLLO MAD DUCKTOR (DUCK AVENGER AND THE MAD DUCKTOR PROTOCOL) published in Italy on TOPOLINO. n. 3126, Duck Avenger is using a futuristic flying machinery always created by Gyro. TOP Beagle Boys Connected to: Walt Disney's Comics and Stories Frank Welker Chuck McCann From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Beagle Boys The Beagle Boys in "The Mysterious Stone Ray" (1954) by Carl Barks First appearance Walt Disney's Comics and Stories issue 134, November 1951 Created by Carl Barks Voiced by Will Ryan (Sport Goofy in Soccermania); Frank Welker, Chuck McCann, Peter Cullen, Terry McGovern and Brian Cummings (DuckTales); Jeff Bennett and Maurice LaMarche (Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers); Eric Bauza (Duck Tales (2017)) The Beagle Boys are a group of fictional characters from the Donald Duck universe. Created by Carl Barks, they are a family clan of organized criminals who constantly try to rob Scrooge McDuck. Their introduction and first appearance was in Terror of the Beagle Boys (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #134, November 1951), although in this story they only appear in the last frame and have no lines. They appear again in the next issue in a similar fashion, in The Big Bin on Killmotor Hill (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #135, December 1951). The Beagle Boys in comics Barks/ Rosa universe The Beagle Boys were originally created by Carl Barks, and made their first appearance in the 10-page story The Terror of the Beagle Boys (WDC #134) that was first published in November 1951. Although the Beagle Boys are only shown very briefly on the last page of this story, it is implied that Scrooge has known about them for a long time. The Beagle Boys are usually depicted as a gang of about three to ten members or more depending on the story, who are identical in appearance and personality. They wear black bandit masks to hide their identities and on their turtleneck sweaters, most often being orange or red, they have their prison number signs. The Beagle Boys are often characterized to be very crude, boastful, aggravating, greedy and self-centered â among themselves however, they are very loyal and have a strong connection of sibling camaraderie. Although, on some occasions they have shown irritation toward each other, often relating to someone making a mistake or saying something that doesn't fit in with the consensus, like one Beagle Boy's (176-167) overly fondness of prunes,[1][2] a weakness that proves to be the Beagle Boys' downfall in some stories. 176-167's love for prunes makes him the only Beagle Boy with a unique characteristic. The first story to feature the Beagle Boys in a major role is Only a Poor Old Man (Uncle Scrooge #1, March 1952), which serves as a template for virtually all future Beagle Boys appearances, and establishes them as a serious threat to Scrooge's fortune. In the same story they are called "the most awful gang of crooks in the country" by Donald Duck. This most often manifests with them cleverly coming up with various and elaborate schemes to try to break into and steal from Scrooge McDuck's well secured Money Bin. On occasion they are even shown to have highly intellectual capacities, as they are able to earn academic degrees in various fields. Among individual Beagle Boys, some of these degrees include: cranial encephalography, psychology, chemistry, metallurgy and electropyrotechnology.[3] These were often seen by the government as attempts at rehabilitation, but in reality it was a charade by the Beagle Boys to use their newly acquired skills for robberies. They are also experts at trickery, including disguises, and animal training; like using cormorants as aerial bombers,[4] as well as having a large arsenal of various weapons, explosives and machines. When needed, they have been shown to be able to use force or threats to get what they want. With all things considered however, the Beagle Boys are often attributed not to be as clever they think they are, often gullible to tricks and offensives themselves, and most of their appearances ends with them getting arrested. They are usually imprisoned in Duckburg prisons or Sing Sing,[5][6] but they have also been jailed in other prisons as well. The Beagle Boys are however proud of their criminal background; never willing to live their lives in accordance to the law. The Beagle Boys' main goal for stealing Scrooge McDuck's money is so they can create a paradisiacal life of luxury for themselves. On few occasions when they have managed to steal the money they are shown to spend it all very wastefully and in excess; like buying extravagant and ostentatious mansions[7] or living on a paradise island near Hawaii.[8] They have also shown proneness for taking over the world when being presented with such an opportunity, like in Carl Barks' story The Mysterious Stone Ray (Uncle Scrooge #8, 1954). Blackheart Beagle and his three sons, from "The Fantastic River Race" (1957). Blackheart Beagle and his three sons, from "The Fantastic River Race" (1957). The Beagle Boys are most often shown without an established leader, instead acting as a very coherent and homogeneous unit, and only gives orders between each other interchangeably when needed. However, sometimes the Beagle Boys are led by their grandfather, Blackheart Beagle, who has the prison number 186-802. The Blackheart character originates from two characters created by Carl Barks: Blackheart Beagle, a riverboat pirate from The Fantastic River Race (Uncle Scrooge goes to Disneyland #1, 1957) and Grandpa Beagle, who appeared in The Money Well (Uncle Scrooge #21, 1958). It was Don Rosa who later combined the character into one in chapters 10 and 11 of The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. Also according to Rosa, Blackheart Beagle semi-retired in 1947, following a failed attempt at robbing Scrooge's Money Bin. In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, Scrooge first met The Beagle Boys in his Mississippi riverboat days, circa 1880. Those Beagle Boys included Blackheart Beagle and his three sons. Scrooge first met the modern third generation Beagle Boys during Christmas 1947, which was when he first met his grandnephews Huey, Dewey and Louie and met his nephew Donald Duck for the second time.[9] Since then the Beagle Boys have been a constant threat to Scrooge's Money Bin. Grandpa Beagle from "The Money Well" (1958). Grandpa Beagle from "The Money Well" (1958). The third generation of the Beagle Boys, like their fathers, were never given any personal names by Carl Barks but was instead referred to by their prison numbers, which starts with "176-" and ends on a permutation of the numbers 1, 6 and 7, which allows six different combinations. This tradition was first established in Barks' The Menehune Mystery (Uncle Scrooge #4, December 1953), while the Beagle Boys in previous stories, and some of them in The Menehune Mystery, instead had their prison numbers as "176-" followed by random digits (except in their first story, where they have no prison numbers). However, in a few of his later stories Barks didn't continue this tradition and used random numbers again instead, but subsequent writers and artists by default still mostly uses the 1, 6 and 7 combinations for the Beagle Boys in the modern comic books. The Beagle Boys also have their prison numbers tattooed on their chests.[10] According to Don Rosa's The Beagle Boys vs. The Money Bin (2001), the Beagle Boys have been known by their prison numbers since their childhood, and they don't even know their real names themselves. Their parents do know their real names, but demand a bribe from their sons to let them know. Also according to that story, Blackheart Beagle doesn't remember his sons' names. Carl Barks used to include the words "Beagle Boys, Inc." on their shirts under their numbers, which was later deleted in reprints. It can either be assumed that it was a reference to Murder, Inc., a name for organized crime groups in the 1930s and 40s; or that they are a criminal organization very similar to a real business, but neither is certain. In one comic the Beagle Boys have a worldwide organization known as Beagles International, in which the Beagles have spies in different countries around the world. In most of Carl Barks stories the number of Beagle Boys was not exact but instead they were depicted as being ambiguously numerous, with their number of members varying from story to story. However, if one would count all of the different combinations of the Beagle Boys' prison numbers that was used in the comic books by Carl Barks; the Beagle Boys would seem to consist of at least 36 members.[11] In The Menehune Mystery, Scrooge mentions thirty Beagle Boys. Don Rosa, however, constantly uses seven Beagle Boys in his stories but instead of using a random number Rosa always hides one prison numbers behind something to avoid two Beagle Boys having the same number. The Beagle Boys usually operate on their own, but collaborated with Magica De Spell in the 1963 Barks story Isle of the Golden Geese, and again in the 1997 Don Rosa story A Little Something Special where they also teamed up with Flintheart Glomgold. In The Status Seeker (Uncle Scrooge #41, 1963) by Carl Barks, they are shown to be part of a labor union called the "Burglars, Thugs, and Pirates Union", at Local No. 61/2. Other comics The Beagle Boys #3 (1966). The Beagle Boys #3 (1966). From 1964 to 1979 the Beagle Boys had their own comic book title, The Beagle Boys, published by Gold Key Comics, which continued from 1979 to 1980 under the name The Beagle Boys Versus Uncle Scrooge. In all comics, the individual Beagle Boys are referred to by their prison numbers as per Barks's convention. In addition to Barks's and Rosa's claim that the Beagle Boys don't know their names, the Beagle Boys-centric comic Being Donald Duck (2003) by Olaf Moriarty Solstrand adds that the Beagle Boys don't know their mother's name either, only her number. The Beagle Boys' prison numbers are indicated on the tags seen on the chests of their distinctive orange or red turtleneck sweaters. The original depictions by Barks in American comics most often showed the Beagle Boys with orange sweaters. European comics recolored these same Barks drawings to show Beagle Boys in red sweaters. Subsequent European comic depictions of the Beagle Boys by artists other than Barks also showed them in red sweaters, as did the DuckTales cartoons. Grandpa Beagle as seen in the Italian comic books. Grandpa Beagle as seen in the Italian comic books. In later years, especially in Europe, they appear in the comics as a trio, alongside cousins and other relatives of various talents as spin-off characters. Most notably are the Beagle Brats, the Beagle Boys' three preteen nephews created by Tony Strobl and Steve Steere in That Motherly Feeling (Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #299, 1965). They mirror criminal versions of Huey, Dewey and Louie and have the prison numbers 1, 2 and 3. Another prominent relative is Intellectual-176 (or I-176), the Beagle Boys' cousin who acts as the brains of the Beagle clan. He wears a mortar-board cap and glasses over his black bandit mask. I-176 was created by Pete Alvarado and first appeared in The Crown Jewel Job (The Beagle Boys #7, 1967). The Beagle Boys generally live in a small tumbledown hide-out in Duckburg; in 1980s American-produced stories, their pet cat Ratty often lived there as well. In the Italian stories they live in a travel trailer and are sometimes accompanied by their pet dachshund, 64, who shares their criminal mindset, but it is often overcome with 64's constant, voracious appetite. Sometimes they team up with other villains such as Magica De Spell, Black Pete, Mad Madam Mim, or hire out their services to Flintheart Glomgold, John D. Rockerduck or Jolly Ollie Eiderduck.[12] During these occasions they continue to operate out of their own interests rather than their employers'. Many other authors use a character purely based on The Money Well version as the Beagle Boys' grandfather. In particular, Italian authors use a "Grandpa Beagle" who differs from Blackheart in being much skinnier and constantly smoking a pipe. Unlike his grandsons, he is highly intelligent and appears as their cunning and capable leader, hatching devious plans. Sometimes the Beagle Boys antagonize Super Goof, Mickey Mouse, or some other characters from Walt Disney's comic books. Ottoperotto His favorite activity is eating sausages. His favorite activity is eating sausages. Ottoperotto (which can be read as "otto per otto", meaning 8 X 8 in Italian) is the Beagle Boys' pet dachshund in Italian comic book stories. The joke about him being a dachshund is that in Italy the Beagle Boys are referred to as "Banda Bassotti", which means "Dachshund Gang". Like his masters, Ottoperotto wears a bandit mask, a shirt and a cap, marked with the number 64 (the result of the 8 x 8 multiplication). The Beagle Boys frequently take Ottoperotto along on their robberies, to act as a guard dog and to reach spaces too small for the Beagle Boys themselves. However, the plans are often spoiled by Ottoperotto's constant, voracious appetite. Whenever Ottoperotto smells food, he abandons everything else to get to eat it. The Beagle Boys in animation Sport Goofy in Soccermania The Beagle Boys made their animated debut in the 1987 Goofy short Sport Goofy in Soccermania, voiced by Will Ryan. Unlike their DuckTales incarnations, the Beagle Boys are depicted as identical in both appearance and behavior, though lacking the prison numbers of their comic counterparts. DuckTales A Beagle family photo, as seen in DuckTales. From left to right: Burger, Baggy, Bouncer, Bigtime, Ma Beagle, Bugle, Bankjob, and Babyface. A Beagle family photo, as seen in DuckTales. From left to right: Burger, Baggy, Bouncer, Bigtime, Ma Beagle, Bugle, Bankjob, and Babyface. On DuckTales, the Beagle Boys were given names and different personalities. The usual character combination is Bigtime, Burger, and either Bouncer or Baggy, with Bouncer appearing more often in the first season and Baggy in the second. Their leader is usually Bigtime when Ma Beagle is not present. Sometimes one or two of them were swapped out with Bankjob, Babyface or Bebop, and a few episodes featured the latter three as the trio of Beagles, with Bankjob filling in for Bigtime as the leader. Other known names are Bomber and Blitzkrieg. The letter B is the first initial of all Beagle Boys' handles except Megabyte, the brains of the bunch. The Beagle Boys have lots of relatives who count each other as brothers and cousins: apart from Ma Beagle, there are re-imagined versions of the Beagle Brats (sons or nephews), as well as the Beagle Babes (a female counterpart). The Beagle Boys make cameos in the Darkwing Duck episode "In Like Blunt", where they are among the villains bidding on a list of SHUSH's secret agents. Ma Beagle Ma Beagle, based on the real-life Ma Barker and the mystifications around her, was a new character created for DuckTales as the mother of the seven common Beagle Boys featured on the show, and the clan matriarch. She often smuggles hand grenades, chainsaws, and other tools in baked goods which easily pass prison security to help her sons escape from jail. Even when she is around, the Beagles never succeed because Scrooge McDuck and his nephews always outwit them. However, in most of the episodes she appears in (especially in the first season), she is able to avoid being arrested along with her sons; that way, she will be able to bust them out the next time she appears. In one episode, she pretended to be "married" to Scrooge so that she could steal his fortune, but her plans were thwarted by both him and his nephews. With Ma, family always comes first - except when it comes to avoiding arrest. She was voiced by actress June Foray, who also voiced Magica De Spell. Margo Martindale voices Ma in the 2017 Ducktales series. Ma Beagle first appeared in the episode "Robot Robbers", and since then she has become a recurring character. She appeared more frequently in the second season than in the first, however. 1987 Series Beagles There were many Beagle Boys on the 1987 original series, but the most common seven consisted of: Name Placard Number Characteristics Bigtime Beagle 167-671 Bigtime is the leader of the group in absence of Ma Beagle, and is distinguished by being rather short for someone with the word "Big" in his name. He often has to correct his companions whenever they get something wrong and mishear his directions - he is the most cunning. Voiced by Frank Welker. Burger Beagle 761-176 or 176-761 As his name suggests, Burger has a large appetite, although it is for more than just hamburgers. He has a habit of rambling about food no matter if any of the others are actually talking about it. His prison tag is often seen with a bite taken out of it. He also isn't very bright. Incidentally, his comic counterpart (who had the second placard number) is known for a special appreciation for prunes and his curious culinary tastes (i.e. catsup on ice cream or peanut butter pizza with gravy). Voiced by Chuck McCann. Bouncer Beagle 716-167 Distinguishable for his teeth, one of which is missing, Bouncer is the strongest Beagle after Bankjob. In earlier episodes before their names were well established, Bouncer sometimes had Burger's voice and was referred to as Burger too. He appeared much less frequently in the second season, most likely because he was in jail as mentioned by Ma Beagle in one episode. In the GameCube version of the video game "Donald Duck Goin' Quackers!", during the Beagle Boys boss battle, when Donald Duck fights Bigtime, Burger, and Bouncer, all three of them have the same number on Bouncer's shirt. Voiced by Chuck McCann. Baggy Beagle 617-716 Baggy is distinguishable for his silly grin as well as his loose-fitting clothing. His prison tag is often seen with a fold in one the corners. He is the least intelligent (him or Burger, debatable) and the most sloppy of the Beagle Boys. He appeared more frequently in the second season and somewhat replaced Bouncer as third beagle in the usual trio of himself, Bigtime and Burger. Voiced by Frank Welker. Bankjob Beagle 671-167 or 614-167 Bankjob is the third-in-command of the Beagle Boys, as he usually leads the group in episodes where Bigtime isn't present. He is the largest of the Seven main Beagles (by comparison, he is about the same size as Launchpad), and the strongest. In the second season he had no speaking roles and rarely appeared. Voiced by Peter Cullen. Bugle/Bebop Beagle 671-761 Bebop, or Bugle, depending on the episode, is the beatnik member of the Beagle Boys (despite the fact that the comic Beagle with this character trait corresponds by placard to Babyface), and even dresses in a jazz-styled outfit. Had no speaking roles in season two. Voiced by Brian Cummings. Babyface Beagle 176-167 As his name suggests, Babyface is the youngest of the primary Beagles, as evidenced by the fact that his own clothing matches those of a baby, including a propeller beanie in place of the usual hat. Like Bigtime, he's also rather short. In spite of this, his voice, provided by Terry McGovern (who also voices Launchpad), sounds more manly than that of Burger. Strangely, one particular comic story in Disney Adventures prominently featured Babyface, wherein he infiltrated Webby's class. But he looked different from how he did on the show, and he also had a conscience, as he ended up rebelling against his brothers during a field trip to Scrooge's Money Bin. (He still ended up being arrested along with his brothers, though.) Like Bankjob and Bebop, his role was reduced to non-speaking cameos in the second season. Other Beagle Boys consisted of: Megabyte Beagle is the most intelligent engineering genius of the clan, and the only one whose name doesn't begin with the letter "B". He appeared in the five-part serial Super DuckTales, in which he made a remote control to control GizmoDuck. He has a habit of confusing his companions with his technobabble, forcing them to make him "say it in Beagle talk!". Ma Beagle comments that paying his college fees with stolen money paid off. His voice was done by Frank Welker. Bomber Beagle looks a lot like Bankjob in that he has a similar jawline and is very large. He appears in less episodes and is more intelligent than most of the other brothers. He is also a skilled pilot as seen in the episode "Top Duck" (episode 16). Backwoods Beagle is a small beagle about the size of Bigtime and Babyface, and the only Beagle who wears a full moustache. He has a strong Canadian accent and is the twin brother of Binky Beagle and Bacon Beagle. Backwoods wears a Davy Crocket-like trapper's outfit as opposed to the normal jailhouse outfit of the Beagleboys. He is also the only person who is able to understand Bacon Beagle. Binky Beagle is a probably the only Beagle Boy who is never seen speaking. He is roughly the same size as Baggy Beagle, wears a lumberjack outfit and has a full beard. He lives with Backwoods and Bacon Beagle in the Ducky Mountains. Bacon Beagle is the only Beagle Boy who is not a Beagle. Bacon is in fact a pig. When Glomgold asked how he could be a Beagle Boy, Backwoods explains that Bacon had a bad case of the swine flu as a child. Bacon cannot speak, but his oinks and grunts are, instead, translated by Backwoods Beagle. Cameo Beagles: Bullseye Beagle Bulkhead Beagle Butterball Beagle Bombshell Beagle Bankroll Beagle Brainstorm Beagle Buns Beagle Boom Boom Beagle (Similar to the Beagle Babe) Banzai Beagle Buckaroo Beagle Beanball Beagle Blitzkrieg Beagle Bifocal Beagle Bumpkin Beagle Butter Ball Beagle Bully Beagle Bearnaise Beagle - A richer version of Burger Bicep Beagle - A richer version of Bouncer Bonaparte Beagle - A richer version of Bigtime 2017 Series Beagles In the 2017 reboot series, the Beagle Boys are divided into several smaller gangs as revealed in the episode "The Beagle Birthday Massacre!" and are all voiced by Eric Bauza. The Original Classics â The Original Classics consist of Bigtime, Burger, and Bouncer Beagle. They debut in the episode "Daytrip of Doom!" This series' version of Burger Beagle departs drastically from his original series' counterpart in being tall and skinny. The Glam Yankees â A trio of rock-themed Beagle Boys. The DĂ©jĂ Vus â A trio of French themed Beagle Boys; their name provides a gag in the episode "The Beagle Birthday Massacre", as they are introduced by Ma Beagle three times, similar to real world DĂ©jĂ vu. The 6th Avenue Meanies â A trio of thuggish, brutish Beagle Boys led by Bad Attitude Beagle. The 6th Avenue Friendlies â A trio of well-mannered, dapper Beagle Boys led by Benevolent Beagle. The Longboard Taquitos â A trio of daredevil Beagle Boys who ride on skateboards and wear wingsuits. The Tumblebums â A trio of Gothic circus Beagle Boys, consisting of a muscular clown, a stilt-walker, and an acrobat. The Ugly Failures â A trio of unattractive and incompetent Beagle Boys consisting of Botched Job, Bungle, and Bottle Beagle. Black Arts Beagle â A solo Beagle Boy who is a stage magician and who differs from the other Beagle Boys by having gray skin instead of tan. Broadway and Backfield Beagle - Two Beagle Boys introduced in the DuckTales comics with a movie director and football theme, respectively. Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers The Beagle Boys appeared as Pete's henchmen in the film Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers. There are only three Beagle Boys in the film, one of them noted for being short (however unlike BigTime he wasn't the leader but more or less the "idiot" of the group), with gray skin and black hoods. They decide to depose Princess Minnie so Pete could become king. They were shown as much more competent and dangerous compared to their DuckTales counterparts. These Beagle Boys were collectively voiced by Jeff Bennett and Maurice LaMarche. These versions of the Beagle Boys appear in the video game Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance. RBP This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. Enjoying Wikiwand? Give good old Wikipedia a great new look: Install Wikiwand Home About Us Press Site Map Terms Of Service Privacy Policy Beagle Boys Scrooge McDuck Connected to: Carl Barks Scottish accent Pince-nez From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Scrooge McDuck First appearance Christmas on Bear Mountain (Four Color Comics #178, December 1947) Created by Carl Barks Voiced by Dallas McKennon (1960)[1] Bill Thompson (1967) Alan Young (1974â2016)[2] Will Ryan (1987) Pat Fraley (young Scrooge, in DuckTales episode "Once Upon a Dime") John Kassir (2016âpresent) David Tennant (DuckTales) Eric Bauza (Legend of the Three Caballeros) Developed by Carl Barks, Don Rosa Information Nickname(s) Uncle Scrooge Species Anthropomorphic Pekin duck Gender Male Occupation Business magnate "Adventure Capitalist" Family Clan McDuck Significant other(s) Glittering Goldie Brigitta MacBridge Relatives Donald Duck (nephew) Huey, Dewey, and Louie (grand-nephews) Ludwig Von Drake (brother-in-law) Nationality Scottish Scrooge McDuck is a fictional character created in 1947 by Carl Barks as a work-for-hire for The Walt Disney Company. Scrooge is an elderly Scottish anthropomorphic Pekin duck with a yellow-orange bill, legs, and feet. He typically wears a red or blue frock coat, top hat, pince-nez glasses, and spats. He is portrayed in animations as speaking with a Scottish accent. Named after Ebenezer Scrooge from the 1843 novel A Christmas Carol, Scrooge is an incredibly wealthy business magnate and self-proclaimed "adventure-capitalist" whose dominant character trait is his thrift. He is brother to Matilda McDuck and Hortense McDuck, the maternal uncle of Della and Donald Duck, the grand-uncle of Huey, Dewey, and Louie, and a usual financial backer of Gyro Gearloose. Within the context of the fictional Duck universe, he is the world's richest person.[3] He is an oil tycoon, businessman, owner of the largest mining concerns, many factories to operate different activities. His "Money Bin"âand indeed Scrooge himselfâare often used as a humorous metonyms for great wealth in popular culture around the world. McDuck was initially characterized as a greedy miser and antihero (as Charles Dickens' original Scrooge was), but in later appearances he has often been portrayed as a charitable and thrifty hero, adventurer and explorer. He was originally created by Barks as an antagonist for Donald Duck, first appearing in the 1947 Four Color story Christmas on Bear Mountain (#178). However, McDuck's popularity grew so large that he became a major figure of the Duck universe. In 1952 he was given his own comic book series, called Uncle Scrooge, which still runs today. Scrooge was most famously drawn by his creator Carl Barks, and later by Don Rosa. Like other Disney franchise characters, Scrooge McDuck's international popularity has resulted in literature that is often translated into other languages. Comics have remained Scrooge's primary medium, although he has also appeared in animated cartoons, most extensively in the television series DuckTales (1987â1990) and its reboot as the main protagonist of both series. Comics history First appearance Further information: Christmas on Bear Mountain One of Scrooge's first panels in Christmas on Bear Mountain One of Scrooge's first panels in Christmas on Bear Mountain Scrooge McDuck, maternal uncle of previously established character Donald Duck, made his first named appearance in the story Christmas on Bear Mountain which was published in Dell's Four Color Comics #178, December 1947, written and drawn by artist Carl Barks. His appearance may have been based on a similar-looking, Scottish "thrifty saver" Donald Duck character from the 1943 propaganda short The Spirit of '43[4]. In Christmas on Bear Mountain,[5] Scrooge was a bearded, bespectacled, reasonably wealthy old duck, visibly leaning on his cane, and living in isolation in a "huge mansion".[6] Scrooge's misanthropic thoughts in this first story are quite pronounced: "Here I sit in this big lonely dump, waiting for Christmas to pass! Bah! That silly season when everybody loves everybody else! A curse on it! MeâI'm different! Everybody hates me, and I hate everybody!"[6] Barks later reflected, "Scrooge in 'Christmas on Bear Mountain' was only my first idea of a rich, old uncle. I had made him too old and too weak. I discovered later on that I had to make him more active. I could not make an old guy like that do the things I wanted him to do."[7] Recurring character Barks would later claim that he originally only intended to use Scrooge as a one-shot character, but then decided Scrooge (and his fortune) could prove useful for motivating further stories. Barks continued to experiment with Scrooge's appearance and personality over the next four years. Scrooge's second appearance, in The Old Castle's Secret[8] (first published in June 1948), had Scrooge recruiting his nephews to search for a family treasure hidden in Dismal Downs, the McDuck family's ancestral castle, built in the middle of Rannoch Moor in Scotland. Foxy Relations (first published in November 1948) was the first story where Scrooge is called by his title and catchphrase "The Richest Duck in the World". A panel from an Uncle Scrooge comic by Jack Bradbury A panel from an Uncle Scrooge comic by Jack Bradbury First hints of Scrooge's past The story, Voodoo Hoodoo, first published in Dell's Four Color Comics #238, August 1949, was the first story to hint at Scrooge's past with the introduction of two figures from it. The first was Foola Zoola, an old African sorcerer and chief of the Voodoo tribe who had cursed Scrooge, seeking revenge for the destruction of his village and the taking of his tribe's lands by Scrooge decades ago. Scrooge privately admitted to his nephews that he had used an army of "cutthroats" to get the tribe to abandon their lands, in order to establish a rubber plantation. The event was placed by Carl Barks in 1879 during the story, but it would later be retconned by Don Rosa to 1909 to fit with Scrooge's later-established personal history.[citation needed] The second figure was Bombie the Zombie, the organ of the sorcerer's curse and revenge. He had reportedly sought Scrooge for decades before reaching Duckburg, mistaking Donald for Scrooge.[citation needed] Barks, with a note of skepticism often found in his stories, explained the zombie as a living person who has never died, but has somehow gotten under the influence of a sorcerer. Although some scenes of the story were intended as a parody of Bela Lugosi's White Zombie, the story is the first to not only focus on Scrooge's past but also touch on the darkest aspects of his personality. Later stories Trail of the Unicorn,[9] first published in February 1950, introduced Scrooge's private zoo. One of his pilots had managed to photograph the last living unicorn, which lived in the Indian part of the Himalayas. Scrooge offered a reward to competing cousins Donald Duck and Gladstone Gander, which would go to the one who captured the unicorn for Scrooge's collection of animals. This was also the story that introduced Scrooge's private airplane. Barks would later establish Scrooge as an experienced aviator. Donald had previously been shown as a skilled aviator, as was Flintheart Glomgold in later stories. In comparison, Huey, Dewey, and Louie were depicted as only having taken flying lessons in the story Frozen Gold (published in January 1945). The Pixilated Parrot, first published in July 1950, introduced the precursor to Scrooge's money bin; in this story, Scrooge's central office building is said to contain "three cubic acres of money". Two nameless burglars who briefly appear during the story are considered to be the precursors of the Beagle Boys.[10] Scrooge as a major character The Magic Hourglass, first published in September 1950, was arguably the first story to change the focus of the Duck stories from Donald to Scrooge. During the story, several themes were introduced for Scrooge. Donald first mentions in this story that his uncle practically owns Duckburg, a statement that Scrooge's rival John D. Rockerduck would later put in dispute. Scrooge first hints that he was not born into wealth, as he remembers buying the Hourglass in Morocco when he was a member of a ship's crew as a cabin boy. It is also the first story in which Scrooge mentions speaking another language besides his native English and reading other alphabets besides the Latin alphabet, as during the story, he speaks Arabic and reads the Arabic alphabet.[citation needed] The latter theme would be developed further in later stories. Barks and current Scrooge writer Don Rosa have depicted Scrooge as being fluent in Arabic, Dutch, German, Mongolian, Spanish, Mayan, Bengali, Finnish, and a number of Chinese dialects. Scrooge acquired this knowledge from years of living or traveling to the various regions of the world where those languages are spoken. Later writers would depict Scrooge having at least working knowledge of several other languages. Scrooge was shown in The Magic Hourglass in a more positive light than in previous stories, but his more villainous side is present too. Scrooge is seen in this story attempting to reacquire a magic hourglass that he gave to Donald, before finding out that it acted as a protective charm for him. Scrooge starts losing one billion dollars each minute, and comments that he will go bankrupt within 600 years. This line is a parody of Orson Welles's line in Citizen Kane "You know, Mr. Thatcher, at the rate of a million dollars a year, I'll have to close this place in... 60 years".[11] To convince his nephews to return it, he pursues them throughout Morocco, where they had headed to earlier in the story. Memorably during the story, Scrooge interrogates Donald by having him tied up and tickled with a feather in an attempt to get Donald to reveal the hourglass's location. Scrooge finally manages to retrieve it, exchanging it for a flask of water, as he had found his nephews exhausted and left in the desert with no supplies. As Scrooge explains, he intended to give them a higher offer, but he just could not resist having somebody at his mercy without taking advantage of it. Final developments A Financial Fable, first published in March 1951, had Scrooge teaching Donald some lessons in productivity as the source of wealth, along with the laws of supply and demand. Perhaps more importantly, it was also the first story where Scrooge observes how diligent and industrious Huey, Louie and Dewey are, making them more similar to himself rather than to Donald. Donald in Barks's stories is depicted as working hard on occasion, but given the choice often proves to be a shirker. The three younger nephews first side with Scrooge rather than Donald in this story, with the bond between granduncle and grandnephews strengthening in later stories. However, there have been rare instances where Donald proved invaluable to Scrooge, such as when the group traveled back in time to Ancient Egypt to retrieve a pharaoh's papyrus. Donald cautions against taking it with him, as no one would believe the story unless it was unearthed. Donald then buries it and makes a marking point from the Nile River, making Scrooge think to himself admiringly, "Donald must have swallowed the EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica!" Terror of the Beagle Boys, first published in November 1951, introduced the readers to the Beagle Boys, although Scrooge in this story seems to be already familiar with them. The Big Bin on Killmotor Hill introduced Scrooge's money bin, built on Killmotor Hill in the center of Duckburg. By this point, Scrooge had become familiar to readers in the United States and Europe. Other Disney writers and artists besides Barks began using Scrooge in their own stories, including Italian writer Romano Scarpa. Western Publishing, the then-publisher of the Disney crafty comics, started thinking about using Scrooge as a protagonist rather than a supporting character, and then decided to launch Scrooge in his own self-titled comic. Uncle Scrooge #1, featuring the story Only a Poor Old Man, was published in March 1952. This story along with Back to the Klondike, first published a year later in March 1953, became the biggest influences in how Scrooge's character, past, and beliefs would become defined. After this point, Barks produced most of his longer stories in Uncle Scrooge, with a focus mainly on adventure, while his ten-page stories for Walt Disney's Comics and Stories continued to feature Donald as the star and focused on comedy. In Scrooge's stories, Donald and his nephews were cast as Scrooge's assistants, who accompanied Scrooge in his adventures around the world. This change of focus from Donald to Scrooge was also reflected in stories by other contemporary writers. Since then, Scrooge remains a central figure of the Duck comics' universe, thus the coining of the term "Scrooge McDuck Universe".[citation needed] Modern era After Barks's retirement, the character continued under other artists. In 1972, Barks was persuaded to write more stories for Disney. He wrote Junior Woodchuck stories where Scrooge often plays the part of the villain, closer to the role he had before he acquired his own series. Under Barks, Scrooge always was a malleable character who would take on whatever persona was convenient to the plot. The Italian writer and artist Romano Scarpa made several additions to Scrooge McDuck's universe, including characters such as Brigitta McBridge, Scrooge's self-styled fiancĂ©e, and Gideon McDuck, a newspaper editor who is Scrooge's brother. Those characters have appeared mostly in European comics. So is also the case for Scrooge's rival John D. Rockerduck (created by Barks for just one story) and Donald's cousin Fethry Duck, who sometimes works as a reporter for Scrooge's newspaper. Another major development was the arrival of writer and artist Don Rosa in 1986 with his story "The Son of the Sun", released by Gladstone Publishing and nominated for a Harvey Award, one of the comics industry's highest honors. Rosa has said in interviews that he considers Scrooge to be his favorite Disney character. Unlike most other Disney writers, Don Rosa considered Scrooge as a historical character whose Disney adventures had occurred in the fifties and sixties and ended (in his undepicted death[12]) in 1967 when Barks retired. He considered only Barks' stories canonical, and fleshed out a timeline as well as a family tree based on Barks' stories. Eventually he wrote and drew The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, a full history in twelve chapters which received an Eisner Award in 1995. Later editions included additional chapters. Under Rosa, Scrooge became more ethical; while he never cheats, he ruthlessly exploits any loopholes. He owes his fortune to his hard work and his money bin is "full of souvenirs" since every coin reminds him of a specific circumstance. Rosa remains the foremost contemporary duck artist and has been nominated for five 2007 Eisner Awards. His work is regularly reprinted by itself as well as along with Barks stories for which he created a sequel. Daan Jippes, who can mimic Barks's art to a close extent, repenciled all of Barks's 1970s Junior Woodchucks stories, as well as Barks' final Uncle Scrooge stories, from the 1990s to the early 2000s. Other notable Disney artists who have worked with the Scrooge character include Marco Rota, William Van Horn, and Tony Strobl. In an interview with the Norwegian "Aftenposten" from 1992 Don Rosa says that "in the beginning Scrooge [owed] his existence to his nephew Donald, but that has changed and today it's Donald that [owes] his existence to Scrooge" and he also says that this is one of the reasons why he is so interested in Scrooge. Characterization Wealth Scrooge's signature dive into money Scrooge's signature dive into money The character is almost exclusively portrayed as having worked his way up the financial ladder from humble immigrant roots. The comic book series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, (written by Don Rosa) shows Scrooge as a young boy, he took up a job polishing and shining boots in his native Glasgow. A pivotal moment comes when a ditchdigger pays him with an 1875 US dime, which was useless as currency in 19th century Glasgow. Enraged, Scrooge vowed to never be taken advantage of again, to be "sharper than the sharpies and smarter than the smarties." He takes a position as cabin boy on a Clyde cattle ship to the United States to make his fortune at the age of 13. In 1898, after many adventures he finally ends up in Klondike, where he finds a golden rock the size of a goose's egg. By the following year he had made his first $1,000,000 and bought the deed for Killmule Hill from Casey Coot, the son of Clinton Coot and grandson of Cornelius Coot. He finally ends up in Duckburg in 1902. After some dramatic events where he faces both the Beagle Boys and president Roosevelt and his "Rough Riders" at the same time, he tears down the rest of the old fort Duckburg and builds his famous Money Bin at the site. In the years to follow, Uncle Scrooge travels all around the world in order to increase his fortune, while his family remained behind to manage the Money Bin. When Scrooge finally returns to Duckburg, he is the richest duck in the world, rivaled only by Flintheart Glomgold, John D. Rockerduck, and less prominently, the maharaja of the fictional country Howdoyoustan (play on Hindustan). His experiences, however, had changed him into a hostile miser, and he made his own family leave.[further explanation needed] Some 12 years later, he closed his empire down, but eventually returned to a public life 5 years later and started his business. He keeps the majority of his wealth in a massive Money Bin overlooking the city of Duckburg. In the short Scrooge McDuck and Money, he remarks to his nephews that this money is "just petty cash". In the Dutch and Italian version he regularly forces Donald and his nephews to polish the coins one by one in order to pay off Donald's debts; Scrooge will not pay them much for this lengthy, tedious, hand-breaking work. As far as he is concerned, even 5 cents an hour is too much expenditure. A shrewd businessman and noted tightwad, he is fond of diving into and swimming in his money, without injury. He is also the richest member of The Billionaires Club of Duckburg, a society which includes the most successful businessmen of the world and allows them to keep connections with each other. Glomgold and Rockerduck are also influential members of the Club. His most famous prized possession is his Number One Dime. Valuation of Scrooge assets in Barks' The Second Richest Duck Valuation of Scrooge assets in Barks' The Second Richest Duck The sum of Scrooge's wealth is unclear.[13] According to Barks' The Second Richest Duck as noted by a Time article, Scrooge is worth "one multiplujillion, nine obsquatumatillion, six hundred twenty-three dollars and sixty-two cents".[14] In the DuckTales episode "Liquid Assets", Fenton Crackshell (Scrooge's accountant) notes that McDuck's money bin contains "607 tillion 386 zillion 947 trillion 522 billion dollars and 36 cents". Don Rosa's Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck notes that Scrooge amounts to "five multiplujillion, nine impossibidillion, seven fantastica trillion dollars and sixteen cents". A thought bubble from Scrooge McDuck sitting in his car with his chauffeur in Walt Disney's Christmas Parade No.1 (published in 1949) that takes place in the story "Letter to Santa" clearly states "What's the use of having 'eleven octillion dollars' if I don't make a big noise about it?" In the DuckTales movie, Scrooge mentions "We quadzillionaires have our own ideas of fun." In the first episode of the 2017 Ducktales series, McDuck states that he runs "a multi-trillion dollar business." Forbes magazine has occasionally tried to estimate McDuck's wealth in real terms; in 2007, the magazine estimated his wealth at $28.8 billion;[15] in 2011, it rose to $44.1 billion due to the rise in gold prices.[16] The YouTube Channel Film Theory used the size of Scrooge's Money Bin as a basis and calculated that it could contain over $300 trillion.[17] Whatever the amount, Scrooge never considers it to be enough; he believes that he has to continue to earn money by any means possible. A running gag is Scrooge always making profit on any business deal.[18] Education Scrooge never completed a formal education, as he left school at an early age. However, he has a sharp mind and is always ready to learn new skills. Because of his secondary occupation as a treasure hunter, Scrooge has become something of a scholar and an amateur archaeologist. Starting with Barks, several writers have explained how Scrooge becomes aware of the treasures he decides to pursue. This often involves periods of research consulting various written sources in search of passages that might lead him to a treasure. Often Scrooge decides to search for the possible truth behind old legends, or discovers obscure references to the activities of ancient conquerors, explorers and military leaders that he considers interesting enough to begin a new expedition. As a result of his research, Scrooge has built up an extensive personal library, which includes many rare tomes. In Barks's and Rosa's stories, among the prized pieces of this library is an almost complete collection of Spanish and Dutch naval logs of the 16th and 17th centuries. Their references to the fates of other ships have often allowed Scrooge to locate sunken ships and recover their treasures from their watery graves. Mostly self-taught as he is, Scrooge is a firm believer in the saying "knowledge is power". Scrooge is also an accomplished linguist and entrepreneur, having learned to speak several different languages during his business trips around the world, selling refrigerators to Eskimos, wind to windmill manufacturers in the Netherlands, etc. Morality and beliefs Both as a businessman and as a treasure hunter, Scrooge is noted for his drive to set new goals and face new challenges. As Carl Barks described his character, for Scrooge there is "always another rainbow". The phrase later provided the title for one of Barks's better-known paintings depicting Scrooge. Periods of inactivity between adventures and lack of serious challenges tend to be depressing for Scrooge after a while; some stories see these phases take a toll on his health. Scrooge's other motto is "Work smarter, not harder." As a businessman, Scrooge often resorts to aggressive tactics and deception. He seems to have gained significant experience in manipulating people and events towards his own ends. As often seen in stories by writer Guido Martina and occasionally by others, Scrooge is noted for his cynicism, especially towards ideals of morality when it comes to business and the pursuit of set goals. This has been noted by some as not being part of Barks's original profile of the character, but has since come to be accepted as one valid interpretation of Scrooge's way of thinking. Scrooge seems to have a personal code of honesty that offers him an amount of self-control. He can often be seen contemplating the next course of action, divided between adopting a ruthless pursuit of his current goal against those tactics he considers more honest. At times, he can sacrifice his goal in order to remain within the limits of this sense of honesty. Several fans of the character have come to consider these depictions as adding to the depth of his personality, because based on the decisions he takes Scrooge can be both the hero and the villain of his stories. This is one thing he has in common with his nephew Donald. Scrooge's sense of honesty also distinguishes him from his rival Flintheart Glomgold, who places no such self-limitations. During the cartoon series DuckTales, at times he would be heard saying to Glomgold, "You're a cheater, and cheaters never prosper!" Scrooge has a volatile temper and rarely hesitates to use cartoon violence against those who provoke his ire (often his nephew Donald, but also bill and tax collectors as well as door-to-door salesmen); however, he seems to be against the use of lethal force. On occasion, he has even saved the lives of enemies who had threatened his own life but were in danger of losing their own. According to Scrooge's own explanation, this is to save himself from feelings of guilt over their deaths; he generally awaits no gratitude from them. Scrooge has also opined that only in fairy tales do bad people turn good, and that he is old enough to not believe in fairy tales. Scrooge believes in keeping his wordânever breaking a promise once given.[19] In Italian-produced stories of the 1950s to 1970s, however, particularly those written by Guido Martina, Scrooge often acts differently from in American or Danish comics productions. Carl Barks gave Scrooge a definite set of ethics which were in tone with the time he was supposed to have made his fortune. The robber barons and industrialists of the 1890â1920s era were McDuck's competition as he earned his fortune. Scrooge proudly asserts "I made it by being tougher than the toughies and smarter than the smarties! And I made it square!" Barks's creation is averse to dishonesty in the pursuit of wealth. When Disney filmmakers first contemplated a Scrooge feature cartoon in the fifties, the animators had no understanding of the Scrooge McDuck character and merely envisioned Scrooge as a duck version of Ebenezer Scroogeâa very unsympathetic character. In the end they shelved the idea because a duck who gets all excited about money just was not funny enough. In an interview, Barks summed up his beliefs about Scrooge and capitalism: I've always looked at the ducks as caricatured human beings. In rereading the stories, I realized that I had gotten kind of deep in some of them: there was philosophy in there that I hadn't realized I was putting in. It was an added feature that went along with the stories. I think a lot of the philosophy in my stories is conservativeâconservative in the sense that I feel our civilization peaked around 1910. Since then we've been going downhill. Much of the older culture had basic qualities that the new stuff we keep hatching can never match. Look at the magnificent cathedrals and palaces that were built. Nobody can build that sort of thing nowadays. Also, I believe that we should preserve many old ideals and methods of working: honor, honesty, allowing other people to believe in their own ideas, not trying to force everyone into one form. The thing I have against the present political system is that it tries to make everybody exactly alike. We should have a million different patterns. They say that wealthy people like the Vanderbilts and Rockefellers are sinful because they accumulated fortunes by exploiting the poor. I feel that everybody should be able to rise as high as they can or want to, provided they don't kill anybody or actually oppress other people on the way up. A little exploitation is something you come by in nature. We see it in the pecking order of animalsâeverybody has to be exploited or to exploit someone else to a certain extent. I don't resent those things.[20] Personality Scrooge is very misunderstood. In his early years, he was very friendly and generous. But the 'slaps' of society from cruel people, as well as the ungratefulness of those who he had helped to overcome their problems, made Scrooge bitter, grumpy, and arrogant. Feeling that he had been taken advantage of, he didn't want to believe that others had real problems or difficulties in their lives. This made him seem out-of-touch at best, and selfish at worst. As a result, no one could understand his problems, including his nephew, and his great-nephews. This isolation paved the path to acquiring untold wealth and power. But despite it all, he is very loyal, and will help those he sees as in-peril or need of help. DuckTales Scrooge stars alongside his great-nephews in DuckTales Scrooge stars alongside his great-nephews in DuckTales In the DuckTales series, Scrooge has adopted the nephews (as Donald has joined the Navy and is away on his tour of duty), and as a result his darker personality traits are downplayed. While most of his persona remain from the comics, he is notably more optimistic and less hot-headed in the animated cartoon. In an early episode, Scrooge credits his improved temperament to the nephews and Webby (his housekeeper's granddaughter, who comes to live in Scrooge's mansion), saying that "for the first time since I left Scotland, I have a family". Though Scrooge is far from tyrannical in the comics, he is rarely so openly affectionate. While he still hunts for treasure in Ducktales, many episodes focus on his attempts to thwart villains. However, he remains just as tightfisted with money as he has always been. But he's also affable and patient with his family and friends. Scrooge displays a strict code of honor, insisting that the only valid way to acquire wealth is to "earn it square," and he goes to great lengths to thwart those (sometimes even his own nephews) who gain money dishonestly. This code also prevents him from ever being dishonest himself, and he avows that "Scrooge McDuck's word is as good as gold." He also expresses great disgust at being viewed by others as a greedy liar and cheater. The series fleshes out Scrooge's upbringing by depicting his life as an individual who worked hard his entire life to earn his keep and to fiercely defend it against those who were truly dishonest but also, he defend his family and friends from any dangers, including villains. His value teaches his nephews not to be dishonest with him or anybody else. It is shown that money is no longer the most important thing in his life. For one episode, he was under a love spell, which caused him to lavish his time on a goddess over everything else. The nephews find out that the only way to break the spell is make the person realize that the object of their love will cost them something they truly love. The boys make it appear that Scrooge's love is allergic to money; however, he simply decides to give up his wealth so he can be with her. Later, when he realizes he will have to give up his nephews to be with her, the spell is immediately broken, showing that family is the most important thing to him. On occasion, he demonstrates considerable physical strength by single-handedly beating bigger foes. He credits his robustness to "lifting money bags." Europe Many of the European comics based on the Disney Universe have created their own version of Scrooge McDuck, usually involving him in slapstick adventures. This is particularly true of the Italian comics which were very popular in the 1960sâ1980s in most parts of Western continental Europe. In these, Scrooge is mainly an anti-hero dragging his long-suffering nephews into treasure hunts and shady business deals. Donald is a reluctant participant in these travels, only agreeing to go along when his uncle reminds him of the debts and back-rent Donald owes him, threatens him with a sword or blunderbuss, or offers a share of the loot. When he promises Donald a share of the treasure, Scrooge will add a little loophole in the terms which may seem obscure at first but which he brings up at the end of the adventure to deny Donald his share, keeping the whole for himself. After Donald risks life and limb â something which Scrooge shows little concern for â he tends to end up with nothing. Another running joke is Scrooge reminiscing about his adventures while gold prospecting in the Klondike much to Donald and the nephews' chagrin at hearing the never-ending and tiresome stories. Age According to Carl Barks' 1955 one-pager "Watt an Occasion" (Uncle Scrooge #12), Scrooge is 75 years of age. According to Don Rosa, Scrooge was born in Scotland in 1867, and earned his Number One Dime (or First Coin) exactly ten years later. The DuckTales episodes (and many European comics) show a Scrooge who hailed from Scotland in the 19th century, yet was clearly familiar with all the technology and amenities of the 1980s. Despite this extremely advanced age, Scrooge does not appear to be on the verge of dotage, and is vigorous enough to keep up with his nephews in adventures; with rare exception there appears to be no sign of him slowing down. Barks responded to some fan letters asking about Scrooge's Adamic age, that in the story "That's No Fable!", when Scrooge drank water from a Fountain of Youth for several days, rather than making him young again (bodily contact with the water was required for that), ingesting the water rejuvenated his body and cured him of his rheumatia, which arguably allowed Scrooge to live beyond his expected years with no sign of slowdown or senility. Don Rosa's solution to the issue of Scrooge's age is that he set all of his stories in the 1950s or earlier, which was when he himself discovered and reveled in Barks's stories as a kid, and in his unofficial timelines, he had Scrooge die in 1967, at the age of 100 years. In the 15th Episode of the new Ducktales reboot it is revealed that Scrooge was also stuck (by unmentioned time) in the Demigorgana timeless demon dimension which is used to explain his young look[21]. In popular culture Cultural impact Forbes magazine routinely lists Scrooge McDuck on its annual "Fictional 15" list of the richest fictional characters by net worth: 2002: #4 with $8.2 billion[22] 2005: #6 with $8.2 billion[23] 2006: #3 with $10.9 billion[24] 2007: #1 with $28.8 billion (ÂŁ17.6 billion)[25] 2008: #2 with $29.1 billion[26] 2010: #2 with $33.5 billion[27] 2011: #1 with $44.1 billion[28] 2013: #1 with $65.4 billion[29] Grupo Ronda S.A. Has the license to use the character, as well as other Disney characters in the board game "TĂo Rico Mc. Pato " from 1972 to the present, being one of the most popular table games in Colombia and being the Direct competition of the Monopoly (game) in the region.[30] In tribute to its famous native, Glasgow City Council added Scrooge to its list of "Famous Glaswegians" in 2007, alongside the likes of Billy Connolly and Charles Rennie Mackintosh.[31] In 2008 The Weekly Standard parodied the bailout of the financial markets by publishing a memo where Scrooge applies to the TARP program.[32] An extortionist named Arno Funke targeted German department store chain Karstadt from 1992 until his capture in 1994, under the alias "Dagobert", the German (first) name for Scrooge McDuck.[33] In the Family Guy episode "Lottery Fever", Peter injures himself trying to dive into a pile of coins like Scrooge McDuck. In the 2013 episode of Breaking Bad, "Buried", Saul Goodman associate Patrick Kuby remarks to fellow associate Huell Babineaux "we are here to do a job, not channel Scrooge McDuck" when Huell lays down on Walter White's pile of cash stored in a storage facility locker. Dagobertducktaks ("Dagobert Duck" is the Dutch name for Scrooge McDuck), a tax for the wealthy, was elected Dutch word of the year 2014 in a poll by Van Dale.[34][35] In August 2017, the YouTube channel "The Film Theorists", hosted by Matthew "MatPat" Patrick, estimated the worth of the gold coins in the money bin of Scrooge McDuck based on four sources, with the lowest source equaling $52,348,493,767.50 and the highest source ("three cubic acres") equaling $333,927,633,863,527.10 of gold value.[36] Scrooge McDuck Universe Main article: Duck universe The popularity of Scrooge McDuck comics spawned an entire mythology around the character, including new supporting characters, adventures, and life experiences as told by numerous authors. The popularity of the Duck universe â the fandom term for the associated intellectual properties that have developed from Scrooge's stories over the years, including the city of Duckburg â has led Don Rosa to claim that "in the beginning Scrooge [owed] his existence to his nephew Donald, but that has changed and today it's Donald that [owes] his existence to Scrooge." In addition to the many original and existing characters in stories about Scrooge McDuck, authors have frequently led historical figures to meet Scrooge over the course of his life. Most notably, Scrooge has met US president Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Scrooge would meet each other at least three times: in the Dakotas in 1883, in Duckburg in 1902, and in Panama in 1906. See Historical Figures in Scrooge McDuck stories. Based on writer Don Rosa's The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, a popular timeline chronicling Scrooge's adventures was created consisting of the most important "facts" about Scrooge's life. See Scrooge McDuck timeline according to Don Rosa.[citation needed] In 2014, composer Tuomas Holopainen of Nightwish released a conceptual album based on the book, The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The album is titled Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge. Don Rosa illustrated the cover artwork for the album [37]. In other media The character of Scrooge has appeared in various mediums aside from comic books. Scrooge's voice was first heard on the 1960 record album Donald Duck and His Friends; Dal McKennon voiced the character for this appearance.[38] Scrooge's first appearance in animated form (save for a brief Mickey Mouse Club television series cameo) was in Disney's 1967 theatrical short Scrooge McDuck and Money (voiced by Bill Thompson), in which he teaches his nephews basic financial tips.[39] In 1974, Disneyland Records released an adaptation of the Charles Dickens classic A Christmas Carol, for which Alan Young was hired to voice Scrooge McDuck playing the character who inspired his name, Ebenezer Scrooge (Thompson had died in 1971). Young, who himself was born in Great Britain, was best known for playing Wilbur Post on the hit television series Mister Ed from 1961 to 1965. Eight years later, the Walt Disney Animation Studios decided to make a featurette of this same story, this time dubbed Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983), and once again hired Young to voice the role.[38][40] He also appeared as himself in the television special Sport Goofy in Soccermania (1987) (the only time when he was voiced by Will Ryan). Scrooge's biggest role outside comics would come in the 1987 animated series DuckTales, a series loosely based on Carl Barks's comics, and where Alan Young returned to voice his character. In this series, premiered over two-hours on September 18, 1987, while the regular episodes began three days later, Scrooge becomes the legal guardian of Huey, Dewey and Louie when Donald joins the United States Navy. Scrooge's DuckTales persona is considerably mellow compared to most previous appearances; his aggression is played down and his often duplicitous personality is reduced in many episodes to that of a curmudgeonly but well-meaning old uncle. Still, there are flashes of Barks' Scrooge to be seen, particularly in early episodes of the first season. After the series Scrooge also appeared in DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp. He was mentioned in the Darkwing Duck episode "Tiff of the Titans", but never really seen. He has appeared in some episodes of Raw Toonage, two shorts of Mickey Mouse Works and some episodes (specially "House of Scrooge") of Disney's House of Mouse, as well as the direct-to-video films Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas and Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas. His video game appearances include the three DuckTales releases (DuckTales, DuckTales 2, and DuckTales: The Quest for Gold), and in Toontown Online as the accidental creator of the Cogs. Additionally, he is a secret playable character in 2008 quiz game, Disney TH!NK Fast. In the 2012 Nintendo 3DS game Epic Mickey: Power of Illusion, he is one of the first characters Mickey rescues, running a shop in the fortress selling upgrades and serving as a Sketch summon in which he uses his cane pogostick from the Ducktales NES games. In 1961 a 45rpm single record was released entitled "Donald Duck and Uncle Scrooge's Money Rocket" (aka "Uncle Scrooge's Rocket to the Moon"), a story of how Scrooge builds a rocket to send all his money to the moon to protect it from the "Beagle Boys". Scrooge in Kingdom Hearts II Scrooge in Kingdom Hearts II Scrooge also makes an appearance in Disney's and Square Enix's Kingdom Hearts series, in a role where he helps Mickey Mouse set up a world transit system. He first appears in Kingdom Hearts II as a minor non-playable character in Hollow Bastion, where he is trying to recreate his favorite ice cream flavor â sea-salt.[41] Scrooge later appears in the prequel, Kingdom Hearts: Birth by Sleep, this time with a speaking role. He works on establishing an ice-cream business in Radiant Garden and gives Ventus three passes to the Dream Festival in Disney Town. Young reprises the role in the English version of Birth by Sleep. Scrooge has appeared in the Boom! Studios Darkwing Duck comic, playing a key role at the end of its initial story, "The Duck Knight Returns". Later he would also play a key role on the final story arc "Dangerous Currency", where he teams up with Darkwing Duck in order to stop the Phantom Blot and Magica De Spell from taking over St. Canard and Duckburg. In 2015, Scrooge was seen in the Mickey Mouse short "Goofy's First Love", where Mickey and Donald are trying to help Goofy find his love. Donald suggests money, and they head over to Scrooge's mansion where Donald tells his uncle that Goofy needs a million dollars. Scrooge then has his butler kick them out. When Goofy is inadvertently launched from a treadmill and catapulted off another building, he lands in Scrooge's mansion. The butler kicks Goofy out and the process repeats itself but this time Mickey and Donald are catapulted as well and kicked out by the butler. Scrooge is seen at the end attending Goofy's wedding with a sandwich. In the 2016 Mickey Mouse Christmas special, "Duck the Halls", after Young's death, John Kassir took over voicing Scrooge McDuck, however he later tweeted that he won't be reprising his role in the reboot. Kassir continues to voice the character in subsequent appearances in this series. Scrooge makes a cameo appearance in the Legend of the Three Caballeros episode "Shangri-La-Di-Da", voiced by Eric Bauza. In the new DuckTales, Scrooge is played by Scottish actor David Tennant, who brings both the nephews and Donald into his home at the end of the series premier.[42] This series shows that Scrooge previously adventured with his nephew Donald and his niece Della Duck, but a tragic event ten years prior to the start of the series resulted in Scrooge and Donald going their separate ways. He seems to have a rather pessimistic attitude about family as a result, and is initially reluctant in spending time with the boys until they assist him in a couple of adventures. RBP Related topics Frock coat A frock coat is a man's coat characterised by a knee-length skirt (often cut just above the knee) all around the base, popular during the Victorian and Edwardian periods. The double-breasted style is sometimes called a Prince Albert (after the consort to Queen Victoria). The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the world's second largest broadcasting and cable company in terms of revenue, after Comcast. Spats (footwear) Spats, a shortening of spatterdashes, or spatter guards are a type of classic footwear accessory for outdoor wear, covering the instep and the ankle. This page is based on a Wikipedia article written by contributors (read/edit). Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses. Enjoying Wikiwand? Give good old Wikipedia a great new look: Install Wikiwand Home About Us Press Site Map Terms Of Service Privacy Policy Scrooge McDuck RBP Phantomduck Homepage Origins, metamorphosis ... Villa Rosa, Duckburg ... Hideout, special devices ... Publications, Stories ... Other Disney characters Links, Art, Gadgets ... Duckburg Duckburg: the city of the ducks created by Carl Barks is the place where DUCK AVENGER acts and before him where Fantomallard and Dolly Paprika performed their missions. This page briefly shows its story, a map indicating the most significant places, the two most credible and reasonable hypothesis about its supposed geographical location (based on Barks' and Don Rosa's stories) and details of some mysterious and secret places shown in several adventures (some of those related to DUCK AVENGER) of famous Disney artists. For those who want to know much more about this argument, there is a complete analysis of Duckburg history and facts based on Barks' and Rosa's universe in the interesting website by Sigvald Grosfjeld Jr.: Life and times in Duckburg. The Duckburg map is mainly based on the awesome and detailed research made by the German group DER DONALDIST : Der Standtplan von Entenhausen their Duckburg map takes references from the various places shown in the Carl Barks stories. click on red circle Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake is the first European to step in the new land called New Albion, changing the name into Drake Borough. Francis Drake built a fort on the hill overlooking the area and he hide in the basement of the fort many volumes of what remained of lost library of Alexandria. During an indians attack Fenton Penworthy summarize in a single volume the most important informations contained in the ancient books. Francis Drake Together the crew of Francis Drake was also Duke Richard Quackett who also remained in Drake Borough after the departure of Francis Drake. The Duke, better known by the nickname of Mad Duke becomed famous not only for his extravagant behaviour but also for having stolled of part of the treasure that Fracis Drake would lead to Queen Elizabeth I and for having commissioned the construction of some medieval style manors around the area. Mad Duke Mad Duke Francis Drake To try to recover the missing treasure and the precious volumes of the lost library of Alexandria Francis Drake returned back to Drake Borough in 1585. But the Mad Duke was able to hide the treasure and to escape. Francis Drake was thus not able to find neither the missing treasure nor the books of lost library of Alexandria being destroyed during the indian attack to the fort. The Corsair sail back to home and he never come back again in the area because he died of fever during one of his trips in 1596. Cornelius Coot The fort (Fort Drake Borough) was given by the english soldiers to Cornelius Coot in the 1818. He thus renamed the fort as "Fort Duckburg" and after having accidentaly avoid that the area felt under the Spain garrison he founded the Woodchucks Militia to protect the fort from the indians attack. Cornelius Coot Clinton Coot In 1830 Cornelius' son Clinton Coot was born. In 1901 he founded the Junior Woodchucks to teach the young Duckburgians how to keep the good ideals, like making good actions, protecting nature and preserving knowledgement. For this purpose he uses the famous guidebook which is nothing more than the summary of the knowledge contained in the volumes of Alexandria's lost library. In 1898, his son Casey Coot brother of Elvira "Grandma" Coot (Grandma Duck) gave the property of the Fort and relevant hill (Killmule Hill) to a young scottish gold-digger in the Klondike named Scrooge McDuck, who takes possess of the property together with his two sisters Matilda and Hortense in 1902. Casey Coot & Scrooge McDuck Duckburg 1902 Duckburg 1930 In a few decades, also thanks to the investments of Scooge McDuck and other rich peoples, Duckburg is transformed from a small farmer village to a modern American city. The first apperance of name Duckburg is shown in a traffic indication in the last sketch of a Barks' story published in WDCS #49 October 1944. As for Carl Barks' indications, Duckburg is a city-state like the Italian San Marino or Vatican City. In this point of view, the state of Calisota where Duckburg is located can be considered like a nation itself a little bit bigger than the city. A clear indication that Duckburg is a city-state comes from Carl Barks' story UNCLE SCROOGE "TREASURE OF MARCO POLO" where the Duckburg embassy (in a foreign country) and the relevant national flag (a duck on a green-blue background) are shown in a sketch. As for Barks indications Duckburg is located in the Duck County, closer to the Goose County which main city is Gooseville. The other nearest towns are Hentown and Catville. If we analize some of Barks' stories, (Duckburg is on the US west coast, not far from the desert, not far from the mountains and from the city of Los Angeles, near the old California-Spanish missions area etc..) Duckburg could be logically placed along the California coast between San Francisco and Los Angeles aproximately in the Morro Bay area. On the other hand, Don Rosa in chapter 10 of his saga The life and times of $crooge McDuck, based on the fact that Barks also takes reference of his homestate Oregon to depict the Ducks' living environment, prefers to place Duckburg up to the north of San Francisco, practically in the same bay where corrently the city of Eureka is located. The state of Calisota in this point of view is a real state of the union placed between a reshaped California and the state of Oregon. Secondo Don Rosa Secondo Carl Barks Mysterious and secret places of Duckburg NOTRE DUCK The cathedral of Notre Duck certainly is one of the most suggestive and mysterious places in Duckburg, as is widely shown in Carl Barks' story THE PHANTOM OF NOTRE DUCK US#60 Nov. 1965. The peculiarity of this reproduction of an old Gothic church, which is basicly a copy of the Notre Dame of Paris, are the wishing well, the various secret passages, the underground and the mysterious traps well known and utilized by the worrying and mysterious lodger (maybe related to the designer?) the Phantom of Notre Duck. At the beginning there were no indications about the period of the building of this huge cathedral located in Duckburg. Therefore it must be a medieval reproduction probably manufactured, because of its impressiveness and relevant high realization costs, during the first decades of the twentieth century of growth and expansion of Duckburg due mainly to the presence and the investments of several managers and bilionaires, first of all Scrooge McDuck. The Duckburg cathedral is also shown in a Brasilan story O CASAMENTO DO PATO DONALD of Irineu Soares Rodriguez, Luiz Podavin, Verci de Mello and Euclides Miyaura, in the occasion of the presumed (or better dreamed) wedding between Donald and Daisy celebrated in Notre Duck. Notre Duck is shown again in a Brasilian story titled A VOLTA DO FANTASMA DE NOTRE DAME. In this adventure, which clearly takes reference from Barks, Scrooge McDuck and his nephews meet the mysterious phantom again. This time they suddenly discover that it is not the same one as in Barks' adventure, but the witch Magica de Spell in one of her impressive disguises. In the italian story PAPERINIK E IL TESORO DI DOLLY PAPRIKA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA) Marco Gervasio shows a very beautiful image of Notre Duck. In this interesting story there are also some indications about the possible connection between the mysterious Phantom of Notre Duck, the Mad Duke and the gentleman thief Fantomallard. The cathedral of Notre Duck is again shown in the story of Pesce and Asaro PAPERINIK E L'ARCHITETTURA SPICCIOLA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE PETTY ARCHITECTURE) where in this case it is inhabited by a new ghost named Lord of the hatches alter ego of an eccentric Monetary Architect who is expanding the project of the previous ghost making in the basement of Notre Duck a scale reconstruction of the whole city of Duckburg by using coins coming from his robbery. Furthermore this new ghost is also planning to rob the Scrooge's Money Bin but at the end of the adventure he is stopped by the intervention of DUCK AVENGER. A very interesting representation of the Notre Duck is made by the talented Architect/Disney artist Blasco Pisapia in one of his speciat article titled: Duckburg city guide published in Italy on TOPOLINO comic book in the august of 2014. Notre Duck is shown again by Marco Gervasio in the eighteen episode of the saga dedicated to Fantomallard titled NOTRE DUCK. In this adventure the talented italian artist and writer takes references to the famous Barks story UNCLE SCROOGE AND THE PHANTOM OF NOTRE DUCK showing several internal and external locations of the Duckburg cathedral as well as its underground hideouts. Always in the same story Gervasio reveals the origin of the Phantom of Notre Duck that corresponds to the architect Henry Quackett older brother of John Quackett alias Fantomallard. Henry retreats in 1924 within the Notre Duck Cathedral, which has been designed by himself and built in 1916. In the story It is also shown the beginning of the construction, in the underground hideout, of the model of the Notre Duck made with the coins stollen from the fountain. Gervasio also shows us the origin of the black costume worn by Henry Quackett which is based on the costume worn by a relative of Marie Lamont (mother of John and Henry) who in 1700 in Paris was a royal tax collector. He dressed in that way to afraid the debtors when he was charging taxes. At the end of the story Gervasio lets us guess that Henry Quackett might have continued to play the role of the Phantom of Notre Duck also in the future and give us a possible clue why, some decades later, his appearance could remember that of Scrooge. The reader could therefore imagine that during the attempt to steal the money from the Money Bin the could have been used the mask of Scrooge, or that Henry Quackett in old age could look like Scrooge McDuck. However being its physiognomy definitely too high compared to that of the Phantom of Notre Duck shown by Barks we can also suppose that the ghost met by Scrooge is another person who has replaced Henry Quackett (perhaps his brother John Quackett many years after finishing his business as a gentleman thief?) THE CASTLE OF THE MAD DUKE OF DUCKBURG This creepy manor (obviously another mediaeval reproduction) is shown in Barks' story HOUSE OF HAUNTS US#60 May 1966. This dismal castle has the bad fame to be ghost-infested and it is considered a place to avoid because it is full of traps and a mysterious dead-end underground. In the above mentioned story, some of these are restored and utilized for a short time by Scrooge as a secret hiding place for his money. Very little is known about the building period of the castle or the identity of the mysterious Mad Duke. The only image of him is shown by Barks in a picture in the relevant story. Considering the Duke outfit we can suppose that he was living no later than the end of 1500s, in this case the castle has been built long before the foundation of Duckburg, probably during the time of Fracis Drake thus around the year 1580 (The Mad Duke could have been part of Drake's crew). In this poin of view the supposed deeds of the Mad Duke could be only a legend passed down from the native population of the area to the first colonists placed in Duckburg after Cornelius Coot arrived. This hypothesis is confirmed on the number one of the Italian comic book series DEFINITIVE COLLECTION edited by PANINI and dedicated to the character of Fantomallard where in the biography of Lord Quackett alias Fantomallard it is said that the Mad Duke of Duckburg, who his real name is Duke Richard Quackett, was one of his ancestors who arrived in New Albion with the ship Fracis Drake in 1579. Having taken possession of various land he thus built its castle and other possible manors. In fact in the story of Marco Gervasio LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- IL NOBILE DIETRO LA MASCHERA (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE NOBLE BEHIND THE MASK) palced in the Duckburg of the 1910 it is visible inside Villa Rose a portrait of the Mad Ducke and his castle. On a plate his name Richard Quackett is also indicated. The mysterious side of this character and the fact, as Scrooge said, that he could imitate anybody, lets us reasonably suppouse that the Mad Duke could be in such a way also related (an ancestor?) to the Phantom of Notre Duck. This hypothesis seems to be confirmed in the italian story PAPERINIK E IL TESORO DI DOLLY PAPRIKA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA) where in the Fantomallard' mansion Villa Rose some pictures of the Phantom of Notre Duck and the Mad Duke are present. An interesting representation of the Castle of the Mad Duke is made by the talented architect/Disney artist Blasco Pisapia in one of his special articles entitled: Duckburg city guide published on the Italian comic book TOPOLINO in September of 2014. The castle of the Mad Duke is shown again by Panaro and Baldoni in the story ZIO PAPERONE E IL CASTELLO DELLA DOPPIA BATTAGLIA (UNCLE SCROOGE AND THE THE CASTLE OF THE DOUBLE BATTLE) published on Italian comic book TOPOLINO n. 3093 on march 2015. In this adventure the Beagle Boys after having stollen the Scrooge's first dime use the Mad Duke's castle as headquarter using the various booby traps present inside the manor against the intruders. In the story THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE TRAESURE OF FRANCIS DRAKE the italian Disney artist Gervasio shows the castle of the Mad Duke both in the 1585 when the Duke Richard Quackett alias Mad Duke was still living there and during the 20s thus in the period of Lord John Quackett alias Fantomallard. In this aventure is finally clarified the story and the identity of the Mad Duke. The Duke Richard Quackett arived in New Albion (renamed Drake Borough) together the crew of Francis Drake in the 1579. The Duke remained in Drake Borough together other settlers after having stollen part of the booty that Francis Drake should have given to the Queen Elizabeth I of England. Than he vested some lands and he built some medieval style castles and manors like his famous castle, the Three Towers Castle and the Dismal Valley Manor. In the 1585 Sir Francis Drake come back to Drake Borough in order to get back the part of his trasure stolled by the Mad Duke. But the Duke warned by his friend Count of Malasorte was able to hide what was left of the trasure and he moved to a friend or probaly in one of his other misterious manors like the Three Tower Castle or the Dismal Valley Manor not known by Francis Drake. In fact in the story by Gervasio LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- DOLLY PAPRIKA (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- DOLLY PAPRIKA) it is shown that the Mad Duke after leaving his castle was guest for a short period at the manor of his friend Duckermensil, who was probably another rich person moved in that period from England to Drake Borough. The Mad Duke trailed by Francis Drake and his men also escaped from this manor via a secret passage. THREE TOWER CASTLE This other beautiful reproduction of a mediaeval castle it was shown for the first time in the Italian story of Guido Martina and Massimo de Vita PAPERINIK E IL CASTELLO DELLE TRE TORRI (DUCK AVENGER AND THE THREE TOWER CASTLE) TOP. n°875-876 September 1973. This castle is famed for scary legends, one of which says that a ghost is living in one of the castle's towers. We know from the story that he castle belonged to a certain Spokius Spektrus, who died in the second half of the 1800s who is described as a mad person who likes to scare the people with tricks and fake apparitions . This first story does not show any images of this mad character, but his description, his maniacal taste for the creepy tricks, fit well to be related in such a way with the above mentioned Mad Duke. In this case the three tower castle could have been buit in the same period as the Mad Duke one. A restored Three Tower Castle it is shown again in the story of Panaro and Zanchi PAPERINIK E IL CASTELLO DEI SEGRETI (DUCK AVENGER AND THE CASTLE OF THE SECRETS) published on TOPOLINO n. 2996 April 2013. From this adventure we know that after the castle was restored by the Duckburg municipal comunity DUCK AVENGER installed inside it a second secret hideout. The secret access of this hideout was hide behind a wall of the castle main living room, it can be opend pulling the big halberd placed in the wall. In this story some internal rooms of the castle are shown as well as the secret passages and tunnels. Furthermore also the real image of Spokius Spektrus and his secret laboratory are shown. This character was a strange inventor who enjoy to create absurd machinery and misterious tricks used to scare the population living in the area and also his own friends. The Three Tower Castle is fully described on the related page Three Tower Castle The Three Tower castle is shows how it was during the 20s by Gervasio in the fourteenth episode of the Fantomallard saga titled THE TRASURE OF FRANCIS DRAKE. In this adventure is told that the castle was originally buit by the Mad Duke. On one of his portrait in fact the Duke is represented in front of the Three Tower Castle instead of his usual manor. It is thu is logical to suppose that the castle was sold in a later period to Spokius Spektrus (or to some of his ancestors) by some heir of the Mad Duke. In the same story Gervasio also shows that during the 20s Cartesius Gearloose, twin of Copernicus, has his secret laboratory in the underground of the castle. We can thus presume that Cartesius was a friend or a student or an assistant of Spokius Spektrus who also was a extravagant genius and inventor. The Three Tower castle is shown again during the 20s in the sixteenth episode of the Fantomallard saga titled THE THIEF AND THE BILIONARE. In this adventure Cartesio Gearloose is back and he use the castle secret hideout as his laboratory. In this adventure Gervasio also shown other rooms of the castle included the large living room with the portrait of Spokius Spektrus last owner of the manor. VILLA ROSE Created by Guido Martina and drawn for the first time by Giovan Battista Carpi, this ruined (than destoyed) Villa, located in the Squash County area outside the Duckburg city limit, is the hideout of the gentleman thief Lord Quackett alias Fantomallard, and it is for sure one of the most mysterious and evocative Duckburg localities. Both Villa Rose and its mysterious owner are well described in the relevant pages: Villa Rose e Fantomallard. Also in this case, it can be taken into account that due to the typical characteristics of the mysterious gentleman thief (eccentricity, ability to disguise, darkness, maniac for mysterious places full of traps, etc..) it is reasonable to think that this character could be related to the previous ones or even better, he himself could be the The Phantom of Notre Duck . These hypotheses have been partially confirmed in the biography of Lord Quackett published on the number one of the special volume DEFINITIVE COLLECTION edited in Italy by PANINI and dedicated to Fantomallard as well as by the various portraits of both the Mad Duke and the Phantom of Notre Duck represented by Gervasio in the various rooms of Villa Rose ERMINE's HOUSE Created by Bruno Sarda and Marco Gervasio this other mysteroius hideout of Fantomallard is located in the mountains several miles outside Duckburg. This place is fully described in the relevant page Ermine's House. VILLA LALLA The summer hideout of Fantomallard created by Fabio Michelini and Marco Gervasio is located near the sea in the north part of Duckburg bay. Also in this case this dismal mansion is fully described in the relevat page Villa Lalla. DISMAL VALLEY MANOR This other reproduction of Medieval Castle is one of several secret hideout of Fantomallard and Dolly Paprika it is located in a difficult accessible area in the north-east of Duckburg. Considering the owner and style of construction also this castle was presumably made by the Mad Duke that we know being an ancestor of Lord Quackett. The Manor of Dismal Valley is fully described in the relevant page Dismal Valley Manor. DUCK AVENGER's HIDEOUT Created by Guido Martina, this hideout designed and built by Gyro Gearloose under Donald's house is certainly one of the most secret and well protected places in Duckburg. All the informations about this secret hideout are available in the relevant page The Hideout. THE HADA's HOUSE This creepy mansion in Duckburg's suburbs is shown in Marco Rota's story DONAL DUCK-THE HADA's HOUSE Anders & Co. n°31 July 1998. The sinister but handsome Count Rothaz Von Hada lives in this mansion together with his butler Dalan Dedon. The Count, who seems to be a vampire, comes from one of the oldest and noblest families of central Europe. During the XVII century one of his ancestors settled in the Duckburg area long before the city was founded. The house as in the best horrorfying tradition has a family cemetery, several secret passages and many traps. In this adventure Marco Rota hides in some sketches references to Barks (in a wall painting there is a caricature of the great artist, another one shows Barks' Zombie, and in one occasion Magica de Spell is mentioned etc...). THE UNDERGROUND OLD DUCKBURG Don Rosa in the story UNCLE SCROOGE IN A LITTLE SOMETHING SPECIAL shows us the old village of Duckburg as it was at the end of the 1800s and beginning of the 1900s, whose remains are still part of the modern city underground. In this story the ghost underground village is utilized as a hideout by the baleful gang Magica de Spell, Beagle Boys, Flintheart Glomgold who together try to accomplish a devilish plan against Scrooge McDuck. MONEY BIN's UNDERGROUND LIBRARY Don Rosa again in the story GUARDIAN OF THE LOST LIBRARY shows us a uptil now unknown underground under Scrooge's Money Bin. This secret place was realized by Sir Francis Drake under Fort Drakeborough as an escape tunnel and to hide several books raided from a Spanish ship. Those books were the summary of the remains of the famous and lost Alexandrian library. The story tells that those volumes have been summarized in one single manual by Fenton Penworthy the last Fort Drakeborough survivor after the Indian's attack. This manual has been later found by Cornelius Coot who gave it to his son Clinton Coot. He utilized this book as a base for the Junior Woodchucks's infallible guidebook. VIEW OF DUCKBURG IN 1952 TOP What you see above is my painting of $crooge McDuck's 36 closest ancestors within the clan McDuck, as well as himself, the last of the clan McDuck. A sequel to â100â (one face for every year in $crooge's life), this is a result of some research work that started more than two years ago. I want to thank my friend from kalleanka.se, the history expert known as Lejonet Lejonrenen or Arn de Gothia, who has been a huge part of placing the ducks on a historical timeline. The painting should include all of $crooge's ancestors ever mentioned by Don Rosa or Carl Barks, apart from the following, who were too old to fit in: Scrooge Shah (Carl Barks: King Scrooge the First, non-canon according to Don Rosa) the MacDuich who sold stone to Hadrian's wall in 122 (Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck) the McDuck who led the siege on Hadrian's wall in 400 (Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck) the McDuck who had the Scottish concession on candles during the dark ages (Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck) Also missing are several background characters from Don Rosa's The Life and Times of $crooge McDuck, since they existed during the same periods as the characters that I included and therefore can't be ancestors of $crooge. Also, no one has ever claimed they are ancestors. Now follows a presentation of every character in the picture. Everything in italics is stuff that we have had to come up with ourselves. Lejonet Lejonrenen has created names and birth/death years where they have been missing. These can obviously be exchanged for something totally different in case research motivates it. I haven't interfered with the names or the years at all in case no Barks/Rosa information has been available. Title: "37" What: Watercolor on watercolor paper When: November 2015; December 28-31, 2015; February 20 - March 25, 2016 Size: 30 cm x 40 cm 1st generation Name: Sir Cinaed MacDuich. Born: 822. Died: 874. Created: Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck (sketches). Known for: Almost becoming the first King of Scotland in 843. 2nd generation Name: Sir Karloman MacDuich. Born: 851. Died: 911. Created: Solely for this painting. Known for: - 3rd generation Name: Sir Eider MacDuich. Born: 880. Died: 946. Created: Carl Barks: The Old Castle's Secret (story). Known for: Paying his soldiers only 30 copperpieces per hour, dying as a consequence of giving his soldiers crossbows but no arrows. 4th generation Name: Friar Juicy MacDuich. Born: 910. Died: 971. Created: Carl Barks: Dubious Doings at Dismal Downs (painting). Known for: Apparently he was a monk, but not until he had had at least one son (Smokt). 5th generation Name: Sir Smokt MacDuich. Born: 931. Died: 999. Created: Carl Barks: Dubious Doings at Dismal Downs (painting). Known for: - 6th generation Name: Sir Slye MacDuich. Born: 958. Died: 1020. Created: Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck (sketches). Known for: As a spy, helping King Malcolm II conquer the angles in 1018. 7th generation Name: Sir Causantin MacDuich. Born: 984. Died: 1040. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 8th generation Name: Sir Quackly MacDuich. Born: 1010. Died: 1057. Created: Carl Barks: The Old Castle's Secret (story). Known for: Sealing himself into the wall with the treasure of King Macbeth. 9th generation Name: Sir Murdoch MacDuich/McDuck. Born: 1035. Died: 1079. Created: Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck (sketches). Known for: Having the patent on longbows during the Norman invasion in 1066. 10th generation Name: Sir Macbeth MacDuich/McDuck. Born: 1060. Died: 1099. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 11th generation Name: Sir William McDuck. Born: 1085. Died: 1144. Created: Don Rosa: The Black Knight (story, armor only). Known for: Being the original owner of the armor of the Black Knight. 12th generation Name: Sir Stuft McDuck. Born: 1110. Died: 1175. Created: Carl Barks: The Old Castle's Secret (story). Known for: Financing the Crusades, creating the first leveraged buy-out to buy Scotland out of feudal subjection in 1189. 13th generation Name: Sir Alexander McDuck. Born: 1134. Died: 1187. Created: Don Rosa: The Last of the Clan McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly, looking for the treasure of Sir Quackly. 14th generation Name: Sir Roast McDuck. Born: 1159. Died: 1205. Created: Carl Barks: The Old Castle's Secret (story). Known for: Eating himself to death in the pantry of King William the Lion. 15th generation Name: Sir Swamphole McDuck. Born: 1190. Died: 1260. Created: Carl Barks: The Old Castle's Secret (story). Known for: Sealing the dungeons of the Castle McDuck. 16th generation Name: Sir James McDuck. Born: 1225. Died: 1290. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 17th generation Name: Sir Robert McDuck. Born: 1250. Died: 1291. Created: Solely for this painting. Known for: Being a crusader at the fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. 18th generation Name: Sir Patrick McDuck. Born: 1282. Died: 1350. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. Participated in the Wars of Scottish Independence. 19th generation Name: Sir John McDuck. Born: 1314. Died: 1360. Created: Solely for this painting. Known for: Might have died in the Black Death. 20th generation Name: Sir Postumus McDuck. Born: 1360. Died: 1414. Created: Solely for this painting. Known for: He was a monk, but not until he had at least one son (Donald). 21st generation Name: Sir âBlackâ Donald McDuck. Born: 1399. Died: 1450. Created: Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck (sketches). Known for: Inventing golf, throwing the hammer, and tossing the caber as well as having a terrible temper which led to golf being outlawed. 22nd generation Name: Sir Simon McDuck. Born: 1437. Died: 1509. Created: Don Rosa: The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home (story). Known for: As the treasurer of the Knights Templar, hiding their treasure in the Castle McDuck. 23rd generation Name: Sir Leonardo McDuck. Born: 1468. Died: 1532. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only as a cameo seen from the back in the McDuck tribunal. 24th generation Name: Sir Richard McDuck. Born: 1499. Died: 1564. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 25th generation Name: Malcolm âMateyâ McDuck. Born: 1530. Died: After 1579. Created: Carl Barks: Back to Long Ago! (story). Known for: As a mate, sailing with Captain Hawk on the Falcon Rover in the 1560s and with Sir Francis Drake on the Golden Hind in 1579, as well as being the commander of Fort Drakeborough after 1579. 26rd generation Name: Carlos McDuck. Born: 1556. Died: 1603. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only as a cameo seen from the back in the McDuck tribunal. 27th generation Name: Lulach McDuck. Born: 1582. Died: 1641. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 28th generation Name: Thomas McDuck. Born: 1608. Died: 1660. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 29th generation Name: Gustav Adolf McDuck. Born: 1635. Died: 1707. Created: Don Rosa: The Last of the Clan McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly, fleeing from the Hound of the Whiskervilles in 1675. 30th generation Name: Locksley McDuck. Born: 1660. Died: 1725. Created: Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck (sketches). Known for: Robbing along with Rob Roy, but stopping after not wanting to give to the poor. 31st generation Name: Styrbjörn McDuck. Born: 1684. Died: 1750. Created: Don Rosa: The New Laird of Castle McDuck (story). Known for: Appears only shortly as a ghostly head in the wall, scaring away the Whiskervilles. 32nd generation Name: Captain Hugh âSeafoamâ McDuck. Born: 1710. Died: 1776. Created: Carl Barks: The Horseradish Story (story). Known for: As a captain, sailing the West Indies, losing his belongings to Swindle McSue, (perhaps) dying in the Anglo-American war. Confirmed to be the great-great-great-grandfather of Scrooge. 33rd generation Name: Potcrack McDuck. Born: 1740. Died: 1801. Created: Don Rosa: The History of the Clan McDuck (sketches). Known for: Inventing the steam-powered bagpipes in 1767 and inspiring James Watt. 34rd generation Name: Morgan McDuck. Born: 1770. Died: 1828. Created: Solely for this painting. Known for: Being a hard worker and a revolutionary in the French Revolution. 35th generation Name: âDirtyâ Dingus McDuck. Born: 1810. Died: 1860. Created: Don Rosa: Donald Duck Family Tree (drawing). (based on mentions by Carl Barks as well as Bob Gregory and Tony Strobl) Known for: He was a coal miner. Confirmed to be the grandfather of Scrooge. 36th generation Name: Fergus McDuck. Born: 1835. Died: 1902. Created: Don Rosa: The Last of the Clan McDuck (story). Known for: Being an important mentor for Scrooge. He was a mill worker. Confirmed to be the father of Scrooge. 37th generation Name: Scrooge McDuck Born: 1867. Died: 1967. Created: Carl Barks: Christmas on Bear Mountain (story). Known for: Being a businessman, an adventurer and the richest man in the world. Phantomduck Homepage Origins, metamorphosis ... Villa Rosa, Duckburg ... Hideout, special devices ... Publications, Stories ... Other Disney characters Links, Art, Gadgets ... Villa Rose Page with soundtrack Tales from the Crypt by Danny Elfman The mysterious hideout of Fantomius and Dolly Paprika, is shown in several italian stories: PAPERINIK IL DIABOLICO VENDICATORE (DUCK AVENGER THE DEVILISH AVENGER) TOP. n° 706-707, PAPERINIK ALLA RISCOSSA (THE REVENGE OF DUCK AVENGER) TOP. n° 743-744, PAPERINIK TORNA A COLPIRE (DUCK AVENGER STRIKES BACK) TOP. n° 788-789, PAPERINIK E IL RITORNO A VILLA ROSA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN TO VILLA ROSE) TOP. n° 2129-2130, PAPERINIK E LA MINACCIA AL RIFUGIO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE THREAT TO THE HIDEOUT) TOP. n° 2404, PAPERINIK E L'ESTATE A VILLA LALLA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SUMMER AT VILLA LALLA) TOP. n° 2437, PAPERINIK E L'OMBRA DI FANTOMIUS (DUCK AVENGER AND FANTOMIUS' SHADOW) TOP. n°2455, in a reconstruction for a movie on PAPERINIK E L'OLTRAGGIO CINEMATOGRAFICO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE CINEMA OFFENCE) TOP. n°2484, in PAPERINIK E IL TESORO DI DOLLY PAPRIKA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA) TOP. n° 2675, PAPERINIK E IL SEGRETO DI FANTOMIUS (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SECRET OF FANTOMALLARD) TOP. n° 2902, PAPERINIK E IL PASSATO SENZA FUTURO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE PAST WITHOUT FUTURE) TOP. n° 2933, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LADRO GENTILUOMO- IL MONTE ROSA (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE PINK MOUNT) TOP. n° 2972, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LADRO GENTILUOMO-LA MALEDIZIONE DEL FARAONE (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE CURSE OF THE PHARAOH) TOP. n° 3036, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LADRO GENTILUOMO-LA MASCHERA DI FU MAN ETCHĂ (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE MASK OF FU MAN ETCHĂ) TOP. n° 3072, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -IL NOBILE DIETRO LA MASCHERA (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE NOBLE BEHIND THE MASK) TOP. n° 3107, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -IL TESORO DI FRANCIS DRAKE (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE TREASURE OF FRANCIS DRAKE) TOP. n° 3139, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -IL LADRO E IL MILIARDARIO (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE THIEF AND THE BILIONARE) TOP. n° 3145, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -NOTRE DUCK (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-NOTRE DUCK) TOP. n° 3210, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -SENZA MASCHERA (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-WITHOUT MASK) TOP. n° 3225, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LA SFIDA DI FANTOMIUS (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE CHALLENGE OF FANTOMALLARD) TOP. n° 3237, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LA NOTTE DELLE GEMME (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE NIGHT OF THE GEMES) TOP. n° 3273, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -I DUE VENDICATORI (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE TWO AVENGERS) TOP. n° 3275, LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LA SETTIMA ARTE (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE SEVENTH ART) TOP. n° 3280, in a futuristic/hypertechnological version in the saga of the ULTRAHEROES TOP. n° 2727-2734,in the story with different ending PAPERINIK IN...I DESTINI DI UN EROE (DUCK AVENGER IN...THE DESTINY OF A HERO) TOP. n°3048, in the second episode of the story LA GRANDE CORSA (THE BIG RACE) titled NEL PASSATO (INTO THE PAST) TOP. n° 3111, in the forth episode of the story LA GRANDE CORSA (THE BIG RACE) titled NEL PRESENTE (INTO THE PRESENT) TOP. n° 3113, In the crossover story between PK and Double Duck PK TIMECRIME DD Ep.2 TOP n°3154 and in a Danish story titled THE LEGACY (story code DD 2003-017). At the end of the first adventure Villa Rose is accidentally destroyed by Gladstone thus in the subsequent stories it is drawn as a vague mass of creepy remains. While in the story PAPERINIK E IL RITORNO A VILLA ROSA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN TO VILLA ROSE), Giovan Battista Carpi shows it again, unfortunally with an appearance not similar to the original drawings of 1969, less destroyed and showing in much more detail the underground and Fantomius's top secret hideout headquarters. DUCK AVENGER comes back again to the villa of his origins in the story PAPERINIK E LA MINACCIA AL RIFUGIO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE THREAT TO THE HIDEOUT), where Giorgio Cavazzano shows us (unfortunally not well detailed) the villa's remains which in this case at least recalls the original design. Villa Rose is located in the country hills outside of Duckburg's city limits, to be precise in Roses' Hillock in the Rosary locality of Squash County;. Villa Rose, mainly made of wood, has the typical architectural design of the American "mansion" of the late 1800s and it is located in the middle of a big park delimitated by a brick wall. Not very much is known about Villa Rose's internal rooms except for the large living-room where the big green armchair with false bottom and spring punches incorporated in the arms and the mobile fire place with secret passage to the undergrounds are located. The two windows in the living-room face a small backyard surrounded by a high brick wall. This wall can only be overome by means of a secret hidden ladder. Once the wall has been overcomme it is possible to go directly into the underground by means of a hidden trap door in the ground near the wall. About the underground, in the above mentioned story much more details are shown. It is divided into two main levels with access to the inside of the villa and three traps hidden in the park as well as an emergency exit which ends outside the park's brick wall. From the first level underground tunnel it is possible to get into the villa through the hidden passage behind the fire place and obviously into other rooms, the basement and the garage, not shown but logically present. In the first level underground there is a living room with another armchair which hides Fantomius' second diary, relevant to the underground's secrets and an excape corridor which goes out into the park by means of a hidden trap door. Likely from the first level it is possible to descend in the second level through different passages or stairs. In this second level there are Fantomius' headquarters with an ante-room hidden by a secret passage. Here is the villa and underground spy system and mobile walls trap machinery. Next to the headquarters, but not hidden by the secret passage, there is a big meeting room. This second underground level has two excape ways, one hidden by a trap door in the park and the other outside the park walls on the north side near the provincial highway for Duckburg. It is logical to imagine that near this emergency exit Fantomius kept a light means of transport like for instance a motorcycle. In the secon level, near the north side excape way, there is an ante-room connected with the secret room where the Fantomius' treasure is hide. The entrance to this caveau is hide by a big portrait of Dolly Paparika. The secret opening is activated by means of a pendant belong to Dolly Paprika, this pendant has to be placed in the relevant location represented in the painting. More likely the caveau is also connected by a narrow tunnel with the near excape way of the same level. Villa Rose's underground and one of the relevant entrances (maybe one of those inside the villa) are shown again in some illustrations of the story PAPERINIK E LA MINACCIA AL RIFUGIO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE THREAT TO THE HIDEOUT), even if in this case the great artist Cavazzano drew the underground much too empty and too similar to an anciet castle's basement. The hideout entrance located inside the villa is also shown by Marco Gervasio in the beautiful story PAPERINIK E IL TESORO DI DOLLY PAPRIKA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA) . In this story other parts of the hideout and the villa are represented as well. Donald comes back again to Villa Rose in the story PAPERINIK E L'ESTATE A VILLA LALLA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SUMMER AT VILLA LALLA) where unfortunately the artist Gervasio, drew Fantomius' destroyed mansion too much like the remains of an ancient castle, thus not correctly reflecting the original drawings of an American villa, mainly made out of wood. This story shows the Villa's first level underground as well, in this case well represented and in compliance to what is shown by Carpi in the story PAPERINIK E IL RITORNO A VILLA ROSA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN TO VILLA ROSE). Marco Gervasio shows again the remains of Villa Rose (unfortunately also in this case in a not much credible way) in some drawings of the interesting and historically important story PAPERINIK E L'OMBRA DI FANTOMIUS (DUCK AVENGER AND FANTOMIUS' SHADOW). In this story Fantomius' headquarters are shown again represented in an acceptable way (except for the absurd entrance which looks like a modern parking place!). It's a shame that Gervasio, instead of devils and monster pictures didn't show together with of those relevant to Fantomius, at least one picture representing Dolly Paprika. This idea would have given much more class to the story. In the story PAPERINIK E L'OLTRAGGIO CINEMATOGRAFICO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE CINEMA OFFENCE), once again Villa Rose is depicted, but this time it happens to be a reconstruction built by the ROCKERDUCK STUDIOS who are shooting a movie about DUCK AVENGER. Thanks to Carlo Panaro and especially to the great artist Alessandro Pastrovicchio after many years the villa is finally shown correctly as initially drawn by Carpi in the first adventure about DUCK AVENGER. In this story there are some nice drawings of the main livingroom quite believable and in corrispondence which the images of the first story (of course, since it is a reconstruction for a movie, with some plausable differences). The story, which unfortunately is somewhat banal and taken for granted, also shows one of the underground hideouts of the villa, presumably Fantomius' headquarters, where the actor Danny De Papero, who interprets the role of DUCK AVENGER, finds the famous secret diary. Also this room is shown in a credible way, which is by the way very similar to the underground hideout of Donald as it was shown in the beginning. Villa Rose in the time of Fantomius is well represented by Marco Gervasio in the story PAPERINIK E IL TESORO DI DOLLY PAPRIKA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA). In this image the villa is drawn in accordance with the original design made by Carpi in his first DUCK AVENGER story. Marco Gervasion in his story shows some Villa Rose's rooms as they were at the time of Fantomius. The main living room with mobile fire place and the big green armchair is well represented. Of course at that time the rooms were plenty of fornitures and objects. Another very interesting living room of Villa Rose is shown by Gervasio in his story DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA) This should be the room located in the Villa Rose west side secondary entrance. The exact location of this room can be found in the page interni della villa. Always in the story DUCK AVENGER AND THE TREASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA the Villa Rose remains are also represented, this time in accordance with the general villa design. Unfortunately the original images of Villa Rose both outside than inside is completelly twisted in the saga of the ULTRAHEROES. In these adventures the mysterious hideout of Fantomius has been modified by Ega Beeva in a hipertechnological futuristic and nauseating mission control for the ULTRAHEROES team. A super-heroic variant of DUCK AVENGER (PK style) is also part of this group. Of course such adventures are completelly out of the fundamental rules of the classical DUCK AVENGER adventures and even if some negligible reference about the first stories of DUCK AVENGER (Villa Rose, Fantomius etc...) are mentioned, these adventures have nothing to do with his origins. Fortunately at the end of this saga Villa Rose returns to be a mass of creepy remains. Fortunatelly the Villa Rose is again rapresented as a creepy remains and well depicted by the talented artist and writer Marco Gervasio on his important story PAPERINIK E IL SEGRETO DI FANTOMIUS (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SECRET OF FANTOMALLARD published on TOPOLINO n° 2902 July 2011. In the same story Gervasio shows the secret FANTOMALLARD's laboratory hiden in the central area of the Villa beneath the large barrel-like structure. In this laboratory Copernicus Gearloose (Gyro's Great grandfather) makes the numerous special devices used by FANTOMALLARD and Dolly Paprika. Other beautiful images of the FANTOMALLARD secret laboratory are shown by Gervasio on his stories PAPERINIK E IL PASSATO SENZA FUTURO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE PAST WITHOUT FUTURE published on Italian Disney comic TOPOLINO n° 2933 February 2012. and FANTOMIUS A BORDO (FANTOMALLARD ON BOARD) published on TOPOLINO n° 2974 in November 2012. In this interesting adventure a secret passage which directelly connect the external area of the Villa with the secret laboratory is also shown. . Also in the same story DUCK AVENGER AND THE PAST WITHOUT FUTURE the talented artist Gervasio represent Villa Rose as it was in the 1920. The villa has been correctelly represented in accordance with the first Pahntom Duck original stories. In this case some minor differences and details can be interpreted as elements present in the original design of the villa and then removed through the years for general or specific repairing, normal maintenance or changes. Another beautiful image of Villa Rose it is show by Marco Gervasio in the first adventure of the marvelous serial dedicated to the adventures of FANTOMALLARD titled THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE PINK MOUNT Also in this case the villa it is shows in accordance with its original design as as it was in the 1920 when this adventure takes place. In the same story some images of the main living room of Villa Rose are shown. In one of these it is evidence as in that period the segret passage behing the movable fire place and thus the secret hideout were also connected to a trapdoor located in front of the fire place. Or maybe this passage was later replaced by the one behind the movable fire place being this last less easy to discover. Marco Gervasio shows us another beautiful view of the Villa Rose in the sixth episode of the mini-series dedicated to the Fantomius time and life titled: THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE CURSE OF THE PHARAOH Again the villa is drawn according to its original appearance, and so, as it was in 1922 period in which the story is set . In the same adventure are also drawn by Marco Gervasio some images of the Villa Rose main hall and the secret laboratory of Copernicus A beautiful image of Villa Rose it is always shown by Marco Gervasio in the ninth episode of the serie dedicated to the adventures of the gentleman burglar titled LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS -LADRO GENTILUOMO-LA MASCHERA DI FU MAN ETCHĂ (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE MASK OF FU MAN ETCHĂ). In the successive cartoons the living room located in the second floor over the back entrance of Villa Rose is shown. This living room is located near the bed room of Copernicus. To be noted in this room the picture with the image of the mad Duke of Duckburg ancestor of Lord Quackett. In the twelfth episode of the saga THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR-THE NOBLE BEHIND THE MASK, set in 1910, the living room on the first floor of the tower of Villa Rose is shown. In this room for the first time in 1910 Lord John Lamont Quackett worn the costume and mask and assumes the secret identity of FANTOMALLARD A prototype of the famous chair with spring punches is shown by Gervasio in the laboratory of Copernicus Gearloose in the history of the origins of the gentleman thief THE NOBLE BEHIND THE MASK set in the Duckburg of the 1910. Villa Rose in the 1922 is shown again in the fourteenth episode of the Fantomallard titled THE TRAESURE OF FRANCIS DRAKE. Gervasio also shows a beautiful image of the secondary entrance Living room. Well visible in the room the prtrait of the ancestor of Lord Quackett, the Duke Richard Quackett also known as the Mad Duke. Villa Rose as it was when it was "won" by Donald is masterfully represented by the talented artist Stefano Intini in a remarkable story with different ending script by Vito Stabile DUCK AVENGER IN...THE DESTINY OF A HERO. In this adventure, tribute to the first adventure of the masked duck, there are plenty of references and philological reminds with the story of Martina and Carpi as well as credible and well-made graphic reconstructions of some of the exterior and interior of Villa Rose, thanks to the meticulous research of detail and the graphic skill of Stefano Intini. Beautiful and interesting front perspective and back side view of Villa Rose always made by Stefano Intini in the "crossroads" story DUCK AVENGER...IN THE DESTINY OF A HERO. Two other interesting and well presented glimpses of Villa Rose masterfully designed by the talented artist Stefano Intini in the "crossroads" story DUCK AVENGER...IN THE DESTINY OF A HERO In one of the alternative endings of "crossroads" story DUCK AVENGER...IN THE DESTINY OF A HERO the skilled writer Vito Stabile, made Gladstone Gander to destroy Villa Rosa by means of the famous double effect candle with dynamite, so in a similar way to what happened in the original story of Guido Martina. This scene has been beautifully recreated by Stefano Intini in accordance with the original representation by Giovan Battista Carpi. In addition to the external view Stefano Intini shows us some beautiful pictures of the interior of the villa including the main living room with fireplace and big green armchair and what appears to be the secondary entrance with in the background the stairs leading to the second floor rooms A nice tribute to this web site is made by Stefano Intini on a scene in the "crossroads" story DUCK AVENGER...IN THE DESTINY OF A HERO where in one of the alternative endings Donald Duck lose the key of Villa Rose inside a manhole in SALIMBETI SQUARE. Thank you very much to Stefano Intini for giving me a square in Duckburg! Marco Gervasio in the story LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- LA NOTTE DELLE GEMME (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE NIGHT OF THE GEMES) shows that during the 20s in Duckburg there were SALIMBETI STREET where Fantomallard had installed a secret emergency passage on a wall. Thank you very much to Marco Gervasio for giving me a street in Duckburg! Still mde by Stefano Intini is this beautiful alternative cover to the comic book TOPOLINO n. 3048 on which the "crossroads" story PAHNTOM DUCK...IN THE DESTINY OF A HERO is published. In this sketch Donald Duck, Scrooge McDuck and Gladstone Gander are represented in the main hall of Villa Rose. A probable representation of the Villa Rose hideout is also included in the special edition comics PAPERINIK UN EROE E MILLE GADGET (DUCK AVENGER A HERO AND HUNDREDS GADGET) published in November 2011. In this drawing Marco Gervasio shows several of the strange special devices used by DUCK AVENGER. An interesting representation of Villa Rose how it was during the 20s and after its destruction is made by the talented architect/Disney artist Blasco Pisapia in one of his special articles entitled: Duckburg city guide, published on the Italian comic book TOPOLINO in September of 2014. The drawing of Blasco Pisapia is more or less taken as reference by the Centauria company for the realization of the Villa Rose plastic model included in the issue 27 and 28 of the collection I LOVE PAPEROPOLI, where many houses and the most importanto elements of Duckburd are reproduced. The two booklets also includes several invormation and curiosity about this main secret hideout of Fantomallard. Unfortunalelly the model is featrured in a too much toy style, the back part, not visible in the Pisapia drawing, is not very credible and logical, with an absurd and useless panoramic window, but without the necessary garage end without the famous small backyard surrounded by a high brick wall which was well represented in the first adventure of Duck Avenger. Also unlikely is the coloring expecially the absurd blue color of the roof. The Centauria model has been thus properly modified in accordance with the first images of the Villa as it was found by Donald in the adventure PAPERINIK IL DIABOLICO VENDICATORE. (DUCK AVENGER THE DEVILISH AVENGER). The model looks now less toy style. The relevant wood park delimitated by a brick wall has been also reconstructed. Villa Rose at the time of FANTOMALLARD is also shown by Bruno Enna and Paolo De Lorenzi in the second episode of the story THE BIG RACE titled INTO THE PAST. In this adventure some well-known personalities of Duckburg are involved by a strange elf named Gin in a car race through the time to find the place where has been hidden the stollen first dime of Scrooge. Returning to late 20's, thus at the time of the gentleman thief, Donald and Daisy go Villa Rose where they meet the real FANTOMALLARD and Dolly Paprika In this story also some internal rooms of Villa Rose are shown including the main hall and the secret headquarters of FANTOMALLARD located in the underground basement of the Villa as already shown by Carpi and Michelini in the story PAHNTOM DUCK AND THE RETURN TO VILLA ROSE. An enough well-made representation of Villa Rose, although strangely not destroyed, is also shown by Bruno Enna and Alessandro Perina in the fourth and final episode of the story THE BIG RACE titled INTO THE PRESENT. In this adventure various character from Duckburg are involved by strange elf named Gin in a car race through time. When they are back into the present time and in the last phase of the race they run in proximity of Villa Rose A very interesting tribute to the first story of Duck Avenger when for the first time Donald and nepheves go to Villa Rose is shown by the three Italian authors Artibami, Mottura and Monteduro at the end of the crossover story between PK and Double Duck titled PK TIMECRIME DD An image of Villa Rose in the 1924 it is also shown by Gervasio in the story LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- NOTRE DUCK (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- NOTRE DUCK) In this adventure what could reasonably be the Villa Rose kitchen is shown. A secret passage connecy directelly this room with the secret laboratory A beautiful image of Villa Rose always as it was in the 1924 is shown in the adventure LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- SENZA MASCHERA (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD - GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- WITHOUT MASK) Lord Quacket, Dolly Duck and Copernicus Gearloose have a meal in the living room at the second floor of Villa Rose inthe story LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO - LA SFIDA DI FANTOMIUS (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD -GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE CHALLENGE OF FANTOMALLARD) Another beautiful image of Villa Rose in 1925 is represented inthe story LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- LA NOTTE DELLE GEMME (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD - GENTLEMAN BURGLAR - THE NIGHT OF THE GEMES) In the same adventure Gervasio also shows the main entrance of the Villa where on the right there are the large doors of the main living room (the one with the big armchair and the mobile fireplace), the stairs on the left lead to the kitchen while the wardrobe on the right hide a secret entrance to the first level hideout. A beautiful image of the Copernicus's secret laboratory in Villa Rose in the 1925 is represented by Gervasio in the story LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS-LADRO GENTILUOMO- I DUE VENDICATORI (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE TWO AVENGERS) Always in the same story Gervasio shows the remains of Villa Rose at the time period of Donald Duck. Again in the adventure THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE TWO AVENGERS one of the secret entrance to the first level of the hideout is shown. In this location Duck Avenger keep update his personal secret diary. The large living room and the creepy remains of Villa Rose are also shown in some drawings of the strange but interesting Danish story of Andreas Pihl and Mardon Smet THE LEGACY published in 2005 in several Northern European countries. In this original adventure even the character of Fantomius is shown. As shown in the story PAPERINIK E IL RITORNO A VILLA ROSA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN TO VILLA ROSE), along a country road close to Villa Rose and near a precipice there is a large emergency hideout which FANTOMALLARD created inside a big fake rock. Inside this hideout Fantomallard kept his oversize special devices and machinery This special garage has been also used by DUCK AVENGER to storage his strange machinery as well represented on a drawing by Marco Gervasio published on the Disney special issue comic PAPERINIK UN EROE E MILLE GADGET (DUCK AVENGER AN HERO AND HUNDEDS GADGETS. To be noted on the right wall the drawing of the FANTOMALLARD' special car prototype as shown in the first story of DUCK AVENGER. The same garage is shown again by Marco Gervasio in the story LE STRABILIANTI IMPRESE DI FANTOMIUS- LADRO GENTILUOMO- I DUE VENDICATORI (THE AMAZING VENTURES OF FANTOMALLARD- GENTLEMAN BURGLAR- THE TWO AVENGERS). In this story Fantomallard after his voyager into the future goes to this secret garage together to Duck Avenger and Gyro Geraloose. In this adventure Donald seems do not know this hideout thus the events of this story shall be placed in a period just before the story DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN TO VILLA ROSE. Inside this secret garage Fantomallard hides his larger machinery, some of these were still present during Donald time period. In the image are in fact visible a steam drilling rover, a special high speed sidecar, one of the variant of the special car, the remains of the aerostatic ballon with propulsive sails and the flying cycle. In the story PAPERINIK CONTRO LE GIOVANI MARMOTTE (DUCK AVENGER AGAINST THE JUNIOR WOODCHUKS) Donald found for the first time one of the other of FANTOMALLARD' hideouts, the Ermine's House located on Dark Peak in the middle of Shadowy Mountains in a locality several miles east of Duckburg. FANTOMALLARD's summer hideout, Villa Lalla, located in the Dune Bay in the locality of the Dark Forest, is shown for the first time in the story PAPERINIK E L'ESTATE A VILLA LALLA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SUMMER AT VILLA LALLA). An adventure that starts out well but at the end becomes banal and grotesque. In the story DUCK AVENGER STRIKES AGAIN another secret hideout of FANTOMALLARD is shown the Dismal Valley Manor located in a not easy accessible area outside Duckburd. This hideout looks like a fake-medieval castle thus very likely also made by the Duke Richard Quackett better known with the nick name of Mad Duke who was and ancestor of Lord John Quackett. Even if not confirmed another possible FANTOMALLARD' hideout could be the old Villa in the Duckburg park shown in the story UNA NOTTE CON PAPERINIK (A NIGHT WITH DUCK AVENGER ) . Its general design and the fact that Donald seems to know very well this Villa could support this theory. TOP Phantomduck Homepage Origins, metamorphosis ... Villa Rosa, Duckburg ... Hideout, special devices ... Publications, Stories ... Other Disney characters Links, Art, Gadgets ... The Hideout Page with soundtrack Beetlejuice by Danny Elfman DUCK AVENGER's secret hideout was designed and built by Gyro Gearloose under Donald's house. The hideout's first appearance is in the second DUCK AVENGER story PAPERINIK ALLA RISCOSSA (THE REVENGE OF DUCK AVENGER) and it is also shown, with some differences depending on the artist, in most of the DUCK AVENGER's adventures. PAPERINIK TORNA A COLPIRE PAPERINIK TORNA A COLPIRE There are three secret entrances to the hideout, the first one is by an elevator hidden in Donald's bedroom closet, another one is by a trapdoor which is connected to the hideout by the garage, the third one is an emergency tunnel connecting the hideout directly with the house's backyard (this was not shown in the first stories but was created later). In this hideout DUCK AVENGER keeps his costume, and all the special devices, some of which belonged to FANTOMALLARD and most of the others created by Gyro. PAPERINIK TORNA A COLPIRE PAPERINIK E LA SCUOLA DEL KRIMEN In the story PAPERINIK E LA SCUOLA DEL KRIMEN (DUCK AVENGER AND THE KRIMEN SCHOOL) the hideout is equipped with a closed circuit camera which allows to spy Donald's rooms and yard. In the interesting special published in TOPOLINO n°2409 Jannuary 29, 2002, dedicated to Donald's home, the Architect-artist Blasco Pisapia shows with awesome cutouts the Donald's house and his secret hideout as well. These really interesting drawings show the hideout itselfs (maybe represented too futuristic according to what is shown in the first DUCK AVENGER stories) and the various secret entrances: The closet elevator in Donald's bedroom, the excape tunnel which goes directly to the backyard, another entrance in the chimney (in my opinion a little bit exagerated and useless even if it is shown in some less significant post-Guido Martina DUCK AVENGER stories). The other passage is shown connected to the basement of the house but in this case would be much more logical as shown in the most DUCK AVENGER stories connected to the garage where the masked duck kept his special car. Several times Donald's hideout was almost discovered or destroyed. The first time happened in the story PAPERINIK E IL CASTELLO DELLE TRE TORRI (DUCK AVENGER AND THE THREE TOWERS CASTLE) where Scrooge McDuck decided to sell donald's house to his other nephew Gladstone Gander. Another really dangerous situation for the hideout is shown in the story PAPERINIK E LA BELLA ADDORMENTATA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SLEEPING BEAUTY), where John Rockerduck receives from Scrooge (by a trade with the painting of "Sleeping Beauty") the property of Donald's house, which he intended to destoy in order to build a pool. For a long time the hideout was not in dangerous until the story PAPERINIK E LA MINACCIA AL RIFUGIO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE THREAT TO THE HIDEOUT) where Scrooge wanted to create another money storage place just under Donald's house, so Donald is obligated momentarely to transfer all his devices to Villa Rose's underground. In this story, like in most of the same period ones, the DUCK AVENGER's hideout from a simply but comfortable and efficient place is transformed by some artits in an uncomfortable and messy room stuffed with strange devices, masks and useless knick-knacks. In the recent story PAPERINIK E L'INTRIGO SOTTERRANEO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE UNDERGROUND INTRIGUE), the building of Duckburg's Subway puts DUCK AVENGER's hideout at risk once more. But in the end our hero manages to have the subway line moved, thus saving his secret hideout. In the very interesting story of Gervasio PAPERINIK E IL TESORO DI DOLLY PAPRIKA (DUCK AVENGER AND THE TRASURE OF DOLLY PAPRIKA) there is this beautiful view of the secret hideout with DUCK AVENGER reading one of the FANTOMALLARD diary. Another beautiful image of the Phanto Duck's secret hideout is well depicted by Gervasio on his important story PAPERINIK E IL SEGRETO DI FANTOMIUS (DUCK AVENGER AND THE SECRET OF FANTOMALLARD). Marco Gervasio is also the author of this interesting image of the DUCK AVENGER's hideout. The image is coming from the story PAPERINIK E IL PASSATO SENZA FUTURO (DUCK AVENGER AND THE PAST WITHOUT FUTURE). Some other representation of the DUCK AVENGER's hideout are shown by Enna and Mastantuono in their interesting story PAPERINIK E IL RITORNO DI MAD DUCKTOR (DUCK AVENGER AND THE RETURN OF THE MAD DUCKTOR). In this adventure DUCK AVENGER's hideout is found by the terrible Mad Ducktor negative ego separated from the personality of Gyro Gearloose. As usual at the end of the story this dangerous discover is forget taking a good quantity of Car Can. In the story of Panaro and Zanchi PAPERINIK E IL CASTELLO DEI SEGRETI (DUCK AVENGER AND THE CASTLE OF THE SECRETS) the restored Three Tower Castle is shown again. Inside this castle DUCK AVENGER buit his second secret hideout to be used in the emergency situations. This hideout has been located behind a wall of the Casle main living room. The secret access to the hideout can be opened pulling a big halbard. Another beautiful hideout drawing in compliance with the original design, is shown in the PANINI stickers album "That's Donald" (1997) in the page dedicated to the Donald's house. An interesting secret hideout view is shown again in another PANINI stickers album MICKEY & DONALD L'album di TOPOLINO (2003). Also in this case, even if well drawn the hideout is represented too futuristic according to what is shown in the first DUCK AVENGER stories. In the same page there is also a sticker (covered with a special thermo-sensible paint) of Villa Rose but unfortunately not represented in a correct way respect to the original design. In the issue n.9 of Disney Parade De Agostini's library (2003) dedicated to DUCK AVENGER, there are two pages concerning the secret hideout with some informations, curiosities and a beautiful view of the hideout which takes reference to the one realized by Blasco Pisapia. A plastic model of the secret hideout and the relevant DUCK AVENGER figurine is part of Donald's house kit given as a gift with the Italian comicbook TOPOLINO from number 2606 to 2610 (October-Dicember 2005). This gadget is a rare piece for the Disney memorabilia collectors, even if it isn't excellent in quality. It is a pitty that for obvious manufacturing and handling problems the hideout has been placed at the ground level and not under the house. In the number 3 of the Italian pocket comic PAPERINIK APPGRADE some interesting drawings of the Donal Duck's house and relevant secret hideout are made by the awesome artist Marco Gervasio. Also these representation are based on the drawing of the Architect-artist Blasco Pisapia.
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Apr 19, 2021 at 12:02am Matilda, anonnewbie, and 3 more like thisQuotelikePost OptionsPost by djnyr on Apr 19, 2021 at 12:02am farmspirit Avatar Apr 18, 2021 at 8:01pm farmspirit said: Question for people with better memory than me: in this interview made in 2018 with Francisco Angones and Matt Youngberg, they talk about the series and the influences from non-US comics. They state the intention of bringing multiple characters of european origin in the second season, saying they referr particularly to some Romano Scarpa creations. Being that they later talk about the second season as something already in production, I suppose that the plans where already pretty set. Yet I cannot remember particular european characters, or Scarpa characters in that season. So I repeat the question to the forumists with better memory: do you remember characters in the second season which would fit the description made by Angones? I would guess they were referring to Fethry and Rockerduck. I remember Angones stating that Fethry was "from the Italian comics;" he was obviously unaware of the character's actual origins. Rockerduck's voice actor also referred to John D. as being "super popular in Italy" but forgotten everywhere else. I think the Angones crew thought of both characters as Italian imports, even though that's not truly the case. farmspirit Duckling *
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Apr 19, 2021 at 2:23pm Hirohiko Araki Eating a Donut and alquackskey like thisQuotelikePost OptionsPost by farmspirit on Apr 19, 2021 at 2:23pm djnyr Avatar Apr 19, 2021 at 12:02am djnyr said: farmspirit Avatar Apr 18, 2021 at 8:01pm farmspirit said: Question for people with better memory than me: in this interview made in 2018 with Francisco Angones and Matt Youngberg, they talk about the series and the influences from non-US comics. They state the intention of bringing multiple characters of european origin in the second season, saying they referr particularly to some Romano Scarpa creations. Being that they later talk about the second season as something already in production, I suppose that the plans where already pretty set. Yet I cannot remember particular european characters, or Scarpa characters in that season. So I repeat the question to the forumists with better memory: do you remember characters in the second season which would fit the description made by Angones? I would guess they were referring to Fethry and Rockerduck. I remember Angones stating that Fethry was "from the Italian comics;" he was obviously unaware of the character's actual origins. Rockerduck's voice actor also referred to John D. as being "super popular in Italy" but forgotten everywhere else. I think the Angones crew thought of both characters as Italian imports, even though that's not truly the case. Thankz. I had considered the a similar option, but had dismissed it because here both the characters aren't associated with Scarpa specifically. Scarpa wrote/drawn 47 stories with Rockerduck, and only 13 with Fethry! But it isn't the first time that the USA thinks Fethry is an european character
I find sad how little care the authors did in research and representing the "european" characters (DT17-Rockerduck as nothing in common with his comics counterpart), but inevitable seeing how bad they have adapted the Disney Afternoon's (which surely were known, and yet they WAKed them up big). My biggest complain is that the not-comic reader will know this characters from this not-particularly-good adaption (as you djnyr are explaining, character for character) Scrooge MacDuck Big Duck *****
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Apr 19, 2021 at 3:08pm QuotelikePost OptionsPost by Scrooge MacDuck on Apr 19, 2021 at 3:08pm farmspirit Avatar Apr 19, 2021 at 2:23pm farmspirit said: (DT17-Rockerduck as nothing in common with his comics counterpart) Huh, that's an odd statement. I mean certainly the whole bizarre literally-temporally-displaced-19th-century-robber-baron thing gives him a different framing â but his smug yet ultimately ineffectual, vainglorious, snobbish behaviour, combined with his over-reliance on Jeeves (albeit a completely different Jeeves), make him one of the most comic-accurate characters in terms of general personality, I think. Certainly moreso than Glomgold even though, on paper, DT17-Glomgold's place in the present day has more in common with Classic-Glomgold than DT17-Rockerduck's has to Classic-Rockerduck. And either way, I think that at this point I've at least pretty well accepted Rockerduck's DT17 voice as how the prime version will sound in my head from now on. That Duckfan Duck ****
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Apr 19, 2021 at 4:39pm QuotelikePost OptionsPost by That Duckfan on Apr 19, 2021 at 4:39pm Speaking of Glomgold, can someone explain to me why he's so fat in DT17? Is there a reason for it, other than to stand out visually? I'm doing a marathon of animated classics. Latest review: The Rescuers Down Under.
"Keep moving forward" - Walt Disney
"Why a duck?" - Marx aldwayne Duckling *
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Apr 19, 2021 at 4:52pm farmspirit, Rrr, and 2 more like thisQuotelikePost OptionsPost by aldwayne on Apr 19, 2021 at 4:52pm Speaking of Rockerduck, I touched on this here before, so I'll go into it deeper now.
They perhaps accidentally swapped around Glomgold and Rockerduck's key elements (in backstory at least). What are they? They are:
A. Glomgold being Scrooge's contemporary from the Old West.
B. Rockerduck being much younger as befitting him representing a "modern" businessman.
In DT17 Glomgold is now much younger than Scrooge with any signs of being elderly just him trying to imitate Scrooge. Keep in mind that this goes in line with the wider trend of portraying Scrooge as some untouchable mega superhero who has no real rivals besides Goldie and Bradford in a pinch.
Rockerduck is now Scrooge's contemporary in the Old West. He's also lost his trait of having lines he won't cross compared with other villains (like he'd be fine employing the Beagles for a job but he'd wouldn't actively try to kill anyone).
Part of the problem I figure is that they insisted on not only making DT17 happen in 2010s but insisted on "explaining" how Scrooge could still be alive and healthy/strong as a man who's been alive for over a century. They also insisted on Goldie also being magically preserved to push her as Scrooge's one true wife/rival. Glomgold didn't get this angle. Rockerduck had to be frozen and was still shown to be shriveled up.
Scrooge MacDuck said: Huh, that's an odd statement. I mean certainly the whole bizarre literally-temporally-displaced-19th-century-robber-baron thing gives him a different framing â but his smug yet ultimately ineffectual, vainglorious, snobbish behaviour, combined with his over-reliance on Jeeves (albeit a completely different Jeeves), make him one of the most comic-accurate characters in terms of general personality, I think. Certainly moreso than Glomgold even though, on paper, DT17-Glomgold's place in the present day has more in common with Classic-Glomgold than DT17-Rockerduck's has to Classic-Rockerduck. And either way, I think that at this point I've at least pretty well accepted Rockerduck's DT17 voice as how the prime version will sound in my head from now on. I mean, sure, I guess he's superficially close to how he's been established in the comics. If you just want him to be the show's resident "evil spoiled rich guy" I guess it works. Thing is, Rockerduck DOES have more to him than that in the comics. What with him having a stronger line he won't cross than someone like Glomgold (like the already mentioned not murdering, something that was even brought up in the comic that had them team up with other villians) and being more modern than Scrooge as an extension of him being much younger.
That Duckfan said: Speaking of Glomgold, can someone explain to me why he's so fat in DT17? Is there a reason for it, other than to stand out visually? To allude to his design in the original Ducktales. They went with him being more or less a duck version of Lord Hater from Wander Over Yonder.
A big problem with how they handled Glomgold is that Scrooge has no real moral problems in how he operates as a man or a businessman. Glomgold's whole thing in Barks and Rosa is that he's in many ways Scrooge fighting himself. Even though he wasn't immediately shown as a "villain", circa Son of Sun he was cemented as what Scrooge would've been if he never tried to make his fortune square. Even in the original Ducktales there was SOME honest confrontation with how Scrooge operates (the strike in the episode where he lost his memory, the triplets taking his "Advice" to to the point they gleefully aid Magica when she conquered the world). Glomgold now doesn't really reflect on Scrooge.
Last Edit: Apr 19, 2021 at 7:12pm by aldwayne djnyr Bigger Duckling **
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16 hours ago Matilda, That Duckfan, and 1 more like thisQuotelikePost OptionsPost by djnyr on 16 hours ago
"I come to bury Ducktales 2017, not to praise it."
#3.--Recurring Supporting Players.
E. A Coat of (Oâ)Gilt Paint Doesnât Make Something Gold(ie)
Angonesâ version of Goldie rivals Angonesâ Gyro for maddening wrong-headedness and laziness. The writers ostentatiously inserted her Rosa-created last name into the show, in another of their âSee, comics fans, we know our stuffâ movesâand then proceeded to ignore the comics.
Instead of building off of Barksâ version of the character, Rosaâs version, or even the Original Ducktales version, Angones and company simply defaulted to the clichĂ© of the âshady adventuress who acts as both adversary and potential love interest.â Examples of this type include recent screen versions of Irene Adler, Vash from Star Trek: The Next Generation, and (going much further back) the character of Burma from Terry and the Pirates. The Countess Rosakoff from Agatha Christieâs Poirot stories is a comedic variation on this type. However, Catwoman is the best-known example, and clearly who the showrunners were thinking of; in fact, Angones explicitly stated (to Entertainment Weekly) that this Goldie was the Catwoman to Scroogeâs Batman, one of the most blatant examples of how he invariably transposes the Ducksâ world into a superhero world.
Angonesâ cramming of Goldie into the Catwoman box was not only another example of lazily ignoring the source material in favor of borrowings from other sources, but was also a badly executed implementation of those borrowings. If the âshady adventuressâ is going to be a recurring character whom weâre supposed to like, and if weâre going to sympathize with the heroâs fondness for her, then she should actually be likableâi.e., roguish, but with some redeeming characteristics.
Angonesâ version of Goldie has no redeeming characteristics; her selfishness, greediness, and untrustworthiness are so gleefully played up for (alleged) laughs that her scattered âredemptiveâ moments ring utterly false. Apparently, Angones and company simply thought that looking attractive and making wisecracks makes a character automatically attractive, and thus didnât bother to actually try and install some actual redeeming characteristics in their version of Goldie. And no, her bond with Louie doesnât count; their relationship came off as the less than inspiring one of criminal mentor and criminal protĂ©gĂ©, not the timeworn but sturdy âshady oldster and honest youngsterâ bond used to humanize scoundrels in adventure fiction at least as far back as Long John Silver.
The treatment of Goldie also provides a good example of Angones simply making things up in order to excuse his bad decisions, while adopting a trendy progressive pose at the same time (as with the voice casting for Magica and Don Karnage). In Goldie's case, Angones made a remark about how he had to change the character because Goldie in the comics was basically defined as pining for Scrooge. This is complete baloney when it comes to Barksâ original hard-bitten, down-to-earth Goldie, who never clearly shows any romantic interest in Scrooge at all; Rosa plays up the love angle much more, but his Goldie is hardly a pallid, yearning figure eitherâin Rosa, itâs virtually always Scrooge we see doing the pining.
Obviously, Angones made this ridiculous statement about Goldie to make it sound like he was being bold and modern and turning a docile love interest into a more active character. What he actually did was take a tough, crafty, grizzled, and believable Klondike dance-hall-girl-turned-prospector and change her into an effectively immortal and permanently youthful-looking character with superhuman combat skillsâi.e., a shallow and unbelievable stereotype thatâs become a much more prevalent clichĂ© than the passive stereotype that Angones pretends heâs reacting against.
F. Old Friends from the Classic Era
Daisy, of all characters, wound up feeling like a breath of fresh air on this show, although she was very underused, even more so than Donald. I wonder if Angones was barred from messing with her as much as he did with Gyro and the Nephews because sheâs still considered one of the A-list Disney cartoon characters; like Donald, she got to retain her official voice actor (instead of some trendy celebrity) and her established design, which indicates an extra level of âprotectionâ from higher-ups.
Anyway, Daisy felt like a breath of fresh air partly because she wasnât a reckless lunatic of an âadventurerâ or a âhumorouslyâ eccentric monomaniac, but rather an ordinary person with an actual real-world job. Making her a party planner was actually an intelligent modern variation on her well-established clubwoman/society-organizer preoccupations from Barksâ comics, and felt entirely in character, as did her bossiness and hot temperâwhich, however, was tempered with some actual warmth towards Donald; she didnât come as selfish and arbitrary towards him as she often did in Barks.
I may be in danger of overrating this Daisy simply because she was one of the few characters who was recognizable as a version of her comics counterpart, and because she wasnât aggressively obnoxious. Still, I consider her one of the few bright spots on this show; I would rather have seen several episodes sitcom hijinks involving this Daisy and a less depressed version of Donald than have watched the faux adventures of Scrooge and the kids.
I suspect that Jose and Panchito, as characters from a classic Disney feature, were similarly spared from radical and wrong-headed âreimagining.â Like Daisy, both were refreshingly ânormalâ but underused, although in their case, especially Panchitoâs, being comparatively normal didnât feel entirely in character. Thereâs something off when guest-starring characters from one of the wackiest and most anarchic Disney features come off as fairly down-to-earth.
Also, Jose and Panchitoâs personalities were not really defined very strongly; they were more or less interchangeable, with the chief defining traits being âLatin and enthusiastic.â To be fair, this has always been an issue with these characters (at least in English-language media; I know Jose at least has been developed much more in Brazil), but I think their appearances in their original movie and in the comics show germs of distinctive personalities that could have been developed to very enjoyable effect by more creative and imaginative showrunners.
Jose should be the brains of the Caballeros--the smooth-talking likable con man and charmer of the ladies; Panchito should be the heart of the group--the cheerful, naĂŻve, reckless, but brave and honorable swashbuckler; Donald, in turn, should provide down-to-earth exasperation and nervousness but balance it with sturdy common sense and pragmatic courage. The recent Three Caballeros series came close to this vision of the trio at time, much closer than New Ducktales ever did; the bit in âNazca Racingâ with the giant spider (Jose tries to sweet-talk it until an impatient Donald quacks âKill it! Kill it with fire!â after which Jose deadpans âHeâs not with usâ) was a great example of how Iâve always pictured these characters playing off each other in adventurous situations. The luchador stuff with Panchito in that show also felt entirely in character for him.
Of course, Angones and company did nothing with these embryonic character traits; the first Caballeros episode was essentially a rehash of the old sitcom chestnut of âCharacter lies to old acquaintance about his success until he finds out the acquaintance is lying tooâ, while the second one turned them into the MacGuffins in a caper spoof; a much better approach would be to have had them execute the âcaperâ itself instead of being passive pawns of Louie, which would have allowed their personalities to be developed much more thoroughlyâbut that would have meant sidelining the insufferable Nephews and Webby for most of an episode, which Angones was painfully reluctant to do.
Ludwig, the showâs other notable classic-Disney-era guest character, got to keep his real voice, but was shoehorned into a much less character-appropriate role, to put it mildly. Angonesâ reasoning here appears to have been âLudwig debuted in the sixtiesâthe world-wide spy organization trope is a sixties thingâletâs make Ludwig the head of SHUSHââwhich represents a complete disregard of Von Drakeâs character.
Ludwig as an analogue of âQâ from the Bond filmsâmaybe thatâs not an inconceivable fit, but Ludwig as âMâ? Thereâs no way that this eccentric, oblivious and cheerfully egotistical lecturer would run an international bureaucracyâat least, not capably and responsibly, as he appears to do here. It felt bizarrely out of character for Ludwig to be trying to get Scrooge and Beakley behave responsibly, rather than having them being the ones trying to get him to get his head out of the clouds. Iâll admit, it was a joy to hear Ludwig calling Bradford âkookieâ (one of his favorite words back in the old days), but, again, casting him as the sober voice of reason undermines his own whacky character (and also trivializes the supposed uber-villain Bradford by having his policy plans dismissed with such a cartoony put-down).
The Doomsday Vault episode, which seemed almost entirely disconnected from the Ludwig SHUSH episodes, made somewhat better use of the character, Iâll admit, by putting him back into his quirky expert/lecturer mold--although most of the humor there was in that episode was derived from repurposed dialogue from his debut in âAn Adventure in Color,â not from anything original. In passing, I also find it a sad commentary on the modern zeitgeist that the 1960s Ludwig delivered humorous but occasionally educational lectures on the marvels of science, nature, and world geography, while the 2010s Ludwig is lecturing on how to escape a global apocalypse.
I have a few more recurring good guys I want to cover next, and then it will be on to the villains.
Last Edit: 15 hours ago by djnyr Matilda Big Duck *****
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14 hours ago QuotelikePost OptionsPost by Matilda on 14 hours ago OK, I don't have anything much to add, because your essay on Goldie says it all and says it extremely well. I agree strongly with every single thing you say about the character. Up to and including the minor fact that in Rosa it is Scrooge that pines for Goldie!
Also agree on Panchito and Jose: on how they might ideally be characterized, and on how close The Legend of the Three Caballeros comes to presenting them that way! "Nazca Racing" is one of my favorite episodes. Last Edit: 14 hours ago by Matilda The KKM Admin ***** Active Head Admin
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6 hours ago farmspirit and alquackskey like thisQuotelikePost OptionsPost by The KKM on 6 hours ago By the end of this all I expect this autopsy of Ducktales 17 to be mirrored in some site and if it isn't I'll do it myself, you're doing an amazing job.
I want to point out that the Caballeros hit another instance of the same thing you pointed in Goldie or Magica, sort of. They made a big show and dance of how they got "accurate actors" to play them, and in the case of ZĂ© Carioca that is true- Legend of the Three Caballeros with Bauza playing him was embarassing.
But then they just stop there. They get not a Mexican and a Brazillian actors to play, but Mexican-American and Brazillian-American. Which logistically makes sense, but makes the "praise us for how diverse we are" fall flat- those characters are native to their countries, not American. It ends up feeling very similar to the recent (and very good) show The Warrior, about Chinese immigrants in San Fran in the 19th century, being praised by Americans for diversity while Chinese audiences complained the main character was a Japanese-American playing a Chinese as if asians are interchangeable.
Not only that, but they then use NOTHING of the Brazillian comics to inform ZĂ© Carioca. I understand that it's hard material to access in English, but if you want the praise for diversity, refusing to acknowledge the culture of a country and its history with this character just feels to me like a knife in the back.
And then the last drop, they don't even bother to have characters call him José (portuguese pronunciation) rather than Hosé (spanish pronunciation). thekkmart.tumblr.com Scrooge MacDuck Big Duck *****
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3 hours ago QuotelikePost OptionsPost by Scrooge MacDuck on 3 hours ago The KKM Avatar 6 hours ago The KKM said: Not only that, but they then use NOTHING of the Brazillian comics to inform ZĂ© Carioca. Hm, did you think so? I thought the depiction of him as really being poor and a bit of a trickstery grifter, despite presenting himself as a smooth and ostentatiously glamorous gentle-parrot, must have been derived from that, albeit a bit distantly. It's certainly not in the actual 1940s package films. Last Edit: 3 hours ago by Scrooge MacDuck alquackskey Bigger Duckling **
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3 hours ago QuotelikePost OptionsPost by alquackskey on 3 hours ago djnyr Avatar 16 hours ago djnyr said:
"I come to bury Ducktales 2017, not to praise it."
#3.--Recurring Supporting Players.
E. A Coat of (Oâ)Gilt Paint Doesnât Make Something Gold(ie)
Angonesâ version of Goldie rivals Angonesâ Gyro for maddening wrong-headedness and laziness. The writers ostentatiously inserted her Rosa-created last name into the show, in another of their âSee, comics fans, we know our stuffâ movesâand then proceeded to ignore the comics.
Instead of building off of Barksâ version of the character, Rosaâs version, or even the Original Ducktales version, Angones and company simply defaulted to the clichĂ© of the âshady adventuress who acts as both adversary and potential love interest.â Examples of this type include recent screen versions of Irene Adler, Vash from Star Trek: The Next Generation, and (going much further back) the character of Burma from Terry and the Pirates. The Countess Rosakoff from Agatha Christieâs Poirot stories is a comedic variation on this type. However, Catwoman is the best-known example, and clearly who the showrunners were thinking of; in fact, Angones explicitly stated (to Entertainment Weekly) that this Goldie was the Catwoman to Scroogeâs Batman, one of the most blatant examples of how he invariably transposes the Ducksâ world into a superhero world.
Angonesâ cramming of Goldie into the Catwoman box was not only another example of lazily ignoring the source material in favor of borrowings from other sources, but was also a badly executed implementation of those borrowings. If the âshady adventuressâ is going to be a recurring character whom weâre supposed to like, and if weâre going to sympathize with the heroâs fondness for her, then she should actually be likableâi.e., roguish, but with some redeeming characteristics.
Angonesâ version of Goldie has no redeeming characteristics; her selfishness, greediness, and untrustworthiness are so gleefully played up for (alleged) laughs that her scattered âredemptiveâ moments ring utterly false. Apparently, Angones and company simply thought that looking attractive and making wisecracks makes a character automatically attractive, and thus didnât bother to actually try and install some actual redeeming characteristics in their version of Goldie. And no, her bond with Louie doesnât count; their relationship came off as the less than inspiring one of criminal mentor and criminal protĂ©gĂ©, not the timeworn but sturdy âshady oldster and honest youngsterâ bond used to humanize scoundrels in adventure fiction at least as far back as Long John Silver.
The treatment of Goldie also provides a good example of Angones simply making things up in order to excuse his bad decisions, while adopting a trendy progressive pose at the same time (as with the voice casting for Magica and Don Karnage). In Goldie's case, Angones made a remark about how he had to change the character because Goldie in the comics was basically defined as pining for Scrooge. This is complete baloney when it comes to Barksâ original hard-bitten, down-to-earth Goldie, who never clearly shows any romantic interest in Scrooge at all; Rosa plays up the love angle much more, but his Goldie is hardly a pallid, yearning figure eitherâin Rosa, itâs virtually always Scrooge we see doing the pining.
Obviously, Angones made this ridiculous statement about Goldie to make it sound like he was being bold and modern and turning a docile love interest into a more active character. What he actually did was take a tough, crafty, grizzled, and believable Klondike dance-hall-girl-turned-prospector and change her into an effectively immortal and permanently youthful-looking character with superhuman combat skillsâi.e., a shallow and unbelievable stereotype thatâs become a much more prevalent clichĂ© than the passive stereotype that Angones pretends heâs reacting against.
F. Old Friends from the Classic Era
Daisy, of all characters, wound up feeling like a breath of fresh air on this show, although she was very underused, even more so than Donald. I wonder if Angones was barred from messing with her as much as he did with Gyro and the Nephews because sheâs still considered one of the A-list Disney cartoon characters; like Donald, she got to retain her official voice actor (instead of some trendy celebrity) and her established design, which indicates an extra level of âprotectionâ from higher-ups.
Anyway, Daisy felt like a breath of fresh air partly because she wasnât a reckless lunatic of an âadventurerâ or a âhumorouslyâ eccentric monomaniac, but rather an ordinary person with an actual real-world job. Making her a party planner was actually an intelligent modern variation on her well-established clubwoman/society-organizer preoccupations from Barksâ comics, and felt entirely in character, as did her bossiness and hot temperâwhich, however, was tempered with some actual warmth towards Donald; she didnât come as selfish and arbitrary towards him as she often did in Barks.
I may be in danger of overrating this Daisy simply because she was one of the few characters who was recognizable as a version of her comics counterpart, and because she wasnât aggressively obnoxious. Still, I consider her one of the few bright spots on this show; I would rather have seen several episodes sitcom hijinks involving this Daisy and a less depressed version of Donald than have watched the faux adventures of Scrooge and the kids.
I suspect that Jose and Panchito, as characters from a classic Disney feature, were similarly spared from radical and wrong-headed âreimagining.â Like Daisy, both were refreshingly ânormalâ but underused, although in their case, especially Panchitoâs, being comparatively normal didnât feel entirely in character. Thereâs something off when guest-starring characters from one of the wackiest and most anarchic Disney features come off as fairly down-to-earth.
Also, Jose and Panchitoâs personalities were not really defined very strongly; they were more or less interchangeable, with the chief defining traits being âLatin and enthusiastic.â To be fair, this has always been an issue with these characters (at least in English-language media; I know Jose at least has been developed much more in Brazil), but I think their appearances in their original movie and in the comics show germs of distinctive personalities that could have been developed to very enjoyable effect by more creative and imaginative showrunners.
Jose should be the brains of the Caballeros--the smooth-talking likable con man and charmer of the ladies; Panchito should be the heart of the group--the cheerful, naĂŻve, reckless, but brave and honorable swashbuckler; Donald, in turn, should provide down-to-earth exasperation and nervousness but balance it with sturdy common sense and pragmatic courage. The recent Three Caballeros series came close to this vision of the trio at time, much closer than New Ducktales ever did; the bit in âNazca Racingâ with the giant spider (Jose tries to sweet-talk it until an impatient Donald quacks âKill it! Kill it with fire!â after which Jose deadpans âHeâs not with usâ) was a great example of how Iâve always pictured these characters playing off each other in adventurous situations. The luchador stuff with Panchito in that show also felt entirely in character for him.
Of course, Angones and company did nothing with these embryonic character traits; the first Caballeros episode was essentially a rehash of the old sitcom chestnut of âCharacter lies to old acquaintance about his success until he finds out the acquaintance is lying tooâ, while the second one turned them into the MacGuffins in a caper spoof; a much better approach would be to have had them execute the âcaperâ itself instead of being passive pawns of Louie, which would have allowed their personalities to be developed much more thoroughlyâbut that would have meant sidelining the insufferable Nephews and Webby for most of an episode, which Angones was painfully reluctant to do.
Ludwig, the showâs other notable classic-Disney-era guest character, got to keep his real voice, but was shoehorned into a much less character-appropriate role, to put it mildly. Angonesâ reasoning here appears to have been âLudwig debuted in the sixtiesâthe world-wide spy organization trope is a sixties thingâletâs make Ludwig the head of SHUSHââwhich represents a complete disregard of Von Drakeâs character.
Ludwig as an analogue of âQâ from the Bond filmsâmaybe thatâs not an inconceivable fit, but Ludwig as âMâ? Thereâs no way that this eccentric, oblivious and cheerfully egotistical lecturer would run an international bureaucracyâat least, not capably and responsibly, as he appears to do here. It felt bizarrely out of character for Ludwig to be trying to get Scrooge and Beakley behave responsibly, rather than having them being the ones trying to get him to get his head out of the clouds. Iâll admit, it was a joy to hear Ludwig calling Bradford âkookieâ (one of his favorite words back in the old days), but, again, casting him as the sober voice of reason undermines his own whacky character (and also trivializes the supposed uber-villain Bradford by having his policy plans dismissed with such a cartoony put-down).
The Doomsday Vault episode, which seemed almost entirely disconnected from the Ludwig SHUSH episodes, made somewhat better use of the character, Iâll admit, by putting him back into his quirky expert/lecturer mold--although most of the humor there was in that episode was derived from repurposed dialogue from his debut in âAn Adventure in Color,â not from anything original. In passing, I also find it a sad commentary on the modern zeitgeist that the 1960s Ludwig delivered humorous but occasionally educational lectures on the marvels of science, nature, and world geography, while the 2010s Ludwig is lecturing on how to escape a global apocalypse.
I have a few more recurring good guys I want to cover next, and then it will be on to the villains.
I agree on Goldie - personally, she doesn't necessarily reach Gyro levels for me, but I think that might be partly because of the whiplash; by the time Goldie got to roll around, we already had Glomgold and Gyro, so such changes were a little more expected. I don't think anything will ever quite reach the level of "Look how they massacred my boy" that I felt when I saw Gyro in this series! In all honesty, I think your point about her being an inferior version of an already clichéd character sums it up perfectly - I haven't got many complaints about her because there's just not that much else to say. Putting her into the position of being 'Long John Silver' just didn't work because, as you've pointed out before, the majority of the characters in this show are mean-spirited. Her redemptive moments don't feel special and her 'mean-spirited' moments don't really stand out because everyone else already does that. Do you have a source on Angones' comment about needing to change Goldie? I recall a comment like that, but I haven't been able to find a specific comment between Twitter, Tumblr and scattered articles. That being said, I do agree; once again, there's a fundamental misunderstanding of the characters and what they represent. Another thing that shows it is on Angones' Twitter: He says (here) "We wanted the relationship between Scrooge and Goldie to have the energy of an old screwball energy, like Carey Grant and Katherine Hepburn or pretty much any Billy Wilder movie. It really comes across in their tango." Like... I've only seen a few of their films, but I cannot imagine how that's the idea you have for Scrooge McDuck and Goldie O'Gilt. Plus, at least with 'Bringing Up Baby', Grant and Hepburn's dynamic was mired in sexist tropes - her being the 'foolish, ditzy woman' and him being the 'clever, down-to-earth man'. To have something like that as a point of reference for what's supposed to be a progressive decision... again, it just seems odd, you know? Again, though, it's like you say - a multifaceted character, in an effort to make them more 'modern', ends up being made into someone much less interesting. If I'm honest, I found her pretty unmemorable in this - like, I remember a lot about Gyro, but Goldie I find myself having to look up because the scenes just had such little impact for me.
Also, as I was constructing this comment, I wanted to fetch the comment where you mention Goldie being made to be like Catwoman, just for the sake of clarity. The comment (here) is as follows, for those interested: "In our adaptation, Scrooge is more of an adventure junkie than a gold addict, so we kept saying, âWell, if Scrooge is like Batman, then Goldie should be like Catwoman,â". There is so much wrong with this...
Daisy... I don't really have much to add; you've summed her up pretty perfectly. All I could really add is that I like her design; it's pretty distinct and stands on its own as a version of the character, but it's not a bizarre change like, say, Glomgold's.
Panchito and José, however, I do have comments. These versions of the characters are just so... boring. Honestly, it's difficult to discuss them because there's just nothing interesting to latch on to. Their origin is being Donald's college band (Which is painfully unoriginal), their stories are clichéd (They were introduced with a 'friends who lie to each other about being successful' plot - it's so predictable and it adds nothing to anybody's characters), they don't really add anything to the show as a whole... And, somehow, it's Panchito Pistoles and José Carioca. These are characters that have a wealth of things to pull from! They may not be the most complex characters around (And I could be wrong on that - I've read very few Zé Carioca comics, and the ones I have read didn't offer much), but they're full of life and personality. It's why the characters are so beloved and fondly remembered; they're so memorable, and there's so much you could expand on if you wanted to (As 'Legend of the Three Caballeros' showed), but they just... do nothing with the characters. It just feels like a waste.
Ludwig... blech. Again, it just feels like they wanted to have him but had no idea what to do with him. Outside of your comments, all I could add is that I thought the gag with him in the last episode where he 'never got around to dying' was pretty fun and in-character.
Also, out of curiosity, seeing as you'll be discussing the villains later, there was something I was hoping that you might incorporate: I cannot understand the fan reception of Mark Beaks. At all. Like... among the show's fanbase, he's near universally disliked, or at the very least, is one of the least popular characters. There are a lot of tier lists going around on Reddit, and just about every one I've seen has Beaks in D tier. Is there a reason that he's so disliked by people that actually like the show? Personally, he's one of my favourite parts of the series. I'd just like to understand why the people who actually do like the series hate him so much, while enjoying characters like Della or Gyro. I don't know what your thoughts are yet, but I'd like to hear your thoughts on that side of things when you do get around to discussing the character? I have no idea why, but ducks just tend to be the most compelling characters.
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Post by Freddie on Apr 23, 2021 19:30:50 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
Camp Woodchuck Kitchen ReviewBy Tom Bricker Dining 5 Comments
12Spara
Camp Woodchuck Kitchen is a new counter service restaurant at Tokyo Disneyland themed to Huey, Dewey, and Louie and the Junior Woodchucks. The menu includes sâmores and other campfire favorites (although I donât ever recall making waffle sandwiches in my Boy Scout days). In this review, weâll take a tour of this cool new dining spot, and offer thoughts on whether itâs worth eating here.
Camp Woodchuck Kitchen replaced Lucky Nugget Cafe, which was nothing noteworthy: it was simply ordering windows and a covered seating area off to the side of Big Thunder Mountain Railroad in Frontierland. Honestly, it always struck me as an afterthoughtâa really limited menu and a small seating area as an overflow in case nearby Hungry Bear Restaurant was too busy.
Camp Woodchuck Kitchen uses the same ordering windows and has a similarly limited menu, but is worlds better than Lucky Nugget Cafe. It replaces the basic covered seating area with a multi-story indoor/outdoor mess hall that includes ample seating and a meet & greet.
Suffice to say, Camp Woodchuck Kitchen is a big improvement over what was here before, but that doesnât mean itâs worth your time given the stacked restaurant lineup at Tokyo Disneyland. Letâs take a look insideâŠ
If you ever went to Scout Camp, this restaurant should look familiar. Well, perhaps an infinitely nicer version of what you experienced, but along the same lines.
Camp Woodchuck is where the Junior Woodchucks (an organization that itself is a sendup of the Boy Scouts) attend summer camp. As with other summer camps of this style, there are activity areas, trails, recreation, andâof courseâa mess hall.
Camp Woodchuck Kitchen fulfills the purpose of the mess hall for the Junior Woodchucks. Except a lot nicer. Perhaps itâs modeled after a Scout Camp somewhere in the Santa Monica Mountains where wealthy residents of Beverly Hills send their kids. I know we didnât have anything nearly this nice in rural Michigan!
Of course, Iâm kidding. I really would not expect Disney to give a restaurant a musty smell, feature very basic finishings, and have its interior be truly rustic & primitive. As with all things Disney, this is an idealized version of a summer camp mess hall. In actually, it feels like a mix of a National Park Lodge and a summer camp mess hall.
Despite being on the ritzy side of a mess hall, Camp Woodchuck Kitchen is definitely not the best-themed restaurant at Tokyo Disneyland. Itâs well done and there are some really cool details, but it never approaches the depth of the best-themed restaurants in the park.
Camp Woodchuck Kitchen eschews textural depth and detail to some degree in favor of Junior Woodchuck decorations. The approach makes sense. Itâd be odd for a summer camp mess hallâplaces that are universally utilitarianâto have layer upon layer of detail.
Itâs also really cool to see all of the Junior Woodchuck paraphernalia. There are a lot of Easter eggs and hidden references to be spotted, some of which Iâm sure I missed.
Iâd say the Imagineers who created Camp Woodchuck Kitchen did an exemplary job with the design hereâthis is the pinnacle of what a themed mess hall can be. Just because itâs not as engaging thematically as Grandma Saraâs Kitchen does not mean itâs bad. Itâs a concept that has a lower thematic ceiling, to begin with.
Where Camp Woodchuck Kitchen excels is in offering a great place to just beâŠ
The best Tokyo Disneyland restaurants are also the most popular (as youâd expect), and arenât exactly places youâd go as a respite from the crowds or to unwind after a long day. Camp Woodchuck Kitchen is exactly that.
From the fireplace inside to a faux fire pit outside (I soooo wish it produced actual heat during this winter trip) to just random tables tucked away in corners, Camp Woodchuck Kitchen is a great place to be.
This is furthered by two excellent background music loops. The exterior loop can be found here, and features folksy instrumental versions of Disney (and other) songs youâll recognize.
The interior loop features music of the same nature, but with lyrics and without a Disney connection. Both loops are tremendous and made me want to hang around for a while.
Itâs also really nice to just sit on the upper balcony and watch the Rivers of America float by. The ambiance offered at Camp Woodchuck by virtue of the Rivers of Americaâs kinetic energy really cannot be understated.
The vibe here is the same as that of Hungry Bear Restaurant at Disneyland (well, prior to the Rivers of America refurbishment), and that restaurant is one of my favorite places in Disneyland due to that serene atmosphere.
Alright, letâs turn to the food now. Although thereâs not a ton on the menu, there are some good options.
One thing to note from the outset is that all of the waffle sandwiches here are on the small side. Even with fries, youâre looking at something thatâll be filling for only the smallest of appetites. To the extent that we recommend Camp Woodchuck Kitchen, we recommend it as an afternoon or late night snackânot lunch or dinner.
With that said, letâs take a look at whatâs availableâŠ
First up is the Shrimp with Avocado Waffle Sandwich. This is basically seafood salad, with a liberal amount of dressing to tie it all together.
I liked the taste of the sandwich, but there was a bit too much dressing for my taste (a complaint that could apply to â____ saladâ sandwiches universally in Japan, so watch out if thatâs not your thing).
We both agreed that the Maple Fried Chicken Waffle Sandwich was significantly better. Chicken and waffles just go together, and the maple sauce is more conservatively applied to really bring the dish home.
This is also more filling, with a relatively generous portion of chicken.
For dessert, we had the Sâmores Chocolate Brownie, which was fine. As you can see, the presentation here is exceptional, but the portion was small and there was nothing particularly noteworthy about this dessert.
Itâs good for what it is, but in a park with a snack game as strong as Tokyo Disneylandâs, âgood for what it isâ is not good enough.
Another note: currently, Camp Woodchuck has its own merchandise. Itâs rare for Tokyo Disneyland to do park specific merchandise, and attraction/restaurant/etc-specific merchandise is unheard of outside of an attraction opening or closing.
If youâre going in the next year or so and want merchandise aside from the generic character stuff, be sure to check this out. It wonât last forever.
Ultimately, Camp Woodchuck Kitchen is an excellent addition to Tokyo Disneylandâs dining scene. Itâs an unequivocal improvement over what was here before, even if itâs best viewed as a snack spot or light meal. While itâd be nice to have a more expansive menu, the joy of this location is largely in the ambiance, particularly outdoors sitting along the Rivers of America. is one of the best counter service restaurant at Tokyo Disney Resort. If I were to update our Top 10 Tokyo Disneyland Counter Service Restaurants list, Iâd slot it in at #7, as a must-do for an evening snack.
If youâre thinking of visiting Japan for the first time and are overwhelmed with planning, definitely check out our Tokyo Disney Resort Planning Guide. It covers much more than the parks, from getting there to WiFi to currency and much, much more. For more photos and an idea of what we did day-by-day during our first visit, read our Tokyo Disney Resort Trip Report (that should be helpful if youâre planning a first visit of your own).
YOUR THOUGHTS⊠What do you think of Camp Woodchuck Kitchen? Where does it rank in terms of dining at Tokyo Disneyland for you? Any cool Junior Woodchuck references you noticed in the decor? Have any menu recommendations here? Any questions? Hearing from readers is half the fun, so please share your thoughts in the comments!
Related Posts Shi Wasu Review: 2018 Epcot Holidays Festival Review: New Lunch Menu at Be Our Guest Restaurant Hungry Bear Restaurant Review
Written by Tom Bricker 5 Responses to âCamp Woodchuck Kitchen Reviewâ Sarah August 21, 2018 We loved this place â one of my favourites at TDL. The ambience is gorgeous â the little lanterns in the trees outside at night are so cute and that firepit area is fab. Chicken waffle sandwich was great and we thought the attention to theming detail inside was exceptional too. I guess the overall theme is not that novel or interesting if you are from US or Canada, but for Japanese guests or others (like us) who donât have the âsummer campâ as part of our culture, it is all very kawaii (cute) and fun!
Reply Susan April 26, 2018 I *really* wish DL and WDW would put a little more theme into their food efforts. It just adds to the fun.
Reply Michelle January 5, 2018 Did you try the BBQ bacon sandwich? That was better tasting than the chicken sandwich. I would order that before the chicken again.
We loved the atmosphere so much that we went twice. Sitting up on the balcony watching the Rivers of America was a great experience.
We also did pick up some merchandise at the cart while there.
I really wish they would make a stand alone cartoon about this!
Reply Ann July 4, 2017 Wowâthanks for the link to background music! That, plus your wonderful photos, take me right back to our relaxing repast on the Camp Woodchuck Kitchen veranda.
Reply Grace June 25, 2017 The barrels as chairs are so cute!! And I did notice from your photos that the napkins are restaurant specific. Donât recall seeing that too many places (any place?) in other parks. Again, love the specific information that is hard to find at this level elsewhere
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Post by Freddie on Apr 23, 2021 19:57:26 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
First sergeant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Globe icon. The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "First sergeant" â news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) First sergeant is typically a senior non-commissioned officer rank, used in many countries. In NATO armed forces the rank is on OR8[1] level.
Contents 1 United States 1.1 United States Army 1.1.1 Insignia 1.2 United States Marine Corps 1.3 United States Air Force and United States Space Force 2 Singapore 3 Law enforcement 4 See also 5 References and notes United States In the United States, a first sergeant generally serves as the senior enlisted advisor (SEA) of a unit, such as a company, battery, or troop, or a USAF squadron or higher level unit. (USA and USMC squadrons and battalions, as well as all higher-level units, have a Command Sergeant Major [USA] or Sergeant Major [USMC] as the SEA.) While the specifics of the title may differ between the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, all first sergeants can be identified by the presence of a lozenge-shaped (colloquially "diamond") figure on their rank insignia.
United States Army
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "First sergeant" â news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
World War I First sergeant rank insignia
Current U.S. Army first sergeant rank insignia Historically, the rank of "first sergeant" has existed in the American Army since 1781, when a fifth sergeant was added to the table of organization for Continental Army infantry regiments. Previously, under the tables of organization approved by the Continental Congress in 1776 and 1779, there were four and three sergeants, respectively, authorized in each company. The sergeants were numbered in order of seniority, and the "first sergeant" was simply the senior sergeant in the company, but not a separate rank.[2] In 1833, first sergeant and orderly sergeant became separate pay grades, ranking below sergeants major and quartermaster sergeants, but above sergeants. In 1851, first sergeant was combined with the separate rank of orderly sergeant.[3]
In the United States Army, since 1958, the rank of first sergeant (abbreviated 1SG) is considered a temporary rank in E-8 paygrade, ranking above sergeant first class (SFC), and below sergeant major (SGM) or command sergeant major (CSM). While first sergeant is equal in paygrade to master sergeant (MSG), the two ranks have different responsibilities. Both ranks are identical as indicated by three chevrons (standard sergeant insignia) above three inverted arcs (aka, "rockers"), an arrangement commonly referred to as "three up and three down", though the first sergeant has the lozenge "diamond" in the middle. A first sergeant is generally senior to a master sergeant in leadership matters, though a master sergeant may have more general military authority such as when in charge of a military police (MP) section.
Master sergeants are laterally appointed to first sergeant upon selection by senior Department of the Army leadership; qualified sergeants first class are promoted, depending on available billets and opportunities. A promotable sergeant first class, or a master sergeant, may be selected for promotion to, or appointment as, a first sergeant and may assume that duty. Upon reassignment to a nonâfirst sergeant billet, the soldier reverts to his or her original rank of master sergeant, unless promoted to the E-9 rank of SGM or CSM. First sergeants can retire at that rank, if they so choose, as long as they have served satisfactorily in rank.
CSM is a leadership position that is a higher ranking equivalent of 1SG on a battalion level or higher command, while SGM is an MOS-specific technical equivalent to a MSG on a battalion level or higher command or in certain specialty billets.
The position of first sergeant is the highest US Army NCO rank position that is still in a direct "hands-on" leadership setting, as are command sergeant major (CSM/E-9) positions in a battalion command or higher level unit assignments of higher rank. CSM's have expanded administrative duties, and less direct leadership duty requirements with enlisted and junior NCO Soldiers than do 1SGs.
First sergeants are generally the senior non-commissioned officers of company (battery, troop) sized units, and are unofficially but commonly referred to as "top", "top sergeant", "top soldier", "top kick", "first shirt", due to their seniority and their position at the top of the company's enlisted ranks. In the Bundeswehr, the German Army, the first sergeant (German: Kompaniefeldwebel) is called "father of the unit", a concept also in place in the US Army. They are sometimes referred to as "second hat" because the Company Commander may entrust them with important responsibilities, even over one of the company's lieutenants, especially junior lieutenants.
First sergeants handle the leadership and professional development of their soldiers, especially the non-commissioned officer development and grooming of enlisted soldiers for promotions. They also manage pay issues, supervise administrative issues, recommend and prepare enlisted soldiers for specialty and leadership schools, re-enlistment, career development and they manage the promotable soldiers within the company. First sergeants are the first step in disciplinary actions such as an Article 15 (non-judicial punishment) proceeding. A first sergeant may place a soldier under arrest and on restriction to quarters in certain cases, as well as manage all of the daily responsibilities of running the company/unit.
Insignia Beginning in 1821, first sergeants were recognizable by wearing a red worsted waist sash (along with all other senior sergeant grades), while all junior sergeant grades had to discard this item.[4] In 1872, sashes were eliminated for all ranks (except for general officers who retained their buff sashes until 1917).[5] Though the sergeant major and quartermaster sergeant already had distinctive staff NCO rank insignia, it was not until 1847 that the first sergeant received the characteristic lozenge, or diamond, with the three chevrons of a sergeant as its insignia of rank.[6]
United States Marine Corps
U.S. Marine Corps First Sergeant rank insignia. In the United States Marine Corps, first sergeant (abbreviated 1st Sgt) is a permanent rank and ranks above gunnery sergeant and below sergeant major and master gunnery sergeant. It is equal in grade to master sergeant (E8), although the two ranks have different responsibilities. A first sergeant has command leadership responsibilities and serves as the senior enlisted adviser to the commander at the company, battery or detachment level, while master sergeants have technical responsibilities within their respective occupational fields, and serve important leadership roles within various company or battery sections. Master sergeants may also perform staff functions at the battalion/squadron level or above. Unlike first sergeants and master sergeants in the U.S. Army, no lateral movement is possible between the two ranks in the Marine Corps; they are permanent appointments and require a change in occupational specialty. Rather, gunnery sergeants elect a preference on their fitness reports, which are considered before promotion. Ultimately, those selected for either rank are appointed based on suitability, previous duty assignments, and the needs of the Marine Corps. Later in their careers, first sergeants are eligible to be considered for promotion to sergeant major, while master sergeants can be promoted to master gunnery sergeant.
The grade of first sergeant initially appeared in the Marine Corps in 1833, when Congress created the ranks of "first sergeant of the guard at sea" and "orderly sergeant of the post" (of which 30 billets for the rank were established). In 1872, the Corps replaced the title of orderly sergeant with the rank of first sergeant. The rank of first sergeant was another casualty of the rank realignment of 1947. It was reestablished in 1955.[7]
United States Air Force and United States Space Force In the United States Air Force and Space Force, first sergeants are special duty temporary ranks[8] and positional billets. First sergeants are not guaranteed to be promoted to the next level paygrade of first sergeant. Often referred to as the "first shirt", or "shirt", the first sergeant is responsible for the morale, welfare, and conduct of all the enlisted members in a squadron and is the chief adviser to the squadron commander concerning the enlisted force.[8] They are held by a senior enlisted member of a military unit who reports directly to the unit commander or deputy commander of operations. This positional billet is held by individuals of pay grades E-7 through E-9 (master sergeant, senior master sergeant and chief master sergeant), and is denoted on the rank insignia by a lozenge (known colloquially as a "diamond"). Most units have a master sergeant in this position. Larger units use senior master sergeants and chief master sergeants as first sergeants. While both services don't have separate first sergeant ranks, those who hold these positional billets are senior to their non-diamond counterparts.[8] All first sergeants can retire at that rank, within their respective paygrade, if they so choose, as long as they have served satisfactorily in rank.
Insignia of a master sergeant serving as an E-7 pay grade first sergeant
Insignia of a senior master sergeant serving as an E-8 pay grade first sergeant
Insignia of a chief master sergeant serving as an E-9 pay grade first sergeant
Singapore First Sergeant is a specialist in the Singapore Armed Forces. First sergeants are the most senior of the junior specialists, ranking above second sergeants, and below Staff Sergeants. The rank insignia for a First Sergeant features the three chevrons pointing down shared by all specialists, and two chevrons pointing up.[9]
In combat units, First Sergeants are very often platoon sergeants, or given the responsibility for independently operating detachments of support weapons. They are often given instructional billets as well in training schools. First sergeants normally answer to the company sergeant major, assisting the latter in the mentorship, guidance and command of the more junior specialists (Third and Second Sergeants) who are section commanders.
Specialist ranks of the Singapore Armed Forcesvte Insignia Army-SGP-OR-5a.svg Army-SGP-OR-5b.svg Army-SGP-OR-5c.svg Army-SGP-OR-6a.svg Army-SGP-OR-6b.svg Rank Third Sergeant Second Sergeant First Sergeant Staff Sergeant Master Sergeant Abbreviation 3SG 2SG 1SG SSG MSG Law enforcement Some law enforcement agencies, especially state police and highway patrol organizations, have first sergeants, who are typically in charge or command of a detachment, district, region, area, barracks or post consisting of anywhere from ten to fifty or more troopers or officers. Most law enforcement first sergeants are mid-level management leaders, with ten to thirty or more years of service. The NC Highway Patrol first sergeants for example, must complete the 6-weeks advanced police management training institute at the Southern Police Institute (SPI) in Louisville KY. Other states also use SPI, or Northwestern University IL or the FBI National Academy (FBINA) Quantico VA.
Some such state agencies may have a first sergeant in charge of special state police or highway patrol units such as SWAT, K-9, aviation, personnel, major traffic accident reconstruction, research, public information, logistics, training, recruitment, internal affairs, accreditation, inspections, mounted, motorcycle, communications, detectives, administration, and other specialized sections or services other than general patrol.
Some municipal and county agencies also have a first sergeant. Civil law enforcement first sergeants are senior to sergeants and junior to lieutenants.
The insignia of such a first sergeant is usually similar to a military first sergeant but may only may have a chevron of three stripes with no bottom curved stripes "rockers", or just one or two rockers, but generally always have the lozenge under the chevrons. The rank insignia may be displayed by sewn-on sleeve shoulder stripes, slip-on epaulet stripes or pin-on metal stripes of black, silver or gold tone that may be pinned on the collar or epaulet.
See also U.S. uniformed services pay grades United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War I United States Army enlisted rank insignia of World War II References and notes The abbreviation "OR" stand for "Other Ranks / sous-officiers et militaires du rang" see: NATO glossary abbreviations used in NATO documents and publications / Glossaire OTAN des abréviations utilisées dans les documents et publications OTAN (PDF). 2010. p. 237. Wright, R. The Continental Army (2006) Center of Military History: Washington, DC. Perrenot. P. United States Army Grade Insignia Since 1776 (2009) Army Digest: The Official Magazine Of The Department Of The Army, Vol. 22, No. 12, December 1967, p. 48 Emerson, William K. Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia and Uniforms, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman - London, 1996, p. 14-15 Perrenot. P. United States Army Grade Insignia Since 1776 (2009) "World War II era Marine Corps enlisted ranks". Ww2gyrene.org. Archived from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2016-02-04. Barnett, Robert (12 December 2012). "Air Force first sergeants work to help Airmen". Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Public Affairs. Retrieved 11 September 2020. "Specialists". SAF Military Ranks. Ministry of Defence Singapore. 2010-05-06. Archived from the original on 2014-10-16. Retrieved 2017-05-26. U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images vte United States enlisted ranks vte United States Armed Forces Categories: Military ranks of SingaporeMilitary ranks of the United States ArmyEnlisted ranks of the United States Air ForceEnlisted ranks of the United States Space ForceUnited States military enlisted ranksUnited States Marine Corps ranks Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version
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Post by Freddie on Apr 23, 2021 19:57:50 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đUnited States European Command From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) United States European Command USEUCOM.svg Emblem of the United States European Command Founded 1 August 1952 Country United States Type Unified combatant command Role Geographic combatant command Part of United States Department of Defense Seal.svg Department of Defense Headquarters Patch Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany Mons, Belgium from August 2020[1] Nickname(s) EUCOM Website www.eucom.milCommanders Commander Gen Tod D. Wolters, USAF Deputy Commander LTG Michael L. Howard, USA[2] Senior Enlisted Leader CCM Phillip L. Easton, USAF Insignia NATO Map Symbol[3][4] NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Region or Front.svg Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- AA - European Command (FM 1-02, 2004 September 21).svg United States Armed Forces Flag of the United States.svg Executive departments United States Department of Defense Seal.svg Department of Defense Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Joint Chiefs of Staff Military departments Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Seal of the United States Department of the Navy.svg Department of the Navy Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg Department of the Air Force Military service branches Mark of the United States Army.svg United States Army Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg United States Marine Corps Emblem of the United States Navy.svg United States Navy Mark of the United States Air Force.svg United States Air Force Seal of the United States Space Force.png United States Space Force Seal of the United States Coast Guard.svg United States Coast Guard Unified combatant commands Geographic combatant commands Functional combatant commands vte EUCOM Area of responsibility in red. The United States European Command (EUCOM) is one of the eleven unified combatant commands of the United States military, headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany. Its area of focus covers 21,000,000 square miles (54,000,000 km2) and 51 countries and territories, including Europe, Russia, Greenland, and Israel. The Commander of the United States EUCOM simultaneously serves as the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR) within NATO, a military alliance. During the Gulf War and Operation Northern Watch, EUCOM controlled the forces flying from Incirlik Air Base. Contents 1 History and significant operations 1.1 1950s 1.2 1960s 1.3 1970s 1.4 1980s 1.5 1990s 1.6 2000s 2 Timeline 2.1 Operations 3 Structure 3.1 Service components 3.2 Subordinate unified commands 3.3 Additional supporting units 4 List of commanders 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History and significant operations Prior to 1952, the title "European Command (EUCOM)" referred to a single-service, United States Army command. The senior U.S. Army administrative command in the European region had previously been designated European Theater of Operations United States Army (ETOUSA) from 8 June 1942 â 1 July 1945; United States Forces European Theater (USFET) from 1 July 1945 â 15 March 1947; and then European Command (EUCOM) 15 March 1947 â 1 August 1952. 1950s The first unified command in the European area was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 August 1952. Designated the U.S. European Command (USEUCOM), it was established to provide "unified command and authority" over all U.S. forces in Europe.[5] Prior to 1 August 1952, the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, and U.S. Army presence in Europe maintained separate commands that reported directly to the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The respective titles of the service commands were: Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE); Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean; and Commander-in-Chief, U.S. European Command. In line with the creation of the joint-service European Command, the Army command in Europe has redesignated U.S. Army Europe on 1 August 1952. The unified command structure was born of the need to address changes wrought not only by America's rapid post-war demobilization but the end of the occupation of Germany in 1949. Questions arose over the U.S. commitment to the defense of Western Europe against the Soviet Union (USSR). Providing for the common defense was a great concern, especially after the Berlin Crisis of 1948â49 when the Soviet Union blocked access to the divided city and the U.S. and United Kingdom responded with an unprecedented airlift. In 1949 the allies established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). In 1952 the area of responsibility included continental Europe, the United Kingdom, North Africa and Turkey. The AOR was subsequently expanded to include Southwest Asia as far east as Iran and as far south as Saudi Arabia. EUCOM headquarters in the IG Farben Building, Frankfurt, 1952 After the Korean War began, the perceived threat to Europe grew. In early 1951, NATO established Allied Command Europe. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was called from retirement to become the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe. The United States sent massive reinforcements to Europe to deter the Soviet Union. From 1950 to 1953 United States military personnel in Europe grew from 120,000 to over 400,000. United States Air Forces in Europe grew from three groups with 35,000 personnel to eleven wings with 136,000 personnel. Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean doubled to more than 40 warships. United States Army, Europe, grew from one infantry division and three constabulary regiments to two corps with five divisions (including two mobilized National Guard divisions) and in November 1950 activated a new field army, Seventh Army, at Patch Barracks, Stuttgart. The Army activated the 10th Special Forces Group at Fort Bragg in 1952 and deployed it to Bad Tölz in November 1953 for unconventional warfare missions in the Soviet Bloc countries. To provide for national command within NATO and to help control this build-up of forces, Gen. Eisenhower proposed a separate command for all United States forces in Europe. Because the senior United States commander would continue as Supreme Allied Commander Europe, Eisenhower recommended giving "a maximum of delegated authority" to a four-star deputy. Eisenhower returned to the United States just as the new command was established. The first United States Commander-in-Chief Europe (USCINCEUR) was General Matthew Ridgway, former commander of Eighth Army and the Far East Command during the Korean War. His deputy was General Thomas T. Handy, commander of United States Army, Europe. At this point the position of USCINCEUR was "dual hatted" with Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR). Headquarters EUCOM initially shared the I.G. Farben Building in Frankfurt, Germany, with Headquarters United States Army, Europe. By 1953 over 400,000 U.S. troops were stationed in Europe. In 1954, the headquarters moved to Camp des Loges, a French Army base west of Paris and a short distance from SHAPE. There, EUCOM prepared plans for the defense of Western Europe within the NATO framework against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. EUCOM used the Military Assistance Program to help its NATO partners build their military capabilities, including after 1955 the German Bundeswehr. In 1955, EUCOM established a Support Operations Command Europe, soon renamed Support Operations Task Force Europe (later Special Operations Command Europe) for special operations missions. In 1961, EUCOM began operating an airborne command post, Operation Silk Purse. 1960s During the 1961 Berlin Crisis, on 25 August 1961, the Department of Defense announced 148,000 reserve personnel would be called on 1 October for twelve months of active duty service. 27,000 of these would be from Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard flying squadrons and support units to augment the Air Force, and 112,000 were U.S. Army Reserve. Many Army Reservists were sent to Europe to bring ground combat units up to full strength. Civil war broke out in Lebanon in 1958 due to mounting religious and political conflicts (see "1958 Lebanon crisis"). EUCOM conducted a major contingency operation, Operation Blue Bat, in response to Lebanon's request to restore stability within the government. In 1966, following disagreements by the French with certain NATO military policies, President Charles de Gaulle stated that all forces within France's borders would have to come under French control by April 1969. Soon afterward, France announced that SHAPE and its subordinate headquarters must leave French territory by April 1967.[6] The following year, SHAPE moved to Mons, Belgium, while Headquarters EUCOM moved to Patch Barracks in Stuttgart, Germany. Headquarters Seventh Army moved to Heidelberg, where it merged with Headquarters United States Army, Europe. At Patch Barracks, EUCOM renovated the buildings, built a new operations center, and modernized communications infrastructure. EUCOM continued to prepare for the defense of Europe and began a series of annual REFORGER (Return of Forces to Germany) exercises in 1967. Cold War crises continued, including the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. But, because of the Vietnam War, the number of the American forces in Europe slowly declined. Troop strength in Europe fell to 265,000 by 1970. 1970s During the 1970s, force protection concerns in Europe increased as terrorist groups, such as the Red Army Faction and the Red Brigades, targeted American facilities and personnel with bombings, kidnapping and assassinations. Palestinian terrorist organizations conducted terror operations in Europe, such as the kidnapping of Israeli athletes during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. EUCOM and its components continued to provide military assistance throughout Europe, as well as humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, noncombatant evacuation, support to peacekeeping operations, and other non-traditional missions in Europe, Africa and the Middle East. For example, after the Congo became independent in 1960, EUCOM joined in several multinational operations in that country, including peacekeeping, humanitarian assistance, and noncombatant evacuation in 1960, November 1964 (Operation Dragon Rouge), the 1967 second Stanleyville mutiny and again in 1978 (during Shaba II). In the Middle East, EUCOM provided military assistance to Israel and noncombatant evacuation of American citizens in 1967, 1973, and 1982â1984. In the late 1970s, the Soviet Union deployed SS-20 intermediate-range ballistic missiles into Eastern Europe and in 1979 invaded Afghanistan. NATO responded with a "two-track" decision to step up negotiations while deploying American intermediate-range Pershing II missiles and Ground Launched Cruise Missiles (GLCM) to counter Soviet actions. 1980s US Army units in West Germany, 1987 During the 1980s, American forces in Europe increased to over 350,000. EUCOM established Fleet Marine Force Europe (later MARFOREUR) in 1980. The 1983 Unified Command Plan transferred responsibility for the Middle East from EUCOM to a new combatant command, U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), but EUCOM retained responsibility for Israel, Lebanon and Syria. At the same time, EUCOM was formally assigned responsibility for Africa south of the Sahara. Thus the area of responsibility became Europe (including the United Kingdom and Ireland), the Mediterranean Sea (including the islands), and the Mediterranean littoral (excluding Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia and Djibouti). The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986, together with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Gen. Colin L. Powell, who served from 1989 to 1993, further strengthened the role of combatant commanders. Goldwater-Nichols also established United States Special Operations Command, which led to the activation of a new sub-unified command, Special Operations Command, Europe. During the 1980s, negotiations continued with the Soviet Union on strategic and theater-level arms limitation. In 1987, the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF Treaty) called an end to the deployment of SS-20s, Pershing IIs and GLCMs. In 1990, NATO and Warsaw Pact members signed a treaty on conventional armed forces in Europe (CFE). In 1989, the Soviet Union and other Soviet Bloc countries in Eastern Europe collapsed and the Cold War came to an end. The citizens from both East and West Berlin began tearing down the Berlin Wall on 9 November 1989. 1990s As a sign of reduced tensions, in 1991 EUCOM took its airborne command post off alert. Meanwhile, in 1991, EUCOM and its components provided forces -primarily VII Corps- to CENTCOM for Operation Desert Storm. EUCOM supports programs in former Soviet Bloc countries such as the Joint Contract Team Program, NATO Partnership for Peace and the National Guard Bureau State Partnership Program. It was also active in operations in the Balkans, including Bosnia, Macedonia and Kosovo. During this time, EUCOM's assigned forces were lowered below 120,000. Euler diagram of European alliances, partners, and competitors, denoted by their national flags,[7] in EUCOM's Area of Responsibility. The alliances and agreements include the following supranational bodies: PESCO, Schengen Area, EU, and NATO. Since 1990, EUCOM has hosted or co-hosted the annual International Military Chiefs of Chaplains Conference, the only one of its kind in the world, working to foster cooperation among religious leaders and understanding of religion as both a force for war and a force for peace. In 1999, changes to the command's area of responsibility were announced, after amendments to the Unified Command Plan. The United States Atlantic Command areas that had included the waters off Europe and the west coast of Africa were to be transferred to European Command.[8] U.S. European Command already had responsibility for all U.S. land and air military planning in Europe and most of Africa. The change gave EUCOM the responsibility for maritime planning in the same general area of operations. 2000s The changes were made effective on 1 October 2000. The Atlantic Command areas that presently include the waters off Europe and the west coast of Africa were also transferred to European Command. Immediately after the terrorist attacks against New York and Washington, D.C., on 11 September 2001, NATO invoked Article V of the treaty and deployed NATO early warning aircraft to help monitor the skies over North America. EUCOM provided major forces for subsequent operations in Afghanistan and stepped up its efforts to protect United States interests in Europe and Africa. Subsequent terrorist attacks in the EUCOM theater in Casablanca, Madrid, London and Algiers prompted EUCOM to launch Operation Enduring Freedom Trans-Sahara in 2007 while continuing to provide rotational forces to Afghanistan and Iraq. The 2002 Unified Command Plan transferred responsibility for Lebanon and Syria to CENTCOM, but EUCOM retained responsibility for Israel, and assumed responsibility for Russia (formerly held by the Joint Staff) and for an increased portion of the North Atlantic, to include Iceland and the Portuguese Azores (formerly held by the U.S. Joint Forces Command). The Iceland Defense Force formed part of EUCOM from 2002 until 2006 when it was disestablished. Joint Task Force East provided from forces rotating from the continental United States through bases in Bulgaria and Romania, was initially intended to be provided by a rotating US-based brigade. Two bases at ConstanĆŁa, Romania was developed, apparently with the main facility at Mihail KogÄlniceanu Airfield. Initially, however, Joint Task Force East was to have been provided by a rotational 2nd Cavalry Regiment Stryker squadron. The Task Force was originally planned to be called the Eastern Europe Task Force. However, since the stresses of the Iraq and Afghan deployments, the army provision of the Joint Task Force East has been replaced by a Marine force known as the Black Sea Rotational Force. In 2003, the headquarters reorganized to establish the EUCOM Plans and Operations Center (EPOC). From 2006 to 2008, EUCOM helped stand-up a new geographic unified combatant command, United States Africa Command (AFRICOM), which moved to nearby Kelley Barracks and took over responsibility for Department of Defense activities in Africa on 1 October 2008. Timeline This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 1967: U.S. European Command headquarters moves to Patch Barracks, Stuttgart, Germany. 1970: 265,000 US troops stationed in Europe. 1980: 350,000 US troops stationed in Europe. 1983: U.S. Central Command is established and takes over responsibility for DoD activities in the Middle East from EUCOM. 1990: VII Corps (US Army) and other USAREUR units are deployed from EUCOM to Saudi Arabia for the Gulf War. 1992: VII Corps (US Army) after redeploying from Saudi Arabia and Kuwait is withdrawn from EUCOM and inactivated. 1999: US troops stationed in Europe fall below 120,000. 2002: V Corps (US Army) is deployed from EUCOM to Kuwait for the Iraq War. 2003: General James L. Jones becomes the first US Marine to be EUCOM Commander. 2006: V Corps (US Army) is deployed from EUCOM to Iraq as the command and control element for Multi-National CorpsâIraq. 2008: U.S. Africa Command is established and takes over responsibility for DoD activities in Africa from EUCOM. 2009: Navy Admiral James G. Stavridis becomes EUCOM's 15th Commander and the first Navy Admiral to lead the HQ. 2012: V Corps (US Army) is deployed from EUCOM to Afghanistan, providing command and control of all United States ground forces engaged in the theater.[9] 2013: V Corps (US Army) is inactivated after redeploying from Afghanistan, leaving EUCOM without a Corps HQ for the first time since 1951.[10] 2020: V Corps (US Army) is reactivated in Fort Knox.[11][12] Corps forward headquarters is to be in Poznan, Poland.[13] Operations The following list details all operations in which EUCOM has been involved since its inception.[14] 1950s Lebanon Crisis 1958 â USEUCOM transported 2,000 troops and more than 4.5 million tons of equipment to Lebanon. 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 â USEUCOM transported UN troops and cargo to the Congo. Cyprus Crisis 1964 â USEUCOM positioned ships near the island to conduct evacuation of non-military personnel and deterrent operations if needed. Congo Crisis 1964 â USEUCOM transported Belgian paratroopers in a rescue operation in the Congo. Cyprus Crisis 1965 â Airlifted UN peacekeepers and equipment to Cyprus. Congo Crisis 1967 â Provided airlift support for supplies, Congolese troops, and refugees. 1970s Jordan Hostage Crisis 1970 Operation Nickel Grass 1973 â Support of Israel in the Yom Kippur War. Operation Night Reach 1973 â Transported UN peacekeepers to Middle East at end of Yom Kippur War. Cyprus Crisis 1974 Operation Nimrod Spar 1974/1975 â Cleared the Suez Canal. Airlift 1978 â Airlifted multinational forces to Zaire to counter invasion by Angola. 1980s Iranian Hostage Crisis 1981 â Release of 52 hostages held for 444 days. Hostage Crisis 1982 â Italy â Release of Brigadier General James L. Dozier. Operation Arid Farmer 1983 â Supported in the Crisis in Chad. Beirut Bombing 1983 â USEUCOM coordinated evacuation and treatment of wounded Marines and identified and returned to CONUS the remains of 241 Marines killed. Beirut Air Bridge 1984â1998 â Provided administrative and logistical support the US Embassy in Beirut. Operation Eldorado Canyon 1986 â USAF and USN air strikes on Libya in retaliation for terrorist bombing of La Belle Disco in West Berlin. 1990s Operation Steel Box/Golden Python 1990 â Supported withdrawal of chemical munitions from Germany and coordination of delivery/transport to Johnson Atoll. Hostage Situation 1990â1992 â Hostage release support for Americans kidnapped and held in the Middle East. Desert Storm and Proven Force 1991 â War to remove Iraq from Kuwait. Provide Comfort II 1991 â Kurdish security zone in northern Iraq. Operation Restore Hope 1992â1994 â Assisted in US Somalian security efforts. Operation Deny Flight 1993â1995 â Support to UN/NATO enforcement of no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. Operation Sharp Guard 1993â1996 Operation Able Sentry/Sabre 1993â1999 â Task force attached to UN Preventive Deployment Force in Macedonia to monitor border activity. Operation Vigilant Warrior 1994 â Response to Iraqi buildup along Kuwait border. Operation United Shield 1995 â Support of US withdrawal from Somalia. Operation Quick Lift 1995 â Support of NATO Rapid Reaction Force and Croatia forces deployment to Bosnia-Herzegovina. Operation Nomad Vigil 1995 â deployment to Albania in support of Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. Operation Deliberate Force 1995 â NATO air strikes on Bosnian Serb military forces. Operation Desert Strike 1996 â Missile Strikes on Iraq. Operation Northern Watch 1997âpresent â Enforcement of No Fly Zone over northern Iraq. Operation Assured Lift 1997 â In support of Liberian cease-fire monitoring. Operation High Flight 1997 â Search and Rescue effort at Windhoek, Namibia. Operations Phoenix Scorpion I & II 1997â1998 â support to UN weapons inspectors in Iraq. Operation Auburn Endeavor 1998 â relocation of uranium fuel from Tbilisi, Georgia. Operation Determined Falcon 1998 â Show of Force over Albania near Kosovo. Operation Calm Support 1998â1999 â Support to Kosovo Diplomatic Observer Mission mission to Kosovo. Operation Resolute Response 1998 â Support to US embassy bombings in Kenya and Tanzania. Operation Flexible Anvil/Sky Anvil 1998 â Planning for Balkan/Kosovo operations. Operation Eagle Eye 1998â1999 â Monitoring compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199 in Kosovo. Operation Desert Fox 1998 â Air Strikes on Iraq. Operation Allied Force JTF Noble Anvil 1999 â Air war over Serbia to withdraw forces from Kosovo. 2000s Operation Essential Harvest 2001 â Successful NATO program to disarm NLA in Macedonia. Operation Enduring Freedom 2001âpresent â USEUCOM theater planning and execution of the Global War on Terrorism. Operation Avid Recovery 2002 â Explosive Ordance Disposal support to Nigeria. Structure The main service component commands of EUCOM are the United States Army Europe, United States Naval Forces Europe/U.S. Sixth Fleet, United States Air Forces in Europe and United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe The United States Army Europe (formerly Seventh Army) is based in Germany. It controls two brigades, one aviation brigade, and several supporting units while also providing support to other Army units in Europe. Previously it had two divisions, although for almost all of the Cold War it controlled two corps of two divisions each. V Corps was deactivated in 2013 upon its return from Afghanistan. VII Corps was deactivated in 1992 after returning to Germany after the Gulf War. The Sixth Fleet provides ships to NATO Joint Force Command Naples' Operation Active Endeavour, deterring threats to shipping in the Straits of Gibraltar and the remainder of the Mediterranean. Joint Task Force Aztec Silence, a special operations force established under the command of Commander, Sixth Fleet, has been involved in fighting Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara. It also has a growing role around the shores of West and East Africa, under the direction of United States Africa Command. It previously had a significant Mediterranean presence function against the Soviet Navy's 5th Operational Squadron (Mediterranean Squadron, effectively fleet sized), and for most of the Cold War was the most powerful maritime striking force along NATO's southern flank. The United States Air Forces in Europe, the Wing-support command, and Third Air Force, USAFE's Warfighting Headquarters are both based at Ramstein Air Base in Germany. They are now much reduced from their high Cold War strength and provide a pool of airpower closer to many trouble spots than aircraft flying from the United States. The United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe is headquartered in Panzer Kaserne in Böblingen (Stuttgart), Germany, and serves as the Marine Corps component of EUCOM. MARFOREUR is integral in the planning and execution of Black Sea Rotational Force. A subordinate unified command of EUCOM is SOCEUR (Special Operations Command Europe), headquartered at Patch Barracks in Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany. Special forces units within the AOR include the 352nd Special Operations Group of the USAF, based at RAF Mildenhall in the UK, a U.S. Navy SEALs unit, and Naval Special Warfare Unit 2 and 1st BN, 10th Special Forces Group located at Panzer Kaserne, Germany. EUCOM is also headquartered at Patch Barracks in Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany. The Kaiserslautern Military Community is the largest U.S. community outside of the U.S., while the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center is the largest U.S. military hospital overseas, treating wounded Soldiers from Iraq and Afghanistan. Service components This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) United States Army Europe (USAREUR) (Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany):[15] 2nd Stryker Cavalry Regiment: Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany[16] 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team: Vicenza, Italy[17] 12th Combat Aviation Brigade: Katterbach Kaserne, Ansbach, Germany[18] 7th Army Joint Multinational Training Command: Grafenwoehr, Germany US Army NATO Brigade: Heuberg Kaserne, Sembach, Germany 19th Battlefield Coordination Detachment: Kaiserslautern, Germany 10th Army Air & Missile Defense Command: Kaiserslautern, Germany[19] 21st Theater Sustainment Command: Panzer Kaserne, Kaiserslautern, Germany 16th Sustainment Brigade: Smith Barracks, Baumholder, Germany 18th Military Police Brigade: Grafenwoehr, Germany 30th Medical Brigade: Sembach, Germany 7th Mission Support Command: Kaiserslautern, Germany 1st Human Resources Sustainment Center 405th Army Field Support Brigade: Daenner Kaserne, Kaiserslautern, Germany 409th Contracting Support Brigade: Kaiserslautern, Germany 266th Financial Management Support Center United States Naval Forces Europe (NAVEUR) (Naples, Italy): United States Sixth Fleet (Naples, Italy) Navy Region Europe (Naples, Italy) United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) (Ramstein Air Base, Germany): Third Air Force (Ramstein Air Base, Germany) United States Marine Corps Forces, Europe (MARFOREUR) (Panzer Kaserne, Böblingen, Germany) U.S. European Command administers the low-profile U.S. military storage installations in Israel. William Arkin in his book Code Names revealed the locations of some of the American bases in Israel.[20] Arkin writes that the sites do not appear on maps, and their exact locations are classified. According to the book, some of the sites are located at Ben Gurion Airport, Nevatim, Ovda air base, and in Herzliya Pituah. The sites are numbered as "site 51," "site 53," "site 54," "site 55" and "site 56." Some of the depots are underground, others were built as open hangars. According to Arkin, site 51 holds ammunition and equipment in underground depots. Site 53 is munitions storage and war reserve vehicles at Israeli Air Force bases, site 54 is an emergency military hospital near Tel Aviv with 500 beds, and Sites 55 and 56 are ammunition depots. Subordinate unified commands Special Operations Command Europe (SOCEUR) â (Panzer Kaserne, Böblingen, Germany) Additional supporting units George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (Garmisch, Germany) NATO School (Oberammergau, Germany) Joint Intelligence Operations Center Europe Analytic Center (RAF Molesworth, Huntingdonshire, UK) List of commanders Previously, this position held the title "Commander-in-Chief (CINC), United States European Command". However, following an order dated 24 October 2002 by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, all CINCs in the United States military were retitled "Commanders" and the use of "CINC" as an acronym for anyone other than the President was forbidden.[21] No. Commander Term Service branch Portrait Name Took office Left office Duration As Commander-in-Chief (CINC), United States European Command 1 Matthew Ridgway General Matthew Ridgway (1895â1993) 30 May 1952 11 July 1953 1 year, 42 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 2 Alfred Gruenther General Alfred Gruenther (1899â1983) 11 July 1953 20 November 1956 3 years, 132 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 3 Lauris Norstad General Lauris Norstad (1907â1988) 20 November 1956 1 January 1963 6 years, 42 days Mark of the United States Air Force.svg U.S. Air Force 4 Lyman Lemnitzer General Lyman Lemnitzer (1899â1988) 1 January 1963 1 July 1969 6 years, 181 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 5 Andrew Goodpaster General Andrew Goodpaster (1915â2005) 1 July 1969 15 December 1974 5 years, 167 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 6 Alexander M. Haig Jr. General Alexander M. Haig Jr. (1924â2010) 15 December 1974 1 July 1979 4 years, 198 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 7 Bernard W. Rogers General Bernard W. Rogers (1921â2008) 1 July 1979 26 June 1987 7 years, 360 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 8 John Galvin General John Galvin (1929â2015) 26 June 1987 23 June 1992 4 years, 363 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 9 John Shalikashvili General John Shalikashvili (1936â2011) 23 June 1992 22 October 1993 1 year, 121 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 10 George Joulwan General George Joulwan (born 1939) 22 October 1993 11 July 1997 3 years, 262 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 11 Wesley Clark General Wesley Clark (born 1944) 11 July 1997 3 May 2000 2 years, 297 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 12 Joseph Ralston General Joseph Ralston (born 1943) 3 May 2000 17 January 2003 2 years, 259 days Mark of the United States Air Force.svg U.S. Air Force 13 James L. Jones General James L. Jones (born 1943) 17 January 2003 7 December 2006 3 years, 324 days Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg U.S. Marine Corps As Commander, United States European Command 14 Bantz J. Craddock General Bantz J. Craddock (born 1949) 7 December 2006 2 July 2009 2 years, 207 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 15 James G. Stavridis Admiral James G. Stavridis (born 1955) 2 July 2009 13 May 2013 3 years, 315 days Emblem of the United States Navy.svg U.S. Navy 16 Philip M. Breedlove General Philip M. Breedlove (born 1955) 13 May 2013 4 May 2016 2 years, 357 days Mark of the United States Air Force.svg U.S. Air Force 17 Curtis M. Scaparrotti General Curtis M. Scaparrotti (born 1956) 4 May 2016 3 May 2019 2 years, 364 days Mark of the United States Army.svg U.S. Army 18 Tod D. Wolters General Tod D. Wolters (born 1960) 3 May 2019 Incumbent 1 year, 351 days Mark of the United States Air Force.svg U.S. Air Force Notes www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2292311/dod-proposes-removing-more-than-11000-troops-from-germany/ EUCOM Deputy Commander 9 August 2018 FM 1-02 Operational Terms and Graphics (PDF). US Army. 21 September 2004. pp. 5â36. ADP 1-02 Terms and Military Symbols (PDF). US Army. 14 August 2018. pp. 4â8. US European Command. "History of EUCOM". US European Command Web Site. Archived from the original on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2012. "1966-1967: SHAPE Finds a New Home". Allied Command Operations - History of ACO. Retrieved 5 August 2014. Lt. Col. Edward A. Fraser and Command Sgt. Maj. Robert V. Abernethy (April 1, 2019) Strong Europe: A continental-scale combat sustainment laboratory "Defense.gov News Article: Unified Command Plan Changes Announced". archive.defense.gov. Retrieved 29 January 2016. "V Corps colors return to Wiesbaden". Eur.army.mil. 2 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013. Matt Millham (12 June 2013). "V Corps cases its colors in 'bittersweet' ceremony in Wiesbaden". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 7 June 2014. "US Army names head of V Corps HQ to be based in Poland". ABC News. Associated Press. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020. Rempfer, Kyle (5 August 2020). "Army's resurrected V Corps will go to Poland". Army Times. Retrieved 10 August 2020. [https://www.army.mil/article/238882/v_corps_headquarters_forward_in_poland_to_be_located_in_poznan U.S. Army V Corps Headquarters (9 September 2020) V Corps Headquarters (Forward) in Poland to be located in Poznan John Pike. "Operations - European Command". Global Security.org. Retrieved 7 June 2014. "Units | U.S. Army Europe". Eur.army.mil. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014. "The United States Army | 2D Cavalry Regiment "Dragoons"". 2cr.army.mil. Retrieved 7 June 2014. "The United States Army | 173D ABCT "Sky Soldiers"". Eur.army.mil. Archived from the original on 30 May 2014. Retrieved 7 June 2014. "12th Combat Aviation Brigade". 12cab.army.mil. Retrieved 7 June 2014. "United States Army | 10th Air & Missile Defense Command". Archive.is. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2014. William Arkin, Code Names, 139, via Al-Monitor.com, If War Comes, Will US Open Its Military Depots In Israel?, 20 August 2012. Archived 13 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine "'CINC' Is Sunk". U.S. Department of Defense. American Forces Press Service. 25 October 2002. Retrieved 4 November 2011. The term 'CINC' is sunk. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld put out a memo Oct. 24 to DoD leaders saying there is only one commander in chief in America â the president. References Duke, Simon; U.S. Military Forces and Installations in Europe, Oxford University Press for SIPRI, 1989 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States European Command. Official website vte Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4537216-0VIAF: 246955597WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 246955597 Categories: Unified combatant commands of the U.S. Department of DefenseOrganisations based in StuttgartMilitary units and formations established in 19521952 establishments in West GermanyUnited States military in StuttgartUnited StatesâEuropean relations Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ© Español Français Bahasa Melayu PortuguĂȘs Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč Suomi Svenska äžæ 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2021, at 19:16 (UTC). 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Company (military unit) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Company" military unit â news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) vte Army units and organization Subordinated element Fireteam / Crew Ă Squad â Section / Patrol ââ Platoon / Troop / Flight âââ Unit Company / Squadron / Battery | Battalion / Cohort || Regiment ||| Formation Brigade / Group / Wing x Division / Legion xx Corps xxx Command Field army / Command xxxx Army group / Front xxxxx Region / Theater XXXXXX Temporary DetachmentPatrolTask forceBrigade groupFlying columnField forceCombat commandBattlegroupRegimental combat team
Standard NATO code for a friendly infantry company.
Company B of the 113th Infantry, part of the American Expeditionary Force, France, 1919. A company is a military unit, typically consisting of 80â250 soldiers and usually commanded by a major or a captain. Most companies are formed of three to six platoons, although the exact number may vary by country, unit type, and structure.
Usually several companies are grouped as a battalion or regiment, the latter of which is sometimes formed by several battalions. Occasionally, independent or separate companies are organized for special purposes, such as the 1st Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company or the 3rd Force Reconnaissance Company. These companies are not organic to a battalion or regiment, but rather report directly to a higher level organization such as a Marine Expeditionary Force headquarters (i.e., a corps-level command).
Contents 1 Historical background 2 British Army 3 Canadian Army 4 Soviet/Russian armed forces 4.1 Motorised rifle company 4.2 Tank company 4.3 Research company 5 United States 5.1 Army 5.1.1 Historical background 5.1.2 Modern use 5.2 Marine Corps 6 Disambiguation 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Historical background The modern military company became popularized during the reorganization of the Swedish Army in 1631 under King Gustav II Adolph. For administrative purposes, the infantry was divided into companies consisting of 150 men, grouped into regiments of eight companies. Tactically, the infantry companies were organized into battalions and grouped with cavalry troops and artillery batteries to form brigades.
From ancient times, some armies have commonly used a base administrative and tactical unit of around 100 men. (Perhaps the best known is the Roman century, originally intended as a 100-man unit, but later ranging from about 60 to 80 men, depending on the time period.) An organization based on the decimal number system (i.e., by tens, hundreds, thousands, and ten-thousands) might seem intuitive. To the Romans, for example, a unit of 100 men seemed sufficiently large to efficiently facilitate organizing a large body of men numbering into the several thousands, yet small enough that one man could reasonably expect to command it as a cohesive unit by using his voice and physical presence, supplemented by musical notes (e.g., drum beats, bugle or trumpet blasts, etc.) and visual cues (e.g., colors, standards, guidons, etc.).
Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that humans are best able to maintain stable relationships in a cohesive group numbering between 100 and 250 members, with 150 members being the common number (see Dunbarâs number). Again, a military unit on the order of no more than 100 members, and perhaps ideally fewer, would perhaps present the greatest efficiency as well as effectiveness of control, on a battlefield where the stress, danger, fear, noise, confusion, and the general condition known as the âfog of warâ would present the greatest challenge to an officer to command a group of men engaged in mortal combat. Until the latter half of the 19th century, when infantry troops still routinely fought in close order, marching and firing shoulder-to-shoulder in lines facing the enemy, the company remained at around 100, or fewer, men.[citation needed]
The advent of accurate, long-range rifle fire, repeating rifles, and machine guns necessitated highly dispersed combat formations. This, coupled with radio communication, permitted relatively small numbers of men to have much greater firepower and combat effectiveness than previously possible. Companies, however, continue to remain within the general range of 100â250 members, perhaps validating the premise that humans fight best (as well as live, work, socialize, play, etc.) in organizations of around 150 members, more or less.
While historically companies were usually grouped into battalions or regiments, there were certain sub-units raised as independent companies that did not belong to a specific battalion or regiment, such as Confederate States of America state local militia companies. However, upon activation and assimilation into the army, several of these independent companies would be grouped together to form either a battalion or a regiment, depending upon the number of companies involved. (Usually two to five would form a battalion, while six to twelve would form a regiment.)
More recent examples of separate companies would be the divisional support companies (i.e., signal, military police, ordinance maintenance, quartermaster, reconnaissance, and replacement companies) of a U.S. Army, Korean War-era infantry division[1] and the divisional aviation company of a U.S. Army "Pentomic" infantry division. These companies were not organic to any intermediate headquarters (viz., battalion/group/regiment/brigade), but rather reported directly to the division headquarters.
British Army Rifle companies consist of three platoons and a company headquarters.
Company-sized organisations in units with a horse-mounted heritage, such as the Household Cavalry, Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Engineers, Royal Corps of Signals, Army Air Corps, Special Air Service, Honourable Artillery Company and Royal Logistic Corps, use the term squadron instead of company, and in the Royal Artillery they are called batteries. Until after the Second World War, the Royal Engineers and Royal Signals had both squadrons and companies depending on whether the units were supporting mounted or foot formations.
The British Army infantry normally identifies its rifle companies by letter (usually, but not always, A, B and C) within a battalion, usually with the addition of a headquarters company and a support/heavy weapons company. Some units name their companies after regimental battle honours; this is commonly the case for composite units, for example the London Regiment with its Somme, Messines and Cambrai companies. The foot guards regiments use traditional names for some of their companies, for example Queen's Company, Left Flank, Prince of Wales's Company etc.
Royal Marines companies are designated by a letter that is unique across the corps, not just within their command. The Intelligence Corps, Royal Army Medical Corps, Royal Military Police and Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers all have companies uniquely numbered across their corps.
The defunct Royal Army Service Corps, Royal Pioneer Corps and Royal Army Ordnance Corps had companies; the Royal Corps of Transport had squadrons.
British companies are usually commanded by a major, the officer commanding (OC), with a captain or senior lieutenant as second-in-command (2i/c). The company headquarters also includes a company sergeant major (CSM) normally holding the rank of WO2 and a company quartermaster sergeant (CQMS) of colour sergeant rank, the two most senior soldiers in the company.
The Honourable Artillery Company is in fact a regiment, not a company, in terms of organisation and size.
Canadian Army Canadian Army organisation is modelled after the British. A Canadian infantry battalion consists of three or four rifle companies identified by letter (A Company, B Company, etc.), a Combat Support Company, and an Administration Support Company. A notable exception is The Royal Canadian Regiment, which names its companies sequentially throughout the regiment from the Duke of Edinburgh's Company (instead of A Company) in the 1st Battalion to T Company in the 4th Battalion. Many regiments name their companies after battle honours or former units that make up the current regiment, for example:
75th CompanyâThe Toronto Scottish Regiment (Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother's Own) Victoria CompanyâThe Queen's Own Rifles of Canada Grenadier CompanyâThe Royal Regiment of Canada No.2 (Prince of Wales) Company-Canadian Grenadier Guards The combat support company administratively contains the specialized platoons, such as reconnaissance, pioneer, headquarters and signals, anti-armour, and mortar. The administration support company contains the support tradesmen that a battalion requires, such as cooks, vehicle technicians, supply, medics, etc.
As in the British Army, company sized units with a mounted heritage use the term squadron, and in the artillery they are called batteries.
Soviet/Russian armed forces Motorised rifle company
1980s Soviet Motorised Company (BTR) A Soviet motorised rifle company could be mounted in either BTR armoured personnel carriers or BMP infantry fighting vehicles, with the former being more numerous into the late 1980s. A BTR rifle company consisted of a company headquarters, three motorised rifle platoons and a machine gun/antitank platoon equipped with three PK machine guns and three AT-7 Saxhorn launchers for a total of 110 personnel and 12 BTRs. A BMP rifle company had the same number of personnel and carriers and consisted of a company headquarters, three motorised rifle platoons and a machine gun platoon equipped with six RPK-74s. While seemingly containing less firepower, US commanders were advised to include the BMP's heavier weaponry in their calculations.[2]
Tank company Prior to the late 1980s, a Soviet tank company within a Motorised Rifle Regiment consisted of a company headquarters and three tank platoons with T-64, T-72 or T-80 tanks for a total of 39 personnel and 13 tanks; companies using the older T-54, T-55 or T-62s tanks had 13 additional enlisted personnel. Companies within Tank Regiments or independent Tank Battalions had a slightly smaller establishment, having 10 tanks and 30 personnel (40 with older tanks).[3][4]
Research company Research companies (single. nauchnaya rota, ĐœĐ°ŃŃĐœĐ°Ń ŃĐŸŃĐ°) were established in 2013 to allow conscripts with higher education to serve doing scientific and research tasks. There are seven research companies:
2nd and 3rd research company (Aerospace Forces) 5th research company (Army) 6th research company (General Headquarters) 7th research company (Communication) 8th research company (Medical) 9th research company (Radiation, Chemical, and Biological Defense) United States Army Historical background In the 1700s, British Army, American Colonial Militia, and Provincial Regulars (e.g., the Virginia Regiment), and later American Army infantry, regiments were organized into companies of somewhat less than 100 officers and enlisted men, although the actual totals widely varied. For example, in 1775, a typical British Army infantry company contained only 47 personnel (comprising 3 officers, 5 noncommissioned officers, a drummer, and 38 privates). However, by 1792, an American infantry company contained 98 personnel (comprising 3 officers, 9 noncommissioned officers, a drummer, a fifer, and 84 privates).
Beginning in 1775, American forces began to develop their own organizational doctrine somewhat based on the Franco-Prussian model (with much influence beginning in 1777 from Continental European expatriates and future American generals the Marquis de Lafayette of France, Count Casimir Pulaski of Poland, and Baron von Steuben of Prussia). As a result, in 1776, a Continental Army Infantry company was authorized one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant (both lieutenants serving as platoon commanders â not designated as platoon leaders until 1943 under the "Triangular Division" reorganization begun in 1939), an ensign (an obsolete subaltern officer rank charged with carrying the regimental colors in rotation with the other ensigns of the battalion/regiment), four sergeants (section leaders/squad leaders with two to a platoon), four corporals (assistant section leaders/squad leaders with two to a platoon), two musicians (a drummer and a fifer), and 76 privates. The company was organized into two platoons, each consisting of two sections/squads (the terms were sometimes used interchangeably) consisting of one sergeant, one corporal, and 19 privates. (Wright, 1983)[5]
From the late 1700s up until the late 1800s, a US infantry company was commanded by a captain and assisted by a first sergeant (first authorized in 1781), and consisted of a small company headquarters and two identical platoons commanded by lieutenants. Even though from 1808 until 1821 companies were authorized two first lieutenants and two second lieutenants (and again from 1861 to 1866 for two second lieutenants), the positions of company executive officer (second-in-command) and a third platoon commander were not authorized until 1898 when the army expanded under mobilization for the war with Spain. During the 1800s the authorized strength of infantry companies fell to a low of 54 officers and men during periods of relative peace from 1821 to 1838 and again from 1842 to 1846. In contrast, from 1812 to 1815 (second war with Great Britain), 1846 to 1848 (war with Mexico), 1861 to 1890 (American civil war and wars with the plains Indians), and 1898â1899 (war with Spain) authorized company strength ranged from over 100 officers and men up to a high of 119. Also, in 1861 a company quartermaster sergeant was added to the authorized manning of an infantry company and a wagoner was reinstituted (previously authorized from 1796 to 1808) to drive the company supply wagon.
During the 1700s and up until the late 1800s, the company was an administrative and tactical unit seldom employed in other than as a massed formation. The standard procedure, once the company had marched into its position in the line of battle, was for the company to form facing the enemy as two ranks, by platoon, one behind the other. The commanding officer (a captain), and the one to four lieutenants (depending upon the time period) serving as platoon commanders/assistant platoon commanders (1808 to 1821) and the executive officer would direct the fighting, leading from the front in the attack and on the flanks in the defense. The executive officer, or more usually the junior lieutenant, and the first sergeant were normally positioned behind the battle line so as to assist the company commander in overseeing the company and managing the rear (company trains with the quartermaster sergeant and wagoner, casualties, enemy prisoners, non-combatants, deserters, etc.). The sergeants, acted as "file closers", working the line by putting men forward to replace casualties in the front rank, encouraging men to fire, reload, move forward, etc. and if need be, physically assisting or restraining men who refused to move forward or attempted to flee. The corporals physically led by example (much like modern fire team leaders) by taking their place in the line with their privates and fighting alongside them.
The ensign, the junior officer in the company from 1775 until 1808 and nominally the "color bearer", usually either personally carried the regimental battle flag or supervised the detailed party of NCOs and privates drawn from the companies tasked with bearing and protecting the flag. The rank and position of ensign (as well as cornet in mounted units) was eliminated in the early 1800s when incumbents were converted to second lieutenants. It had already become the custom to assign a veteran sergeant to carry the national colors as only regiments and separate battalions were authorized to carry a "battle flag". A special group of NCOs, led by the "color sergeant", chosen for their experience and fighting skills, were detailed from the companies to the regimental headquarters to carry and defend the national colors (the United States flag) and the regimental colors (the regiment's unique standard bearing its branch and regiment designation as well as its battle honors and unit decorations).
The musicians remained with the commanding officer to relay orders by sound (i.e., musical notes and drumbeats). Sometimes, the regimental commander would group the musicians as a regimental band positioned behind the left center company in the line of battle, with the drummers forming a regimental drum-line for use by the regimental commander in giving orders to the several companies by drumbeats. As needed, the musicians also served as orderlies and guards at either the company or battalion/regimental headquarters and in combat served as messengers, water carriers, stretcher bearers, and temporarily guarded enemy prisoners of war until they were passed to the rear for processing and internment.
In 1898, with the expansion of the rifle company to three platoons under mobilization for the SpanishâAmerican War, the company gained two officers (an additional first lieutenant as executive officer and an additional second lieutenant to command the third platoon). Additionally, there was an increase in the number of noncommissioned officers (NCOs) to serve as section leaders (sergeants) and squad leaders (corporals) to the point that in 1901 with the increase in privates to 127 (from 84 in 1898) that there were then authorized 18 corporals and six sergeants, along with two buglers (the bugle having replaced both the drum and the fife in infantry companies), the wagoner, two senior NCOs (first sergeant and quartermaster sergeant), and five officers for a total of 161 officers and men. In 1905, a mess sergeant was added to the company's senior NCO staff and the company quartermaster sergeant was renamed supply sergeant.
Due to mobilization for World War I, the army adopted its "square division" organization structure, significantly increasing unit sizes from platoon up. In 1917, a fourth platoon was added to the company, increasing its size to 256 officers and men, including six officers (a captain as commanding officer, a first lieutenant as executive officer, and two first lieutenants and two second lieutenants as platoon commanders). Enlisted strength became: three senior NCOs (first sergeant, supply sergeant, and mess sergeant), 12 sergeants, 33 corporals (one company clerk and 32 squad leaders with eight per platoon), eight specialists (four cooks and four mechanics), two buglers, 64 privates first class, and 128 privates. Of the 12 sergeants, while eight of them continued to serve as section leaders (with two in each platoon), the four senior ranking sergeants were assigned to a new position in each platoon headquarters as "assistant to platoon commander". This was the forerunner of the modern platoon sergeant slot created in 1943 (originally known in 1940 as the "platoon leader", as the officer was styled as the "platoon commander" until 1943) to provide an experienced senior NCO as an advisor and second-in-command to the officer commanding the platoon.
Cavalry companies (not officially re-designated as "troops" until 1883) had a similar organization to the infantry, but with fewer men, companies rarely exceeding around 70 men. In the Field Artillery, the company-equivalent unit is designated as a "battery" and historically consisted of a battery headquarters and two or three gun platoons, each with two gun sections. At full authorized strength, a typical battery of six gun sections would consist of approximately 100 officers and enlisted men.
Modern use
Company B, 3rd Battalion, of the 75th Ranger Regiment in Somalia, 1993. In the United States Army, infantry companies are usually made up of three rifle platoons and a heavy weapons platoon; mechanized infantry companies are usually made up of three rifle platoons consisting of four infantry fighting vehicles (IFV) each and a command element containing two IFVs; tank companies are usually made up of three tank platoons consisting of four tanks each and a command element containing two tanks; support companies are typically divided into platoons of specialization that may contain additional special sections. A company is usually commanded by a captain, although in some cases they may be commanded by a first lieutenant or a major. Unlike its component platoons, a company typically has additional positions of supporting staff, such as an executive officer (XO), a first sergeant, a readiness/training NCO, and other positions (e.g., supply sergeant, armorer). The corresponding unit of artillery is always called a battery. Similarly, the term troop is used for cavalry units, including both the horse-mounted units of history as well as modern armored cavalry and air cavalry units.
Companies that are not separate from their parent battalion are identified by letterâfor example, "Company A, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment". This would commonly be abbreviated as "A/1-15 INF" in writing, but not in speaking. The dash in "1â15" indicates that the unit's history stems from the 15th Infantry Regiment of the Army, in its lineage. Companies normally do not have their own overhead, but share the overhead of the parent organization. When the regimental headquarters exists as a separate echelon of command (e.g., the 75th Ranger Regiment, the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment, and the 1st Marine Regiment), as virtually all U.S. Army regiments did until after the Korean War, a slash separates the battalion/squadron number from the regimental number (i.e., B/2/75 Ranger, C/3/11 ACR, E/2/1 Marines).
Although not official designations, the letters are often pronounced in "GI slang" using the NATO phonetic alphabet or, before that, the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet, resulting in names such as "Bravo Company" and "Echo Company" (formerly "Baker" and "Easy" companies, respectively). Companies with a separate table of organization and equipment (TO&E) are identified by a number, and are able to operate completely independently from any other unit's support. Company-sized units that are organized under a table of distribution and allowance (TDA) are identified with a name or number.
Company-sized units usually consist of four to six platoons each led by a lieutenant, although there are examples of combat service and combat service support companies that have seven or more platoons. For example, a transportation terminal service company normally has two ship platoons, two shore platoons, one documentation platoon, one maintenance platoon, and the headquarters platoon.
While companies are typically commanded by captains, some have a special operational capacity that requires them to be commanded by an officer with greater command authority and experience; such companies are commanded by majors, and have platoons commanded by captains. Examples of this arrangement include aviation platoons, military intelligence companies, military police companies, and special forces companies. A captain reports to his commander, usually the battalion commander (a lieutenant colonel). However, there are some administrative and other duties at battalion level and larger (brigade or division) that are also handled by captains, for example the S-1, S-2, & S-4 officers of a battalion (S-3 is a major), or some assistant staff positions in the G shops at division.
The senior non-commissioned officer of a company is called a first sergeant. Any sergeant holding this position is referred to as "first sergeant" regardless of actual rank, though the non-commissioned officer assigned ordinarily has the rank of first sergeant. A master sergeant assigned to this position will be "laterally promoted" to the rank of first sergeant, unless the appointment is temporary. In some instances, a sergeant first class will be appointed to the job in lieu of a rank-qualified first sergeant or master sergeant. Again, in such situations, the NCO holds the duty position and title of "First Sergeant", while retaining the rank of sergeant first class.
Marine Corps Rifle Company Company Headquarters Company Commander (Commanding Officer/CO) â Captain (O-3) Executive Officer (XO) â usually a First Lieutenant (O-2) First Sergeant (1stSgt, E-8) Gunnery Sergeant (GySgt, E-7) Property NCO (Sgt, E-5) Messenger/Driver (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) Rifle Platoon (3) Platoon Headquarters Platoon Commander â Lieutenant (O-1/2) Platoon Sergeant â Staff Sergeant (E-6) Platoon Guide â Sergeant (E-5) Messenger â (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) Rifle Squad (3) Squad Leader â Sergeant (E-5) Fire Team (3) Team Leader/Grenadier â Corporal (E-4) Automatic Rifleman â Lance Corporal (E-3) Assistant Automatic Rifleman â (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) Rifleman/Scout â (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) Weapons Platoon Platoon Headquarters Platoon Commander â usually a First Lieutenant (O-2) Platoon Sergeant â Gunnery Sergeant (E-7) Machine Gun Section (6 â M240G 7.62mm general-purpose machine guns) Section Leader â Staff Sergeant (E-6) Machine Gun Squad (3) Squad Leader â Sergeant (E-5) Machine Gun Team (2) Team Leader â Corporal (E-4) Gunner â Lance Corporal (E-3) Ammunition Man â (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) LWCMS Mortar Section (3 â M224 60mm Light Weight Company Mortar Systems) Section Leader â Staff Sergeant (E-6) Mortar Squad (3) Squad Leader/Gunner â Corporal (E-4) Assistant Gunner â Lance Corporal (E-3) Ammunition Man (2) â (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) Assault Section (6 â Mk153 SMAW Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon launchers) Section Leader â Sergeant (E-5) Assault Squad (3) Squad Leader/Team Leader/Gunner â Corporal (E-4) Team Leader/Gunner â Lance Corporal (E-3) Assistant Gunner (2) â (Pvt-LCpl, E-1/3) Attachments (notional, dependent upon mission and availability) Company Medical Team from Medical Platoon, Headquarters and Service Company, Infantry Battalion Forward Observer from Fire Direction Center, 81mm Mortar Platoon, Weapons Company, Infantry battalion Forward Air Control Party from S-3 Section and Communications Platoon, Headquarters and Service Company, Infantry Battalion Forward Observer Team from the Battalion's Direct Support 155mm Howitzer Battery, Artillery Battalion Dining Facility Team from Dining Facility Section, Service Platoon, Headquarters and Service Company, Infantry Battalion Heavy Machine Gun Squad/Section (M2HB .50 cal. BMG and/or Mk 19 40mm AGL) from Heavy Machine Gun Platoon, Weapons Company, Infantry Battalion Javelin Squad (4 â FGM-148 Javelin Anti-Tank Missile launchers) from Javelin Section, Antiarmor Platoon, Weapons Company, Infantry Battalion Antitank (TOW) Squad (2 â BGM-71 Tube launched, Optically tracked, Wire command link guided missile launchers) from Antitank (TOW) Section, Antiarmor Platoon, Weapons Company, Infantry Battalion Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) Platoon (12 â AAV-7 Amphibious Assault Vehicles) from the Battalion's Direct Support AAV Company/Battalion Tank Section/Platoon (2/4 M1A2 Main Battle Tanks) from the Battalion's Direct Support Tank Company/Battalion Light Armored Reconnaissance (LAR) Platoon (4 LAV-25 Light Armored Reconnaissance Vehicles) from the Battalion's Direct Support LAR Company/Battalion Other Ground Combat Element assets as required (e.g., Scout Sniper, Reconnaissance, Combat Engineer, etc.) Weapons company A weapons company has in place of the three rifle platoons, an 81 mm mortar platoon, an anti-armor platoon, and a heavy machine gun platoon.
Headquarters and Service Company Headquarters Platoon consists of Marines from S-1, S-2, S-3, the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical Defense section, and the Chaplain section (one Navy chaplain and an enlisted religious program specialist). Communications Platoon, consisting of Radiomen, Wiremen, Techs, Data Marines, and the associated staff. Service Platoon, consisting of S-4, Motor Transportation, Food Service, armorers, and Supply. Scout Sniper Platoon. Medical Platoon, which includes all of the Navy medical personnel for the rifle companies and the Battalion Aid Station (BAS). The allowance of 65 hospital corpsmen and two Medical Corps officers (doctors) is usually not completely staffed. As such, the BAS usually fields one doctor and 10â12 hospital corpsmen. The remaining personnel are assigned to the rifle companies, usually five hospital corpsmen per company. Tank and Light Armored Reconnaissance (LAR) companies USMC tank and LAR companies are organized similarly to US Army tank and mechanized infantry companies, with the three line platoons consisting of four tanks or LAVs each, and the company command element containing two tanks or LAVs.
Assault Amphibian Vehicle (AAV) companies AAV companies have three platoons containing four sections of three AAVs each, for a total of 12 AAVs per platoon, and a headquarters section of three AAVs. The company also includes both command and recovery variants of the AAV, giving the company a grand total of approximately 42â45 AAVs.
Disambiguation Some companies were well enough known that they have been identified with their company letter. Examples include:
Easy Company of the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, which became the focus of the BBC/HBO miniseries Band of Brothers. Able Company of the 116th Infantry Regiment, 29th Infantry Division, which landed at Dog Green Sector on Omaha Beach during the Normandy landings and suffered 96% casualties. See also Military organization Infantry of the British Army References Ney, Virgil. Evolution of the U. S. Army Division 1939â1968, Technical Operations, Incorporated, 1969, p.58. US Army, FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization and Equipment, 4â26 US Army, FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization and Equipment, Paragraph 4â15 US Army, FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization and Equipment, Paragraphs 4â105 to 4â108 Wright, R. The Continental Army (1983) Center of Military History: Washington, DC External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Company (military unit). Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4257639-8 Military organization Latvian platoon at Camp Lejune.jpg Typical units Typical numbers Typical commander fireteam 2â4 lance corporal, corporal squad, section 5â14 corporal, sergeant, staff sergeant platoon, troop 15â45 second lieutenant, first lieutenant, lieutenant company, battery, squadron 80â250 first lieutenant, captain, major battalion, cohort 300â1000 major, lieutenant colonel regiment, brigade, legion 1,000â5,500 colonel, brigadier general division 10,000â25,000 major general corps 30,000â50,000 lieutenant general field army 100,000â300,000 colonel general, general army group, front 2+ field armies field marshal, general, admiral region, theater 4+ army groups marshal of the air force, general of the army, admiral of the fleet vte Categories: Military units and formations by sizeCompany sized units Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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Post by Freddie on Apr 23, 2021 21:58:32 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đPlatoon From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about a type of military unit. For other uses, see Platoon (disambiguation). vte Army units and organization Subordinated element Fireteam / Crew Ă Squad â Section / Patrol ââ Platoon / Troop / Flight âââ Unit Company / Squadron / Battery | Battalion / Cohort || Regiment ||| Formation Brigade / Group / Wing x Division / Legion xx Corps xxx Command Field army / Command xxxx Army group / Front xxxxx Region / Theater XXXXXX Temporary DetachmentPatrolTask forceBrigade groupFlying columnField forceCombat commandBattlegroupRegimental combat team Platoon of Marines of the United States Marine Corps. A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two or more squads, sections, or patrols. Platoon organization varies depending on the country and the branch, but a platoon generally comprises 50 people, although specific platoons may range from 9[1] to 100 men.[2] A platoon is typically the smallest military unit led by a commissioned officer. The platoon leader is usually a junior officerâa second or first lieutenant or an equivalent rank. The officer is usually assisted by a platoon sergeant. Rifle platoons normally consist of a small platoon headquarters and three or four sections (Commonwealth) or squads (United States). In some armies, platoon is used throughout the branches of the army. In a few armies, such as the French Army, a platoon is specifically a cavalry unit, and the infantry use "section" as the equivalent unit. A unit consisting of several platoons is called a company or a battery. Contents 1 Etymology 2 Modern organization 2.1 NATO 2.2 Australia 2.3 United Kingdom 2.4 Bangladesh 2.5 Canada 2.6 Colombia 2.7 France 2.8 Georgia 2.9 Germany 2.10 Hungary 2.11 India 2.12 Israel 2.13 New Zealand 2.14 Philippines 2.15 Russia 2.16 Singapore 2.17 South Africa 2.18 Sweden 2.19 Thailand 2.20 United States 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Etymology According to Merriam-Webster, "The term was first used in the 17th century to refer to a small body of musketeers who fired together in a volley alternately with another platoon."[3] The word is from the 17th-century French peloton, from pelote meaning a small ball (from the low Latin "pilotta" from Latin "pila"). The meaning was a group of soldiers firing a volley together, while a different platoon reloaded. This suggests an augmentative intention. Since soldiers were often organized in two or three lines, each firing its volley together, this would have normally meant platoons organised so that half or a third of the company is firing at once. The platoon was originally a firing unit rather than an organization. The system is said to have been invented by Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1618.[4] In the French Army in the 1670s, a battalion was divided into 18 platoons who were grouped into three "firings" with each platoon either firing or reloading at any given time during a fusillade.[5] The system was also used in the British, Austrian, Russian and Dutch armies.[6] Modern organization NATO Map Symbols[7] NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Platoon or Troop.svg Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- Unspecified or Composite All-Arms (NATO APP-6).svg A platoon NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Platoon or Troop.svg Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- Infantry - Mechanized (NATO APP-6).svg A mechanized infantry platoon NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Platoon or Troop.svg Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- Armour (NATO APP-6).svg a tank platoon NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Platoon or Troop.svg Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- Military Engineers - Combat Engineers (NATO APP-6A).svg a combat engineer platoon NATO NATO defines a platoon, or detachment, as an organization larger than a section but smaller than a company.[8] The standard NATO symbol for a platoon consists of three dots (âââ) placed above a framed unit icon.[9] Member nations have stipulated the different names they will use for organizations of this size. Names for platoons in NATO member armed forces American[10] Platoon, or Detachment Belgium[11] Peloton British[12] Platoon, Troop, or Flight Bulgaria[13] Vzvod (ĐĐ·ĐČĐŸĐŽ) Canadian[14] Platoon, Troop, or Section Czech Republic[15] Äeta Denmark[16] Deling French[17] Section, or Peloton German[18] Zug, or Schwarm Greece[19] Themoerea, or Ulamos Hungary[20] Szakasz Italian[21] Plotone, or Sezione Norway[22] Tropp Polish[23] Pluton Portuguese[24] Pelotao Spain[25][26] Seccion Turkey[27] Takim Australia In the Australian Army, an infantry platoon has thirty-six soldiers organized into three eight-man sections and a twelve-man maneuver support section, with a lieutenant as platoon commander and a sergeant as platoon sergeant, accompanied by a platoon signaller and sometimes a platoon medic (full strength of forty men). A section comprises eight soldiers led by a corporal with a lance corporal as second in command. Each section has two fireteams of four men, one led by the corporal and the other by the lance corporal. Each fireteam (also called a "brick" by Australian soldiers) has one soldier with an F89 Minimi LSW and the other three armed with F88 Steyr assault rifles. One rifle per fireteam has an attached 40mm grenade launcher; one of the grenadiers is the lance corporal. Fireteam bravo has a HK417 7.62mm for the designated marksman role. More recently, the designated marksman of each Australian fireteam has been issued the HK417 in Afghanistan and possibly afterwards. The platoon may also have three MAG 58 general-purpose machine guns, one M2 Browning heavy machine gun or a Mk 19 grenade launcher at its disposal. United Kingdom On 1 October 1913, under a scheme by General Sir Ivor Maxse, the regular battalions of the British Army were reorganised from the previous eight companies to a four-company structure, with each company having four platoons as separate units each commanded by a lieutenant with a platoon sergeant as his deputy. Each platoon was divided into four sections, each commanded by a corporal.[28] Because of a shortage of officers, a non-commissioned officer rank of platoon sergeant major was introduced from 1938 to 1940 for experienced non-commissioned officers who were given command of platoons. In the British Army, a rifle platoon from an infantry company consists of three sections of eight men, plus a signaller (radio operator), a platoon sergeant (a sergeant), the platoon commander (either a second lieutenant or lieutenant) and a mortar man operating a light mortar (full strength of 27 men and one officer). This may not be the case for all British Infantry units, since the 51mm mortars are not always part of a platoons Table of Organization and Equipment, post-Afghanistan.[29] Under Army 2020, a platoon in the Heavy Protected Mobility Regiments consist of around 30 soldiers in four Mastiff/FRES UV vehicles.[30] Each section is commanded by a corporal (lance sergeant in the foot guards), with a lance corporal as second-in-command and six riflemen divided into two four-man fireteams. Support weapons platoons (such as mortar or anti-tank platoons) are generally larger and are commanded by a captain with a colour sergeant or warrant officer. Bangladesh In the Bangladesh Army, infantry regiments have platoons commanded by a warrant officer, assisted by a sergeant. The platoon strength is typically 32 soldiers. The platoon headquarter consists of 5 men; the platoon commander, sergeant, a radio operator and 2 soldiers carrying a rocket launcher. The platoon HQ commands 3 rifle section of 9 men each. A section led by a corporal, who's assisted by a lance corporal. Each section also has 2 light machine gunners. Canada In the Canadian Army, the infantry platoon commander is a second lieutenant, lieutenant or a junior captain assisted by a platoon warrant (who holds the rank of warrant officer, but can be a sergeant). It is usually divided into three eight to ten person sections and a heavy weapons detachment which will deploy a GPMG, and a Carl Gustav rifle, depending on mission requirements. Sections are commanded by a sergeant or master corporal with a master corporal or corporal in the second in command position; two members of a section will carry C9 LMG's and the remainder will carry C7 or C8 assault rifles fitted with either optics or a grenade launcher. A section is broken into two assault groups, similar to the British and Australian organization. Three infantry platoons make up a typical infantry company, sometimes with a heavy weapons or support platoon in addition. Specialist platoons, like reconnaissance, or "recce" platoons, that may be attached to a battalion may be led by a captain and assisted by a warrant officer. Some very large specialist platoons will actually have a lieutenant as the second-in-command. In many corps, platoon-sized units are called troops instead. Prior to 1940, a platoon might be commanded by either a warrant officer or a lieutenant. An officer was referred to as "platoon commander", while a warrant officer in the same position was called a platoon sergeant major.[31] Colombia Within the Colombian Army, a training platoon (in Spanish pelotĂłn) is often commanded by a higher-ranking soldier known as a dragoneante, who is selected for his excellence in discipline and soldiering skills. However, a dragoneante is still a soldier and can be removed from his position if his commander sees fit. For combatant platoons (platoons engaged in combat with guerrilla rebels), a corporal or sergeant would be the most likely commander. France Under the 1791 regulations a peloton in the French Army was used in the equivalent manner to a company, with the first section led by the sous-lieutenant and the second section led by the lieutenant, a captain commanding the entire group.[32] In the French military, a peloton is a mainly a term designating an infantry unit. An escadron is a unit of battle tank in cavalry or armor, but in some mechanized infantry regiments (groupe de chasseurs mĂ©canisĂ©s), the tank platoon is also called peloton de char de combat. The peloton or escadron corresponds to the platoon, equivalent in size to an infantry section and commanded by a lieutenant or sergeant. It may also mean a body of officers in training to become noncommissioned officers, sous-officiers or officers (peloton de caporal, peloton des sous-officiers). Georgia The Georgian Armed Forces equivalent of the platoon is the ozeuli. Translated, it means "Group of 20" but has no connection with the number. It has been transferred into modern usage from medieval army reforms of the Georgian King David the Builder. Originally, it was meant to be a small detachment of 20 men to be led by a leader of corresponding rank. Almost all smaller formations are based on the designations of those reforms, which originally suggested tactical flexibility by keeping the size of small units in round numbers (10, 20, 100). Battalions and brigades were not affected by that system. It is unknown whether that usage was abandoned in the 1820s or earlier, but in present days a Georgian platoon still called "Ozeuili" has a similar size to that of other armies. Normally for infantry it has 32 men but can vary depending on the type of unit. Germany Platoon ("Zug" in German) of the German Bundeswehr The German Army equivalent of the platoon is the zug (same word as for train, draught, move or streak), consisting of a zugtrupp ("platoon troop" or platoon headquarters squad), of four to six men, and three squads (Gruppen) of eight to eleven men each. An oberfeldwebel ("sergeant first class") is in charge of the zugtrupp. The zugtrupp provides support for the platoon leader and acts as a reserve force (such as two additional snipers or an anti-tank weapon crew). Three zĂŒge make up a kompanie ("company"). The first platoon, until 2013, used to be commanded by an oberleutnant ("first lieutenant") or a leutnant ("second lieutenant"), nowadays it is usually a hauptmann ("captain"), who is also the kompanie's second-in-command. The second zug is led by an oberleutnant or a leutnant, the third zug is led by experienced NCOs, usually a hauptfeldwebel ("master sergeant"). In the first platoon, the platoon leader's assistant is a hauptfeldwebel; in the second and third platoons, the assistant is an oberfeldwebel. Each squad is led by an oberfeldwebel, and its size corresponds to the typical passenger capacity of its squad vehicle (either wheeled or armoured). Another of these vehicles is used for the zugtrupp. Sergeants of inferior rank act as assistant squad leaders in the other squads. A fallschirmjĂ€gerzug ("airborne infantry platoon") has special operations responsibilities and has command positions one rank higher than corresponding positions in a standard infantry platoon. A captain (hauptmann) is the platoon leader, assisted by a first lieutenant and each squad has a second lieutenant or a master sergeant in charge, often supported by a long-service sergeant or skilled senior corporal. Hungary In the Hungarian Armed Forces, a rifle platoon is commanded by either a second lieutenant or a first lieutenant, with a platoon sergeant (with the rank of sergeant major), a platoon signaller, an armoured personnel carrier (APC) driver and an APC gunner composing the platoon headquarters. There is also in the HQ's TO&E a designated marksman rifleâeither an SVD or a SzĂ©p sniper rifle. The platoon is sub-divided into three squads, each with eight soldiers. Each squad is commanded by a sergeant. His/her deputy has an RPG, there are also two soldiers with PKM machine guns, two with AK-63 assault riflesâone is an RPG grenadier, the other is the medicâthe APC driver and the APC gunner. Each squad and the platoon headquarters is equipped with an BTR-80 Armoured personnel carrier. In total, the platoon comprises 29 soldiers, of whom eight are vehicle crew. India In the Indian army, a platoon consists of three sections. Platoons are commanded by junior commissioned officers (JCOs). Sections are the smallest components in the Indian army consisting of ten men and commanded by a havildar.[33] Israel The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) uses platoons (Hebrew: "mahlakot", literally "divisions") as the basic unit composing the company and usually consists of 30 to 65 soldiers (or 3â4 tanks in the Armored Corps). Those soldiers are divided into 2â4 "classes" ("Kitot") or teams ("Tzvatim"), each composing of 6â21 soldiers. The platoon is the smallest military unit commanded by a commissioned officerâand all officers graduating from the IDF's Officer's Academy receive a "platoon commander" pin, even if they are not intended to command a platoon. The platoon commander is usually the equivalent of first or second lieutenant and is assisted and advised by a platoon sergeant, acting as his replacement. In some elite units, such as Maglan, Egoz or Duvdevan, the teams are usually smaller and commanded by officers, with the platoon commanded by a higher-ranking officer, while in special forces units like Shayetet 13 and Sayeret Matkal all combatants are officers. New Zealand In the New Zealand Army, an infantry platoon is commanded by a 2nd lieutenant or a lieutenant, with a platoon sergeant, a platoon signaller and a medic (where relevant) composing the platoon headquarters. The platoon is sub-divided into three section of between 7-10 soldiers, each commanded by a corporal with a lance-corporal as the section second in command. Each section can be sub-divided into two fire-teams, commanded by the section commander and second in command respectively, as well as normal two man scout, rifle and gun teams. There are three platoons in a rifle company, which is commanded by a major, and three rifle companies in an infantry battalion, which is commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. An infantry battalion contains an organic support company (mortars, machine guns, etc.) and a logistics company (transport and stores). Philippines Philippine Army rifle platoons consists of three squads, each with nine men. The nine men of a squad are grouped into two smaller "fire teams", each comprising of a four troops: a team leader (corporal armed with a R4 assault rifle and a M203 grenade launcher), an automatic rifleman (armed with a K3 squad automatic weapon), a rifleman (armed with a R4; also brings extra ammunition for the K3), and a designated marksman who used to be armed by a M-14 before the Army shifted to the R4 for this role. The squad leader is typically a sergeant while the platoon leader is typically a 2nd lieutenant on his first assignment. The lieutenant is supported by a platoon sergeant. A radioman and a medic is usually supplied by the battalion. Philippine Marine Corps rifle platoons are similar in organization and concept to Philippine Army rifle platoons. Russia A motorised rifle platoon in the Soviet Armed Forces was mounted in either BTR armoured personnel carriers or BMP infantry fighting vehicles, with the former being more numerous into the late 1980s. Both were led by a platoon leader and assistant platoon leader and consisted of three 9-man rifle squads mounted in three vehicles. In both BMP and BTR squads, the driver and vehicle gunner stayed with the vehicle when the rest of the squad dismounted, and one squad in the platoon would have one of their rifleman armed with an SVD sniper rifle. There was either one empty seat in each BTR or two empty seats in each BMP to accommodate the platoon leader and assistant platoon leader.[34] Tank platoons prior to the late 1980s consisted of a platoon headquarters squad and three tank squads, each consisting of one T-64, T-72 or T-80 tank for 12 personnel and 4 tanks total; platoons that used the older T-54, T-55 or T-62s added another crewmember for a total of 16. However, tank units operating in Eastern Europe began to standardize their platoons to just two tank squads, for a total of 3 tanks and 9 personnel.[35][36] Singapore In the Singapore Army, a platoon is a lieutenant's billet. However, in practice, a second lieutenant is usually appointed and then eventually promoted. A typical infantry platoon consists of three seven-man sections of riflemen and a machine gun team, both commanded by third sergeants, a platoon sergeant and a platoon medic for a total of 27 soldiers.[citation needed] Beginning in 1992, the Singapore Armed Forces has allowed warrant officers to be appointed as platoon commanders. South Africa In the South African Army, a platoon usually consists of 27 soldiers and one officer organized into three sections 10 soldiers each plus an HQ which contains 8 men. A lieutenant as platoon commander and a sergeant as platoon sergeant, accompanied by a signaller and a patmor group of two men. A section comprises 10 soldiers led by a corporal who's assisted by a lance corporal as second in command. The corporal is in charge of all the soldiers except the light machine gun (LMG) group which is led by the lance corporal. The LMG group is armed with the SS77 while rest of the platoon is armed with R4 assault rifles, with rifle grenades if available. There's also the grenade launcher within each section. Sweden In the Swedish Army, a platoon is organized in the following way, according to Markstridsreglemente 4 Pluton (Ground combat regulation 4 Platoon): Chefsgrupp (Leadership squad) PlutonschefâPlatoon leader. StĂ€llföretrĂ€dande plutonschefâDeputy platoon leader. PlutonsbefĂ€lâPlatoon NCO. SignalistâRadio operator. FordonsförareâVehicle driver. TolkâInterpreter (only present for deployments abroad). 3-4 Skyttegrupp (Rifle squad) Gruppchef -- Squad Leader StĂ€llföretrĂ€dande gruppchef -- Deputy squad leader. 2 soldater tillika kulspruteskyttar -- 2 machine-gunners. 2 soldater tillika pansarskotts-/granatgevĂ€rsskyttar/fordonsförare -- 2 riflemen armed with AT4/Carl Gustav gunner and loader/vehicle driver. 1 soldat tillika skarpskytt -- 1 marksman. 1 soldat tillika stridssjukvĂ„rdare -- 1 combat medic. Thailand In the Royal Thai Army, a platoon is commanded by either a lieutenant or second lieutenant, assisted by a platoon sergeant, usually of the rank of sergeant major. In infantry units, rifle platoons are generally made up of five squads. These are three 11-man rifle squads, one 8-man command squad (consisting of platoon commander, sergeant, radio operator, 2 assistants and a 3-man weapons team) and one 9-man machine gun squad.[37] United States Historical background From the 16th century until the late 17th century in what would become the United States, an infantry platoon was a "half company" commanded by a lieutenant, assisted by two sergeants and two corporals (increased in 1861 to four corporals). The sergeants, assisted by the corporals, led the two sections (half-platoons) and the squads (the terms were often used interchangeably until 1891) of the platoon. An additional senior sergeant serving as the "platoon sergeant" (originally designated as "assistant to platoon commander" from 1917 until 1940, and as "platoon leader" until 1943, when officer platoon commanders were re-designated as "platoon leaders") was not authorized until 1943. Depending on the time period, the platoon could include from as few as 20 privates (with two corporals, two sergeants, and a lieutenant) to as many as 44 (with four corporals, two sergeants, and a lieutenant) with 10 to 22 privates per section. The corporals and the sergeant, prior to the increase to two corporals per section, led the two squads of the section. The squads were primarily a non-tactical sub-unit used mainly for drill (marching practice, formations, ceremonies, etc.) and "house-keeping" matters, such as interior guard duty, billeting, messing, fatigue details (i.e., working parties), etc. Indeed, the sections, as well as the platoons, were primarily administrative sub-units of the company, since tactically the company seldom employed in other than as a massed formation. The standard procedure, once the company had marched into its position in the line of battle, was for the company to form facing the enemy as two ranks, by platoon, one behind the other. The commanding officer (a captain) and the one to three lieutenants, serving as platoon commanders (not designated as platoon "leaders" until 1943) and the executive officer (again depending on the time period, but not officially authorized until 1898) would direct the fighting, leading from the front in the attack and on the flanks in the defense. The executive officer, when assigned, or usually the junior lieutenant and the first sergeant were normally positioned behind the battle line so as to assist the company commander in overseeing the company and managing the rear (company trains, including the wagoner and company supply wagon - under the supervision of the quartermaster sergeant, as well as casualties, enemy prisoners, non-combatants, deserters, etc.). While the officers managed the battle and the staff NCOs (first sergeant and quartermaster sergeant) superintended logistics, the NCOs (sergeants and corporals) served as first-line supervisors and leaders by exhibiting a soldierly example for their privates and encouraging them to maintain proper discipline and to fight effectively. In so doing, the sergeants acted as "file closers", working the line by putting men forward to replace casualties in the front rank, exhorting men to fire, reload, move forward, etc. and, if need be, physically assisting or restraining men who refused to move forward or attempted to flee. The corporals physically led by example (much like modern fire team leaders) by taking their place in the line with their privates, fighting alongside them, and by demonstrating proper soldierly attributes. Cavalry platoons had a similar organization to the infantry, but with fewer men; platoons rarely exceeded around 33 men, including the lieutenant, sergeants and corporals. Field artillery platoons, led by a lieutenant (who rode his own horse), with two or three to a battery, normally consisted of two gun sections. Each gun section was led by a sergeant (who also rode his own horse) and consisted of two half sections led by a corporal. One half section contained the gun and its implements, its limber (including one ammunition chest) and four to six horses (depending on gun weight and available horses), and several members of the gun crew. The corporal and one or two privates rode on the horses pulling the limber, while a couple of privates rode on the ammunition chest lid seat. The other half section consisted of the caisson (which carried two ammunition chests, tools, spare parts, baggage, and a spare wheel) with its limber (again with one ammunition chest), pulled by four to six horses, and two spare horses (when available) tethered to the rear of the caisson, and the remainder of the gun crew with the corporal and privates riding the horses or sitting on the several ammunition chests lid seats. In total, the field artillery platoon (at full strength of men, horses, and equipment) consisted of a lieutenant, two sergeants, four corporals, 24 privates, 31 horses, four limbers, two caissons, two field guns, two spare wheels, plus ammunition, implements, tools, spare parts, and baggage. By the end of World War I in 1918, the rifle platoon had expanded to its largest size in U.S. Army history into a unit of 59 soldiers. This platoon organization included one lieutenant, three sergeants, eight corporals, 15 privates first class, and 32 privates. The platoon was organized into a six-man platoon headquarters (including the platoon commander, a sergeant as "assistant to platoon commander", and four privates as "runners" or messengers) and four sections. The sections were specialized by primary weapon and each contained a different number of men. The "Riflemen" and "Automatic Riflemen" sections were each led by a sergeant and divided into two squads of eight and seven men each, respectively, including a corporal to lead each squad. The "Hand Bombers" (i.e., hand grenade throwers) and "Rifle Grenadiers" sections had a total of twelve and nine men each, respectively, including two corporals each, but no sergeant.[38] Army In the United States Army,[39] rifle platoons are normally composed of 42 soldiers. They consist of three rifle squads, one weapons squad, and a six-man headquarters. The headquarters consists of a platoon leader (PL)--usually a first lieutenant[40] (1LT), a platoon sergeant (PSG)--usually a sergeant first class (SFC, E-7), a radio-telephone operator (RTO), a platoon forward observer (FO), the FO's RTO, and the platoon medic. Each squad is led by a sergeant, who is usually a staff sergeant (SSG, E-6). The rifle squads each consist of two fire teams and a squad leader, while the weapons squad consists of two medium machine gun teams, two close combat missile teams, and a squad leader. A typical infantry company consists of 3 rifle platoons and a 4th platoon known as a weapons platoon. The weapons platoon typically provides heavy weapons support to the company and includes mortar, anti-armor and heavy machine guns organically. Marine Corps In the United States Marine Corps, infantry rifle platoons nominally (per TO&E) consist of 43 Marines and are led by a platoon commander, usually a second lieutenant (O-1), assisted by a platoon sergeant, a staff sergeant (E-6). The platoon headquarters also includes a platoon guide, a sergeant (E-5), who serves as the assistant platoon sergeant, and a messenger (private or private first class). Rifle platoons consist of three rifle squads of 13 men each, led by a sergeant (E-5). In the attack (especially if part of the assault echelon) or in a deliberate defense, rifle platoons are usually augmented with a two-man mortar forward observer team and are often reinforced with a seven-man machinegun squad and/or a four-man assault weapons squad from the infantry companies weapons platoon. An infantry rifle company (3 per infantry battalion) has a weapons platoon. The infantry battalion consists of a headquarters and support company (H&S), three rifle companies, and one weapons company. The weapons company is usually led by a first lieutenant (O-2) and a gunnery sergeant (E-7) because of the generally larger number of Marines (up to 69 in the 81mm mortar platoon) in these platoons (the heavy machine gun platoon being the exception with only 28 members) and the more complex weapon systems employed. A rifle company weapons platoon has a 60mm mortar section of 13 Marines with three M224 LWCMS 60mm mortar squads, an assault section of 13 Marines and six SMAW rocket launchers divided into three squads of two teams each, and a medium machine gun section of 22 Marines and six M240G general-purpose machine guns divided into three squads of two teams each. The infantry battalion weapons company consists of three heavy weapons platoons: 81mm mortar platoon (referred to as â81s platoon or 81sâ), heavy machine gun platoon (.50cal HMG and 40mm AGL), and anti armor platoon (Javelin missile and antitank TOW missile launchers). Each of these three platoons is divided into sections. Three sections of two squads each in the heavy machine gun platoon, two sections of four squads each in the 81mm mortar platoon, one section of two squads with four teams each in the Javelin missile section, and one section of four squads with two teams each in the antitank TOW missile section. Marine rifle or weapons platoons would also have from one to four Navy hospital corpsmen assigned along with the Marines. Platoons are also used in reconnaissance, light armored reconnaissance (scout dismounts), combat engineer, law enforcement (i.e., military police), Marine Security Force Regiment (MSFR), and Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team (FAST) companies. In armored vehicle units, platoons consist of sections containing two or three vehicles and their crews: tank and light armored reconnaissance platoons consist of two sections, each containing two tanks/light armored vehicles and crews assault amphibian vehicle (AAV) platoons consist of four sections, each containing three AAVs and crews (Per T/O 4652M.) combat engineer assault breacher sections consist of two CEV assault breacher vehicles and crews In low altitude air defense (LAAD) batteries, the firing platoons consist of three sections, each consisting of a section leader and five two-man Stinger missile teams. In artillery batteries, the firing platoon consists of six artillery sections, each containing one gun with its crew and prime mover (i.e., a truck to tow the artillery piece and transport the gun crew and baggage). Air Force The United States Air Force has a similarly sized and configured unit called a flight. A flight usually ranges from a dozen people to over a hundred, or typically four aircraft. The typical flight commander is a captain. The typical flight chief is a master sergeant. Letter designations can be used, such as Alpha Flight, Bravo Flight, etc. See also Military organization Platoon, a film References communications platoon (USA headquarters and headquarters company [HHC], airborne, air Assault, and light infantry battalions) Maintenance platoon (USA HHC mechanized infantry/combined arms battalion) "Definition of PLATOON". www.merriam-webster.com. p.250 Curtis, Thomas The London Encyclopaedia: Or, Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature, and Practical Mechanics... Volume 9 T. Tegg, 1829 p.486 Lynn, John A. Giant of the Grand SiĂšcle: The French Army, 1610-1715 Cambridge University Press, 14/12/2006 p.404 Nimwegen, Olaf Van The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions, 1588-1688 Boydell & Brewer, 21/10/2010 APP-6C Joint Military Symbology (PDF). NATO. May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21. APP-6D NATO Joint Military Symbology. NATO Standardization Office. October 2017. p. 3-67. APP-6D NATO Joint Military Symbology. NATO Standardization Office. October 2017. p. 3-67. APP-6D B-31 APP-6D B-4 APP-6D B-14 APP-6D B-5 APP-6D B-6 APP-6D B-7 APP-6D, B-10 APP-6D, B-13 APP-6D, B-8}} APP-6D, B-15}} APP-6D, B-17}} APP-6D, B-19 APP-6D, B-24}} APP-6D, B-25 APP-6D, B-26 APP-6D, B-11 APP-6C, B-10 APP-6D, B-30 p.25 Gudmundsson, Bruce The British Expeditionary Force 1914-15 Osprey Publishing, 10/12/2005 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. Retrieved 2016-12-31. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2017-09-10. "Table of Ranks and Responsibilities". Canadian Soldiers. Retrieved August 9, 2012. Reglement concernant l'exercice et les manoeuvres de l'infanterie. Du ler. aout 1791 "STRUCTURE OF ARMY". indianarmy.nic.in. Retrieved 22 January 2020. US Army, FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization and Equipment, 4-3 US Army, FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization and Equipment, Paragraph 4-15 US Army, FM 100-2-3 The Soviet Army: Troops, Organization and Equipment, Paragraph 4-108 mrvop.wordpress.com/2011/02/09/thaiarmysetting/ United States Army. Center of Military History. Organization of the American Expeditionary Forces, Volume 1, Washington, DC, 1988, p.347. "US Army Table of Organization". orbat.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-26. Retrieved 2007-02-16. "Military Units: Army". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved 2020-10-31. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to platoon. Look up platoon in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Platoon" . EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4388834-3 Military organization Latvian platoon at Camp Lejune.jpg Typical units Typical numbers Typical commander fireteam 2â4 lance corporal, corporal squad, section 5â14 corporal, sergeant, staff sergeant platoon, troop 15â45 second lieutenant, first lieutenant, lieutenant company, battery, squadron 80â250 first lieutenant, captain, major battalion, cohort 300â1000 major, lieutenant colonel regiment, brigade, legion 1,000â5,500 colonel, brigadier general division 10,000â25,000 major general corps 30,000â50,000 lieutenant general field army 100,000â300,000 colonel general, general army group, front 2+ field armies field marshal, general, admiral region, theater 4+ army groups marshal of the air force, general of the army, admiral of the fleet vte Categories: Military units and formations by size Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ© Español Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu PortuguĂȘs Đ ŃŃŃĐșĐžĐč Suomi Svenska äžæ 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 06:40 (UTC). 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United States military occupation code From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Military occupational specialty) Jump to navigationJump to search
This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A United States military occupation code, or a military occupational specialty code (MOS code), is a nine-character code used in the United States Army and United States Marine Corps to identify a specific job. In the United States Air Force, a system of Air Force Specialty Codes (AFSC) is used. In the United States Navy, a system of naval ratings and designators are used along with the Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) system. A system of ratings is also used in the United States Coast Guard.
Since an individual can obtain multiple job specialties, a duty military occupational specialty (DMOS) is used to identify what their primary job function is at any given time. An individual must complete and pass all required training for their military occupational specialty qualification (MOSQ).
Contents 1 Army 1.1 World War Two (1942â1946) 1.2 Post-War reform 1.3 1965 reform 1.4 1983 reform 1.5 Current version 1.6 Enlisted personnel 1.6.1 MOSC for E-8 and above 1.7 Warrant officers 1.8 Officers 2 Marine Corps 3 Navy 3.1 Enlisted personnel ratings 3.2 Commissioned officer designators 4 Coast Guard 4.1 Enlisted personnel ratings 5 Air Force 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Army Main article: List of United States Army careers World War Two (1942â1946) Originally, the four-digit MOS code mostly listed the recruit's civilian profession. This was to aid in classifying what military job they could be assigned. With so many recruits being processed, identifying any semi-skilled or skilled civilian tradesmen made it easier to match them with the right military job. There was an additional list of military trades and trainings added so a trained soldier could be assigned to the right unit. There were no grouping of similar trades together, making it hard for someone to know the meaning of an MOS code without a manual.
Post-War reform The MOS system now had three to five digits. The first four-digit code number indicated the soldier's job; the first two digits were the field code, the third digit was the sub-specialty and the fourth code number (separated by a period) was the job title. A fifth code digit was for the soldier's special qualification identifier (SQI) digit, which indicated what specialized training the soldier had. If the soldier did not have an SQI, the digit was listed as "0" or was omitted. The codes for the civilian trades were removed as unnecessary.
Examples One-one is the field code for infantry, 1.1 is the sub-specialty of light weapons, and seven is the SQI for airborne training. Therefore, 111.10 is the MOS for an infantryman and 111.17 is for an airborne-qualified paratrooper. Nine-one was the old field code for the medical field, 912.0 was the MOS for medical NCO and 912.00 was a generalist medical NCO with no SQI. 1965 reform In 1965 the system was revamped. There were completely different codes for enlisted / non-commissioned officers, warrant officers, and commissioned officers.
Enlisted and NCO personnel had a five-symbol code. The first four code symbols were made up of a two-digit code for the career field, a letter code for the field specialty, and a number code (1 to 5) indicating level of instruction in their field specialty. The fifth code symbol was an SQI code letter indicating training in a special skill (the letter "O" indicating that the soldier had no SQI). An exception to the 5-symbol rule was made for an SQI which indicated language fluency. In this case, 7 symbols were used, with "L" as the language qualification indicator, followed by two characters indicating the specific language.
Warrant officers also had a five-symbol code but it was different. The first three numbers were the career field, then a letter code for the field specialty, and ended in the SQI code letter.
Officers had a four-digit code number for their career field and specialty. Officers with a special qualification also had an SQI code number prefix to their MOS rather than a code letter suffix. Officers without a special qualification had no prefix number.
1983 reform In 1983, there was a reform of this system. Some of the field code numbers were changed and the MOS codes were streamlined.
Warrant officers and officers received the same career field codes as enlisted and NCO personnel and ended in the same SQI letter codes. Warrant officers received a five-symbol MOS consisting of a four-symbol field specialty code consisting of the two-digit field code, a one-digit sub-field code number (usually "0"), the field specialty code letter, and followed by the SQI code letter. Officers now had a four-symbol alphanumeric MOS. It consisted of the three-symbol field specialty code of two numbers and a specialty code letter and ended in the SQI letter code.
The field code "18" was created for US Army Special Forces, which are now considered part of the regular US Army. Previously they had been considered a layer between the intelligence services and the army. The 18A was for special forces officers and 180A was for special forces warrant officers. The 18X was for special forces candidates who had not yet passed the "Q" course. The "A" team leaders had to be captains instead of lieutenants and were rotated to conventional postings.
Certain field specialty code letters were reserved. The "X" was for recruits or candidates who have pre-selected a career field but had not graduated from AIT. The "Z" is for senior NCOs of E8 or E9 grade. The "A" is for officers and warrant officers in a general capacity. Specialist officers and warrant officers have other field code letters reserved for them.
Current version The list of US Army military occupational specialty codes is published on the United States Army Human Resources Command (HRC) PAMXXI website.[1]
Enlisted personnel The MOS code (MOSC), consisting of nine characters, provides more information than a soldier's MOS. It is used by automated management systems and reports. The MOSC is used with active and reserve records, reports, authorization documents, and other personnel management systems.
The elements of the MOSC are as follows:
First three characters: the MOS. The first two characters are always numbers, but the third character is always a letter. The two-digit number is usually (but not always) synonymous with the career management field (CMF). For example, CMF 11 covers infantry, so MOS 11B is "rifle infantryman". Among the letters, Z is reserved for "senior sergeant" (E-8), such that 11Z is "senior infantry sergeant". The fourth character of the MOSC represents skill level (commensurate with rank and grade): "0" is used to identify personnel undergoing training for award of a primary MOS (PMOS). "1" identifies a private (PVT) through specialist (SPC/pay grade E-4) or corporal (CPL/also pay grade E-4) "2" identifies a sergeant (SGT/pay grade E-5) "3" identifies a staff sergeant (SSG/pay grade E-6) "4" identifies a sergeant first class (SFC/pay grade E-7) "5" identifies a master sergeant (MSG) or first sergeant (1SG) (see E-8, below) "6" identifies a sergeant major (SGM/pay grade E-9) or command sergeant major (CSM/pay grade E-9) (as of 1 April 2011) [2] Fifth character: a letter or number and a special qualification identifier (SQI). It may be associated with any MOS unless otherwise specified. Only Enlisted Soldiers without any special SQI are assigned the SQI "O" (oscar), often confused with a zero. Warrant Officers without any special SQI are assigned the SQI "0" zero.[3] Sixth and seventh characters: an additional skill identifier (ASI). They are an alphanumeric combination and may only be associated with specified MOSs, although in practice some ASIs are available to every MOS (e.g. ASI P5 for "master fitness trainer"). Soldiers without any ASIs are assigned the default ASI of "mk lmk00" (zero-zero).[3] Eighth and ninth characters: two-letter requirements and qualifications which are a language identification code (LIC). Soldiers without a language skill are assigned the default LIC "YY" (Yankee-Yankee).[3] Language identification codes can be found in AR 611-6. MOSC for E-8 and above When an enlisted soldier is promoted from sergeant first class to master sergeant in most career types, that soldier will be reclassified administratively to the "senior sergeant" of their career management field. For example, a combat engineer (MOS 12B, part of CMF 12) is promoted from sergeant first class to master sergeant. That soldier is reclassified administratively from MOS 12B to MOS 12Z "senior engineer sergeant"). An example of when this conversion occurs at the MSG to SGM level is the 68 (formerly the 91) CMF. In this case, the soldier becomes a 68Z at the SGM level, not the MSG level. When promoted from master sergeant or first sergeant or sergeant major to command sergeant major, that soldier will be reclassified administratively from their previous "senior sergeant" MOS to the MOS 00Z (zero-zero-zulu), "command sergeant major". Some MOS do not change though, for example 25U starts out as 25U10 (E1-E4), 25U20, (E5/SGT), 25U30 (E6/SSG), 25U40 (E7/SFC), 25U50 (E8, E9/MSG, 1SG, SGM, CSM)
Warrant officers Warrant officers are sometimes specialized technicians and systems managers, and were not originally assigned to traditional arms or services of the Army. Approximately 50% of warrant officers are aviators[4] (aircraft pilots, rotary wing and fixed wing), and can be appointed directly from civilian life[5] or within the service, regardless of previous enlisted MOS. The remaining 50% are technicians appointed from experienced enlisted soldiers and NCOs in a "feeder"[6] MOS directly related to the warrant officer MOS.[7]
During 2004, all army warrant officers began wearing the insignia of their specialty's proponent branch rather than the 83-year-old "Eagle Rising" distinctive warrant officer insignia.[8] The following year, a revision of commissioned officer professional development and career management[9] integrated warrant officer career development with the officer career development model. In practice, warrant officer MOSC are very similar to enlisted codes except they begin with three digits instead of two before the first letter, and do not have a "skill level" identifier. They are then followed by the SQI, ASI, and SLI as an enlisted MOS would be.
Officers Commissioned officers' occupational codes are structured somewhat differently. A newly commissioned army officer first receives a "career branch". This is similar to the career management field of the enlisted personnel. Career branch numbers range from 11 to 92. For example: 13 for field artillery, 19 for armor/armored cavalry and 92 for quartermaster. Within each occupational field, there are usually several codes available. Within armor (branch 19) there are three specialties available: 19A (armor, general), 19B (armor), and 19C (cavalry). After an officer's fifth or sixth year of service, he or she may receive a "functional area" designation. More specific than a career branch, this is a specific skill set in which the officer is proficient. For example, an artillery officer who has had schooling in communications and public speaking could end up with a functional area in public affairs (FA46).
Marine Corps Main article: List of United States Marine Corps MOS The U.S. Marine Corps begins by separating all jobs into "occupational fields" (OccFld), in which no distinction is made between officers and enlisted Marines. The fields are numbered from 01 to 99 and include general categories (intelligence, infantry, logistics, public affairs, ordnance, etc.) under which specific jobs fall.[10]
Each field contains multiple MOS's, each designated by a four-digit numerical indicator and a job title. Most fields have at least one "basic MOS" for enlisted, and one "basic MOS" for officers, who have yet to be fully trained in any other MOS within that field. Upon completion of required training, the Marine is reclassified from their "basic MOS" to a "primary MOS" in which Marines generally will serve the remainder of their careers, be assigned, seek promotion, and be retained.
Additionally, many fields have specialty MOS's, such as "necessary MOS's," for which there may be varying prerequisites and assignment criterion. Marines do not compete for promotion or retention based on their NMOS, only their PMOS (or basic MOS, for those who have yet to complete training for a PMOS). A Marine who earns an NMOS retains it in their service records as an additional MOS beyond their PMOS, and multiple NMOS's (and PMOS's, in some cases) may be earned showing additional skills.
For example, the infantry field (03) has multiple enlisted classifications:
basic infantry Marine (Basic MOS 0300), rifleman (Primary MOS 0311), light armored reconnaissance Marine (Primary MOS 0313), combat rubber reconnaissance craft (CRRC) coxswain (Necessary MOS 0316), scout sniper (Necessary MOS 0317), reconnaissance Marine (Primary MOS 0321), reconnaissance Marine (parachute qualified) (Necessary MOS 0323), reconnaissance Marine (combatant diver qualified) (Necessary MOS 0324), reconnaissance Marine (parachute and combatant diver qualified) (Necessary MOS 0326), machine gunner (Primary MOS 0331), mortarman (Primary MOS 0341), infantry assault Marine (Primary MOS 0351), antitank missile gunner (Primary MOS 0352), light armored reconnaissance leader (Primary MOS 0363), infantry squad leader (Primary MOS 0365), light armored reconnaissance master gunner (Necessary MOS 0367), infantry unit leader (Primary MOS 0369), critical skills operator (Primary MOS 0372), light armored reconnaissance operations chief (Primary MOS 0393), and operations chief (Primary MOS 0399). Each of the jobs have authorized ranks associated with them. For example, anyone ranking from private to sergeant can be a rifleman (0311), but only Marines ranking from staff sergeant to gunnery sergeant can be an infantry unit leader (0369).
Duties and tasks are identified by rank because the Marine Corps MOS system is designed around the belief that increased duties and tasks accompany promotions. The first two digits designate the field and, the last two digits identify the promotional channel and specialty.
For example, the MOS 0311 indicates that it is in occupational field 03 (infantry) and designates the "rifleman" (11) MOS. For warrant officers, the MOS 2305 indicates that it is in occupational field 23 (ammunition and explosive ordnance disposal) and designates the "explosive ordnance disposal officer" (05) MOS. For officers, the MOS 0802 indicates that it is in occupational field 08 (field artillery) and designates the "field artillery officer" (02) MOS.
Navy On September 29, 2016, the Navy announced it would "modernize" all rating titles for Sailors with a new classification system that would move towards occupational specialty codes similar to how the other services operate.
Former Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Michael Stevens led the controversial review earlier this year for the Secretary of the Navy on behalf of Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral John Richardson.
Initially, the Navy Rating Modernization System eliminated all rating titles. The former Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy, Steven S. Giordano, said:
"Sailors would no longer be called, 'Yeoman Second Class' or YN2, for example," he said. "Instead they will be 'Second Class Petty Officer, or 'Petty Officer.' However, Sailors' rates will not change: an E-7 will remain a Chief Petty Officer and an E-3 will remain a Seaman. Additionally, there will no longer be a distinction between 'airman, fireman and seaman.'"
The fleet at large did not respond to this favorably. As a result, Admiral Richardson rescinded this change on December, 21, 2016, restoring all rating titles.[11]
However, the plan retains the goal of producing sailors with more than one NOS, which might give them a broader range of professional experience and expertise and will be grouped under career fields that will enable flexibility to move between occupational specialties within the fields and will be tied to training and qualifications.
The transformation will occur in phases over a multi-year period and the Chief of Naval Personnel will lead the implementation efforts
The United States Navy has not released its NOS details yet and has not changed "designators" for officers.
Enlisted personnel ratings Main article: List of United States Navy ratings The Navy indicates its "ratings" by a two or three character code based on the actual name of the rating. These range from ABE (aviation boatswain's mate - equipment) to YN (Yeoman). Each sailor and Chief Petty Officer wears a rating badge indicating their rating as part of their rate (rank) insignia on full dress and service dress uniforms.
Commissioned officer designators Main article: List of Naval Officer Designators The navy officer "designator" is similar to an MOS but is less complicated and has fewer categories. For example, a surface warfare officer with a regular commission has a designator of 1110; a reserve officer has an 1115 designator. A reserve surface warfare officer specializing in nuclear training (i.e., engineer on a carrier) has a designator of 1165N. Navy officers also have one or more three-character additional qualification designators (AQD) that reflect completion of requirements qualifying them in a specific warfare area or other specialization. In some senses this functions more like the MOS in other services. An officer with the naval aviator designator of 1310 might have an AQD of DV3, SH-60F carrier anti-submarine warfare helicopter pilot, or DB4, F-14 fighter pilot. An officer designated 2100, medical corps officer (physician) may hold an AQD of 6CM, trauma surgeon, or 6AE, flight surgeon who is also a naval aviator. Some AQDs may be possessed by officers in any designator, such as BT2, freefall parachutist, or BS1, shipboard Tomahawk strike officer. Navy officer designators and AQD codes may be found in NAVPERS 15839I, The Manual of Navy Officer Manpower and Personnel Classification.ip
Coast Guard The United States Coast Guard does not use the military occupational specialty concept either, instead dividing their occupational specialties into groups such as aviation, administrative and scientific, deck and weapons, and engineering and hull. Their rating system is very similar to the US Navy (e.g., BM, boatswain's mate).
Enlisted personnel ratings Main article: List of United States Coast Guard ratings The Coast Guard indicates its "ratings" by a two or three character code based on the actual name of the rating. These range from AMT (aviation maintenance technician) to YN (yeoman). Coast Guardsmen wear a rating badge indicating their rating as part of their rate (rank) insignia on full dress and service dress uniforms.
Air Force Main article: Air Force Specialty Code The Air Force utilizes a similar system, but titled "Air Force Specialty Code" (AFSC). Enlisted airmen have a five digit code, and officers have a four digit code.
See also List of United States Army careers including MOS codes Comparative military ranks References US Army Human Resource Command (HRC) PAMXXI website. Archived October 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine "New codes to identify right talent for senior-enlisted positions". US Army. "Army Regulation 611-1: Military Occupational Classification Structure Development and Implementation" (PDF). 15 July 2019. USArec.army.mil Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine USArec.army.mil Archived January 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine USArec.army.mil Archived August 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine USArec.army.mil Archived September 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine USAwoa.org "Army Pamphlet 600-3: Commissioned Officer Professional Development and Career Management" (PDF). 3 December 2014. "NAVMC 1200.1E: Military Occupational Specialties Manual" (PDF). 29 March 2019. "NAVADMIN 283/16, "NAVY RATING MODERNIZATION NEXT STEPS"". External links "Korean War Educator, Topics - Military Occupational Specialty (MOS)", Korean War Educator Foundation. Provides list of MOSs during the Korean War era. âWhat Was my MOS? Vietnam-era MOS Codesâ, 4th Battalion (Mechanized)/23rd Infantry Regiment "Tomahawks" Association Website. Provides list of MOSs during the Vietnam War era. âMilitary occupation codesâ, military occupation codes for air frame and power plant maintenance personnel by service branch. US Army Human Resource Command (HRC) PAMXXI Website - list of Officer, Warrant Officer and Enlisted Army personnel MOS AR 611-1 Military Occupational Classification Structure Development and Implementation DA Pam 611-21 Military Occupational Classification And Structure U. S. Air Force Classification Branch - has current documents describing the classification system and specific classifications about.com: U.S. Army Enlisted Job Descriptions & Qualifications NAVMC 1200.1E - Fiscal Year 2019 Military Occupational Specialties Manual (MOS Manual) - PDF file NAVPERS 15839I, The Manual of Navy Officer Manpower and Personnel Classification; also available as PDF files NAVPERS 18068F Navy Enlisted Occupational Standards; also available as a PDF file vte United States Armed Forces Military budget of the United StatesCategory Category AMCNAFSFCGNavbox AMCNAFSFCG Leadership Commander-in-chief: President of the United StatesSecretary of DefenseDeputy Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Homeland SecurityDeputy Secretary of Homeland SecurityJoint Chiefs of Staff: ChairmanVice ChairmanUnited States Congress: Committees on Armed Services: SenateHouseActive duty four-star officersUnited States military seniorityNational Security Act of 1947GoldwaterâNichols Act Organization Military departments Department of Defense (Secretary): Department of the Army (Secretary)Department of the Navy (Secretary)Department of the Air Force (Secretary)Department of Homeland Security (Secretary) Service branches and heads Army (Chief of Staff)Marine Corps (Commandant)Navy (Chief of Naval Operations)Air Force (Chief of Staff)Space Force (Chief of Space Operations)Coast Guard (Commandant) Reserve components Reserves: AMCNAFCGNational Guard: AAF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio SystemMarine Corps Cyber AuxiliaryMerchant MarineCivil Air PatrolCoast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command AfricaCentralEuropeanIndo-PacificNorthernSouthernSpaceCyberSpecial OperationsStrategicTransportation Structure United States Code Title 10Title 14Title 32Title 50The PentagonInstallationsUnits: AMCNAFSFCGLogisticsMediaUnit mottoes Operations and history Current deploymentsConflictsWarsCivil affairs History: AMCNAFSFCG Timeline ColonialWorld War II By ancestry African AmericansAsian AmericansBuddhist AmericansJewish AmericansMuslim AmericansPakistani AmericansSikh Americans History centers Army Center of Military HistoryMarine Corps History DivisionNaval History and Heritage CommandAir Force Historical Research Agency War artists Army Art ProgramAir Force Art Program Personnel Training Service academies: A (prep)MC/N (prep)AF/SF (prep)CGMerchant MarineROTC AMC/NAF/SFOfficer candidate/training school: AMCNAF/SFWarrant officer: AMCMEPSASVABEnlisted recruit training: AMCNAF/SFCGOther education Uniforms Uniforms: AMCNAFSFCGAwards & decorations: Inter-serviceAMC/NAF/SFCGForeignInternationalDevicesBadges: IdentificationAMCNAFSFCG Ranks Officer: AMCNAFSFCGWarrant officersEnlisted: AMCNAFSFCG Other Oath: EnlistmentOfficeCreeds & Codes: Code of ConductNCOAMCNAFCGService numbers: AMCNAFCGMilitary Occupational Specialty/Rating/Air Force Specialty CodePayUniform Code of Military JusticeJudge Advocate General's CorpsMilitary Health System/TRICARESeparationVeterans AffairsConscriptionChiefs of Chaplains: AMCNAFCG Equipment AMC: vehiclesweaponsotherNAFCG Land Individual weaponsCrew-served weaponsVehicles (active) Sea All watercraftShips: AN (active)AFCGMSCWeapons: NCGReactors Air Aircraft World War IactiveAircraft designationMissilesHelicopter arms Other Nuclear footballElectronics (designations)Flags: AMCNAFSFCGEnsignJackGuidonsFoodWMDs: NuclearBiologicalChemical Legend A = ArmyMC = Marine CorpsN = NavyAF = Air ForceSF = Space ForceCG = Coast Guard Categories: United States military specialisms Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version
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Post by Freddie on Apr 23, 2021 22:33:04 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đList of United States Army careers From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search The United States Army uses various personnel management systems to classify soldiers in different specialties which they receive specialized and formal training on once they have successfully completed Basic Combat Training (BCT). Enlisted soldiers are categorized by their assigned job called a Military Occupational Specialty (MOS). MOS are labeled with a short alphanumerical code called a military occupational core specialty code (MOSC), which consists of a two-digit number appended by a Latin letter. Related MOSs are grouped together by Career Management Fields (CMF). For example, an enlisted soldier with MOSC 11B works as an infantryman (his MOS), and is part of CMF 11 (the CMF for infantry). Commissioned officers are classified by their area of concentration, or AOC. Just like enlisted MOSCs, AOCs are two digits plus a letter. Related AOCs are grouped together by specific branch of the Army or by broader in scope functional areas (FA). Typically, an officer will start in an AOC of a specific branch and move up to an FA AOC. Warrant officers are classified by warrant officer military occupational specialty, or WOMOS. Codes consists of three digits plus a letter. Related WOMOS are grouped together by Army branch. The Army is currently restructuring its personnel management systems, as of 2019.[1][2][3] Changes took place in 2004 and continued into 2013. Changes include deleting obsolete jobs, merging redundant jobs, and using common numbers for both enlisted CMFs and officer AOCs (e.g. "35" is military intelligence for both officers and enlisted). Contents 1 Immaterial & Personnel Special Reporting Codes 2 Infantry Branch (IN) 3 Corps of Engineers Branch (EN) 4 Field Artillery Branch (FA) 5 Air Defense Artillery Branch (ADA) 6 Aviation Branch (AV) 7 Cyber Branch (CY) 8 Special Forces (SF) 9 Armor Branch (AR) 10 Signal Corps Branch (SC) 11 Information Network Engineering Functional Area (FA 26) 12 Judge Advocate General Branch (JA) 13 Information Operations Functional Area (FA 30) 14 Military Police Branch (MP) 15 Strategic Intelligence Functional Area (FA 34) 16 Military Intelligence Branch (MI) 17 Finance & Comptroller Branch (FC) 18 Psychological Operations Branch (PO) 19 Civil Affairs Branch (CA) 20 Space Operations Functional Area (FA 40) 21 Adjutant General Corps (AG) 22 Public Affairs Functional Area (FA and CMF 46) 23 Academy Professor Functional Area (FA 47) 24 Foreign Area Officer Functional Area (FA 48) 25 Operations Research/Systems Analysis (ORSA) Functional Area (FA 49) 26 Force Management Functional Area (FA 50) 27 Army Acquisition Corps (FA and CMF 51) 28 Nuclear and Counter WMD Functional Area (FA 52) 29 Simulation Operations Functional Area (FA 57) 30 Chaplain Branch (CH) 31 Army Marketing Functional Area (FA 58) 32 Strategic Plans and Policy Functional Area (FA 59) 33 Medical Department Branches 33.1 Medical Corps Branch (MC) 33.2 Dental Corps Branch (DC) 33.3 Veterinary Corps Branch (VC) 33.4 Medical Specialist Corps Branch (SP) 33.5 Nurse Corps Branch (AN) 33.6 Medical Service Corps Branch (MS) 33.7 Medical CMF 33.8 Health Services FA 33.9 Laboratory Sciences FA 33.10 Preventive Medicine Sciences FA 33.11 Behavioral Sciences FA 34 Chemical Corps (CM) 35 Logistics Corps 35.1 Transportation Branch (TC) 35.2 Ammunition CMF, Mechanical Maintenance CMF & Ordnance Branch (OD) 35.3 Quartermaster Corps Branch (QM) 36 See also 37 References 38 External links Immaterial & Personnel Special Reporting Codes Officer 00A Duties Unassigned 00B General Officer 00C Relieved from Duty; Sick in Hospital or Quarters 00D Newly Commissioned Officers Awaiting Entry on Active Duty for Officer Basic Course Attendance 00E Student Officer 00F MOS Immaterial National Guard Bureau (NGB)NatlGuardBureauBC.gif 00G MOS Immaterial US Army Reserve (USAR) 00S Special Duty Assignment 01A Officer Generalist 01B Aviation/Infantry/Armor/MI Immaterial 01C Chemical/Engineer/MP Immaterial 01D Army Financial Management/Adjutant General immaterial 02A Combat Arms Generalist 02B Infantry/Armor Immaterial 02C Infantry/Armor/Field Artillery/Engineer Immaterial 03A Infantry/Armor Immaterial 05A Army Medical Department 09G Army National Guard (ARNG) on Active Duty Medical Hold 09H US Army Reserve (USAR) on Active Duty Medical Hold Warrant 001A Unqual in Auth WO MOS 002A Patient 003A Student 004A Duties Unassigned 011A Brch/MOS Immaterial 019G Army National Guard on Active Duty Medical Hold 019H US Army Reserve on Active Duty Medical Held Enlisted 00Z Command Sergeant MajorImmaterialCmdSGMBC.gif 09B Trainee Unassigned 09C Trainee Language 09D College Trainee 09G Army National Guard (ARNG) on Active Duty Medical Hold 09H US Army Reserve (USAR) on Active Duty Medical Hold 09J GED Completion Program 09M March 2 Success 09N Nurse Corps Candidate 09R Simultaneous MBR Program 09S Commissioned Officer CandidateUS Army Officer Candidate Insignia.png 09T College Student Army National Guard Officer Program 09U Prior Service or Branch Transfer without Defined MOS 09W Warrant Officer CandidateUS Army Warrant Officer Candidate Insignia.png Infantry Branch (IN) InfantryBC.gif Officer 11A Infantry Officer Enlisted 11B Infantryman (includes soldiers formerly designated 11M [Mechanized] and 11H [Anti-armor]) 11B Infantryman is the basic infantry soldier MOS of the US Army. 11C Indirect Fire Infantryman (Mortarman) 11D Armor Reconnaissance Specialist 11E Armor Crewmen 11H Heavy Anti-armor Weapons Crewman 11M Fighting Vehicle Infantryman 11X Undetermined Infantry (Open Enlistment Option, B/C determined during training.) 11Z Infantry Senior Sergeant Corps of Engineers Branch (EN) USA - Engineer Branch Insignia.png Prior to 1999, the Engineer designations were 12 series and 83 series. In 1999, CMF 83 changed to CMF 51. In 2004, CMF 51 changed to CMF 21. In 2004, the engineer designation changed from 12 to 21. In 2009, the engineer designation was changed again, from CMF 21 to CMF 12. In 2013, the engineer officer designations 12B (Combat Engineer) and 12D (Facilities/Contract Construction Management Engineer (FCCME)) were consolidated into 12A. Officer 12A Engineer; General Engineer Warrant 120A Construction Engineer Technician 125D Geospatial Information Technician Enlisted 12A Engineer Senior Sergeant 12B Combat Engineer 12C Bridge Crewmember 12D Diver 12G Quarrying Specialist (RC) 12H Construction Engineering Supervisor 12K Plumber 12M Firefighter 12N Horizontal Construction Engineer 12P Prime Power Production Specialist 12Q Power Line Distribution Specialist (RC); No longer in use 12R Interior Electrician 12T Technical Engineer 12V Concrete and Asphalt Equipment Operator; No longer in use 12W Carpentry and Masonry Specialist 12X General Engineering Supervisor 12Y Geospatial Engineer 12Z Combat Engineering Senior Sergeant Field Artillery Branch (FA) USA - Army Field Artillery Insignia.png Officer 13A Field Artillery Officer Warrant 131A Field Artillery Targeting Technician Enlisted 13B Cannon Crewmember 13F Fire Support Specialist 13J Fire Control Specialist (Formerly 13P and 13D) 13M Multiple Launch Rocket System/High Mobility Artillery Rocket System Crewmember 13R Field Artillery Firefinder Radar Operator 13Z Field Artillery Senior Sergeant/Sergeant Major Air Defense Artillery Branch (ADA) USA - Army Air Defense Artillery.png Officer 14A Air Defense Artillery Officer Warrant 140A Command and Control Systems Integrator 140K Air And Missile Defense (AMD) Tactician 140L Air and Missile Defense (AMD) Technician (Patriot Systems Technician) 140Z Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Immaterial Enlisted 14E PATRIOT Fire Control Enhanced Operator/Maintainer 14G Air Defense Battle Management System Operator 14H Air Defense Enhanced Early Warning System Operator 14P Air and Missile Defense Crewmember 14S Avenger Crew Member 14T PATRIOT Launching Station Enhanced Operator/Maintainer 14Z Air Defense Artillery (ADA) Senior Sergeant Aviation Branch (AV) Officer 15A Aviation Officer 15B Aviation Combined Arms Operations 15C Aviation All-Source Intelligence Officer 15D Aviation Maintenance Officer Warrant 150A Air Traffic and Air Space Management Technician 150U Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations Technician 151A Aviation Maintenance Technician (Nonrated) 152C OH-6 Pilot 152E AH-64E Attack Pilot 152F AH-64A Attack Pilot 152G AH-1 Attack Pilot (RC) 152H AH-64D Attack Pilot 153A Rotary Wing Aviator (Aircraft Nonspecific) 153B UH-1 Pilot (RC) 153D UH-60 Pilot 153DD UH-60 MEDEVAC Pilot 153E MH-60 Pilot 153L UH-72A Pilot 153M UH-60M Pilot 154C CH-47D Pilot 154E MH-47 Pilot 154F CH-47F Pilot 155A Fixed Wing Aviator (Aircraft Nonspecific) 155E C-12 Pilot 155F Jet Aircraft Pilot (C-20F/J, ) 155G O-5A/EO-5B/RC-7 Pilot US Army Aviation Branch Insignia.svg Enlisted 15B Aircraft Powerplant Repairer 15C MQ-1 Operator 15D Aircraft Powertrain Repairer 15E Unmanned Aircraft Systems Repairer 15F Aircraft Electrician 15G Aircraft Structural Repairer 15H Aircraft Pneudraulics Repairer 15K Aircraft Components Repair Supervisor 15M MQ-1 Repairer 15N Avionic Mechanic 15P Aviation Operations Specialist 15Q Air Traffic Control Operator 15R AH-64 Attack Helicopter Repairer 15T UH-60 Helicopter Repairer 15U CH-47 Helicopter Repairer 15V Observation/Scout Helicopter Repairer (RC) 15W Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Operator 15X AH-64A Armament/Electrical/Avionics Systems Repairer 15Y AH-64D Armament/Electrical/Avionic Systems Repairer 15Z Aircraft Maintenance Senior Sergeant Cyber Branch (CY) US Army Cyber Branch Insignia.png Officer[4][5] 17A Cyber Warfare Officer 17B Cyber Electromagnetic Activities Officer - Electronic Warfare Warrant[4][5] 170A Cyber Operations Technician 170B Cyber Electromagnetic Activities Technician - Electronic Warfare Enlisted[4][5] 17C Cyber Operations Specialist 17E Electronic Warfare Specialist Special Forces (SF) USA - Special Forces Branch Insignia.png Officer 18A Special Forces Officer - CPT-COL Warrant 180A Special Forces Warrant Officer - WO1-CW5 Enlisted 18B Special Forces Weapons Sergeant - SGT-SFC 18C Special Forces Engineer Sergeant - SGT-SFC 18D Special Forces Medical Sergeant - SGT-SFC 18E Special Forces Communications Sergeant - SGT-SFC 18F Special Forces Intelligence Sergeant - SFC 18X Special Forces Candidate 18Z Special Forces Senior Sergeant - MSG-CSM Armor Branch (AR) Armor-Branch-Insignia.pngUS-Cavalry-Branch-Insignia.png Officer 19A Armor Officer Enlisted 19D Cavalry Scout 19K M1 Armor Crewman 19Z Armor Senior Sergeant Signal Corps Branch (SC) Insignia signal.svg Officer 25A Signal, General Warrant 255A Information Services Technician 255N Network Management Technician 255S Information Protection Technician 255Z Senior Network Operations Technician Enlisted 25B Information Technology Specialist 25C Radio Operator-Maintainer 25D Cyber Network Defender 25E Electromagnetic Spectrum Manager 25F Network Switching Systems Operator-Maintainer 25L Cable Systems Installer-Maintainer 25M Multimedia Illustrator 25N Nodal Network Systems Operators-Maintainer 25P Microwave Systems Operator/Maintainer 25Q Multichannel Transmission Systems Operator-Maintainer 25R Visual Information Equipment Operator-Maintainer 25S Satellite Communications Systems Operator/Maintainer 25T Satellite/Microwave Systems Chief 25U Signal Support Systems Specialist 25V Combat Documentation/Production Specialist 25W Telecommunications Operations Chief 25X Chief Signal NCO 25Z Visual Information Operations Chief Information Network Engineering Functional Area (FA 26) Effective 1 October 2016, Functional Areas 24 and 53 were merged into FA 26. Officer 26A Network Systems Engineer (formerly Functional Area 24A, Telecommunications Systems Engineer) 26B Information Systems Engineer (formerly Functional Area 53A, Information Systems Manager) 26Z Senior Information Network Engineer (26A and 26B merge at O6 to 26Z) Judge Advocate General Branch (JA) JAGC Staff Corps Insignia Army.gif Officer 27A Judge Advocate 27B Military Judge Warrant 270A Legal Administrator Enlisted 27D Paralegal Specialist Information Operations Functional Area (FA 30) Officer 30A Information Operations Officer Military Police Branch (MP) USAMPC-Branch-Insignia.png Officer 31A Military Police Warrant 311A CID Special Agent Enlisted 31B Military Police 31D CID Special Agent 31E Internment/Resettlement Specialist 31K Working Dog Handler Strategic Intelligence Functional Area (FA 34) Officer 34A Strategic Intelligence Officer Military Intelligence Branch (MI) Officer[6] 35D All Source Intelligence Officer 35E Counterintelligence Officer 35F Human Intelligence Officer 35G Signals Intelligence Officer Warrant[6] 350F All Source Intelligence Technician 350G Imagery Intelligence Technician 351Z AttachĂ© Technician 351L Counterintelligence Supervisory Special Agent 351M Human Intelligence Collection Technician 351Y Area Intelligence Technician 352N Signal Intelligence Analysis Technician 352S Signals Collector Technician 353T Intelligence Systems Maintenance Technician MI Corps Insignia.svg Enlisted 09L Interpreter/Translator 35F Intelligence Analyst 35G Geospatial Intelligence Imagery Analyst 35L Counterintelligence Special Agent 35M Human Intelligence Collector 35N Signals Intelligence Analyst 35P Cryptologic Linguist 35Q Cryptologic Network Warfare Specialist 35S Signals Collector/Analyst 35T Military Intelligence Systems Maintainer/Integrator 35V Signals Intelligence Senior Sergeant/Chief Signals Intelligence Sergeant 35X Intelligence Senior Sergeant/Chief Intelligence Sergeant 35Y Chief Counterintelligence/Human Intelligence Sergeant 35Z Signals Intelligence (Electronic Warfare) / Senior Sergeant/ Chief Finance & Comptroller Branch (FC) FinanceBC.gif Officer 36A Financial Manager Enlisted 36B Financial Management Technician Psychological Operations Branch (PO) USA - Psych Ops Branch Insignia.png Officer 37A Psychological Operations Enlisted 37F Psychological Operations Specialist Civil Affairs Branch (CA) Civil Affairs Branch Insignia.gif Officer 38A Civil Affairs Officer 38G Military Government Specialist Enlisted 38B Civil Affairs Specialist Space Operations Functional Area (FA 40) Officer 40A Space Operations 40C Army Astronaut Adjutant General Corps (AG) AdjGenBC.svg Officer 42B Human Resources Officer 42C Army Bands 42H Senior Human Resources Officer Warrant 420A Human Resources Technician 420C Bandmaster ArmyBandBC.png Enlisted 42A Human Resources Specialist 42R Musician 42S Special Band Member Recruiting 79R Recruiter Noncommissioned Officer 79S Career Counselor 79T Recruiting and Retention NCO (ANG) 79V Army Reserve Career Counselor (USAR) Public Affairs Functional Area (FA and CMF 46) Officer 46A Public Affairs, General 46X Public Affairs, General PublicAffairsBC.svg Enlisted 46S Public Affairs Mass Communications Specialist 46Z Chief Public Affairs NCO Academy Professor Functional Area (FA 47) Officer 47A USMA, Professor 47C USMA, Professor of English 47D USMA, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 47E USMA, Professor of Law 47F USMA, Professor of Systems Engineering 47G USMA, Professor of Foreign Languages 47H USMA, Professor of Physics 47J USMA, Professor of Social Sciences 47K USMA, Professor of History 47L USMA, Professor of Behavioral Sciences and Leadership 47M USMA, Professor of Chemistry 47N USMA, Professor of Mathematical Sciences 47P USMA, Professor of Geography and Environmental Engineering 47Q USMA, Professor and Associate Dean 47R USMA, Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 47S USMA, Professor of Physical Education 47T USMA, Professor of Leader Development and Organizational Learning 47U USMA, Professor of Military Art and Science 47V USMA, Professor of Army Cyber Foreign Area Officer Functional Area (FA 48) Officer 48B Latin America 48C Europe (no longer used -- these officers are now designated 48E) 48D South Asia 48E Eurasia 48F China 48G Mideast/North Africa 48H Northeast Asia 48I Southeast Asia 48J Africa, South of the Sahara 48X Foreign Area Officer Operations Research/Systems Analysis (ORSA) Functional Area (FA 49) Officer 49A Operations Research/Systems Analysis 49W Trained, ORSA 49X Untrained, ORSA Force Management Functional Area (FA 50) Officer 50A Force Development Army Acquisition Corps (FA and CMF 51) Acquisition-Corps-Branch-In.png Officer 51A Program Management 51C Contract Management 51R Systems Automation Acquisition and Engineering 51S Research and Engineering 51T Test and Evaluation 51Z Acquisitions Noncommissioned Officer 51C Acquisition, Logistics & Technology (AL&T) Contracting NCO Nuclear and Counter WMD Functional Area (FA 52) Officer 52B Nuclear and Counter WMD Officer Simulation Operations Functional Area (FA 57) Officer 57A Simulation Operations Officer Chaplain Branch (CH) Officer 56A Command and Unit Chaplain 56D Clinical Pastoral Educator 56X Chaplain Candidate Enlisted 56M Religious Affairs Specialist ChristChaplainBC.gif JewishChaplainBC.gif BuddhistChaplainBC.gif MuslimChaplainBC.gif Chaplain Candidate Branch Insignia.png ChaplainAsstBC.gif Army Marketing Functional Area (FA 58) Officer 58A Army Marketing Officer[7][8] Strategic Plans and Policy Functional Area (FA 59) Officer 59A Strategist Medical Department Branches Medical Corps Branch (MC) Officer 60A Operational Medicine 60B Nuclear Medicine Officer 60C Preventive Medicine Officer 60D Occupational Medicine Officer 60F Pulmonary Disease/Critical Care Officer 60G Gastroenterologist 60H Cardiologist 60J Obstetrician and Gynecologist 60K Urologist 60L Dermatologist 60M Allergist, Clinical Immunologist 60N Anesthesiologist 60P Pediatrician 60Q Pediatric Sub-Specialist 60R Child Neurologist 60S Ophthalmologist 60T Otolaryngologist 60U Child Psychiatrist 60V Neurologist 60W Psychiatrist 61A Nephrologist USA - Army Medical Corps.png 61B Medical Oncologist/Hematologist 61C Endocrinologist 61D Rheumatologist 61E Clinical Pharmacologist 61F Internist 61G Infectious Disease Officer 61H Family Medicine 61J General Surgeon 61K Thoracic Surgeon 61L Plastic Surgeon 61M Orthopedic Surgeon 61N Flight Surgeon 61P Physiatrist 61Q Radiation Oncologist 61R Diagnostic Radiologist 61U Pathologist 61W Peripheral Vascular Surgeon 61Z Neurosurgeon 62A Emergency Physician 62B Field Surgeon Dental Corps Branch (DC) Officer 63A General Dentist 63B Comprehensive Dentist 63D Periodontist 63E Endodontist 63F Prosthodontist 63H Public Health Dentist USA - Army Medical Dental.png 63K Pediatric Dentist 63M Orthodontist 63N Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon 63P Oral Pathologist 63R Executive Dentist Veterinary Corps Branch (VC) USA - Army Medical Veterinary.png Officer 64A Field Veterinary Service 64B Veterinary Preventive Medicine 64C Veterinary Laboratory Animal Medicine 64D Veterinary Pathology 64E Veterinary Comparative Medicine 64F Veterinary Clinical Medicine 64Z Senior Veterinarian (Immaterial) Warrant 640A Food Safety Officer Medical Specialist Corps Branch (SP) USA - Army Medical Specialist.png Officer 65A Occupational Therapy 65B Physical Therapy 65C Dietitian 65D Physician Assistant 65X Specialist Allied Operations Nurse Corps Branch (AN) USA - Army Medical Nurse.png Officer 66B Community Health Nurse 66C Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse 66E Perioperative Nurse 66F Nurse Anesthetist 66G Obstetrics and Gyneco 66H Medical-Surgical Nurse 66N Generalist Nurse 66P Family Nurse Practitioner 66R Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner 66S Critical Care Nurse 66T Emergency Room Nurse Medical Service Corps Branch (MS) USA - Army Medical Specialist Corps.png Officer 67A Health Services 67B Laboratory Sciences 67C Preventive Medicine Sciences 67D Behavioral Sciences 67E Pharmacy 67F Optometry 67G Podiatry 67J Aeromedical Evacuation Warrant 670A Health Services Maintenance Technician Medical CMF Enlisted 68A Biomedical Equipment Specialist 68B Orthopedic Specialist 68C Practical Nursing Specialist-(LPN/LVN) 68D Operating Room Specialist 68E Dental Specialist 68F Physical Therapy Specialist 68G Patient Administration Specialist (formerly 71G) 68H Optical Laboratory Specialist 68J Medical Logistics Specialist 68K Medical Laboratory Specialist 68L Occupational Therapy Specialist 68M Nutrition Care Specialist 68N Cardiovascular Specialist 68P Radiology Specialist 68Q Pharmacy Specialist 68R Veterinary Food Inspection Specialist 68S Preventive Medicine Specialist 68T Animal Care Specialist 68U Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Specialist 68V Respiratory Specialist 68W Combat Medic Specialist 68X Behavioral Health Specialist 68Y Eye Specialist 68Z Chief Medical NCO Health Services FA Officer 70A Health Care Administration 70B Health Services Administration 70C Health Services Comptroller 70D Health Services Systems Management 70E Patient Administration 70F Health Services Human Resources 70H Health Services Plans, Operations, Intelligence, Security, and Training 70K Health Services Materiel Laboratory Sciences FA Officer 71A Microbiology 71B Biochemistry 71E Clinical Laboratory 71F Research Psychology Preventive Medicine Sciences FA Officer 72A Nuclear Medical Science 72B Entomology 72C Audiology 72D Environmental Science and Engineering Behavioral Sciences FA Officer 73A Social Work 73B Clinical Psychology Chemical Corps (CM) Chemical Branch Insignia.svg Officer 74A Chemical, General Warrant 740A Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Warrant Officer Enlisted 74D Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Specialist (formerly 54E) Logistics Corps USA - Logistics Branch Insignia.png As of 1 Jan 2008, all officers from Quartermaster, Transportation and Ordnance branches who have attended the Captain's Career Course, with the exception of EOD officers (89E), are transitioned to the Logistics branch. Officer 90A Multifunctional Logistician (LG) Transportation Branch (TC) USA - Transportation Corps Branch Insignia.png Officer 88A Transportation, General 88B Traffic Management 88C Marine and Terminal Operations 88D Motor/Rail Transportation Warrant 880A Marine Deck Officer 881A Marine Engineering Officer 882A Mobility Officer Enlisted 88H Cargo Specialist 88K Watercraft Operator 88L Watercraft Engineer 88M Motor Transport Operator 88N Transportation Management Coordinator 88P Railway Equipment Repairer (RC) 88T Railway Section Repairer (RC) 88U Railway Operations Crew Member (RC) 88Z Transportation Senior Sergeant Ammunition CMF, Mechanical Maintenance CMF & Ordnance Branch (OD) Ordnance Branch Insignia.svg Officer 89E Explosive Ordnance Disposal Officer 91A Materiel Maintenance and Munitions Management Officer Warrant 890A Ammunition Warrant Officer 913A Armament Systems Maintenance Warrant Officer 914A Allied Trades Warrant Officer 915A Automotive Maintenance Warrant Officer 915E Senior Automotive Maintenance Warrant Officer 919A Engineer Equipment Maintenance Warrant Officer 948B Electronic Systems Maintenance Warrant Officer 948D Electronic Missile Systems Maintenance Warrant Officer 948E Senior Electronics Maintenance Warrant Officer Enlisted 89A Ammunition Stock Control and Accounting Specialist 89B Ammunition Specialist 89D Explosive Ordnance Disposal Specialist 91A M1 Abrams Tank System Maintainer (formerly 63A) 91B Wheeled Vehicle Mechanic (formerly 63B) 91C Utilities Equipment Repairer (formerly 52C) 91D Power Generation Equipment Repairer (formerly 52D) 91E Allied Trades Specialist (formerly 91E and 91W) 91F Small Arms/Towed Artillery Repairer (formerly 45B) 91G Fire Control Repairer (formerly 45G) 91H Track Vehicle Repairer (formerly 63H) 91J Quartermaster and Chemical Equipment Repairer (formerly 63J) 91L Construction Equipment Repairer (formerly 62B) 91M Bradley Fighting Vehicle System Maintainer (formerly 63T) 91P Self Propelled Artillery Systems Maintainer (formerly 63D) 91S Stryker Systems Maintainer 91X Maintenance Supervisor (formerly 63X) 91Z Senior Maintenance Supervisor (formerly 63Z) 94A Land Combat Electronic Missile System Repairer (formerly 27E) 94D Air Traffic Control Equipment Repairer 94E Radio & Communications Security (COMSEC) Equipment Repairer 94F Computer/Detection Systems Repairer 94H Test Measurement and Diagnostic Equipment (TMDE) Maintenance Support Specialist 94M Radar Repairer 94P Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) Repairer (formerly 27M) 94R Avionic and Survivability Repairer 94S PATRIOT System Repairer 94T AVENGER System Repairer 94W Electronic Maintenance Chief 94X Senior Missile Systems Maintainer 94Y Integrated Family of Test Equipment (IFTE) Operator/Maintainer 94Z Senior Electronic Maintenance Chief Quartermaster Corps Branch (QM) USA - Quartermaster Corps Branch Insignia.png Officer 92A Quartermaster Officer 92D Aerial Delivery and Materiel Warrant 920A Property Accounting Technician 920B Supply Systems Technician 921A Airdrop Systems Technician 922A Food Service Technician 923A Petroleum Systems Technician Enlisted 92A Automated Logistical Specialist 92F Petroleum & Supply Specialist 92G Culinary Specialist 92L Petroleum Laboratory Specialist 92M Mortuary Affairs Specialist 92R Parachute Rigger 92S Shower/Laundry and Clothing Repair Specialist 92W Water Treatment Specialist 92Y Unit Supply Specialist 92Z Senior Noncommissioned Logistician See also United States Army branch insignia Badges of the United States Army List of United States Marine Corps MOS List of United States Navy ratings List of United States Navy staff corps Air Force Specialty Code List of United States Coast Guard ratings References (2019) Five thing Army officers and units should know about the Assignment Interactive Module Michael J. Colarusso and David S. Lyle (February 2014) Senior officer talent management: fostering institutional adaptability Devon L. Suits, Army News Service (APRIL 24, 2019) Army makes big changes to centralized promotion board system Army Cyber branch offers Soldiers new challenges, opportunities, WWW.ARMY.MIL, by Fort Gordon Public Affairs Office, dated 24 November 2014, last accessed 1 February 2015 Department of the Army Pamphlet 670â1, Guide to the Wear and Appearance of Army Uniforms and Insignia Archived 2014-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, dated 2 December 2014, last accessed 24 December 2014 Pamphlet 600â3 Commissioned Officer Professional Development and Career Management, Department of the Army, dated 3 December 2014, last accessed 28 March 2015 New marketing job lets officers steward Army brand, Army.mil, by Thomas Brading (Army News Service), dated 16 December 2019, last accessed 1 January 2020 [https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/ARN18403_AD2019_25_FINAL.pdf Army Directive 2019-25 (Establishment of the Office of the Chief Army Enterprise Marketing)], Secretary of the Army Memorandum, dated 1 August 2019, last accessed 1 January 2020 AR 611-1 Military Occupational Classification Structure Development and Implementation (PDF) Smartbook DA PAM 611-21 Field Manual 7-21.13, Appendix F: Arms and Services of the Army MOS charts United States Army PAMXXI Personnel Authorizations Module External links PAMXXI (Personnel Authorizations Module) Website PAMXXI (Personnel Authorizations Module) Website - MOS Charts US Army MOS List 2013 (Unofficial) "Korean War Educator, Topics - Military Occupational Specialty (MOS)", Korean War Educator Foundation. Provides list of MOSs during the Korean War era. Official Army career list "What Was my MOS? Vietnam-era MOS Codes", 4th Battalion (Mechanized)/23rd Infantry Regiment "Tomahawks" Association Website. Provides list of MOSs during the Vietnam War era. vte United States Army Leadership Secretary of the ArmyUnder Secretary of the ArmyChief of StaffVice Chief of Staff4-star generalsArmy Staff Senior Warrant OfficerSergeant Major of the ArmyHouse Armed Services Committee (House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces)Senate Committee on Armed Services (Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces) Components and commands Regular ArmyArmy ReserveArmy National GuardActive UnitsReorganization plan of United States Army Army commands ForcesFuturesMaterielTraining and Doctrine Service components CentralEurope-AfricaPacificNorthSouthSpecial OperationsSurface Deployment and DistributionSpace and Missile DefenseCyber Command Direct reporting units Second ArmyMedicalIntelligence and SecurityCriminal InvestigationCorps of EngineersMilitary District of WashingtonTest and EvaluationMilitary AcademyReserveAcquisition Support CenterInstallation ManagementWar College Field armies FirstThirdFifthSixthSeventhEighthNinth Branches Acquisition CorpsAdjutant General's CorpsAir Defense Artillery BranchArmor BranchAviation BranchArmy BandChaplain CorpsChemical CorpsCivil Affairs CorpsCorps of EngineersDental CorpsField Artillery BranchFinance CorpsInfantry BranchInspector General's CorpsJudge Advocate General's CorpsLogistics BranchMedical CorpsMedical Service CorpsMedical Specialist CorpsMilitary Intelligence CorpsMilitary Police CorpsNurse CorpsOrdnance CorpsPsychological OperationsQuartermaster CorpsSignal CorpsSpecial ForcesTransportation CorpsVeterinary Corps Installations United States and overseasGermanyKosovoKuwaitSouth Korea Training Basic TrainingBOLCROTC (ECP)OCSWOBCWOCSMilitary Academy (West Point)MOS Uniforms and insignia Awards and decorationsBadgesBranchOfficerWarrantEnlisted World War IWorld War IIUniforms Equipment Individual weaponsCrew-served weaponsVehicles Premier ensembles Army Field BandArmy BandOld Guard Fife and Drum CorpsWest Point Band History and traditions HistoryContinental ArmyUnion ArmyNational ArmyArmy of the United StatesCenter of Military HistoryInstitute of HeraldryAmerica's ArmyArmy Art ProgramFlagNational MuseumWest Point MuseumRangersU.S. Army Regimental SystemSoldier's Creed"The Army Goes Rolling Along"Division nicknamesDraftService numbersSeventh Army Symphony Orchestra Category Category Categories: United States Army job titlesUnited States Army listsUnited States Army Military Occupational Specialty Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Add links This page was last edited on 23 April 2021, at 14:27 (UTC). 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This is a good article. Click here for more information. Civil Air Patrol From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Civil Air Patrol Civil Air Patrol seal.png Seal of the Civil Air Patrol Founded 1 December 1941; 79 years ago Country United States Branch United States Air Force Type Civilian auxiliary Role Search and rescue Disaster relief Aerospace education Cadet programs Size 58,197 members 550 light aircraft over 900 ground vehicles[1] Part of 1st Air Force.png First Air Force Air Combat Command.png Air Combat Command Headquarters Maxwell Air Force Base Montgomery, Alabama, U.S. Motto(s) Semper Vigilans Always Vigilant March "The C.A.P. Is on the Go"[2] Anniversaries 1 December Engagements World War II Decorations American Campaign Air Force Organizational Excellence Award Website gocivilairpatrol.com Commanders National Commander Maj Gen Mark Smith National Vice Commander Brig Gen Edward Phelka National Command Chief CAP Chief Master Sergeant.png CMSgt Robert Dandridge Insignia Flag Flag of the United States Civil Air Patrol.svg Roundel Roundel of the Civil Air Patrol.svg Aircraft flown Powered: Cessna 172, Cessna 182, Cessna 206, MT-7-235, de Havilland L-20, GippsAero GA8 Unpowered: LET L-23, Schweizer SGS 2-33, Schweizer SGU 2-22, Schleicher ASK 21 The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a congressionally chartered, federally supported non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF).[3] CAP is a volunteer organization with an aviation-minded membership that includes people from all backgrounds, lifestyles, and occupations. It performs three congressionally assigned key missions: emergency services, which includes search and rescue (by air and ground) and disaster relief operations; aerospace education for youth and the general public; and cadet programs for teenage youth. In addition, CAP has recently been tasked with homeland security and courier service missions. CAP also performs non-auxiliary missions for various governmental and private agencies, such as local law enforcement and the American Red Cross. The program is established as an organization by Title 10 of the United States Code[4] and its purposes defined by Title 36.[5]
Membership in the organization consists of cadets ranging from 12 to just under 21 years of age, and senior members 18 years of age and up. These two groups each have the opportunity to participate in a wide variety of pursuits; the cadet program contributes to the development of the former group with a structured syllabus and an organization based upon United States Air Force ranks and pay grades, while the older members serve as instructors, supervisors, and operators. All members wear uniforms while performing their duties.
Nationwide, CAP is a major operator of single-engine general aviation aircraft, used in the execution of its various missions, including orientation flights for cadets and the provision of significant emergency services capabilities. Because of these extensive flying opportunities, many CAP members become licensed pilots.
The hierarchical and military auxiliary organization is headed by the National Headquarters (with authority over the national organization) followed by eight regional commands and 52 wings (each of the 50 states plus Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico). Each wing supervises the individual groups and squadrons that comprise the basic operational unit of the organization.
Contents 1 History 2 Missions 2.1 Emergency services 2.2 Aerospace education 3 Membership 3.1 Senior members 3.2 Cadet members 3.2.1 Concept 3.2.2 Cadet program awards and grade structure 3.2.3 Activities 3.2.4 Oath 4 Relationship to the military 5 Uniforms 6 Equipment 7 Organization 8 Funding 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Main article: History of the Civil Air Patrol The Civil Air Patrol was conceived in the late 1930s by aviation advocate Gill Robb Wilson, who foresaw general aviation's potential to supplement America's military operations. With the help of New York Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia, in his capacity as then-Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, CAP was created with Administrative Order 9, signed by LaGuardia on 1 December 1941 and published 8 December 1941. The Civil Air Patrol had 90 days to prove themselves to Congress. Major General John F. Curry was appointed as the first national commander.[6] Texas oilman David Harold Byrd was a co-founder of CAP.[7]
During World War II, CAP was seen as a way to use America's civilian aviation resources to aid the war effort instead of grounding them. The organization assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare, border patrols, and courier services. During World War II, CAP's coastal patrol reportedly flew 24 million miles and sighted 173 enemy U-boats, dropping a total of 82 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict.[8] Two submarines were reportedly destroyed by CAP aircraft, but later research found there was no basis for this claim.[8] By the end of the war, 68 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty.[9]
On the Team, Civil Air Patrol poster (1955) featuring an Air Force airman and a CAP cadet, with a CAP L-16 and an Air Force F-94 flying overhead. This poster features the signature of then-Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, Gen. Nathan F. Twining. With the passing of the National Security Act of 1947, and creation of the United States Air Force, the CAP became the auxiliary of the USAF in 1948, and its incorporating charter declared that it would never again be involved in direct combat activities, but would be of a benevolent nature. The "supervisory" USAF organization overseeing CAP has changed several times. This has included the former Continental Air Command in 1959, the former Headquarters Command, USAF in 1968, to the Air University (AU) in 1976. Following Air University's reassignment as a subordinate command to the Air Education and Training Command (AETC) in 1993, USAF oversight of CAP has flowed from AETC at the 4-star level, to AU at the 3-star level, to AU's Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accessions and Citizen Development at the 1-star level, to a subordinate unit of 1st Air Force at the 3-star level with Civil Air Patrol-U.S. Air Force as a stand-alone unit lead at the Colonel (O-6) level. Since its incorporation charter, CAP has maintained its relationship with the USAF, and has continued its three congressionally mandated missions.[10]
On 14 June 2011, Civil Air Patrol was awarded the Roving Ambassador of Peace by the World Peace Prize Awarding Council for its positive impact in American communities, its lifesaving efforts, and for "preserving liberty for all".[11][12][13] During the 113th United States Congress, both the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives voted to pass a bill that would award the Congressional Gold Medal to the World War II members of the Civil Air Patrol.[14] The medal would be presented "in recognition of their military service and exemplary record during World War II."[15]
Missions Civil Air Patrol has five congressionally mandated missions:[16]
To provide an organization to encourage and aid citizens of the United States in contributing their efforts, services, and resources in developing aviation and in maintaining air supremacy; and encourage and develop by example the voluntary contribution of private citizens to the public welfare. To provide aviation education and training especially to its senior and cadet members. To encourage and foster civil aviation in local communities. To provide an organization of private citizens with adequate facilities to assist in meeting local and national emergencies. To assist the Department of the Air Force in fulfilling its non-combat programs and missions. The organization condenses these mandates into three core missions, which Civil Air Patrol was chartered with by Congress in 1946: aerospace education, cadet programs and emergency services.[17][18]
Emergency services
Two Oregon Wing members walk towards their aircraft during a training exercise. Civil Air Patrol covers several emergency services areas. The principal categories include search and rescue missions, disaster relief, humanitarian services, and United States Air Force support. Other services, such as homeland security and actions against drug-trafficking operations, are becoming increasingly important.
A CAP search and rescue (SAR) pilot The Civil Air Patrol is well known for its search activities in conjunction with search and rescue (SAR) operations. CAP is involved with approximately three quarters of all aerial inland SAR missions directed by the United States Air Force Rescue Coordination Center at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida.[19] Outside of the contiguous United States, CAP directly supports the Joint Rescue Coordination Centers in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. CAP is credited with saving an average of 100 lives per year.[20]
CAP is active in disaster relief operations, especially in areas such as Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana that are frequently struck by hurricanes as well as Oklahoma and Texas which are frequented by large, damaging tornadoes. CAP aircrews and ground personnel provide transportation for cargo and officials, aerial imagery to aid emergency managers in assessing damage, and donations of personnel and equipment to local, state and federal disaster relief organizations during times of need. In 2004, several hurricanes hit the southeast coast of the United States, with Florida being the worst damaged; CAP was instrumental in providing help to affected areas.[20]
The Civil Air Patrol conducts humanitarian service missions, usually in support of the Red Cross. CAP aircrews transport time-sensitive medical materials, including blood and human tissue, when other means of transportation (such as ambulances) are not practical or possible. Following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City when all general aviation was grounded, one of the first planes to fly over the World Trade Center site was a CAP aircraft taking photographs.[20]
CAP performs several missions that are not combat-related in support of the United States Air Force, including damage assessment, transportation of officials, communications support and low-altitude route surveys.[20] The CAP fleet is used in training exercises to prepare USAF pilots to intercept enemy aircraft over the Continental United States. Civil Air Patrol aircraft are flown into restricted airspace, where United States Air Force pilots may practice high-speed intercepts.[21]
The Civil Air Patrol also provides non-emergency assistance to the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Drug Enforcement Administration, and United States Forest Service in the War on Drugs. In 2005, CAP flew over 12,000 hours in support of this mission and led these agencies to the confiscation of illegal substances valued at over US$400 million. Civil Air Patrol makes extensive use of the Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance system, mounted on the Gippsland GA8 Airvan. The system is able to evaluate spectral signatures given off by certain objects, allowing the system to identify, for example, a possible marijuana crop.[3][22]
As a humanitarian service organization, CAP assists federal, state and local agencies in preparing for and responding to homeland security needs. The Red Cross, Salvation Army and other civilian agencies frequently request Civil Air Patrol aircraft to transport vital supplies including medical technicians, medication, and other vital supplies. They often rely on CAP to provide airlift and communications for disaster relief operations. CAP also assists the United States Coast Guard and Coast Guard Auxiliary.[23][24]
Aerospace education The Aerospace Education Program provides aviation related education and educational activities for members, including formal, graded courses about all aspects of aviation including flight physics, dynamics, history, and application. Courses covering the space program, and new technologies and advances in aviation and space exploration, are also available. There are several programs for CAP pilots to improve their flying skills and earn Federal Aviation Administration ratings.[25]
The Cadet Program has a mandatory aerospace education program; in order to progress, a cadet must take a number of courses and tests relating to aviation. Cadets also have educational opportunities through museum tours, National Cadet Special Activities, military and civilian orientation rides, and guest speakers.[26]
Senior members may study aerospace through the Senior Member Professional Development Program. CAP encourages its senior members to learn about aviation and its history, although this is not mandatory. Those who complete the Aerospace Education Program for Senior Members may earn the Charles E. "Chuck" Yeager Aerospace Education Award.[26]
Through outreach programs, including the External Aerospace Education program, CAP helps school teachers integrate aviation and aerospace into the classroom by providing seminars, course materials and through sponsorship of the National Congress on Aviation and Space Education. Members also provide their communities with resources for better management of airports and other aviation-related facilities, and promote the benefits of such facilities.[26] The organization also works with other groups, such as the Boy Scouts of America, the Girl Scouts of the USA and 4-H to fulfill the education goal set down in the organization's Congressional charter â to "encourage and foster civil aviation in local communities."[26][27]
Membership As of 31 January 2020, CAP had 65,927 members â 38,000 senior members and 27,926 cadets â in over 1,600 local units in all fifty states; Washington, D.C.; and Puerto Rico, and at numerous overseas United States Air Force installations.[28][29][30] CAP members are civilians and are not paid by the United States government for their service. Rather, members are responsible for paying annual membership fees, and must pay for their own uniforms and other related expenses.[30]
Senior membership is open to all U.S. citizens, and U.S. legal permanent residents aged 18 and over who are able to pass an FBI background check. There is no upper age limit, nor membership restrictions for physical disabilities, due to the number of different tasks which members may be called on to perform. Cadet membership is open to those aged between 12 and 18 who maintain satisfactory progress in school, as determined by the cadet's unit commander; upon their 18th birthday, cadets may become senior members or remain in the Cadet Program until they are 21.[31][32]
The Civil Air Patrol motto, to which all members ascribe, is "Semper Vigilans", Latin for "Always Vigilant".[33] All CAP members are also obligated by their service to the organization to abide by its core values: integrity, respect, excellence, and volunteer service.[34]
Senior members Uniformed services pay grade Special grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 Officer candidate Civil Air Patrol vte No equivalent CAP O8.svg CAP O7.svg CAP O6.svg CAP O5.svg CAP O4.svg CAP O3.svg CAP O2.svg CAP O1.svg CAP-OF-D3.svg CAP-OF-D2.svg CAP-OF-D1.svg No equivalent Major general Brigadier general Colonel Lieutenant colonel Major Captain First lieutenant Second lieutenant Senior flight officer Technical flight officer Flight officer
NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer Senior members are members who joined CAP for the first time past the age of 18, or who are former cadets who transferred to the senior member program, which must happen by the cadet's 21st birthday. Senior members who have not yet turned 21 years are eligible for flight officer grades, which include flight officer, technical flight officer, and senior flight officer. There is no mandatory retirement age for CAP members, and there are no physical requirements for joining. Members may enter retired status after twenty years of service. The only physical requirements senior members must follow are the weight and grooming standards required in order to wear the United States Air Force-style uniforms. Senior members who do not meet the weight and grooming standards of the United States Air Force may wear alternative uniforms known as CAP Corporate uniforms.[35]
Officer grades up to lieutenant colonel reflect progression in training and organizational seniority, rather than command authority. Because of this, it is not uncommon for senior members commanding groups and squadrons to have members of superior grades serving under them. Current, retired and former members of the United States Armed Forces may be promoted directly to the CAP grade equivalent to their military grade, although some choose to follow the same standards as non-prior-service members. Except for a few exceptional cases, senior members are only promoted to the grade of CAP colonel upon appointment as a Region Commander, responsible for overseeing multiple states, or Wing Commander, responsible for the administration of CAP units across an entire state.[36]
Former military enlisted personnel may choose to retain their grade as senior members, with grades E-5 (CAP Staff Sergeant) through E-9 (CAP Chief Master Sergeant) available. Former CAP National Commander, Maj Gen Carr, unveiled plans to restructure the CAP NCO program to allow individuals to 'enlist' as an NCO and progress through a specific professional development program. According to an AF.mil article on the subject, "The current design of the NCO corps in the CAP only allows former active-duty NCOs to be a part of the corps, with no upgrade training for promotion within the ranks. The newly signed corps structure will mirror the Air Force NCO force structure with an established process to promote and develop NCOs."[37]
Senior members are provided with an optional Senior Member Professional Development program and are encouraged to progress within it. The professional development program consists of five levels, corresponding with grades from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel. Each level of development has components of leadership training, corporate familiarization and aerospace education, as well as professional development within chosen "Specialty Tracks". There are many Specialty Tracks and they are designed both to support the organization and to provide opportunities for senior members to take advantage of skills they have from their private lives.[38]
Available Specialty Tracks include Logistics, Communications, Cadet Programs, Public Affairs, Legal, Administration, Emergency Services, Finance, and many more.[38] Additionally, senior members with specific civilian professional qualifications may be awarded grades on the basis of their professional qualifications. Examples include FAA Certified Flight Instructors, Certified Ground Instructors, attorneys, medical professionals, Certified Public Accountants, clergy, and licensed educators or administrators who are often promoted directly to first lieutenant or captain.[39]
Uniformed services pay grade E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1 Civil Air Patrol vte CAP-OR-9.svg CAP-OR-8.svg CAP-OR-7.svg CAP-OR-6.svg CAP-OR-5.svg No equivalent Chief master sergeant Senior master sergeant Master sergeant Technical sergeant Staff sergeant NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1 In 2020, Civil Air Patrol introduced a new senior professional development program called Volunteer University.[40] The Volunteer University provides education and training to CAP senior members through modules and instruction, replacing the previous system including the: Officer Basic Course, Squadron Leadership School, Region Staff College, and National Staff College.
The Civil Air Patrol University senior member professional development awards recognize those members who have dedicated themselves to leadership and personal development in the CAP. These awards include:
Membership Ribbon[41] Leadership Award[42] Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Award. There is no ribbon for this award.[42] Grover Loening Award[43] Paul E. Garber Award[44] Gill Robb Wilson Award[45]
Membership Ribbon
Leadership Ribbon
Loening Ribbon
Garber Ribbon
Wilson Ribbon
Cadet members
Cadets listen to instructions during a field exercise. The Civil Air Patrol's cadet program is a traditional military-style cadet program with almost 28,000 cadets nationwide, and is one of the three main missions of the Civil Air Patrol. CAP cadets wear modified versions of United States Air Force uniforms, hold rank and grade, and practice military customs and courtesies. They are required to maintain physical fitness standards, and are tested on their knowledge of leadership and aerospace subjects at each promotion opportunity.[31]
Concept The current CAP Cadet Program was designed by John V. "Jack" Sorenson who held the position of Civil Air Patrol's Director of Aerospace Education in the 1960s. This program is composed of four phases (Learning, Leadership, Command, and Executive) each of which is divided into several achievements. Achievements generally correspond to grade promotions, while phases are tied to levels of responsibility. The Cadet Program operates at a local unit (squadron) level with weekly meetings and weekend activities, but also has national and wing-sponsored events, including week-long and multi-week summer activities and camps.[31]
As cadets progress through the program, they are given additional responsibility for scheduling, teaching, guiding and commanding the other cadets in their units. They also assist their senior staff in executing the Cadet Program. It is not unusual for a cadet officer to command an encampment of hundreds of junior Cadets.[46] Cadets are given many opportunities to lead and to follow; they may hold leadership positions at squadron and wing activities, and are often involved in planning these activities. Cadets may complete paperwork, command other cadets, and teach at weekly meetings and at weekend and summer events.[47] The U.S. Congress stated in the Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 that CAP and similar programs "provide significant benefits for the Armed Forces, including significant public relations benefits".[48]
Cadet program awards and grade structure For Civil Air Patrol cadet grades and insignia, see Cadet grades and insignia of the Civil Air Patrol. Cadets have a rank structure similar to the United States Air Force enlisted and officer grades, excluding those of general officers. A cadet starts as a cadet airman basic, and is promoted as he or she completes each achievement. Unlike the regular armed forces, where it is possible to enter as either directly as a commissioned following completion of some form of officer training (service academy, college ROTC, or OCS/OTS, etc.), or enlist and eventually advance to non-commissioned officer or petty officer status, a CAP cadet must be promoted through every CAP cadet enlisted grade in order to achieve the rank of CAP cadet second lieutenant.[31]
To complete an achievement, a cadet must pass a physical fitness test as well as two written tests, one for leadership and one for aerospace education. The only exceptions to this rule are the promotions to cadet airman and cadet staff sergeant, which have no aerospace test. For some achievements, an additional test of drill proficiency is required. In the new promotion system, effective as of 2010, there is a drill test for all CAP cadet enlisted grades.[31]
Cadet Officer Ranks Uniformed services pay grade Special grade O-10 O-9 O-8 O-7 O-6 O-5 O-4 O-3 O-2 O-1 Officer candidate Civil Air Patrol No equivalent Cadet colonel insignia Cadet lieutenant colonel insignia Cadet Major insignia Cadet Captain insignia Cadet First lieutenant insignia Cadet Second lieutenant insignia Cadet colonel C/Col Cadet lieutenant colonel C/Lt Col Cadet major C/Maj Cadet captain C/Capt Cadet first lieutenant C/1st Lt Cadet second lieutenant C/2d Lt NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer Cadet Enlisted Ranks Uniformed services pay grade E-9 E-8 E-7 E-6 E-5 E-4 E-3 E-2 E-1 Civil Air Patrol Cadet chief master sergeant insignia Cadet senior master sergeant insignia Cadet master sergeant insignia Cadet technical sergeant insignia Cadet staff sergeant insignia Cadet senior airman insignia Cadet airman first class insignia Cadet airman insignia No insignia Cadet chief master sergeant C/CMSgt Cadet senior master sergeant C/SMSgt Cadet master sergeant C/MSgt Cadet technical sergeant C/TSgt Cadet staff sergeant C/SSgt Cadet senior airman C/SrA Cadet airman first class C/A1C Cadet airman C/Amn Cadet airman basic C/AB NATO code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1 The milestones in the Civil Air Patrol Cadet Program are the Wright brothers Award, the General Billy Mitchell Award, the Amelia Earhart Award, the General Ira C. Eaker Award and the General Carl A. Spaatz Award.[31] As of April 2017, 2,103 Spaatz Awards had been earned since the first was awarded to Cadet Douglas Roach in 1964.[49] Cadet Roach went on to a United States Air Force career and later became a pilot in the Air Force Thunderbirds aerial demonstration team.[50]
Wright Brothers Ribbon
Mitchell Ribbon
Earhart Ribbon
Eaker Ribbon
Spaatz Ribbon
Each milestone award in the Civil Air Patrol confers upon a cadet various benefits. Upon earning the Mitchell Award and the grade of cadet second lieutenant, a cadet is eligible for promotion the rank of airman first class (E-3) upon enlistment in the United States Air Force.[3][51] A cadet earning the Earhart Award and being promoted to C/Capt and, if age 17 or older, may be selected to attend the International Air Cadet Exchange.
According to the CAP Knowledgebase website, the percentages for cadets receiving the milestone awards are estimated to be as follows:
Mitchell: 15% Earhart: 5% Eaker: 2% Spaatz: â0.5%[52] Accelerated promotions are available for CAP cadets who are also enrolled in Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps units.[53]
Cadets that transfer to the senior member side between the ages of 18 and 20 receive the grade of flight officer (if the highest cadet award earned was the Mitchell), technical flight officer (if the highest cadet award earned was the Earhart) or senior flight officer (if the highest cadet award earned was the Spaatz). If the cadet waits until their 21st birthday, at which point they are required to transfer to the senior member program, they are eligible for the grade of second lieutenant (if the highest cadet award was the Mitchell), first lieutenant (if the highest cadet award was the Earhart), or captain (if the highest cadet award was the Spaatz).[31]
Activities Main article: National Cadet Special Activities
Two cadets speak to a senior member in front of a Cessna 172. Cadets under the age of 18 are eligible for ten orientation flights in Civil Air Patrol aircraft, including five glider and airplane flights. Glider flights can be replaced by "powered" flights at the discretion of the Wing Commander, depending on the availability of the aircraft. Cadets over 18 years of age can still participate in military orientation flights, and some CAP wings have flight academies where cadets can learn to fly. The United States Air Force and United States Army also frequently schedule orientation flights for CAP cadets in transport aircraft such as the KC-135 Stratotanker, KC-10 Extender, C-130 Hercules and the C-17 Globemaster III or, in the case of the Army, UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook helicopters.[54]
The Civil Air Patrol's core cadet activity is the summer encampment. Typically a seven to ten-day event, cadets are put into an intense, military-structured environment with emphasis on physically and mentally demanding tasks, in addition to required classes and activities. These classes include aerospace education, United States Air Force organization, cadet programs, and drug demand reduction. Activities include the classroom courses, physical training, leadership development, and drill & ceremonies.[55] Encampments are usually held at the wing (state) level and, when available are usually at military installations, preferably active United States Air Force, Air Force Reserve Command or Air National Guard installations, with military support.[31]
The Region Cadet Leadership Schools (RCLS) provide training to increase knowledge, skills, and attitudes as they pertain to leadership and management. To be eligible to attend, cadets must be serving in, or preparing to enter, cadet leadership positions within their squadron. RCLSs are conducted at region level, or at wing level with region approval. The RCLS programs are more or less modeled on USAFA upper classmen programs, the college Air Force ROTC Professional Officer Course (POC) and latter stages of OTS. One variation on this theme are CAP Cadet Non-Commissioned Officer Schools and Academies, which are cadet NCO schools designed to teach basic leadership and principles to cadet leaders during their earlier duty positions in the cadet program.[31]
Oath Cadets ascribe to the following oath during their membership:
I pledge that I will serve faithfully in the Civil Air Patrol Cadet Program, and that I will attend meetings regularly, participate actively in unit activities, obey my officers, wear my uniform properly, and advance my education and training rapidly to prepare myself to be of service to my community, state, and nation.[56] One requirement for promotion in the Cadet Program is the ability to recite this oath, verbatim, from memory.[31]
Relationship to the military While CAP is chartered by Congress and is the auxiliary of the Air Force, it is not an operating reserve component under the United States Air Force or the federal government. The Secretary of the Air Force may use the services of the Civil Air Patrol to fulfill the non-combat programs and missions of the Department of the Air Force.[57]
Civil Air Patrol members are not subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice and do not have command or authority over any members of the United States military. Similarly, military officers have no command authority over CAP members. As part of recognition of CAP's service to the USAF, however, senior members in the grade of second lieutenant and above are allowed to wear the "U.S." collar insignia as an official part of their dress blue uniform. All CAP members are required to render military courtesies to all members of the US military and those of friendly foreign nations; however, as CAP officers are not commissioned by the President of the United States, military personnel are not required to render military courtesies to CAP personnel, though this can be done as a courtesy. CAP members are expected to render military courtesies to one another, though the implementation of this varies widely.
Although CAP retains the title "United States Air Force Auxiliary" this auxiliary status only applies when CAP members and resources are on a United States Air Force-assigned mission with an Air Force-assigned mission number.[57] When CAP resources are engaged in a USAF mission they are reimbursed by the Air Force for communications expenses, fuel and oil, and a share of aircraft maintenance expenses. In addition, CAP members are covered by the Federal Employees Compensation Act (FECA) in the event of injury while participating in the mission.[19] At all other times, such as when aiding civilian authorities, the CAP remains and acts as a private, non-profit corporation.[58]
The USAF's Air Combat Command (ACC), through 1st Air Force, is the parent command of CAP.[59] In October 2002, the USAF announced plans to move CAP "operational" mission activities from the Air Force's operations directorate (HAF/A3) to the Air Force's newly created homeland security directorate.[28]
In an announcement on 28 August 2015 by Gen. Mark Welsh, Air Force Chief of Staff, the Civil Air Patrol is included in the U.S. Air Force's definition of the "total force". To accomplish this, the USAF updated Doctrine Volume 2, Leadership, to expand the descriptions of total force and "Airmen" to consist of active duty Air Force, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Air Force Auxiliary, and Air Force Civilian Service members.[60][61] Part of that Total Force inclusion was a realignment in the responsible command which moved Civil Air Patrol-U.S. Air Force (CAP-USAF) from Air Education and Training Command through the Jeanne M. Holm Center for Officer Accession and Citizen Development at Maxwell AFB, Alabama, to Air Combat Command through 1st Air Force. This change took place on 24 June 2016.[62][63]
Uniforms The Civil Air Patrol's uniforms provide a distinctive and standard set of uniform items intended to provide a positive public image, build morale, and enhance the professionalism of the organization's membership.[35]
CAP members wear the same uniforms as active duty, guard, and reserve members, but worn with distinctive emblems, insignia, and badges to identify them as CAP members; these are categorized as "USAF-style uniforms". USAF-style uniforms may be worn by all cadets under age 18, and by cadets over age 18 and senior members who meet height and weight standards set by CAP's uniform manual.[35] In addition, CAP has a series of what are categorized as "Corporate-style uniforms" which may be worn by all senior members, and also by those cadets over age 18 who do not meet height and weight standards set for the USAF-style uniform.[35]
Uniforms are categorized in CAP's uniform manual by the environment in which the uniform is to be worn or the work to be accomplished.
Type Purpose USAF-style uniforms Corporate-style uniforms Dress uniforms These uniforms are worn for social functions of a formal and/or official nature (e.g., black tie affairs). The tuxedo is the civilian equivalent. Mess Dress AF Semi-Formal Uniform (authorized for cadets only) Corporate Semi-Formal Uniform Appropriate Civilian Attire Service uniforms Service uniforms are the everyday uniform for CAP business. The appropriate combination depends on the commander's direction and the type of event, but these uniforms are usually worn for unit meetings, professional development events, conferences, etc. Service Dress Uniform (Class A) Blue Service Uniform (Class B) Corporate Service Dress Uniform Aviator Shirt Uniform Working uniforms These working uniforms are the appropriate uniform in a flying, field, or mission environment. Choice of which combination is appropriate depends on the commander's direction and the type of event. The Corporate Working Uniform may be worn in a flying, field or mission setting when the USAF-style Class B or Aviator Shirt Uniform would be worn. Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) Flight Duty Uniform (FDU) CAP Field Uniform Corporate Flight Duty Uniform Corporate Working Uniform These uniform types are composed of:[35]
Civil Air Patrol Cadet Battle Dress Uniform, on right United States Air Force-style uniforms: Service Dress Uniform (Class A) â the United States Air Force's service dress uniform, consisting of dark blue trousers, light blue shirt with tie, dark blue jacket, and a flight or service cap. Rank is indicated on CAP-distinctive gray epaulets (for senior member officers) or sleeve stripes (for senior member non-commissioned officers). Cadet ranks are shown by epaulets, metal grade insignia. Blue Service Uniform (Class B) â identical to the service dress uniform, except without the dark blue jacket. The tie is optional when in short sleeves. Cadet enlisted and NCOs wear metal grade insignia on the collar. Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) â the digital tiger stripe style United States Air Force field uniform, which is in the process of being phased out by the USAF, with dark blue name tapes, silver text, metal insignia on the collar for enlisted grade cadets, and cloth insignia for cadet officers and senior members. (Phase in beginning 15 June 2016, mandatory wear date is 15 June 2021) Battle Dress Uniform (BDU) â the old style United States Air Force "woodland camouflage" field uniform, with ultramarine name tapes, metal insignia on the collar for enlisted grade cadets, and cloth insignia for cadet officers and senior members. (Phase out beginning 15 June 2016, mandatory phase out is 15 June 2021)[64] Flight Duty Uniform â green Nomex one-piece CWU 27/P flight suit worn by United States Air Force flight crews, styled in a manner similar to Air Mobility Command flight crews, but with CAP insignia. This is worn by CAP flight personnel only. Mess Dress Uniform â the dark blue United States Air Force mess dress uniform with CAP-distinctive insignia and sleeve braid. This is worn by senior members only. Corporate-style ("CAP distinctive") uniforms: Corporate Field Uniform â a dark blue version of the battle dress uniform. Aviator Shirt Uniform â an aviator white shirt with gray epaulets, and gray trousers. Corporate Flight Duty Uniform â a dark blue version of the one-piece flight suit made of Nomex or cotton material. Corporate Service Dress Uniform â a dark blue blazer jacket worn with a white shirt, gray trousers, and a CAP or United States Air Force tie. Corporate Working Uniform â a dark blue short-sleeve polo shirt with the CAP seal screened or embroidered on the chest, and gray trousers. This is only worn by senior members. Equipment
Civil Air Patrol Cessna 172 The Civil Air Patrol operates and maintains fixed-wing aircraft, training gliders, ground vehicles, and a national radio communications network.
The Civil Air Patrol owns and operates a fleet of predominantly Cessna 172 Skyhawk and Cessna 182 Skylane aircraft. The aircraft are in a phased refurbishment program which began in 2008, replacing engines, interior, avionics, and paint at a lower cost than new purchases.[22][65][66]
In 2003, the Australian designed and built eight-seat GippsAero GA8 Airvan was added to the fleet. Sixteen of the Civil Air Patrol's fleet of 18 Airvans carry the Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER) system, which can be used to search for aircraft wreckage based on its spectral signature. Other aircraft types include the Cessna 206 and the Maule MT-235. CAP also has a number of gliders, such as the LET L-23 Super BlanĂk, the Schleicher ASK 21 and the Schweizer SGS 2-33, used mainly for cadet orientation flights.[22][67]
Two Civil Air Patrol Cessna 182s In addition to CAP's own corporate fleet, many member-owned aircraft are made available for official tasking by CAP's volunteers should the need arise. Aircraft on search missions are generally crewed by at least three qualified aircrew members: a mission pilot, responsible for the safe flying of the aircraft; a mission observer, responsible for navigation, communications and coordination of the mission as well as ground observation; and a mission scanner who is responsible for looking for crash sites and damage clues. Additionally, the mission scanner may double as a satellite digital imaging system (SDIS) operator. Larger aircraft may have additional scanners aboard, providing greater visual coverage. Because of the additional ARCHER equipment, the crew of a Civil Air Patrol GA8 Airvan may also include an operator of the ARCHER system, depending upon the requirements of the mission and the capabilities of the aircraft.[3]
CAP owns over 1,000 vehicles (mostly vans for carrying personnel) and assigns them to units for use in the organization's missions.[3] Members who use their own vehicles are reimbursed for fuel, oil and communications costs during a USAF-assigned emergency services mission.
Civil Air Patrol Cessna 206 CAP operates a national radio network of HF (SSB) and VHF (FM) radio repeaters. There are over 500 of these repeaters strategically located across the United States.[22] Radio communications are now facilitated under NTIA specifications, to which Civil Air Patrol directorates have applied even more stringent standards. CAP's radio network is designed for use during a national or regional emergency when existing telephone and Internet communications infrastructure is not available.[68] Outside of such emergencies, most of CAP's internal communications are conducted on the Internet.
Civil Air Patrol GippsAero GA8
A senior member conducts an HF radio net Some aircraft in the CAP fleet are equipped with the SDIS. This system allows CAP to send back real-time images of a disaster or crash site to anyone with an e-mail address, allowing the mission coordinators to make more informed decisions. There are approximately 100 federally funded SDIS systems strategically located across the United States, with more than 20 additional systems funded by state and local governments.[69]
The ARCHER imaging system, mounted aboard the GA8 Airvan, uses visible and near-infrared light to examine the surface of the Earth and find suspected crash sites, evaluate areas affected by disasters, or examine foliage from an airborne perspective in order to flag possible marijuana plantations. Both the SDIS and ARCHER systems were used to great success in the response to Hurricane Katrina; ARCHER may be used in coordination with the SDIS system.[70]
A hand-held radio direction finder, most commonly the L-Tronics Little L-Per, is used by ground teams to search for downed aircraft. The ground teams carry equipment on their person that they use while in the field. This equipment includes flashlights, signal mirrors, tactical vests, safety vests, and food that will last them at least 24 hours.[71] The equipment carried by ground teams varies much by the mission at hand. Urban direction finding (UDF) missions necessitate only a small kit of gear. But intensive mountain search and rescue can require packs that provide for up to 72 hours of operational supplies and tool for the location, rescue and extraction of lost or crashed parties. This gear includes the above, plus additional water, meals, and survival gear. Although a standardized list is provided by the national command, many teams modify the list to match the needs of the mission.[72]
A number of states have legislation in place to help transfer surplus equipment to the Civil Air Patrol. For example, Texas considers its wing a state agency, and therefore legally allowed to acquire surplus or salvage property,[73] while Alaska has a program for transferring forfeited aircraft to the Alaska Wing.[74]
Organization The Civil Air Patrol is organized along a military model, with a streamlined and strictly hierarchical chain of command. There are several distinct echelons in this structure: National Headquarters, regions, wings, and squadrons or flights. An additional group echelon may be used that is placed between the wing and the squadrons/flights, at the wing commander's discretion.
The Civil Air Patrol is headed by a national commander, currently Major General Mark Smith. The organization is governed by a board of governors, established by federal law in 2001 and consisting of 11 members: four Civil Air Patrol members (currently the national commander, national vice commander, and two members-at-large appointed by the CAP National Executive Committee), four United States Air Force representatives appointed by the Secretary of the Air Force, and three members from the aviation community jointly appointed by the CAP national commander and the Secretary of the Air Force. The board of governors generally meets two or three times annually and primarily provides strategic vision and guidance to the volunteer leadership and corporate staff.[75]
The volunteer leadership consists of the national commander and his staff, comprising a Vice Commander, Chief of Staff, National Legal Officer, National comptroller, the Chief of the CAP Chaplain Service, and the CAP Inspector General. The national commander holds the grade of CAP major general; the national vice commander holds the grade of CAP brigadier general. The rest of the national commander's staff hold the grade of CAP colonel.[3]
CAP National Headquarters is located at Maxwell Air Force Base outside Montgomery, Alabama. The headquarters employs a professional staff of over 100 and is led by the CAP Executive Director (analogous to a corporate chief operating officer), who reports to the board of governors. The national headquarters staff provides program management for the organization and membership support for the 1,700+ volunteer field units across the country.[3]
Below the national headquarters level there are eight geographic regions and a handful of overseas squadrons at various military installations worldwide. Each region, commanded by a CAP colonel, encompasses several statewide organizations referred to as wings. The eight regions are the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, Southeast, Great Lakes, Southwest, North Central, Rocky Mountain, and Pacific Regions.[3][59]
The CAP units in each of the fifty states, and Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia, are coordinated by the CAP wing for that state; each wing has a commander who is a CAP colonel and the sole corporate officer for each state. Each wing commander oversees a wing headquarters staff made up of experienced volunteer members. Larger wings may have an optional subordinate echelon of groups, at the discretion of the wing commander. Each Group encompasses at least five squadrons or flights.[3][59]
Local units are called squadrons. A squadron is broken into flights. Squadrons are the main functioning body of Civil Air Patrol. Civil Air Patrol squadrons are designated as either cadet, senior, or composite squadrons. A CAP composite squadron consists of both cadets and senior members, who may be involved in any of the three missions of Civil Air Patrol. Composite squadrons have two deputy commanders to assist the squadron commander: a Deputy Commander for Seniors and a Deputy Commander for Cadets. A senior squadron includes only senior members, who participate in the emergency services or aerospace education missions of Civil Air Patrol. A cadet squadron is largely made up of cadets, with a small number of senior members as necessary for supervision of cadets and the proper execution of the cadet program.[3][59] Overseas squadrons operate independently of this structure, reporting directly to the National Headquarters.[76]
A CAP flight is a semi-independent unit that is used mainly as a stepping-stone for a new unit until they are large enough to be designated a squadron. Due to their transitory nature, there are very few flights within the CAP structure at any one time. A flight will be assigned to a squadron "parent", and it is the job of the flight and squadron commanders to work together to build the flight into a full and independent squadron.[citation needed] Flights are also used as temporary units within a squadron. These flights are dismissed after the activity or meeting they were created for. A flight within a squadron is assigned a letter, so a flight could be designated "Charlie Flight, Thunderbolt Squadron", for example. In larger squadrons, flights are permanent subunits and cadets are assigned to them.
Headquarters Civil Air Patrol-U.S. Air Force (CAP-USAF) is an active duty unit that operates under the joint jurisdiction of CAP National Headquarters and the USAF Air Combat Command, 1st Air Force.[63] Commanded by an aeronautically-rated Air Force Colonel, HQ CAP-USAF consists of approximately 75[63] active duty Air Force, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard, and civilian United States Air Force personnel (with all of the Air Force civil service personnel at CAP-USAF also being CAP members), 22 of whom are stationed at National Headquarters, staff CAP-USAF. These members advise, assist, and oversee Civil Air Patrol's operations and provide liaison between CAP and the USAF. As of August 2019, the commander of CAP-USAF is Colonel Mark A. Wootan, USAF.[77]
Funding The Civil Air Patrol is a non-profit corporation established by Public Law 79-476. It receives its funding from four major sources: membership dues, corporate donations, Congressional appropriations, and private donations.
Squadron and group financial support comes from donations and fundraising. Some units charge their own membership dues above and beyond CAP membership dues. These donations and fundraisers are how the squadrons and groups pay for their equipment, rent for facilities, and activities at the local level. A portion of funds are proceeds made during fundraisers. These are organized by individual squadrons and often include prizes for the cadets who sell the most tickets.[78] Cadets that sell tickets will receive 50% of the proceeds they made in a personal CAP "bank" in that squadron. These funds do not transfer if a cadet transfers to a different squadron or wing.[79]
Today, apart from member dues, Civil Air Patrol receives funding from donations and grants from individuals, foundations and corporations; from grants and payments from state governments for patrolling and other tasks as agreed by memorandums of understanding; and from federal funding for reimbursement of fuel, oil and maintenance plus capital expenses for aircraft, vehicles and communications equipment.[citation needed]
There are few paid positions in Civil Air Patrol. Most are located at National Headquarters, although some wings have paid administrators or accountants.[80] During 2011, Civil Air Patrol had 182 paid employees.[81]
See also Awards and decorations of the Civil Air Patrol Civil Air Patrol National Cadet Competition Other search and rescue organizations United States Coast Guard Auxiliary Explorer Search and Rescue â Boy Scouts of America program Sky Watch â United Kingdom civil aviation program State defense forces Other air force auxiliaries Royal Observer Corps â former United Kingdom civil defence service Civil Air Guard Other Air Cadet organizations Air Training Corps â U.K. Royal Canadian Air Cadets New Zealand Air Training Corps Australian Air Force Cadets Hong Kong Air Cadet Corps References Civil Air Patrol Capabilities Handbook (PDF) (Report). Civil Air Patrol. 6 November 2013. p. i, 2. "CAP Song and CAP March". CAP Knowledgebase. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2012. "Civil Air Patrol". AF.mil. United States Air Force. 23 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. "U.S. Government Printing Office". 23 December 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2012. "U.S. Government Printing Office". 23 December 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2012. Introduction to Civil Air Patrol (PDF). Maxwell AFB: National Headquarters Civil Air Patrol. 1 August 2002. CAP Pamphlet 50-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2009. Retrieved 6 March 2011. Palmer, Jerrell Dean. "Byrd, David Harold". The Handbook of Texas. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 14 April 2014. Blazich Jr, Frank A. (Spring 2019). "'Definitely Damaged or Destroyed': Reexamining Civil Air Patrol's Wartime Claims" (PDF). Air Power History. 66 (1). The 1943 claim of CAP damaging or destroying two submarines has under scrutiny proven to be inaccurate, with CAP receiving no credit for any submarine damage or destruction during the war. Hudson, Seth; Ostling, Axel; Blazich Jr, Frank A. (27 October 2018). "Civil Air Patrol Fatalities, 1941-Present" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. Retrieved 16 March 2019. "History of Civil Air Patrol" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008. "2011 Awards". World Peace Prize. Retrieved 28 December 2017. "Civil Air Patrol honored with international award". Coastal Breeze News. 16 June 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2017. "Civil Air Patrol Honored With International Award". Aviation Pros. 2 June 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2017. "S. 309 â Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved 20 May 2014. "S. 309 â Summary". United States Congress. Retrieved 20 May 2014. 36 U.S.C. § 40302 "Fact Sheet 2016" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016. "Civil Air Patrol's Three Primary Missions". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 14 November 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2016. "SAR Agencies". United States Air Force. Archived from the original on 27 April 2008. Retrieved 9 May 2008. ...CAP willingly and effectively conducts approximately three-fourths of all aerial search activity in the inland area. "Emergency Services". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 25 April 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006. Sheridan, Mary Beth (17 January 2007). "Civilian Pilots Provide Target Practice". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2008. Defense Support to Civil Authorities (DSCA) Handbook: Air Support Handbook 2007 (PDF). United States Air Force, 1 AF (AFNORTH). 1 August 2007. pp. 46â53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. "Memorandum of Understanding Between the United States Coast Guard Auxiliary, the United States Coast Guard, the Civil Air Patrol, and the Civil Air Patrol-United States Air Force" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol and United States Coast Guard Auxiliary. 31 August 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 11 November 2012. "Memorandum of Understanding Between the Civil Air Patrol and The Salvation Army Relating to Participation in Disaster Assistance" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol and The Salvation Army. 7 May 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "Info for Pilots". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2008. "Aerospace Education". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 22 May 2006. "36 USC Chapter 403 â Civil Air Patrol". Office of the Law Revision Counsel. United States House of Representatives. 2 January 2006. Archived from the original (TXT) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2008. "Civil Air Patrol". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 4 April 2008. With the attacks of September 11, 2001 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the decision was made in 2002 for the United States Air Force to move CAP "operational" mission activities from the Air Force's operations directorate (HAF/A3) to the Air Force's newly created homeland security directorate. Kornegay, Jennifer S (9 November 2010). "Civil Air Patrol Membership Soars Past 61,000". CAPVolunteerNow.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2012. Baker, Dean (27 December 2007). "Civil Air Patrol aims to serve, save lives". The Columbian. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012 â via The Seattle Times. "Cadet Program Management" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 1 February 2011. CAP Regulation 52-16. "Civil Air Patrol Membership" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 1 October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "CAP Motto". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 5 July 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "CAP Core Values". Civil AIr Patrol. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "CAP Uniform Manual" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014. "CAP Officer and Noncommissioned Officer Appointments and Promotions" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 22 November 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "New NCO Corps Structure for Civil Air Patrol Announced". AF.mil. "CAP Senior Member Professional Development Program" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 24 May 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 21 June 2011. Talbott, John W (26 February 2006). "Promotion Requirements for CAP Members" (PDF). CAP.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2009. "Education and Training". Civil Air Patrol. "Level I: Onboarding". gocivilairpatrol.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Level II: The Learning Phase". gocivilairpatrol.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Level III: The Leadership Phase". gocivilairpatrol.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Level IV: Senior Leadership Phase". gocivilairpatrol.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Level V: The Executive Leadership Phase". gocivilairpatrol.com. Retrieved 10 January 2021. "Encampment Training Manual" (PDF). New York Wing. 1 March 2002. p. 7. Retrieved 2 April 2008. The Cadet Commander (C/CC) is responsible for the implementation and conduct of the encampment program. "Cadets". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2006. 106th Congress, 2D Session (6 April 2000). Recruiting, Retention, and Reservist Promotion Act of 2000 (H.R. 4208). US Government Printing Office. Retrieved 18 October 2007[dead link] "Spaatz Award Consolidated List". The Spaatz Association. Retrieved 18 August 2017. "Gone West: Douglas C. Roach". Aero-News Network. 18 January 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2017. "Brig Gen Billy Mitchell Award". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 27 March 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008. "Percentage of cadets earning Mitchell, Earhart, Eaker and Spaatz". CAP Knowledgebase. Retrieved 21 June 2011.[permanent dead link] "Memorandum For All CAP Unit Commanders: Interim Change Letter - CAPR 52-16, Cadet Program Management" (PDF). Gocivilairpatrol.com. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2020. "Cadet Orientation Flight Syllabus" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 1 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008. "Cadet Encampment Guide" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 1 June 2014. CAPP 52-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. "CAP oath". CAP Knowledgebase. Civil Air Patrol. Retrieved 18 August 2017.[permanent dead link] 10 U.S.C. § 9442 "10 USC Chapter 909 â Civil Air Patrol". Office of the Law Revision Counsel. United States House of Representatives. 3 January 2007. Archived from the original (TXT) on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008. "Organizational Structure" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2008. Retrieved 4 April 2008. Stanfield, Whitney (28 August 2015). "Civil Air Patrol joins total force 'Airmen'". United States Air Force. Retrieved 29 August 2015. "CAP Added To Air Force Total Force". Civil Air Patrol. 28 August 2015. Retrieved 29 August 2015. "ACC Assumes Authority for CAP". Air Force Magazine. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016. "1st Air Force participates in Civil Air Patrol Transfer of Authority ceremony". 1st Air Force. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2016. "Memorandum For All CAP Members: CAP Transition to the Airman Battle Uniform (ABU)" (PDF). Gocivilairpatrol.com. 4 May 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2020. Everstine, Brian (21 November 2012). "GAO pushes Civil Air Patrol expansion". Air Force Times. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Marsh, Alton K. (January 2015). "Civil Air Patrol extends fleet life 10 years". AOPA Pilot: 46. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015. "The Airplanes â Today". The National Museum of the Civil Air Patrol. CAP Historical Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2008. "Radios and Radio Network". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. Retrieved 10 May 2008. "CAP SDIS Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Air Force. September 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2008. "ARCHER HSI System". Space Computer Corporation. Archived from the original on 9 September 2007. CAP has found many additional uses for ARCHER, including missions for homeland security, disaster assessment, and drug interdiction. "Ground & Urban Direction Finding Team Tasks" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 24 May 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 4 September 2008. "GSAR School". ColoradoWingCAP.org. Retrieved 14 October 2009. "Tex. Gov't Code § 2175.004". Texas State Legislature. 1 September 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2018. "AK Stat § 18.60.148". Justia. 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2018. "Board of Governors of the Civil Air Patrol" (PDF). United States Air Force. 27 February 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008. "Overseas Cadet Squadrons" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 15 October 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2008. "Col. Wootan Assumes CAP-USAF Command". Civil Air Patrol Newsroom. Civil Air Patrol. 29 August 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019. "Raffles & Unrelated Business Income". Civil Air Patrol. "CAP Regulation 39-2: Civil Air Patrol Membership" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 9 January 2017. "Employment". Civil Air Patrol. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2008. "IRS Form 990" (PDF). GuideStar. Civil Air Patrol. 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2014. Further reading "CAP Pamphlet 50-5: Introduction to Civil Air Patrol" (PDF). Civil Air Patrol. 1 August 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Learn to Lead. Civil Air Patrol. 2010. Leadership for the 21st Century. Civil Air Patrol. 2004. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. "Civil Air Patrol National Website". Civil Air Patrol. 2007. Check |archive-url= value (help) "Air Force Instruction 10-2701: Organization and Function of the Civil Air Patrol" (PDF). United States Air Force. 29 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2016 â via Civil Air Patrol. Burnham, Frank A. (1974). Hero Next Door: Story of the Civilian Volunteers of the Civil Air Patrol. Fallbrook: Aero Publishers. ISBN 0-8168-6450-0. OCLC 979443. Neprud, Robert E. (1948). Flying Minute Men: The Story of the Civil Air Patrol. New York City: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. OCLC 401797. Stanley, John B. (1954). Squadron Alert! A Civil Air Patrol Adventure Story. New York City: Dodd, Mead and Company. OCLC 1512370. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 26 February 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil Air Patrol. Official website Edit this at Wikidata Civil Air Patrol Newsroom Civil Air Patrol 2020 Fact Sheet Civil Air Patrol National History Program Civil Air Patrol Historical Foundation and National Museum Spaatz Association vte Wings of the Civil Air Patrol vte United States Air Force vte United States Military Auxiliaries vte Military and police auxiliary organizations within the United States vte United States Armed Forces Authority control Edit this at Wikidata ISNI: 0000 0001 0015 5748LCCN: n50082300SNAC: w6129qx1VIAF: 148898037WorldCat Identities: lccn-n50082300 Categories: Civil Air Patrol Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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Post by Freddie on Apr 25, 2021 18:54:52 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ JR. WOODCHUCK RANKS This lists all of the ranking titles that the nephews, the generals, and even the hound have been honoured with throughout the stories. ALPHABETICAL BY RANK B.E.L.L.E.R.I.N.G.B.U.L.L.N.E.C.K. (Bellicose Expecter of Limitless Lionization, Esteem, Reverence, and Indefatigable, Never-dying Gung-ho as well as Bedeviller of Unskillful, Lunkheaded Lallygaggers, and Nemesis of Extemporizing Campground Know-nothings) B.O.W.W.O.W. (Bestrewer of Well-Padded Wisdom, Omniscence, and Whatever) B.R.A.S.S.G.R.A.S.S.E.R. (Brain Rattling Assigner Stupendous Sweatouts and Giver of Awesome Scathing Scoldings and Expurgatory Roustings) B.T.H.H.M. (Bucket To Hold His Medals) C.O.D.F.A.T.H.E.R. (Ceremonialized Oratorical Discourser on Fishes, Alfalfa, Toadstools, Humans, Earwigs, and/or Rodents) C.O.O.L.H.E.A.D. (Calmer of Outbreaks, Outcries, Lamentations, Hassless, Expostulations, And Disquietude) Chevaliers of the Honor Guard Commandants of the Hightails' Hall of Heroes Commander-in-Chief Corporal Butterball D.E.M.I.J.O.H.N. (Dynamic Earthshaking Molder of Immaculate Junk Oeliterators Here and Now) D.O.G. (Doctor of Odd-ball Gimmickry) Exalted Grand Marshall Exalted Hightails Field Marshal Fox G.C.O.T.O.O.M. (Grand Commanders Of The Order Of Mercury) G.P.O.O.T.K.H. (Great Peerless Overseer Of The Kitchen Help) G.U.C.O.T.R.O.I.S. (Great, Unopposable Commandant Of The Realm Of Inextinguishabale Sagacity) G.U.F.F.S.P.O.U.T.E.R. (Gentle, Unflappable, Friendly Fellow, and Serene, Peaceful, Orderly, Tranquil Example of Reasonableness) * Generals H.I.S.S. and P.O.A.H.M. (Hardheaded Intuitive Sagacity Spreader and Possessor Of All Hiss Marbles) H.I.S.T.O.R.Y.N.U.T. (Hypercritical Inquiring Seeker into Tales of Old and Rumors of Yore, as well as Noser-outer of Unprovable Tommyrot) H.O.T.S.H.O.T.T.E.R. (Hawkeyed Ogler of Twigs, Sprigs, Herbs, Oaks, Truffles, Thickets, Eelgrass and Ragweeds) I.R.O.N.H.E.A.R.T. (Interpid Router of Overblown Nocturnal Hobgoblins and Exposer of Addlepated Rumormongering Taletellers) I.T.S.A.A.D.C.O.T.F.O.I.K. (International Twelve-Star Admiral And Deputy Custodian Of The Fountain Of Inexhaustible Knowledge) J.O.I.C.K.S. (Just Ordinary Insignificant Kid Simpletons) J.O.Y.K.I.L.L.E.R. (Jaw-Breaking Order Yeller and Know-it-all Intoner of Leather-lunged Lecturing, Excoriating and Rank-rattling) K.I.N.G. (Knightly, Intrepid, Natatorial Guardian) Lieutenant-General Holsworthy Hog M.A.S.L.L.B.P.C.M. (Mighty Admirable Sachem of the Long Limousine and Benevolent Paver of the Clubhouse Mortgage) M.O.N.K.E.Y.S.U.N.C.L.E. (Multifabulous Overseer of Noteworthy Knot-tying, Eagle-spying, Yodel-crying, and Sock-drying as well as Understander of Nature and Converser with Lions and Elks) O.D.D.B.A.L.L.E.R. (Observer of Devious Doings and Bestower of Accolades and Limitless Laurels upon Entitled Recipients O.G.U.F.O.O.L. (Omnipotent Giver of Unimpeachably Full-bodied Observations on Omniscient Logic) O.O.O.T.Q.F.U.E. (Omnipotent Overseer Of The Quest For Unsurpassable Excellence) Philodemus Gentlefogg, J.A.W.B.O.N.E. (Judicious, Abstruse, Wise Bestower of Neolithic Edification (of Duckburg Burrow Number 22 of the Junior Woodchucks of the World)) R.I.N.G.T.A.I.L.E.D.S.N.O.R.T.E.R. (Radiant, Illustrious, Notable, Glittering, Topflight, Analytical Instructor in Logistical Engineering Dynamics and Sharpeyed, Nitpicking, Overseer, Recorder, Tabulator and Excuse Rejector) Rear Admirals of the Arctic Snows S.A.P.P.Y.P.A.P.P.Y. (Stern Advocator of Peanuts-Picking Yard-masterism and Peerless Abecedarian Producer of Prabeworthy Youth) S.L.A.C.K.E.R.W.H.A.C.K.E.R. (Stentorian, Law-spouting, Adjudicating Cracker of Knobs and Expounder of Rules as well as Watchdog, Herdmaster, Admiral, Commodore, King, Emperor and Rip-roarer S.L.O.B. (Simple, Lowdown, Ordinary Boobhound) S.M.O.G.D.O.G. (Snifferocious Measurer, Observer, and Gatherer of Deleterious Oxygen Gunkups) S.O.A.P.F.R.E.A.K. (Stern Overseer of Aquatic Peccadillos and Fastidious Rectifier of Ecological Abuses and Knaveries) S.O.S.S. (Saver Of Stranded Souls) S.S.S.S. (Supremely Sagacious Spoor Sniffer) S.U.E.O.T.U. (Supreme Unsurpassable Engineers Of The Universe) Supreme Exalted Bridge Masters of the Yawning Gulfs T.A.I.L.C.R.A.N.K.E.R. (Tempestuous Assailer of Indolent Lackadaisicalness and Case-hardened Requirer of Absolute Nose-dripping, Kowtowing, Ear-cocking Regimentationalism) T.O.P.B.R.A.S.S. (Thunderbolt of Omnisient Perspicacity and Boss Ramrod of Abounding Succor Spreaders) T.R.O.O.P.E.R.P.O.O.P.E.R. (Tempestuous Requester of Overblown Obedience, Perfection, Enthusiasm, and Reliability as well as Propounder of Outrageously Ostentations Programs, Enterprises and Razzledazzles) T.U.B.B.A.B.L.U.B.B.E.R. (Towering, Unperturbable Bellwether of Brobdingnagian Adventures and Belchfiring Larruper of Unsavory Beachrats, Buccaneers, and Ecology Ravagers) Ten Star Generals Trainer Boldan True Trooper Hogg W.A.F.E.R.W.A.V.E.R. (Whip-cracking Achiever of Frightfully Efficient Regimentation and Wrathful Arm-twisting Vocalizer of Expostulatory Rake-Doukk) HDL13 HDL06 HDL11 WDCS276 HDL25 HDL09 WDCS150 WDCS150 WDCS125 HDL23 HDL10 WDCS253 WDCS132 WDCS150 HDL25 WDCS253 WDCS276 WDCS181 HDL14 WDCS132 HDL06 HDL13 HDL16 HDL12 WDCS181 WDCS253 HDL12 WDCS276 WDCS136 U$49 HDL20 HDL11 U$49 WDCS221 HDL08 HDL08 WDCS150 HDL10 HDL21 WDCS261 HDL22 HDL17 WDCS261 WDCS261 WDCS195 WDCS181 HDL11 HDL07 HDL23 HDL15 WDCS132 WDCS282 HDL23 HDL19 ALPHABETICAL BY ISSUE HDL06 HDL06 HDL07 HDL08 HDL08 HDL09 HDL10 HDL10 HDL11 HDL11 HDL11 HDL12 HDL12 HDL13 HDL13 HDL14 HDL15 HDL16 HDL17 HDL19 HDL20 HDL21 HDL22 HDL23 HDL23 HDL23 HDL25 HDL25 U$49 U$49 WDCS125 WDCS132 WDCS132 WDCS132 WDCS136 WDCS150 WDCS150 WDCS150 WDCS150 WDCS181 WDCS181 WDCS181 WDCS195 WDCS221 WDCS253 WDCS253 WDCS253 WDCS261 WDCS261 WDCS261 WDCS276 WDCS276 WDCS276 WDCS282 B.O.W.W.O.W. (Bestrewer of Well-Padded Wisdom, Omniscence, and Whatever) H.I.S.S. and P.O.A.H.M. (Hardheaded Intuitive Sagacity Spreader and Possessor Of All Hiss Marbles) T.O.P.B.R.A.S.S. (Thunderbolt of Omnisient Perspicacity and Boss Ramrod of Abounding Succor Spreaders) Philodemus Gentlefogg, J.A.W.B.O.N.E. (Judicious, Abstruse, Wise Bestower of Neolithic Edification (of Duckburg Burrow Number 22 of the Junior Woodchucks of the World)) R.I.N.G.T.A.I.L.E.D.S.N.O.R.T.E.R. (Radiant, Illustrious, Notable, Glittering, Topflight, Analytical Instructor in Logistical Engineering Dynamics and Sharpeyed, Nitpicking, Overseer, Recorder, Tabulator and Excuse Rejector) C.O.O.L.H.E.A.D. (Calmer of Outbreaks, Outcries, Lamentations, Hassless, Expostulations, And Disquietude) D.E.M.I.J.O.H.N. (Dynamic Earthshaking Molder of Immaculate Junk Oeliterators Here and Now) S.A.P.P.Y.P.A.P.P.Y. (Stern Advocator of Peanuts-Picking Yard-masterism and Peerless Abecedarian Producer of Prabeworthy Youth) B.R.A.S.S.G.R.A.S.S.E.R. (Brain Rattling Assigner Stupendous Sweatouts and Giver of Awesome Scathing Scoldings and Expurgatory Roustings) O.D.D.B.A.L.L.E.R. (Observer of Devious Doings and Bestower of Accolades and Limitless Laurels upon Entitled Recipients T.A.I.L.C.R.A.N.K.E.R. (Tempestuous Assailer of Indolent Lackadaisicalness and Case-hardened Requirer of Absolute Nose-dripping, Kowtowing, Ear-cocking Regimentationalism) I.R.O.N.H.E.A.R.T. (Interpid Router of Overblown Nocturnal Hobgoblins and Exposer of Addlepated Rumormongering Taletellers) J.O.Y.K.I.L.L.E.R. (Jaw-Breaking Order Yeller and Know-it-all Intoner of Leather-lunged Lecturing, Excoriating and Rank-rattling) B.E.L.L.E.R.I.N.G.B.U.L.L.N.E.C.K. (Bellicose Expecter of Limitless Lionization, Esteem, Reverence, and Indefatigable, Never-dying Gung-ho as well as Bedeviller of Unskillful, Lunkheaded Lallygaggers, and Nemesis of Extemporizing Campground Know-nothings) H.I.S.T.O.R.Y.N.U.T. (Hypercritical Inquiring Seeker into Tales of Old and Rumors of Yore, as well as Noser-outer of Unprovable Tommyrot) G.U.F.F.S.P.O.U.T.E.R. (Gentle, Unflappable, Friendly Fellow, and Serene, Peaceful, Orderly, Tranquil Example of Reasonableness) * T.U.B.B.A.B.L.U.B.B.E.R. (Towering, Unperturbable Bellwether of Brobdingnagian Adventures and Belchfiring Larruper of Unsavory Beachrats, Buccaneers, and Ecology Ravagers) H.O.T.S.H.O.T.T.E.R. (Hawkeyed Ogler of Twigs, Sprigs, Herbs, Oaks, Truffles, Thickets, Eelgrass and Ragweeds) S.O.A.P.F.R.E.A.K. (Stern Overseer of Aquatic Peccadillos and Fastidious Rectifier of Ecological Abuses and Knaveries) W.A.F.E.R.W.A.V.E.R. (Whip-cracking Achiever of Frightfully Efficient Regimentation and Wrathful Arm-twisting Vocalizer of Expostulatory Rake-Doukk) M.O.N.K.E.Y.S.U.N.C.L.E. (Multifabulous Overseer of Noteworthy Knot-tying, Eagle-spying, Yodel-crying, and Sock-drying as well as Understander of Nature and Converser with Lions and Elks) S.L.A.C.K.E.R.W.H.A.C.K.E.R. (Stentorian, Law-spouting, Adjudicating Cracker of Knobs and Expounder of Rules as well as Watchdog, Herdmaster, Admiral, Commodore, King, Emperor and Rip-roarer S.M.O.G.D.O.G. (Snifferocious Measurer, Observer, and Gatherer of Deleterious Oxygen Gunkups) Corporal Butterball T.R.O.O.P.E.R.P.O.O.P.E.R. (Tempestuous Requester of Overblown Obedience, Perfection, Enthusiasm, and Reliability as well as Propounder of Outrageously Ostentations Programs, Enterprises and Razzledazzles) Trooper Hogg C.O.D.F.A.T.H.E.R. (Ceremonialized Oratorical Discourser on Fishes, Alfalfa, Toadstools, Humans, Earwigs, and/or Rodents) Field Marshal Fox M.A.S.L.L.B.P.C.M. (Mighty Admirable Sachem of the Long Limousine and Benevolent Paver of the Clubhouse Mortgage) O.G.U.F.O.O.L. (Omnipotent Giver of Unimpeachably Full-bodied Observations on Omniscient Logic) Commander-in-Chief Exalted Grand Marshall Generals Ten Star Generals Lieutenant-General Holsworthy Hog Chevaliers of the Honor Guard Commandants of the Hightails' Hall of Heroes Exalted Hightails Rear Admirals of the Arctic Snows G.U.C.O.T.R.O.I.S. (Great, Unopposable Commandant Of The Realm Of Inextinguishabale Sagacity) I.T.S.A.A.D.C.O.T.F.O.I.K. (International Twelve-Star Admiral And Deputy Custodian Of The Fountain Of Inexhaustible Knowledge) Supreme Exalted Bridge Masters of the Yawning Gulfs S.U.E.O.T.U. (Supreme Unsurpassable Engineers Of The Universe) O.O.O.T.Q.F.U.E. (Omnipotent Overseer Of The Quest For Unsurpassable Excellence) D.O.G. (Doctor of Odd-ball Gimmickry) G.C.O.T.O.O.M. (Grand Commanders Of The Order Of Mercury) J.O.I.C.K.S. (Just Ordinary Insignificant Kid Simpletons) S.L.O.B. (Simple, Lowdown, Ordinary Boobhound) S.O.S.S. (Saver Of Stranded Souls) S.S.S.S. (Supremely Sagacious Spoor Sniffer) B.T.H.H.M. (Bucket To Hold His Medals) G.P.O.O.T.K.H. (Great Peerless Overseer Of The Kitchen Help) K.I.N.G. (Knightly, Intrepid, Natatorial Guardian) Trainer Boldan True * Barks forgot to invent a word for the second U in the title... www.cbarks.dk/theseriesjwtitles.htm Date 2005-04-04
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Post by Freddie on Apr 25, 2021 19:22:33 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
GAMES MOVIES TV VIDEO WIKIS Search START A WIKI
The Monster M*A*S*H Wiki The Monster M*A*S*H Wiki 1,111 PAGES ADD NEW PAGE THE SHOW EPISODES OTHER MEDIA EXPLORE DISCUSS in: Commanding officers of the 4077 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, M*A*S*H television series characters, Doctors, and 3 more Major Frank Burns EDIT COMMENTS (3) SHARE "Bottom of the barrel. Major Burns, Major Frank Burns. Everybody calls him 'Ferret Face'. That'll give you an idea of how devoted we are to him."
[~Hawkeye telling B.J. about Frank (Welcome To Korea)]
Major Frank Burns
Larry Linville as Frank Burns (TV series, 1972-1977) M*A*S*H character Vital information Rank: Major (O-4), U.S. Army Reserve, later promoted to Lt. Colonel (O-5) when transferred to a VA Hospital in Indiana [alleged] Job/Role in Unit: Former Ranking Surgeon and Second-In-Command at the 4077th M*A*S*H Home: Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. Hair Color: Brown Eye Color: Hazel Height: 6'0" Weight: 185 lbs. Family/Personal information Born: June 13 (debatable); birth year unknown Birthplace: Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S. Nationality/Race: Naturalized American (family immigrated to US in 1927); Caucasian Spouse(s): Louise Burns Relatives/Children: Unnamed father Unnamed mother Unnamed Brother 3 daughters Unnamed uncle from Texarkana Appearances First appeared in: "MASH (film)" Last appeared in: "Margaret's Marriage" (Season 5) Appeared in: M*A*S*H (TV series)/MASH (film) Played by: Robert Duvall (film) Larry Linville (TV series) Major Franklin Delano Marion Burns was ranking surgeon and second-in-command at the 4077th MASH. He was portrayed by Robert Duvall in the 1970 film and by Larry Linville through the first five seasons of the TV series. In the original 1968 novel, Frank Burns was a Captain, and though he had no surgical experience, he was brash and arrogant, which frequently caused friction with the other surgeons. Duke, and later Trapper, get into a fistfight with Frank after he blames an orderly for the death of one of his patients.
In the 1970 film, Frank was pious, claiming to be a man of God, but still blaming others for his own mistakes. The most prominent example was taken directly from the novel when Frank wrongly accused an orderly named Boone of killing his patient; Boone is crushed, but Trapper John (Elliott Gould) punches Frank in retribution.
In the TV series Frank was not much better: He was very high-strung, hypocritical and unpleasant to be around. Similar to his literary character, he was a self-exalting second-rate surgeon. He was also a firm disciplinarian who regularly espoused Army regulations to everyone else, but he was also maladroit, and at times even feckless in his duties. His ineffectiveness earned him the nickname "Ferret Face," which was given to him by his brother, but first used in the TV series by Trapper John in Season 1.
Frank was once described by Larry Linville, who played him on TV, as a man with "a mind that had stripped its gears".
Contents About Frank Frank's wife Affair with Margaret Houlihan Other women As a surgeon Anything for money "I'm in charge here!" As commander As a soldier Relationship with others "Goodbye, Ferret Face" Frank-isms Research notes/Fun facts References About Frank Frank is married with three daughters and lives in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He once mentioned that his family came to America in 1927 (though he never said where they came from) . At the time of the Korean war (1950-53), Frank would have to be at least 40 years old; it was established that he struggled to get through medical school, and then was in practice for twelve years; this would suggest that Frank himself was an immigrant. (The Trial of Henry Blake)
Frank's birthday was supposedly June 13, which is debatable, as he is thrown a birthday party in the winter in For Want of a Boot. His birth year is never mentioned.
Frank's wife Frank married his wife Louise some time before he came into the Army; in There is Nothing Like a Nurse, the other surgeons watch a home movie of Frank's wedding. They cannot help but notice that Louise is scowling through the entire film. Very few people attended the wedding, and most of the ones that did were also scowling or frowning. In the home movie Frank is depicted as being henpecked by his wife; as they leave for their honeymoon Louise gets behind the wheel and orders Frank to get in the passenger seat, which he sheepishly does. (When the nurses return, a similar situation happens with Frank and Margaret causing Hawkeye and Trapper to laugh again.)
Affair with Margaret Houlihan
Robert Duvall as Frank Burns in the 1970 film.
In the 1970 film, when Major Margaret Houlihan arrives at the 4077th as the new head nurse, she and Frank almost immediately hit it off sharing a common tendency for strict military discipline as well as a mutual disdain of all the un-military hijinks that have flared up since Hawkeye, Duke and Trapper John arrived in camp. They decide to join forces and write a letter of complaint to General Hammond, and as they finish, they begin a romance that does not last long. Later the same night when Frank visits Margaret to check up on her, the two soon begin having sex, oblivious to Radar secretly placing the PA microphone underneath her cot so Trapper, Duke and the others could listen to them in the office. When Trapper decides that the rest of the camp needs to hear the two going at it, they broadcast their rendezvous over the loudspeakers until Margaret hears her own voice feeding back, at which point she abruptly stops and quickly rushes Frank out of her quarters. The next day in the Mess Tent, when Hawkeye quietly taunts Frank about what Margaret is like in bed, Frank leaps over the table and physically assaults him before he is restrained. He is last seen in the film being shipped out wearing a straitjacket.
Throughout the first four seasons of the TV series Frank and Margaret had an ongoing affair, which was a poorly-kept secret throughout the Army, though the two convinced themselves that nobody else knew. Frank went to great lengths to prevent word about his affair with Margaret getting to the wrong people; to this end, he destroyed every love note that Margaret ever wrote to him. When Margaret tells Frank that she saved everything he ever wrote to her, he panics inwardly; one night while she is on duty in Post-Op, he sneaks into her quarters to find his notes and destroy them, but in the futile process he winds up completely trashing her tent. (This was a continuity error; in Hot Lips and Empty Arms, Margaret returned all of his love notes to him.)
But Frank's attempts to keep his ongoing tryst secret ultimately fail when his wife Louise, after finding out about Frank's affair from another soldier, writes him demanding a divorce. Frank is able to call home from Potter's office and successfully begs Louise to call off the divorce claiming that Margaret was just a "war horse" and an "army mule" who meant nothing to him. Frank is satisfied with himself until he gets a chair thrown at him by Margaret, who heard the whole conversation on the phone in Radar's office.
Other women Margaret was not Frank's first affair. Under delirium, he once admitted to hooking up with his housekeeper (Soldier Of The Month), and in The Novocaine Mutiny, Hawkeye brings up the fact that Frank had an ongoing affair with his receptionist twice a week at a hotel. Besides Margaret, Frank tries to hit on two other nurses in camp: once when he was drunk, he danced with and tried to romance Nurse Kellye (Der Tag), and then after Margaret got engaged, he claimed to have his eye on a little red-haired nurse, whom he pointed out was younger than Margaret (Margaret's Engagement).
Despite his affairs, Frank's paranoia led to hypocritical measures; he hired a private detective to spy on his wife to see if she was cheating, and then hired a second private detective to watch the first one to make sure he wasn't cheating with her (Post Op). In one episode, he claims he wants her to be the same woman he married, yet he becomes almost hysterical when he finds out that she is a volunteer worker for the Republican party, is beginning to wear "slacks," and actually went on a day trip to Indianapolis with her friends (Dear Sigmund).
As a surgeon In every incarnation of the character, Frank Burns fancied himself a superior surgeon, but his surgical actions did little more than amplify his ineptitude; on many occasions, a patient of his has been spared death only because of a second glance or follow-up action by one of the other surgeons. As such, in order to maintain their stellar 98% survival rate, Frank was often relegated to lesser cases; to wit, patients that did not have life-threatening injuries. But even with this, Frank was still prone to making bad calls that did not sit well with the rest of the doctors. For example:
In Deal Me Out, Frank, once again citing Army regulations, refused to operate on a seriously wounded CID officer unless and until another CID man showed up and observed during surgery to make sure the patient did not blurt out any sensitive information. When Frank casually mentioned this to Hawkeye and Trapper, the two promptly went to OR and did the surgery, during which Trapper noted that the patient could very well have died had they not intervened. In the film, when Frank unjustly accused an corpsman of killing his patient, Trapper subsequently punches him in retribution. In the series, Frank decides to remove a damaged kidney from a patient, until Trapper notices in the x-ray that the patient had only one kidney left. In another episode, Frank decides to "go after the appendix" of a patient for no particular reason, only to have Henry, who was assisting him, say that the appendix Frank was going after was his pinky finger. In another episode, B.J. was being the gas passer while Frank was operating, but when the patient loses his pulse, Frank immediately givesup and started to walk away. An offended B.J. took over and frantically attempted to revive the patient; initially, Frank, who took to monitoring the pulse, smugly told B.J. that it wasn't working, until it did, and to his surprise the patient was revived, but Frank showed no gratitude to B.J. for his intervention. Frank once admitted that he flunked out of medical school twice before finally graduating after paying money for the answers to the exam. In one episode, he claims to have studied 7 years before graduating 120th in his medical class of 200. He also admitted that he failed at being a practical nurse when he couldn't fold hospital bed sheets. Frank claims he was in practice for 12 years and that the local funeral director sent him thank-you cards every Christmas.
Anything for money Even with his many surgical shortcomings, Frank still exalted himself over the others, largely because of his own thriving practice back home while the other surgeons were making paltry incomes as they were sharpening their own procedural skills. Frank often bragged about his material possessions, and once claimed to Margaret that he couldn't marry her because he couldn't afford both a new wife and an ex-wife; the truth was that he refused to divorce his wife because the house and stocks were in her name, and also because he was in his father-in-law's will, indicating Louise's family has all the money.
Frank's love of money knew no boundaries. Despite his affluence, Frank cheated on his income taxes by presenting phony statements of income; he also has a gainful prescription kickback racket, along with an expensive house, two cars, a yacht, and a membership to a men's club. Hawkeye once observed Frank's incorrigible greed saying that he "married for money" and "became a doctor for money," and then quipped that "if there was money in dying, he'd throw himself under a truck in a minute". Examples of these include:
In Major Fred C. Dobbs, Frank cancels his and Margaret's transfer requests when he heard that there were large amounts of gold to be discovered nearby, but it was later revealed that this was only a prank orchestrated by Hawkeye and Trapper. In Mail Call...Again, Frank lies to his wife about his affair with Margaret and claims his house and stocks are in her name, and also confirms with her that he's still a beneficiary in his father-in-law's will. In Out of Sight, Out of Mind, Frank cheats on baseball bets with the rest of the camp after he already knew the game's outcome. Hawkeye, B.J., and the others hoodwinked Frank by broadcasting a phony baseball game in which the outcome was completely different from the actual game, and Frank got stuck having to pay off his bets. In Souvenirs, Frank illegally bought a priceless Korean vase for $27.75 and tried to smuggle it back home, but Hawkeye and B.J. switched the vase for a bedpan, returning the vase to its rightful owner. In Post Op, Frank claimed that he came across a patient with an unknown disease. Burns named the disease "Burns' Blight" and was all set to get a royalty grant.. until the patient recovered. "I'm in charge here!" Frank, with Margaret's support, longed to oust Colonel Blake and take over command of the 4077th, often going to extensive and underhanded (sometimes unethical, and even illegal) measures to achieve this end, mostly through letters of complaint about Henry to Army brass. But all of their attempts failed.
The most prominent example was The Trial of Henry Blake, in which Frank and Margaret brought formal charges of treason against Henry for giving aid and comfort to the enemy. Hawkeye and Trapper knew the truth and were ready to testify in Henry's defense, but Frank had them placed under house arrest until Radar and Klinger helped them to escape. The truth was that Blake had donated medical supplies to a North Korean clinic run by American nurse Meg Cratty, who also testified in Henry's defense at the hearing. The presiding officer was ready to dismiss the case, but Frank refused to drop the charges until Hawkeye and Trapper threatened to tell his wife about Margaret, at which point Frank abruptly changed his mind.
His official non-surgical duties included:
Sanitary inspection officer [kitchen] Garbage detail officer Latrine detail officer Food procurement officer, and Physical fitness instructor Lecturer; He gave lengthy, boring and pointless speeches to the enlisted every Friday on why the War is being fought. As commander After Henry was discharged, Frank assumed command of the camp until word came down from I Corps that the 4077th was getting a new commander in the person of Colonel Sherman Potter. Deeply upset at being passed over, Frank went off alone to sulk. Though Potter soon endeared himself to everyone else in the camp, including Margaret, Frank remained resentful and often insulted Potter behind his back, and sometimes unintentionally right to his face; his attitude earned him the nickname "Head Twerp" from Potter.
During the few and brief times Frank commanded the 4077th, he micromanaged camp operations, and often barked out orders in contradiction to other people's actions just for the sake of asserting his command. One example of this was in Welcome To Korea, when Frank asks Radar if he brushes his teeth; when Radar replies he always does right after breakfast, Frank replies, "I want it done before!" He often abused his authority as many of his orders, ridiculous as they were, came very close to being unreasonable and even unlawful. Frank's primary concern was maintaining a rigid military bearing and lording his authority while doing nothing about morale; in Welcome to Korea he implies to Father Mulcahy that he couldn't care less about camp morale and is only interested in his maintaining his own, even at Margaret's expense.
In contrast to Frank's bullying and over-the-top patriotism, his true colors showed through when the real pressure was on. In times of dire emergency, including when the camp was under fire, being faced with a deluge of wounded, or any other problem that fell outside of his comfort zone, Frank turned into a panicky, dithering coward.
As a soldier Frank's inability as a surgeon was matched by his worthlessness as a soldier; in his younger years, he was a Scoutmaster until he accidentally set himself on fire. His clumsiness also carries over to firearms: one example, while he was cocking a gun, he was admonished by Hawkeye to be careful; Frank answered "I can handle a firearm with the best of 'em," and immediately shot out the light in the Swamp. Worse yet, he accidentally nicked B.J. in his leg while cleaning his pistol (The Abduction of Margaret Houlihan) and then later grazed himself in the leg twice while returning a general's stolen pearl-handled pistol to a gun bin, a pistol that he himself stole, though Radar was blamed (The Gun). In Rainbow Bridge, Frank (on Margaret's suggestion) foolishly brings a gun to a prisoner exchange which very nearly results in the surgeons being shot. In Deal Me Out, Burns' gung-ho patriotism angered one patient (John Ritter) so much the man armed himself and briefly took Burns hostage in the shower.
Frank's physical prowess leaves much to be desired. Aside from his own medical issues (anemia, a hernia, a bad back, and a very low threshold for pain, once saying "A hemorrhoid can put me into a coma"), he has been punched out by Hawkeye, Trapper, Klinger, Zale, and more than once by Margaret. Frank is twice awarded the Purple Heart: one for throwing his back out while dancing with Margaret, and the other for getting an shell fragment (an egg-shell fragment) in his eye. Both times, he doesn't keep the medal; one went to a hospitalized soldier whom Hawkeye exposed for being underage and ordered sent home, the other to a Korean newborn baby whose mother was wounded just before giving birth (the baby was also wounded in utero).
Frank was given to emotionally unstable and childish outbursts, especially when he didn't get his own way. Examples include when Henry selected Hawkeye as Chief Surgeon over him, and also after learning that he was to be replaced as camp commander by Colonel Potter. After finding out that Margaret had gotten engaged to Donald Penobscott while on R&R, Frank almost went completely crazy and decided to fashion himself as a commando-type hero and almost blew himself up with a hand grenade. After he rounded up a Korean family and brought them back to camp as prisoners, Potter remarked that Frank was "heading for a Section Eight", but Radar saved him when he put a call through to his mother, during which Frank revealed that his "friend" (Margaret) only pretended to like him in the same way that his father pretended to like him (Margaret's Engagement).
Relationship with others Frank did not get along well with the other surgeons. Hawkeye remarks he doesn't like him because he is a mean person and a lousy doctor (38 Across); Trapper John called him a "medical moron", saying he "couldn't cut a salami without bungling it"; B.J. wrote that Hawkeye claims Frank became a doctor only after washing out of embalming school. As the surgeons watch Frank's home movie of his wedding and reception, they can't help but laugh at Frank's inability to hold a knife correctly even to cut his own wedding cake; Hawkeye quips "Watch the cake die of malpractice!" (There Is Nothing Like a Nurse).
Aside from being dismissive of the other officers, Frank was condescending and very abusive to the enlisted personnel, particularly Radar, whom he derisively nicknamed "pipsqueak" and "runt"; one time he told Radar to keep out of the conversation "unless there's a call for Philip Morris", which naturally offended Radar. On numerous occasions when Frank would enter the Swamp, which he often referred to as "officers country", when he found Radar there talking with Hawkeye or Trapper (or B.J.) Frank would often yell at him to get out, or chase him out of the tent, which never sat well with his Swampmates. Accordingly, he was disliked by everyone else in the camp, including eventually Margaret after she became engaged to Donald. He eventually acknowledges this when Radar arranges a call to his mother after he goes off the deep end when Margaret gets engaged (see above). While Frank was known for his intolerant and callous nature, his replacement, Major Charles Emerson Winchester III, outwardly displayed similar qualities, but in contrast, Winchester was an excellent surgeon as well as generous and kind-hearted (though he often hid these traits from others).
As mentioned before, Frank also had a hypocritical streak. In George, when Frank finds out that a wounded and bruised soldier, Private George Weston, is gay (or as he mentions to Henry, "One of them"), Frank is ready to report Weston and have him dishonorably discharged. Hawkeye and Trapper later get into a mock argument during which Trapper "confesses" that he bought the answers for a med school examination; when Frank admits that he did the same thing, Hawkeye and Trapper, revealing their ruse, confront Frank about his piousness, and persuade him to drop his actions against George.
There was also no love lost between Frank and the Korean locals. He had a backward sense of logic, constantly referring to Koreans as "foreigners", completely ignoring the fact that being in Korea he himself was the outsider. Frank was often the first to accuse locals of theft whenever something of his turned up missing, and often made it a point to admonish the others in camp when they would give or loan money to the locals. In Frank's defense, however, it should be pointed out that some of his accusations were correct.
There were times when Frank did show some humanity, but these moments are very few and far between. Examples include:
When Hawkeye reopens a patient who developed serious complications. After agonizing over it for days, he finally finds the culprit, a tiny piece of shrapnel lodged beneath the patient's sigmoid colon, Burns admits "anybody could have missed that". After the orphan boy Kim wanders into a minefield, Burns is concerned over Kim's safety, even though it was his and Margaret's carelessness that allowed Kim to wander off in the first place. Colonel Flagg attempted to use Frank and Margaret's pedanticism to get them to help him in one of his outrageous schemes. Frank and Margaret were initially compliant, but eventually reconsidered once they realized how far Flagg was willing to go for the sake of advancing his own agenda. Although Frank was disliked and treated with contempt by his tentmates, he was occasionally shown some regard. In The Most Unforgettable Characters, when Frank laments about having a lousy birthday, Hawkeye and B.J. decide they're going to give him a birthday present by staging an argument between them (which soon becomes all too real), which lifts Burns' spirits considerably until Radar unknowingly intervenes and begs the two to make peace. .
As evidenced by his (and Margaret's) repeated attempts to oust Henry from command, Frank was not above manipulation or thoughts of conspiracy. He once goaded Klinger and Zale into a boxing match so that he could step in and stop the fight once Potter got involved, making it look like he was doing a good deed (and impress Margaret). When Hawkeye and B.J. learned of Frank's scheme and told Klinger and Zale, all Frank got for his troubles was a knockout punch to the face by both Klinger and Zale at the same time. Frank was about to bring Klinger and Zale up on charges until he found out that he himself could face charges for promoting a fight.
"Goodbye, Ferret Face" Frank is crushed when he finds out that Margaret has become engaged to Colonel Penobscott; further exacerbating his hurt feelings was Margaret's incessant praise of her new fiancé in Frank's presence, which for once caused Hawkeye to actually feel sorry for him. After the wedding at camp, the newlyweds take off for their honeymoon in Tokyo, and Hawkeye, B.J. and Potter arrange for Frank to take some time off in Seoul.
In Fade Out, Fade In, Frank is uncharacteristically late returning to camp from R&R, and Potter soon gets a series of phone calls from an MP sergeant in Seoul telling of Frank's attempts to molest several different blonde women he believed to be Margaret, but he repeatedly evades the MPs until he is finally caught after accosting a general and his wife in a steam bath. Army brass decide that Frank should be held for psychiatric evaluation, and then sent back stateside-- permanently.
Upon hearing that Frank is gone for good, the doctors are ecstatic, with B.J. remarking that "this reduces the enemy to just North Korea". Potter proposes a toast to the now-departed Burns, and Hawkeye tries to think of something "tender and sentimental" to say as a final tribute, but all he can come up with is, "Goodbye, Ferret Face", and after Hawkeye, B.J., Potter, and Radar share a drink, they all start whooping and throwing papers in the air in celebration.
But Frank is the one who seems to have the last laugh: Before leaving Korea, he calls the 4077th and tells Hawkeye and B.J. that not only were the charges dropped, but he was reassigned to command a VA hospital back in Fort Wayne, and also promoted to Lieutenant Colonel.
(Given his mental state at the time, it is possible, even probable, that Frank's story was contrived. The fact that he was given to self-aggrandizement in previous episodes should be considered, most notably his phony version of events that led to The Novocaine Mutiny.) Citing his belief that there was little left that could be done with his character except for brief moments of comic relief, Larry Linville decided that the fifth season of the series would be his last. When the producers and writers scrambled to replace Frank, they decided on a different kind of character. In the season 6 episodes Fade Out, Fade In: Part I and Part II , David Ogden Stiers joined the cast as Major Charles Emerson Winchester III, an aristocratic Bostonian who, unlike Burns, was an outstanding surgeon.
Frank-isms Frank had a penchant for malaprops:
"I believe that marriage is the headstone of American society." ...for saying things that were twisted around onto themselves:
"Anybody who needs psychiatry is sick in the head." "Individuality is fine, as long as we all do it together." "I'm only paranoid because everyone is against me!" ...for letting information slip that was not meant to be revealed:
"Major Houlihan and I are intimate with each other at all times." ...and for making statements that simply made no sense at all.
"I've always felt people volunteer better by force." "Unless we each conform, unless we obey orders, unless we follow our leaders blindly, there is no possible way we can remain free." "I never give a dime to charity. I believe every man has a right to be poor." Research notes/Fun facts During the first 5 seasons, Major Burns is absent from 4 episodes:
The Moose (Season 1, Episode 5) Adam's Ribs (Season 3, Episode 11) Hawkeye (Season 4, Episode 19) The More I See You (Season 4, Episode 23) A commentator on Ken Levine's blog recalled how Larry Linville once dealt with criticism that the Frank Burns character was too much of a caricature and unrealistic. Linville had said that whenever he met with groups of veterans who were fans of M*A*S*H, he would ask them which character they thought was the most realistic. Invariably, the veterans would choose Frank Burns, because "they also had that S.O.B. in their outfits".[1] References Pat Reeder, October 20, 2007 (10:31 a.m.), comment on Ken Levine, âCharles Emerson Winchester,â The World as Seen by a TV Comedy Writer ... by Ken Levine (blog), October 18, 2007, (8:22 p.m.), URL or Archive URL Categories: Commanding officers of the 4077 Mobile Army Surgical HospitalM*A*S*H television series charactersDoctors1970 M*A*S*H film charactersM*A*S*H TV Series Main CharactersVisitors and PatientsADD CATEGORY Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. Add a comment about Major Frank Burns 3 comments
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Write a reply A Fandom user · 2021-02-20 I am now reading about him.but I can tell you,that I have one of his cigarette gold case ,in my position.his favorite oneđđ
Write a reply Candybaroque · 2020-09-22 Frank Burns eats worms
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Post by Freddie on Apr 26, 2021 19:01:12 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSCOOP www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Scoop.jpgALLEGIANCE: AUTOBOT SUB-GROUP: TARGETMASTER HUMAN COMPONENTS: TRACER AND HOLEPUNCH FUNCTION: FIELD INFANTRY FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 60 "Generosity has its own rewards." Profile: Scoop is an Autobot of few words. He lets his actions do the talking. Respected by friend and foe alike for his gung-ho, never-say-die attitude, he rightfully deserves his reputation as the most capable, reliable Autobot warrior in a ground skirmish. Rather than pummeling his enemies into submission through the use of sheer force, he relies on his cool-headed logic and vast knowledge of military strategy to outwit and defeat them. And no matter how dangerous the situation he's in, he's never too busy to lend a helping shovel to a fellow Autobot. He's the kind of soldier you would want nearby if you were pinned down by Decepticon laser fire in a slag swamp and were running low on ammunition. Scoop would get you out of there and have the 'Cons firing at each other before you could shift your gears. Scoop is teamed with the Nebulans Tracer and Holepunch. Tracer was serving time in a prison on Nebulos for a crime he committed as a youth and has regretted ever since. He volunteered for service with the Autobot Targetmasters to defend his world from the evil Scorponok and his band of power-hungry Decepticons as a way of repaying his debt to Nebulan society. He hopes that his good deeds with the Autobots will one day lead to an official pardon. A former office manager for a water purification company on Nebulos, Holepunch enlisted with the Autobots as soon as the Decepticon threat to Nebulos materialized. "What's the sense of working to keep the water supply clean," he reasoned, "if these Decepticons wind up befouling the whole planet?!" Abilities: Scoop can transform into a power shovel ground vehicle. Composed of a super-alloy devised by Quickmix, the shovel is impervious to all weapons fire short of a small nuclear explosion and is often used as a shield. It can lift up to 60 tons and smash through virtually any barrier. In this mode, Scoop has a maximum speed of 80 mph and range of 200 miles. Tracer is bio-engineered to convert to a twin-barrelled ion blaster with a laser-targeting sight. Holepunch is bio-engineered to convert to a dual compression cannon. His concentrated blasts of air are powerful enough to shatter plate steel and knock a jet fighter out of the sky from a distance of two miles. Tracer and Holepunch combine to form a single weapon that retains the capabilities of both components. Scoop can wield Tracer and Holepunch in his robot and power shovel modes. Weaknesses: Scoop is prone to overheating when using his shovel to lift too heavy a load for extended periods of time, resulting in complete, albeit temporary, systems shutdown. In combined weapons mode, the connections between Tracer and Holepunch sometimes misalign, which causes them to jam when fired.
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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2021 16:18:00 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
LOGOUT Stardrift Empires NovaCREDITS150STORELUCKY DRAWNews TIME15:14:32 Planet_21 Valoria â3:492:8 Colony_slot Colony 1 Colony_slot Colony 2 Colony_slot Colony 3 Colony_slot Colony 4 Colony_slot Colony 5 Colony_slot Colony 6 Colony_slot Colony 7 Colony_slot Colony 8 ORE20,790,841Trade_merchant_iconCRYSTAL17,695,801Trade_merchant_iconHYDRO.3,006,683 HOMEFLEETSGALAXYLEADERSTECHBADGESCREW MISSIONS BUILDINGS RESEARCH SHIPYARD DEFENSE FACTORY WORKERS ITEMS 21 ACHIEVEMENTS Do Awesome Things, Earn Badges! 3120 of 23260 Points CombatMiscScience/TechAlliance Solar_leech_2 LEVEL 2 Solar Leech 50 Upgrade 1 Solar Array to level 17. Capable_builder_1 LEVEL 1 Capable Builder 10 Upgrade 1 Capitol to level 3. Hydrogen_powerhouse_2 LEVEL 2 Hydrogen Powerhouse 30 Upgrade 1 Hydrogen Synthesizers to level 13. Mining_aid_2 LEVEL 2 Mining Aid 50 Possess 12 Mine Droids. Crystal_powerhouse_2 LEVEL 2 Crystal Powerhouse 30 Upgrade 1 Crystal Mine to level 13. Ore_powerhouse_2 LEVEL 2 Ore Powerhouse 30 Upgrade 1 Ore Mine to level 13 Technologist_1 LEVEL 1 Technologist 10 Upgrade 1 Research Lab to level 5. Jet_technician_2 LEVEL 2 Jet Technician 50 Research Jet Drive to level 10. Armor_technician_1 LEVEL 1 Armor Technician 10 Research Armor Tech to level 5. Automated_crew_2 LEVEL 2 Automated Crew 75 Possess 18 Crew Droids. Shield_technician_1 LEVEL 1 Shield Technician 5 Research Shield Tech to level 2. Particle_technician_2 LEVEL 2 Particle Technician 50 Research Particle Tech to level 10. Droid_industrialist LEVEL 1 Droid Industrialist 20 Upgrade Factory to level 4. Assisted_building LEVEL 1 Assisted Building 30 Possess 4 Build Droids. Laser_technician_1 LEVEL 1 Laser Technician 10 Research Laser Tech to level 6. Energy_technician_1 LEVEL 1 Energy Technician 10 Research Energy Tech to level 5. Droid_enthusiast LEVEL 1 Droid Enthusiast 50 Unlock all Droids. A_i_technician_1 LEVEL 1 A.I. Technician 10 Research A.I. Tech to level 6. Guided_research LEVEL 1 Guided Research 20 Possess 2 Lab Droids. Pulse_technician_2 LEVEL 2 Pulse Technician 75 Research Pulse Drive to level 8. Plasma_technician_2 LEVEL 2 Plasma Technician 75 Research Plasma Tech to level 9. Ftl_technician_2 LEVEL 2 FTL Technician 50 Research FTL Tech to level 9. Espionage_technician LEVEL 1 Espionage Technician 50 Research Espionage Tech to level 10. Warp_technician_1 LEVEL 1 Warp Technician 30 Research Warp Drive to level 4. Expedition_technician LEVEL 1 Expedition Technician 75 Research Expedition Tech to level 8. Locked Building Mogul 75 Unlock all Buildings. Locked Ship Master 100 Unlock all Ships. Locked Tech Junkie 50 Unlock all Tech. Locked Defense Specialist 75 Unlock all Defenses. Locked Mission Chief 100 Unlock all Missions. Locked Completionist 200 Completely unlock the Tech Tree. Locked Technologist: 2 50 Upgrade 1 Research Lab to level 10. (7 of 10) Locked Star Of Death 75 Possess a Zeus Class Assault Unit. Locked Collective Innovation 100 Obtain an Advanced Research Communication Network. Locked Ore Powerhouse: 3 75 Upgrade 4 Ore Mines to level 13. (0 of 13) Locked Crystal Powerhouse: 3 75 Upgrade 4 Crystal Mines to level 13. (0 of 13) Locked Hydrogen Powerhouse: 3 75 Upgrade 4 Hydrogen Synthesizers to level 13. (0 of 13) Locked Solar Leech: 3 100 Upgrade 4 Solar Arrays to level 17. (0 of 17) Locked Capable Builder: 2 75 Upgrade 4 Capitols to level 6. (0 of 6) Locked Agile Architect: 1 20 Build 1 Foundry. Locked Lunar Expansion 200 Upgrade 4 Lunar Bases to level 5. Locked Desperado: 1 20 Plunder 100,000 total resources in a single attack. Locked Pillager: 1 20 Plunder 1,000,000 total resources cumulatively. (0 of 1000000) Locked Hoarder: 1 20 Obtain 250,000 total resources in a single harvest mission. Locked Spoils Of War: 1 20 Obtain 500,000 total resources cumulatively from Debris Fields. (0 of 500000) Locked Tricks Of The Trade 20 Trade 2,000,000 amount of total resources cumulatively. (0 of 2000000) Locked Laser Technician: 2 50 Research Laser Tech to level 14. (10 of 14) Locked Armor Technician: 2 75 Research Armor Tech to level 12. (10 of 12) Locked Shield Technician: 2 50 Research Shield Tech to level 12. (10 of 12) Locked A.I. Technician: 2 50 Research A.I. Tech to level 12. (10 of 12) Locked Energy Technician: 2 50 Research Energy Tech to level 11. (10 of 11) Locked Warp Technician: 2 100 Research Warp Drive to level 8. (7 of 8) Locked War Machine 100 Possess a Hephaestus Class Attack Platform Locked Barnacle: 1 30 Plunder 500,000 total resources cumulatively from Krug, Urcath, and Seeker Encounters. (0 of 500000) FACEBOOK | SUPPORT | RULES WIKI MESSAGE BOARD | FAQ | OPTIONS | Stardrift Empires - Nova Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. ©2021 Blue Frog Gaming. All rights reserved. Syfy_logo Bfg_logo Page rendered at 15:14:25.
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Post by Freddie on Apr 27, 2021 17:48:25 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đThis is a good article. Click here for more information. Page semi-protected United Nations From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "UN" redirects here. For other uses, see United Nations (disambiguation) and UN (disambiguation). United Nations Flag of United Nations Arabic: Ù
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ĐĐ°ŃĐžĐč Spanish: OrganizaciĂłn de las Naciones Unidas Flag Emblem of United Nations Arabic: Ù
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ĐĐ°ŃĐžĐč Spanish: OrganizaciĂłn de las Naciones Unidas Emblem Members of the United Nations Members of the United Nations Headquarters 760 United Nations Plaza New York City (international territory) Official languages ArabicChineseEnglishFrenchRussianSpanish[1] Type Intergovernmental organization Membership 193 member states 2 observer states Leaders âą SecretaryâGeneral AntĂłnio Guterres âą Deputy Secretary-General Amina J. Mohammed âą General Assembly President Volkan Bozkır âą Economic and Social Council President Munir Akram âą Security Council Presidency Vietnam Establishment âą UN Charter signed 26 June 1945 (75 years ago) âą Charter entered into force 24 October 1945 (75 years ago) Website UN.org UN.int Preceded by League of Nations The United Nations Office at Geneva (Switzerland) is the second biggest UN centre, after the United Nations Headquarters (New York City). The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that aims to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.[2] It is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.[3] The UN is headquartered on international territory in New York City, with its other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague. The UN was established after World War II with the aim of preventing future wars, succeeding the ineffective League of Nations.[4] On 25 April 1945, 51 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law.[5] At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; with the addition of South Sudan in 2011, membership is now 193, representing almost all of the world's sovereign states.[6] The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles.[7] UN membership grew significantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by the Trusteeship Council.[8] By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development programmes far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN shifted and expanded its field operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.[9] The UN has six principal organs: the General Assembly; the Security Council; the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC); the Trusteeship Council; the International Court of Justice; and the UN Secretariat. The UN System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, funds and programmes such as the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Additionally, non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UN's work. The UN's chief administrative officer is the Secretary-General, currently Portuguese politician and diplomat AntĂłnio Guterres, who began his five year-term on 1 January 2017. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states. The UN, its officers, and its agencies have won many Nobel Peace Prizes, though other evaluations of its effectiveness have been mixed. Some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called it ineffective, biased, or corrupt. Contents 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 Declarations by the Allies of World War II 1.3 Founding 1.4 Cold War Era 1.5 Post-Cold War 2 Structure 2.1 General Assembly 2.2 Security Council 2.3 UN Secretariat 2.4 International Court of Justice 2.5 Economic and Social Council 2.6 Specialized agencies 2.7 Funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other bodies 3 Membership 3.1 Group of 77 4 Objectives 4.1 Peacekeeping and security 4.2 Human rights 4.3 Economic development and humanitarian assistance 4.4 Other 5 Funding 6 Evaluations, awards, and criticism 6.1 Evaluations 6.2 Awards 6.3 Criticism 7 Model United Nations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links 12.1 Official websites 12.2 Others History Main article: History of the United Nations Background In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross were formed to ensure protection and assistance for victims of armed conflict and strife.[10] In 1914, a political assassination in Sarajevo set off a chain of events that led to the outbreak of World War I. As more and more young men were sent down into the trenches, influential voices in Britain and the United States began calling for the establishment of a permanent international body to maintain peace in the postwar world. President Woodrow Wilson became a vocal advocate of this concept, and in 1918 he included a sketch of the international body in his Fourteen Points to end the war. In November 1918, the Central Powers agreed to an armistice to halt the killing in World War I. Two months later, the Allies met to hammer out formal peace terms at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was approved, and in the summer of 1919 Wilson presented the Treaty of Versailles and the Covenant of the League of Nations to the US Senate which refused to consent to the ratification. On 10 January 1920, the League of Nations formally came into being when the Covenant of the League of Nations, ratified by 42 nations in 1919, took effect.[11] The League Council acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members â Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan. Although the United States never joined the League, the country did support its economic and social missions through the work of private philanthropies and by sending representatives to committees. After some successes and some failures during the 1920s, the League proved ineffective in the 1930s. It failed to act against the Japanese invasion of Manchuria as in February 1933. Forty nations voted for Japan to withdraw from Manchuria but Japan voted against it and walked out of the League instead of withdrawing from Manchuria.[12] It also failed against the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, despite trying to talk to Benito Mussolini, but he used the time to send an army to Africa. The League had a plan for Mussolini to just take a part of Ethiopia, but he ignored the League and invaded Ethiopia. The League tried putting sanctions on Italy, but Italy had already conquered Ethiopia and the League had failed.[13] After Italy conquered Ethiopia, Italy and other nations left the league. But all of them realized that it had failed and they began to re-arm as fast as possible. During 1938, Britain and France tried negotiating directly with Hitler but this failed in 1939 when Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia. When war broke out in 1939, the League closed down and its headquarters in Geneva, which remained empty throughout the war.[14] Declarations by the Allies of World War II 1943 sketch by Franklin Roosevelt of the UN original three branches: The Four Policemen, an executive branch, and an international assembly of forty UN member states The first specific step towards the establishment of the United Nations was the Inter-Allied conference that led to the Declaration of St James's Palace on 12 June 1941.[15][16] By August 1941, American President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill had drafted the Atlantic Charter to define goals for the post-war world. At the subsequent meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the eight governments in exile of countries under Axis occupation, together with the Soviet Union and representatives of the Free French Forces, unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and United States.[17][18] President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill met at the White House in December 1941 for the Arcadia Conference. Roosevelt coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries. He suggested it as an alternative to "Associated Powers", which the U.S. used in World War I (the U.S. was never formally a member of the Allies of World War I but entered the war in 1917 as a self-styled "Associated Power"). The British Prime Minister accepted it, noting its use by Lord Byron in the poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage.[19][20] The text of the Declaration by United Nations was drafted on 29 December 1941, by Roosevelt, Churchill, and Roosevelt aide Harry Hopkins. It incorporated Soviet suggestions but included no role for France. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, which Stalin approved after Roosevelt insisted.[21][22] Roosevelt's idea of the "Four Powers", referring to the four major Allied countries, the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Republic of China, emerged in the Declaration by United Nations.[23] On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister Churchill, Maxim Litvinov, of the USSR, and T. V. Soong, of China, signed the "Declaration of The United Nations",[24] and the next day the representatives of twenty-two other nations added their signatures. During the war, "the United Nations" became the official term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis powers.[25] The October 1943 Moscow Conference resulted in the Moscow Declarations, including the Four Power Declaration on General Security which aimed for the creation "at the earliest possible date of a general international organization". This was the first public announcement that a new international organization was being contemplated to replace the League of Nations. The Tehran Conference followed shortly afterwards at which Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met and discussed the idea of a post-war international organization. Founding The UN in 1945: founding members in light blue, protectorates and territories of the founding members in dark blue The new international organization was formulated and negotiated among the delegations from the Allied Big Four at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from 21 September to 7 October 1944. Representatives from the United States and the United Kingdom met first with those from the Soviet Union and, in the following week, with representatives from the Republic of China. They agreed on proposals for the aims, structure and functioning of the new international organization.[26][27][28] It took the conference at Yalta, plus further negotiations with Moscow, before all the issues were resolved.[29] By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed the Declaration by United Nations.[30] After months of planning, the UN Conference on International Organization opened in San Francisco, 25 April 1945, attended by 50 governments and a number of non-governmental organizations.[31][32][33] The Big Four sponsoring countries invited other nations to take part and the heads of the delegations of the four chaired the plenary meetings.[34] Winston Churchill urged Roosevelt to restore France to its status of a major Power after the liberation of Paris in August 1944. The drafting of the Charter of the United Nations was completed over the following two months; it was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Councilâthe US, the UK, France, the Soviet Union and the Republic of Chinaâand by a majority of the other 46 signatories.[35] The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, and the Security Council took place in London beginning in January 1946.[35] Debates began at once, covering topical issues such as the presence of Russian troops in Iranian Azerbaijan, British forces in Greece and within days the first veto was cast.[38]
The General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, construction began on 14 September 1948 and the facility was completed on 9 October 1952. Its siteâlike UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobiâis designated as international territory.[39] The Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General.[35]
Cold War Era
Dag Hammarskjöld was a particularly active Secretary-General from 1953 until his death in 1961. Though the UN's primary mandate was peacekeeping, the division between the US and USSR often paralysed the organization, generally allowing it to intervene only in conflicts distant from the Cold War.[40] Two notable exceptions were a Security Council resolution on 7 July 1950 authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the North Korean invasion of South Korea, passed in the absence of the USSR,[35][41] and the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953.[42]
On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly approved a resolution to partition Palestine, approving the creation of the state of Israel.[43] Two years later, Ralph Bunche, a UN official, negotiated an armistice to the resulting conflict.[44] On 7 November 1956, the first UN peacekeeping force was established to end the Suez Crisis;[45] however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following that country's revolution.[46]
On 14 July 1960, the UN established United Nations Operation in the Congo (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to bring order to the breakaway State of Katanga, restoring it to the control of the Democratic Republic of the Congo by 11 May 1964.[47] While traveling to meet rebel leader Moise Tshombe during the conflict, Dag Hammarskjöld, often named as one of the UN's most effective Secretaries-General,[48] died in a plane crash; months later he was posthumously awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[49] In 1964, Hammarskjöld's successor, U Thant, deployed the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.[50]
With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s, the organization's membership saw an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.[45] On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many Third World nations, the mainland, communist People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China that occupied Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.[51] Third World nations organized into the Group of 77 coalition under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN.[52] On 10 November 1975, a bloc comprising the USSR and Third World nations passed a resolution, over the strenuous US and Israeli opposition, declaring Zionism to be racism; the resolution was repealed on 16 December 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.[53][54]
With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange.[55] By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its peacekeeping budget.
Post-Cold War
Kofi Annan, Secretary-General from 1997 to 2006
Flags of member nations at the United Nations Headquarters, seen in 2007 After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in five years than it had in the previous four decades.[56] Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold.[57][58][59] The UN negotiated an end to the Salvadoran Civil War, launched a successful peacekeeping mission in Namibia, and oversaw democratic elections in post-apartheid South Africa and post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia.[60] In 1991, the UN authorized a US-led coalition that repulsed the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait.[61] Brian Urquhart, Under-Secretary-General from 1971 to 1985, later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.[62]
Beginning in the last decades of the Cold War, American and European critics of the UN condemned the organization for perceived mismanagement and corruption.[63] In 1984, US President Ronald Reagan, withdrew his nation's funding from United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) over allegations of mismanagement, followed by the UK and Singapore.[64][65] Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Secretary-General from 1992 to 1996, initiated a reform of the Secretariat, reducing the size of the organization somewhat.[66][67] His successor, Kofi Annan (1997â2006), initiated further management reforms in the face of threats from the US to withhold its UN dues.[67]
Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Somalia, Haiti, Mozambique, and the former Yugoslavia.[68] The UN mission in Somalia was widely viewed as a failure after the US withdrawal following casualties in the Battle of Mogadishu. The UN mission to Bosnia faced "worldwide ridicule" for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.[69] In 1994, the UN Assistance Mission for Rwanda failed to intervene in the Rwandan genocide amid indecision in the Security Council.[70]
From the late 1990s to the early 2000s, international interventions authorized by the UN took a wider variety of forms. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 authorised the NATO-led Kosovo Force beginning in 1999. The UN mission (1999-2006) in the Sierra Leone Civil War was supplemented by a British military intervention. The invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 was overseen by NATO.[71] In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness.[72]
Under the eighth Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, the UN intervened with peacekeepers in crises such as the War in Darfur in Sudan and the Kivu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo and sent observers and chemical weapons inspectors to the Syrian Civil War.[73] In 2013, an internal review of UN actions in the final battles of the Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure".[74] In 2010, the organization suffered the worst loss of life in its history, when 101 personnel died in the Haiti earthquake.[75] Acting under United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 in 2011, NATO countries intervened in the Libyan Civil War.
The Millennium Summit was held in 2000 to discuss the UN's role in the 21st century.[76] The three day meeting was the largest gathering of world leaders in history, and culminated in the adoption by all member states of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a commitment to achieve international development in areas such as poverty reduction, gender equality, and public health. Progress towards these goals, which were to be met by 2015, was ultimately uneven. The 2005 World Summit reaffirmed the UN's focus on promoting development, peacekeeping, human rights, and global security.[77] The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.[78]
In addition to addressing global challenges, the UN has sought to improve its accountability and democratic legitimacy by engaging more with civil society and fostering a global constituency.[79] In an effort to enhance transparency, in 2016 the organization held its first public debate between candidates for Secretary-General.[80] On 1 January 2017, Portuguese diplomat AntĂłnio Guterres, who previously served as UN High Commissioner for Refugees, became the ninth Secretary-General. Guterres has highlighted several key goals for his administration, including an emphasis on diplomacy for preventing conflicts, more effective peacekeeping efforts, and streamlining the organization to be more responsive and versatile to global needs.[81]
Structure Main article: United Nations System The UN system is based on five principal organs: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), the International Court of Justice and the UN Secretariat.[82] A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations on 1 November 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory.[83]
Four of the five principal organs are located at the main UN Headquarters in New York City.[84] The International Court of Justice is located in The Hague, while other major agencies are based in the UN offices at Geneva,[85] Vienna,[86] and Nairobi.[87] Other UN institutions are located throughout the world. The six official languages of the UN, used in intergovernmental meetings and documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish.[88] On the basis of the Convention on the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, the UN and its agencies are immune from the laws of the countries where they operate, safeguarding the UN's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries.[89]
Below the six organs sit, in the words of the author Linda Fasulo, "an amazing collection of entities and organizations, some of which are actually older than the UN itself and operate with almost complete independence from it".[90] These include specialized agencies, research, and training institutions, programs and funds, and other UN entities.[91]
The UN obeys the Noblemaire principle, which is binding on any organization that belongs to the UN system. This principle calls for salaries that will draw and keep citizens of countries where salaries are highest, and also calls for equal pay for work of equal value independent of the employee's nationality.[92][93] In practice, the ICSC takes reference to the highest-paying national civil service.[94] Staff salaries are subject to an internal tax that is administered by the UN organizations.[92][95]
Principal organs of the United Nations[96]vte UN General Assembly â Deliberative assembly of all UN member states â UN Secretariat â Administrative organ of the UN â International Court of Justice â Universal court for international law â UN General Assembly hall Headquarters of the UN in New York City International Court of Justice May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council (UNSC); Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC; Adopts the budget; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary General (following their proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote. Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget); Its chairpersonâthe UN Secretary Generalâis elected by the General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative. Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction; Issues legal opinions; Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms. UN Security Council â For international security issues â UN Economic and Social Council â For global economic and social affairs â UN Trusteeship Council â For administering trust territories (currently inactive) â UN security council UN Economic and Social Council UN Trusteeship Council Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security; May adopt compulsory resolutions; Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members. Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters; Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies; Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates. Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations mandates; Has been inactive since 1994, when Palau, the last trust territory, attained independence. General Assembly Main article: United Nations General Assembly
Mikhail Gorbachev, Soviet general secretary, addressing the UN General Assembly in December 1988 The General Assembly is the main deliberative assembly of the UN. Composed of all UN member states, the assembly meets in regular yearly sessions, but emergency sessions can also be called.[97] The assembly is led by a president, elected from among the member states on a rotating regional basis, and 21 vice-presidents.[98] The first session convened 10 January 1946 in the Methodist Central Hall in London and included representatives of 51 nations.[35]
When the General Assembly decides on important questions such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, a two-thirds majority of those present and voting is required.[99][100] All other questions are decided by a majority vote. Each member country has one vote. Apart from the approval of budgetary matters, resolutions are not binding on the members. The Assembly may make recommendations on any matters within the scope of the UN, except matters of peace and security that are under consideration by the Security Council.[97]
Draft resolutions can be forwarded to the General Assembly by its six main committees:[101]
First Committee (Disarmament and International Security) Second Committee (Economic and Financial) Third Committee (Social, Humanitarian, and Cultural) Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization) Fifth Committee (Administrative and Budgetary) Sixth Committee (Legal) As well as by the following two committees:
General Committee â a supervisory committee consisting of the assembly's president, vice-president, and committee heads Credentials Committee â responsible for determining the credentials of each member nation's UN representatives Security Council Main article: United Nations Security Council
Colin Powell, the US Secretary of State, demonstrates a vial with alleged Iraq chemical weapon probes to the UN Security Council on Iraq war hearings, 5 February 2003 The Security Council is charged with maintaining peace and security among countries. While other organs of the UN can only make "recommendations" to member states, the Security Council has the power to make binding decisions that member states have agreed to carry out, under the terms of Charter Article 25.[102] The decisions of the council are known as United Nations Security Council resolutions.[103]
The Security Council is made up of fifteen member states, consisting of five permanent membersâChina, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United Statesâand ten non-permanent members elected for two-year terms by the General Assembly (with end of term date)âBelgium (term ends 2020), Dominican Republic (2020), Estonia (2021), Germany (2020), Indonesia (2020), Niger (2021), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2021), South Africa (2020), Tunisia (2021), and Vietnam (2021).[104] The five permanent members hold veto power over UN resolutions, allowing a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, though not debate. The ten temporary seats are held for two-year terms, with five member states per year voted in by the General Assembly on a regional basis.[105] The presidency of the Security Council rotates alphabetically each month.[106]
UN Secretariat Main articles: United Nations Secretariat and Secretary-General of the United Nations
Current secretary-general, AntĂłnio Guterres The UN Secretariat is headed by the secretary-general, assisted by the deputy secretary-general and a staff of international civil servants worldwide.[107] It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by UN bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and other UN bodies.[108]
The secretary-general acts as the de facto spokesperson and leader of the UN. The position is defined in the UN Charter as the organization's "chief administrative officer".[109] Article 99 of the charter states that the secretary-general can bring to the Security Council's attention "any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security", a phrase that Secretaries-General since Trygve Lie have interpreted as giving the position broad scope for action on the world stage.[110] The office has evolved into a dual role of an administrator of the UN organization and a diplomat and mediator addressing disputes between member states and finding consensus to global issues.[111]
The secretary-general is appointed by the General Assembly, after being recommended by the Security Council, where the permanent members have veto power. There are no specific criteria for the post, but over the years it has become accepted that the post shall be held for one or two terms of five years.[112] The current Secretary-General is AntĂłnio Guterres, who replaced Ban Ki-moon in 2017.
Secretaries-General of the United Nations[113] No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office Notes - Gladwyn Jebb United Kingdom 24 October 1945 2 February 1946 Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election 1 Trygve Lie Norway 2 February 1946 10 November 1952 Resigned 2 Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden 10 April 1953 18 September 1961 Died in office 3 U Thant Burma 30 November 1961 31 December 1971 First non-European to hold office 4 Kurt Waldheim Austria 1 January 1972 31 December 1981 5 Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru 1 January 1982 31 December 1991 6 Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt 1 January 1992 31 December 1996 Served for the shortest time 7 Kofi Annan Ghana 1 January 1997 31 December 2006 8 Ban Ki-moon South Korea 1 January 2007 31 December 2016 9 António Guterres Portugal 1 January 2017 Incumbent International Court of Justice Main article: International Court of Justice
The court ruled that Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence from Serbia in 2008 did not violate international law. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in The Hague, in the Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the UN. Established in 1945 by the UN Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The ICJ is composed of 15 judges who serve 9-year terms and are appointed by the General Assembly; every sitting judge must be from a different nation.[114][115]
It is based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. The ICJ's primary purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has heard cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference, ethnic cleansing, and other issues.[116] The ICJ can also be called upon by other UN organs to provide advisory opinions.[114] It is the only organ that is not located in New York.
Economic and Social Council Main article: United Nations Economic and Social Council The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the General Assembly in promoting international economic and social co-operation and development. ECOSOC has 54 members, who are elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term. The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen amongst the small or middle powers represented on ECOSOC. The council has one annual meeting in July, held in either New York or Geneva. Viewed as separate from the specialized bodies it co-ordinates, ECOSOC's functions include information gathering, advising member nations, and making recommendations.[117][118] Owing to its broad mandate of co-ordinating many agencies, ECOSOC has at times been criticized as unfocused or irrelevant.[117][119]
ECOSOC's subsidiary bodies include the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which advises UN agencies on issues relating to indigenous peoples; the United Nations Forum on Forests, which coordinates and promotes sustainable forest management; the United Nations Statistical Commission, which co-ordinates information-gathering efforts between agencies; and the Commission on Sustainable Development, which co-ordinates efforts between UN agencies and NGOs working towards sustainable development. ECOSOC may also grant consultative status to non-governmental organizations;[117] by 2004, more than 2,200 organizations had received this status.[120]
Specialized agencies Main article: List of specialized agencies of the United Nations The UN Charter stipulates that each primary organ of the United Nations can establish various specialized agencies to fulfil its duties.[121] The specialized agencies are autonomous organizations working with the United Nations and each other through the co-ordinating machinery of the Economic and Social Council. Each was integrated into the UN System by way of an agreement with the UN under UN Charter article 57.[122] There are fifteen specialized agencies because the World Bank Group, which is now treated as one organization, is composed, in part, of three specialized agencies â the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), and the International Finance Corporation (IFC) â which, if counted separately, make seventeen specialized agencies.[123]
Specialized agencies of the United Nations No. Acronym Agency Headquarters Head Established in 1 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization Italy Rome, Italy China Qu Dongyu 1945 2 ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization Canada Montreal, Quebec, Canada China Fang Liu 1947 3 IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development Italy Rome, Italy Togo Gilbert Houngbo 1977 4 ILO International Labour Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland United Kingdom Guy Ryder 1946 (1919) 5 IMO International Maritime Organization United Kingdom London, United Kingdom South Korea Kitack Lim 1948 6 IMF International Monetary Fund United States Washington, D.C., United States Bulgaria Kristalina Georgieva 1945 (1944) 7 ITU International Telecommunication Union Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland China Houlin Zhao 1947 (1865) 8 UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization France Paris, France France Audrey Azoulay 1946 9 UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization Austria Vienna, Austria China Li Yong 1967 10 UNWTO World Tourism Organization Spain Madrid, Spain Georgia (country) Zurab Pololikashvili 1974 11 UPU Universal Postal Union Switzerland Bern, Switzerland Kenya Bishar Abdirahman Hussein 1947 (1874) 12 WBG World Bank Group United States Washington, D.C., United States United States David Malpass (President) 1945 (1944) 13 WHO World Health Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Ethiopia Tedros Adhanom 1948 14 WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Singapore Daren Tang 1974 15 WMO World Meteorological Organization Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland Finland Petteri Taalas (Secretary-General) Germany Gerhard Adrian (President) 1950 (1873) Funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other bodies The separately-administered funds and programmes, research and training institutes, and other subsidiary bodies are autonomous subsidiary organs of the United Nations.[124] The UN performs much of its humanitarian work through its specialized agencies and these funds and programs. Examples include mass vaccination programmes (through WHO), the avoidance of famine and malnutrition (through the work of the WFP), and the protection of vulnerable and displaced people (for example, by UNHCR).[125]
Membership Main article: Member states of the United Nations With the addition of South Sudan 14 July 2011,[6] there are 193 UN member states, including all undisputed independent states apart from Vatican City.[126] The UN Charter outlines the rules for membership:
Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states that accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations. The admission of any such state to membership in the United Nations will be effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Chapter II, Article 4.[127] In addition, there are two non-member observer states of the United Nations General Assembly: the Holy See (which holds sovereignty over Vatican City) and the State of Palestine.[128] The Cook Islands and Niue, both states in free association with New Zealand, are full members of several UN specialized agencies and have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognized by the Secretariat.[129]
Under Sukarno, Indonesia became the first and only country to leave the United Nations. Indonesia is the first and the only nation in UN history that once withdrew its membership following the election of Malaysia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council amid conflict between the two countries in 1965.[130] President Sukarno later formed CONEFO as a rival to the United Nations. In September 1966, Suharto as de facto leader notified UN Assembly that Indonesia resumed its full membership in the UN.
Group of 77 Main article: Group of 77 The Group of 77 (G77) at the UN is a loose coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the UN. Seventy-seven nations founded the organization, but by November 2013 the organization had since expanded to 133 member countries.[131] The group was founded 15 June 1964 by the "Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries" issued at the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The group held its first major meeting in Algiers in 1967, where it adopted the Charter of Algiers and established the basis for permanent institutional structures.[132] With the adoption of the New International Economic Order by developing countries in the 1970s, the work of the G77 spread throughout the UN system.
Objectives Peacekeeping and security Main articles: United Nations peacekeeping and List of United Nations peacekeeping missions The UN, after approval by the Security Council, sends peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear.[133][134] The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.[135]
A Nepalese soldier on a peacekeeping deployment providing security at a rice distribution site in Haiti during 2010 In September 2013, the UN had peacekeeping soldiers deployed on 15 missions. The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in Jammu and Kashmir. UN peacekeepers with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.[136]
A study by the RAND Corporation in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nation-building by the UN to those of the United States, and found that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared with four out of eight US cases at peace.[137] Also in 2005, the Human Security Report documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides, and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activismâmostly spearheaded by the UNâhas been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict in that period.[138] Situations in which the UN has not only acted to keep the peace but also intervened include the Korean War (1950â53) and the authorization of intervention in Iraq after the Gulf War (1990â91).[139]
The UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus was established in 1974 following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The UN has also drawn criticism for perceived failures. In many cases, member states have shown reluctance to achieve or enforce Security Council resolutions. Disagreements in the Security Council about military action and intervention are seen as having failed to prevent the Bangladesh genocide in 1971,[140] the Cambodian genocide in the 1970s,[141] and the Rwandan genocide in 1994.[142] Similarly, UN inaction is blamed for failing to either prevent the Srebrenica massacre in 1995 or complete the peacekeeping operations in 1992â93 during the Somali Civil War.[143] UN peacekeepers have also been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, and sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,[144] Haiti,[145] Liberia,[146] Sudan and what is now South Sudan,[147] Burundi, and Ivory Coast.[148] Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the 2010â13 Haiti cholera outbreak, which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the 2010 Haiti earthquake.[149]
In addition to peacekeeping, the UN is also active in encouraging disarmament. Regulation of armaments was included in the writing of the UN Charter in 1945 and was envisioned as a way of limiting the use of human and economic resources for their creation.[102] The advent of nuclear weapons came only weeks after the signing of the charter, resulting in the first resolution of the first General Assembly meeting calling for specific proposals for "the elimination from national armaments of atomic weapons and of all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction".[150] The UN has been involved with arms-limitation treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty (1967), the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), the Seabed Arms Control Treaty (1971), the Biological Weapons Convention (1972), the Chemical Weapons Convention (1992), and the Ottawa Treaty (1997), which prohibits landmines.[151] Three UN bodies oversee arms proliferation issues: the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission.[152]
Human rights One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights.[121][153]
Eleanor Roosevelt with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1949 In 1948, the General Assembly adopted a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted by a committee headed by American diplomat and activist Eleanor Roosevelt, and including the French lawyer René Cassin. The document proclaims basic civil, political, and economic rights common to all human beings, though its effectiveness towards achieving these ends has been disputed since its drafting.[154] The Declaration serves as a "common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations" rather than a legally binding document, but it has become the basis of two binding treaties, the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[155] In practice, the UN is unable to take significant action against human rights abuses without a Security Council resolution, though it does substantial work in investigating and reporting abuses.[156]
In 1979, the General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, followed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1989.[157] With the end of the Cold War, the push for human rights action took on new impetus.[158] The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in 1993 to oversee human rights issues for the UN, following the recommendation of that year's World Conference on Human Rights. Jacques Fomerand, a scholar of the UN, describes this organization's mandate as "broad and vague", with only "meagre" resources to carry it out.[159] In 2006, it was replaced by a Human Rights Council consisting of 47 nations.[160] Also in 2006, the General Assembly passed a Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,[161] and in 2011 it passed its first resolution recognizing the rights of LGBT people.[162]
Other UN bodies responsible for women's rights issues include United Nations Commission on the Status of Women, a commission of ECOSOC founded in 1946; the United Nations Development Fund for Women, created in 1976; and the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women, founded in 1979.[163] The UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, one of three bodies with a mandate to oversee issues related to indigenous peoples, held its first session in 2002.[164]
Economic development and humanitarian assistance Millennium Development Goals[165]
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Achieve universal primary education Promote gender equality and empower women Reduce child mortality Improve maternal health Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases Ensure environmental sustainability Develop a global partnership for development Another primary purpose of the UN is "to achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character".[153] Numerous bodies have been created to work towards this goal, primarily under the authority of the General Assembly and ECOSOC.[166] In 2000, the 192 UN member states agreed to achieve eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015.[167] The Sustainable Development Goals were launched in 2015 to succeed the Millennium Development Goals.[78] The SDGs have an associated financing framework called the Addis Ababa Action Agenda.
The UN Development Programme (UNDP), an organization for grant-based technical assistance founded in 1945, is one of the leading bodies in the field of international development. The organization also publishes the UN Human Development Index, a comparative measure ranking countries by poverty, literacy, education, life expectancy, and other factors.[168][169] The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), also founded in 1945, promotes agricultural development and food security.[170] UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Fund) was created in 1946 to aid European children after the Second World War and expanded its mission to provide aid around the world and to uphold the convention on the Rights of the Child.[171][172]
Three former directors of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme reading the news that smallpox has been globally eradicated in 1980 The World Bank Group and International Monetary Fund (IMF) are independent, specialized agencies and observers within the UN framework, according to a 1947 agreement. They were initially formed separately from the UN through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944.[173] The World Bank provides loans for international development, while the IMF promotes international economic co-operation and gives emergency loans to indebted countries.[174]
In Jordan, UNHCR remains responsible for the Syrian refugees and the Zaatari refugee camp. The World Health Organization (WHO), which focuses on international health issues and disease eradication, is another of the UN's largest agencies. In 1980, the agency announced that the eradication of smallpox had been completed. In subsequent decades, WHO largely eradicated polio, river blindness, and leprosy.[175] The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), begun in 1996, co-ordinates the organization's response to the AIDS epidemic.[176] The UN Population Fund, which also dedicates part of its resources to combating HIV, is the world's largest source of funding for reproductive health and family planning services.[177]
Along with the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the UN often takes a leading role in co-ordinating emergency relief.[178] The World Food Programme (WFP), created in 1961, provides food aid in response to famine, natural disasters, and armed conflict. The organization reports that it feeds an average of 90 million people in 80 nations each year.[178][179] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), established in 1950, works to protect the rights of refugees, asylum seekers, and stateless people.[180] UNHCR and WFP programmes are funded by voluntary contributions from governments, corporations, and individuals, though the UNHCR's administrative costs are paid for by the UN's primary budget.[181]
Other Since the UN's creation, over 80 colonies have attained independence. The General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples in 1960 with no votes against but abstentions from all major colonial powers. The UN works towards decolonization through groups including the UN Committee on Decolonization, created in 1962.[182] The committee lists seventeen remaining "Non-Self-Governing Territories", the largest and most populous of which is Western Sahara.[183]
Beginning with the formation of the UN Environmental Programme (UNEP) in 1972, the UN has made environmental issues a prominent part of its agenda. A lack of success in the first two decades of UN work in this area led to the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which sought to give new impetus to these efforts.[184] In 1988, the UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), another UN organization, established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which assesses and reports on research on global warming.[185] The UN-sponsored Kyoto Protocol, signed in 1997, set legally binding emissions reduction targets for ratifying states.[186]
The UN also declares and co-ordinates international observances, periods of time to observe issues of international interest or concern. Examples include World Tuberculosis Day, Earth Day, and the International Year of Deserts and Desertification.[187]
Funding Top 25 contributors to the United Nations budget for the period 2019â2021[188] Member state Contribution (% of UN budget) United States 22.000 China 12.005 Japan 8.564 Germany 6.090 United Kingdom 4.567 France 4.427 Italy 3.307 Brazil 2.948 Canada 2.734 Russia 2.405 South Korea 2.267 Australia 2.210 Spain 2.146 Turkey 1.371 Netherlands 1.356 Mexico 1.292 Saudi Arabia 1.172 Switzerland 1.151 Argentina 0.915 Sweden 0.906 India 0.834 Belgium 0.821 Poland 0.802 Algeria 0.788 Norway 0.754 Other member states 12.168 The UN budget for 2020 was $3.1 billion,[189] but additional resources are donated by members, such as peacekeeping forces.
The UN is financed from assessed and voluntary contributions from member states. The General Assembly approves the regular budget and determines the assessment for each member. This is broadly based on the relative capacity of each country to pay, as measured by its gross national income (GNI), with adjustments for external debt and low per capita income.[190]
The Assembly has established the principle that the UN should not be unduly dependent on any one member to finance its operations. Thus, there is a "ceiling" rate, setting the maximum amount that any member can be assessed for the regular budget. In December 2000, the Assembly revised the scale of assessments in response to pressure from the United States. As part of that revision, the regular budget ceiling was reduced from 25% to 22%.[191] For the least developed countries (LDCs), a ceiling rate of 0.01% is applied.[190] In addition to the ceiling rates, the minimum amount assessed to any member nation (or "floor" rate) is set at 0.001% of the UN budget ($55,120 for the two year budget 2013â2014).[192]
A large share of the UN's expenditure addresses its core mission of peace and security, and this budget is assessed separately from the main organizational budget.[193] The peacekeeping budget for the 2015â16 fiscal year was $8.27 billion, supporting 82,318 troops deployed in 15 missions around the world.[136] UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale that includes a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members, who must approve all peacekeeping operations. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. the largest contributors for the UN peacekeeping financial operations for the period 2019â2021 are : the United States 27.89% China 15.21%, Japan 8.56%, Germany 6.09% , the United Kingdom 5.78%, France 5.61%, Italy 3.30% and the Russian Federation 3.04%.[194]
Special UN programmes not included in the regular budget, such as UNICEF and the World Food Programme, are financed by voluntary contributions from member governments, corporations, and private individuals.[195][196]
Evaluations, awards, and criticism Main articles: Reform of the United Nations and Reform of the United Nations Security Council See also: Criticism of the United Nations
The 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UNâdiploma in the lobby of the UN Headquarters in New York City Evaluations In evaluating the UN as a whole, Jacques Fomerand writes that the "accomplishments of the United Nations in the last 60 years are impressive in their own terms. Progress in human development during the 20th century has been dramatic, and the UN and its agencies have certainly helped the world become a more hospitable and livable place for millions."[197] Evaluating the first 50 years of the UN's history, the author Stanley Meisler writes that "the United Nations never fulfilled the hopes of its founders, but it accomplished a great deal nevertheless", citing its role in decolonization and its many successful peacekeeping efforts.[198] The British historian Paul Kennedy states that while the organization has suffered some major setbacks, "when all its aspects are considered, the UN has brought great benefits to our generation and ... will bring benefits to our children's and grandchildren's generations as well."[199]
The French President, François Hollande, stated in 2012 that "France trusts the United Nations. She knows that no state, no matter how powerful, can solve urgent problems, fight for development and bring an end to all crises ... France wants the UN to be the centre of global governance."[200]
Awards A number of agencies and individuals associated with the UN have won the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of their work. Two Secretaries-General, Dag Hammarskjöld, and Kofi Annan, were each awarded the prize (in 1961 and 2001, respectively), as were Ralph Bunche (1950), a UN negotiator, René Cassin (1968), a contributor to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the US Secretary of State Cordell Hull (1945), the latter for his role in the organization's founding. Lester B. Pearson, the Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs, was awarded the prize in 1957 for his role in organizing the UN's first peacekeeping force to resolve the Suez Crisis. UNICEF won the prize in 1965, the International Labour Organization in 1969, the UN Peace-Keeping Forces in 1988, the International Atomic Energy Agency (which reports to the UN) in 2005, and the UN-supported Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in 2013. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees was awarded in 1954 and 1981, becoming one of only two recipients to win the prize twice. The UN as a whole was awarded the prize in 2001, sharing it with Annan.[201] In 2007, IPCC received the prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."[202]
Criticism Role
Marking of the UN's 70th anniversary â Budapest, 2015 In a sometimes-misquoted statement, U.S. President George W. Bush stated in February 2003 (referring to UN uncertainty towards Iraqi provocations under the Saddam Hussein regime) that "free nations will not allow the UN to fade into history as an ineffective, irrelevant debating society."[203][204][205]
In 2020, President Barack Obama in his memoir A Promised Land noted, âIn the middle of the Cold War, the chances of reaching any consensus had been slim, which is why the U.N. had stood idle as Soviet tanks rolled into Hungary or U.S. planes dropped napalm on the Vietnamese countryside. Even after the Cold War, divisions within the Security Council continued to hamstring the U.N.âs ability to tackle problems. Its member states lacked either the means or the collective will to reconstruct failing states like Somalia, or prevent ethnic slaughter in places like Sri Lanka.â[206][207]
Since its founding, there have been many calls for reform of the UN but little consensus on how to do so. Some want the UN to play a greater or more effective role in world affairs, while others want its role reduced to humanitarian work.
Representation and structure Core features of the UN apparatus, such as the veto privileges of some nations in the Security Council, are often described as fundamentally undemocratic, contrary to the UN mission, and as a main cause of inaction on genocides and crimes against humanity.[208][209]
Jacques Fomerand states the most enduring divide in views of the UN is "the NorthâSouth split" between richer Northern nations and developing Southern nations. Southern nations tend to favour a more empowered UN with a stronger General Assembly, allowing them a greater voice in world affairs, while Northern nations prefer an economically laissez-faire UN that focuses on transnational threats such as terrorism.[210]
There have also been numerous calls for the UN Security Council's membership to be increased, for different ways of electing the UN's Secretary-General, and for a UN Parliamentary Assembly.
Exclusion of countries After World War II, the French Committee of National Liberation was late to be recognized by the US as the government of France, and so the country was initially excluded from the conferences that created the new organization. The future French president Charles de Gaulle criticized the UN, famously calling it a machin ("contraption"), and was not convinced that a global security alliance would help maintain world peace, preferring direct defence treaties between countries.[211]
Since 1971, the Republic of China on Taiwan has been excluded from the UN and since then has always been rejected in new applications. Taiwanese citizens are also not allowed to enter the buildings of the United Nations with ROC passports. In this way, critics agree that the UN is failing its own development goals and guidelines. This criticism also brought pressure from the People's Republic of China, which regards the territories administered by the ROC as their own territory.[212][213]
Independence Throughout the Cold War, both the US and USSR repeatedly accused the UN of favouring the other. In 1953, the USSR effectively forced the resignation of Trygve Lie, the Secretary-General, through its refusal to deal with him, while in the 1950s and 1960s, a popular US bumper sticker read, "You can't spell communism without U.N."[214]
Bias Critics such as Dore Gold, an Israeli diplomat, Robert S. Wistrich, a British scholar, Alan Dershowitz, an American legal scholar, Mark Dreyfus, an Australian politician, and the Anti-Defamation League consider UN attention to Israel's treatment of Palestinians to be excessive.[215] In September 2015, Saudi Arabia's Faisal bin Hassan Trad has been elected Chair of the UN Human Rights Council panel that appoints independent experts,[216] a move criticized by human rights groups.[217][218]
Effectiveness In 1994, former Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the UN to Somalia Mohamed Sahnoun published "Somalia: The Missed Opportunities",[219] a book in which he analyses the reasons for the failure of the 1992 UN intervention in Somalia, showing that, between the start of the Somali civil war in 1988 and the fall of the Siad Barre regime in January 1991, the UN missed at least three opportunities to prevent major human tragedies; when the UN tried to provide humanitarian assistance, they were totally outperformed by NGOs, whose competence and dedication sharply contrasted with the UN's excessive caution and bureaucratic inefficiencies. If radical reform were not undertaken, warned Mohamed Sahnoun, then the UN would continue to respond to such crises with inept improvisation.[220]
Inefficiency and corruption Critics have also accused the UN of bureaucratic inefficiency, waste, and corruption. In 1976, the General Assembly established the Joint Inspection Unit to seek out inefficiencies within the UN system. During the 1990s, the US withheld dues citing inefficiency and only started repayment on the condition that a major reforms initiative be introduced. In 1994, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly to serve as an efficiency watchdog.[221]
In 2004, the UN faced accusations that its recently ended Oil-for-Food Programme â in which Iraq had been allowed to trade oil for basic needs to relieve the pressure of sanctions â had suffered from widespread corruption, including billions of dollars of kickbacks. An independent inquiry created by the UN found that many of its officials had been involved, as well as raising "significant" questions about the role of Kojo Annan, the son of Kofi Annan.[222]
Model United Nations The United Nations has inspired the extracurricular activity Model United Nations (MUN). MUN is a simulation of United Nations activity based on the UN agenda and following UN procedure. MUN is usually attended by high school and university students who organize conferences to simulate the various UN committees to discuss important issues of the day.[223] Today Model United Nations educates tens of thousands on United Nations activity around the world. Model United Nations has many famous and notable alumni, such as former Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon.[224]
See also icon Politics portal International relations List of country groupings List of current Permanent Representatives to the United Nations List of multilateral free-trade agreements United Nations in popular culture United Nations Memorial Cemetery United Nations television film series World Summit on the Information Society Notes Poland had not been represented among the fifty nations at the San Francisco conference due to the reluctance of the Western superpowers to recognize its post-war communist government. However, the Charter was later amended to list Poland as a founding member, and Poland ratified the Charter on 16 October 1945.[36][37] For details on Vatican City's status, see Holy See and the United Nations. References Citations Official Languages Archived 12 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine, www.un.org. Retrieved 22 May 2015. "Charter of UN Chapter I". www.un.org. 17 June 2015. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2018. 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OsmaĆczyk, Edmund Jan (2004). Mango, Anthony (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. 4. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-93924-9. Schlesinger, Stephen C. (2003). Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-3324-3. Sherwood, Robert E. (1948). Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History. New York: Harper and Brothers. Weiss, Thomas G.; Daws, Sam, eds. (2009) [2007]. The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956010-3. Wistrich, Robert S. (2010). A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6097-9. Further reading Lowe, Vaughan; Roberts, Adam; Welsh, Jennifer; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953343-5. Roberts, Adam; Kingsbury, Benedict, eds. (1994). United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-827926-6. 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đ The Global Network đEagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Eagle Scout Eagle Scout medal (Boy Scouts of America).png Owner Boy Scouts of America Country United States Created 1911 Recipients 52,160 (2018)[1] 2,537,633 (total 2018) Scouting portal Eagle Scout is the highest achievement or rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process.[2] The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5 million youth.[3] Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges. The Eagle Scout must demonstrate Scout Spirit, an ideal attitude based upon the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements. Those who have earned the rank of Eagle Scout also become eligible, although are not required, to join the National Eagle Scout Association.[4] Contents 1 History 2 Requirements 2.1 Eagle Scout Service Project 2.2 Development 2.3 Palms 3 Insignia and apparel 3.1 Medal 3.2 Badge 3.3 Other insignia 3.4 Certificates 4 After achieving the rank of Eagle Scout 4.1 Scholarship opportunities 4.2 Adult Eagle Scouts 5 Controversies 6 Recipients 7 Impact 8 Further reading 9 References 10 External links History The Eagle Scout Memorial Fountain in Kansas City, Missouri The Scouts BSA's highest award was originally conceived as the Wolf Scout, described in the June 1911 Official Handbook for Boys.[5] The August 1911 version of the handbook changed this to Eagle Scout. The medal illustrated in the handbook was a profile of an eagle in flight, but was changed to the current design before any were issued. In their original conceptions, Life Scout, Star Scout (Life preceded Star until 1924) and Eagle Scout were not ranks, but part of the merit badge system that recognized Scouts who had earned a specified number of merit badges. Eagle Scout was awarded to any First Class Scout who had earned 21 merit badges.[6] The first Eagle Scout medal was awarded in 1912 to Arthur Rose Eldred, a 17-year-old member of Troop 1 of Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York. Records show that not only the national officers sat on Eldred's Board of Review, but also included Lord Baden-Powell who just arrived in the United States earlier in the day of January 31, 1912. Eldred was notified that he was to be awarded the rank of Eagle Scout in a letter from Chief Scout Executive James West, dated August 21, 1912. The design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized by the National Council, so the medal was not awarded until Labor Day, September 2, 1912. Eldred was the first of three generations of Eagle Scouts; his son and grandson hold the rank as well.[7][8] In the 1960s, the Kansas City area awarded more Eagle Scout badges than any other council in the country, resulting in the creation of the Eagle Scout Memorial there in 1968.[9] In 1982, 13-year-old Alexander Holsinger of Normal, Illinois, was recognized as the one-millionth Eagle Scout, and Anthony Thomas of Lakeville, Minnesota, was the two-millionth in 2009.[3][10][11] On October 11, 2017, the Boy Scouts of America announced that in 2019, a program for older girls would begin to be available, enabling girls to earn the rank of Eagle Scout.[12][13] 52,160 Eagle Scout awards were presented in 2018, 6.5 percent of the eligible 2018 membership. Over 2.5 million Eagle Scout awards have been presented in total since 1912.[14] In 2020, the first female Eagle Scouts were added to the Boy Scouts of America.[15][16][17][18] Requirements The rank of Eagle Scout may be earned by a Scout who has been a Life Scout for at least six months, has earned a minimum of 21 merit badges, has demonstrated Scout Spirit, and has demonstrated leadership within their troop, crew or ship.[19] Additionally they must plan, develop, and lead a service projectâthe Eagle Projectâthat demonstrates both leadership and a commitment to duty. After all requirements are met, they must complete an Eagle Scout board of review. The board of review can be completed up to 3 months after their 18th birthday as long as all other requirements are completed before their 18th birthday.[19] Venturers and Sea Scouts who attained First Class as a Scout may continue working toward the Star, Life and Eagle Scout ranks, as well as Eagle Palms, while registered as a Venturer or Sea Scout up to their 18th birthday. Scouts with a permanent mental or physical disability may use alternate requirements based on abilities, if approved by the council.[20] With the introduction of Scouts BSA and the acceptance of girls, the age limit for Eagle Scout was extended. New youth members, girls or boys, 16 years of age or older, but not yet 18 who joined between February 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019 can request an extension to complete the Eagle Scout Award requirements after they turn 18 years of age.[21][22] Eagle Scout may be awarded posthumously, if and only if all requirements except the board of review are completed before death. A board of review may be held and the award presented to the Scout's family.[23] The Spirit of the Eagle Award is an honorary posthumous special recognition for any registered youth member who has died in an accident or through illness. The Line of Duty Fallen Eagle Recognition is a recognition for Eagle Scouts who have died in the line of duty in professions such as the military, law enforcement or emergency services.[24] Of the 21 merit badges, 13 are required:[25] Camping[26][27] Citizenship in the Community Citizenship in the Nation Citizenship in the World Communications Cooking[28] Emergency Preparedness or Lifesaving Environmental Science or Sustainability Family Life First Aid Personal Fitness Personal Management Swimming, Hiking or Cycling. In June 2020, following the George Floyd protests against police brutality and racial injustice, it was announced that a new diversity merit badge[29] would be required for Eagle rank completion. More information will likely follow in the coming months. Eagle Scout Service Project Main article: Eagle Scout Service Project The Eagle Scout Service Project, or simply "Eagle Project," is the opportunity for a Scout to demonstrate leadership of others while performing a project for the benefit of any religious institution, any school, or his community. The project is not allowed to benefit the Boy Scouts of America or its councils, districts, units, camps and so forth. It also cannot be of a commercial nature or be solely a fund-raising project.[23] There is no official requirement for duration of projects. Development A Scout taking the Eagle Scout Charge during his court of honor aboard the USS Oscar Austin Eagle Scout requirements have evolved since the award was conceived. A requirement to earn 11 specific merit badges was added in 1914, which underwent minor changes in 1915.[30] The LifeâStar order was reversed in 1924, apparently because the five-pointed star of the Star Scout insignia could be associated with the five merit badges required to earn the rank immediately following First Class Scout. In 1927, Eagle Scout began the transition from being a super merit badge to a rank.[31] As a result, the first requirements for tenure were created and Scouts were required to be an active First Class Scout for one year. The initial requirements for what became the service project appeared with a requirement to show satisfactory service and the number of required merit badges increased to 12. In 1936, the ranks of Star and Life became mandatory, and the number of required merit badges rose to 13. It was at this time that Eagle Scout became a full-fledged rank. In 1952, age limits were set so that adults over 18 years of age could no longer earn Eagle Scout and the service project requirement was slightly expanded to "do your best to help in your home, school, church or synagogue, and community."[31] In 1958, the number of required merit badges increased again to 16 of the 21 total merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, along with the first requirements for service and leadership.[citation needed] In 1965, the requirements for the service project and specific troop leadership were defined, and the number of required merit badges returned to 11. The Eagle Scout candidate was required to plan, develop, and carry out a leadership service project. Minor changes were made to the required merit badge list in 1970. In 1972, the Improved Scouting Program increased to 24 the number of merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, while reducing the list of required merit badges to ten, eliminating badges that required swimming and outdoor skillsâboth of which were later reinstated, and adding the requirement to show leadership during the service project. In 1978, the number of merit badges needed for Eagle was lowered to the original 21, and the number of required merit badges was set at 11 (this was changed to 12 in 1993).[31] In 2014 the number of Eagle-required merit badges was increased to 13.[32] Palms Palms represent additional advancement for a youth who has stayed active in the unit after achieving the rank of Eagle Scout. A Palm is awarded when the Scout has demonstrated Scout Spirit, leadership and ability; has earned five additional merit badges beyond those required for Eagle or for the last Palm; and has taken part in a conference with his unit leader. Merit badges earned before reaching Eagle Scout can be used to earn Palms.[citation needed] The insignia is a small metallic palm frond pin or device that is worn on the ribbon of the Eagle Scout medal, on the Eagle Scout square knot or on the Eagle Scout badge.[33] The Palms are awarded in three colors: bronze, representing five merit badges; gold, representing ten merit badges; and silver, representing fifteen merit badges. For each Palm awarded for five additional merit badges beyond the first bronze, gold, and silver recognitions, Palms are worn in the combination that requires the smallest number of devices to reflect the total number of Palms earned. One gold Palm is equal to two bronze Palms, one silver Palm is equal to three bronze Palms, and one bronze Palm continues to be equal to five merit badges. For instance, a Scout who has earned eight Palms (forty merit badges) would wear two silver Palms and a gold Palm.[34] The order of bronze, gold and silver follows heraldic traditions of the U.S. military.[35][36][37] Completed Palms can be awarded at the same time the Eagle Scout badge is presented. Previously, an Eagle Scout needed to wait three months between each Palm, even if the extra merit badges were earned before becoming an Eagle. This meant that, under the old rules, a youth who became an Eagle Scout at 17 years and 10 months, was unable to earn a single Eagle Palm.[citation needed] Insignia and apparel An Eagle Scout presentation kit, including: Mother's oval pin, Father's oval pin, Mentor oval pin, Eagle badge, and Eagle award medal The Eagle Scout badge is worn on the left shirt pocket by youth.[38] Adult leaders who earned the rank of Eagle Scout as a youth may wear the square knot on their uniform above the left shirt pocket.[39] The Eagle Scout medal is worn on the left shirt pocket flap of the uniform. It is usually only worn on ceremonial occasions, and can be worn by both youth and adults while wearing the badge or square knot.[citation needed] The Eagle Scout Award Kit currently includes the Eagle Scout medal, the Eagle Scout badge, a mother's pin, a father's pin and an Eagle Mentor pin. A variety of caps, belt buckles, pins, tie tacs, neckerchiefs and slides, bolo ties, rings, jackets, T-shirts and other items are also available for purchase.[40] Official Eagle Scout insignia is controlled by BSA Supply and requires verification by presentation of an Eagle Scout card or other means before it can be purchased.[citation needed] Medal Since its introduction in 1912, the Eagle Scout medal has undergone several design changes. Changes to the scroll and to the eagle pendant were not always introduced at the same time, therefore types may be somewhat mixed. Scouting historians classify these medals by the five different manufacturers and then by 17 sub-types, with several minor variations.[41] Many variations were caused by quality control issues, mainly due to wear of the dies. During the 1920s and 1930s, some military schools allowed wearing of the Eagle Scout medal on the uniform. In order to conform to the medal system, the scroll was removed and the ribbon affixed to a standard ribbon bar.[citation needed] T. H. Foley made the first medals from 1912 until they went out of business in 1915.[42] The eagle pendant and scroll were of die struck bronze washed with silver. Early versions were made with a short double knot and later ones with a long double knot. Only 338 of these medals were issued, making them the rarest version. Some Foleys were issued with a drop ribbon: the ribbon was extended, folded through the bar mount on the scroll, then dropped behind the eagle pendant and cut in a swallowtail. The first drop ribbon style medal was issued to the fourth Eagle Scout, Sidney Clapp, a 31-year-old Scoutmaster from West Shokan, New York.[41] Dieges & Clust took over production from 1916 to 1920, basing the design on the Foley.[42] These medals also have the distinguishing extra-long double knot hanging from the scroll. There were 1,640 of this variety awarded, all made of sterling silver.[citation needed] In 1920, the Robbins Company took over production. They produced six distinct variants, all in sterling silver. The first 1920 version was similar to the Dieges & Clust design, but with smaller scroll lettering and the standard single knot. The second 1920 version has more distinctive feathering on the back side of the pendant. The engraving on the 1930 version is especially fine.[citation needed] In 1933, BSA was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the medal. In 1955 the obverse of the eagle pendant was made flat so it could be engraved. BSA was added back to the front and the reverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1969.[41] Medal manufacturer Stange was authorized to begin producing Eagle Scout medals in 1968, at the same time as Robbins â they created six distinct models. The 1968 version is very similar to the Robbins version, but the bend in the scroll is much flatter, more like a sideways V as compared to the S on the Robbins scroll. The BSA was added back to the front, and the obverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1970. A major re-design of the eagle pendant was made in 1974 to match the new NESA logo. In 1978, Robbins ceased manufacturing Eagle Scout medals and Stange switched to the last design used by Robbins. Minor differences are in the white edged ribbon and the sterling silver markings. In 1980 the price of silver rose dramatically and the medal was changed to silver-plated, die-struck copper. Very early versions were silver-plated and oxidized, thus the scroll and pendant are black. Later versions were oxidized, buffed and lacquered to maintain the silver shine. Sterling silver medals were produced from the same dies and from this time were only available on special order. The year 1993 saw a number of changes. The clasp on the scroll was changed from the pin on type to a double clutch back. The pendant was changed to pewter and enlarged due to the lighter rigidity of the material.[41] Custom Fine Jewelry (CFJ) took over the contract in 1999 and has currently created three types. The initial versions were based on the last Stange version but with the ribbon attached through the clutch pins instead of a bar (this led to damage of the ribbon). A small number of sterling silver versions were made, marked with 925. In later 1999, the dies were laser engraved, giving a much sharper look and the ribbon mount was improved to eliminate wear. The knot went from wire to a molded version in 2001.[41] In the fall of 2006, the national supply division of the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) began to issue replica Eagle Scout medals for specific wear on U.S. military dress uniforms. These medals were designed to be proportionate to other military medals: they contained the same pendant, but no scroll, and a ribbon that had been made thinner and more rectangular in shape. However, in December 2007, NESA stopped selling the mini-medal after service uniforming committees all contacted the BSA and asked them to stop promoting the medal for wear on military dress uniforms. The Eagle Scout medal is not authorized for wear on any U.S. military uniform.[43] Badge Since its introduction, the Eagle Scout badge has undergone several design changes. Scouting historians have classified these badges into nine different designs, with several minor variations within each type.[41] The cloth badge was introduced for Eagle Scouts attending the 2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark in 1924 with a design based on the hat pin. The Eagle Scout merit badge was sewn onto the top of the merit badge sash that was also created for the jamboree. The design is quite similar to the current badge. As with other patches of the time, the rank badges were embroidered onto rolls of fabric and then cut. The edges were folded under before sewing the badge onto the sash. Initially produced on tan cloth, it was later switched to olive for the Scouts BSA uniform and white and blue to match the various Sea Scout uniforms. In 1933, BSA was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the badge.[44] The text Eagle Scout and Boy Scouts of America was added to the border, and Be Prepared was added to the scroll. These badges were embroidered with silk thread, switching to cotton in 1940.[citation needed] The production of badges and emblems changed in 1956 to the rolled edge now in current use, thus eliminating the various colored backgrounds. The outside oval was then changed to red. With the introduction of the Improved Scouting Program in 1972 came an overhaul of many badges and emblems. The new stylized Eagle Scout badge with no text was a major change that proved to be unpopular. It appears that some Scouters commissioned reproductions of the 1956 badge for issue in place of the 1972 version. In 1975 the badge design partially reverted to the 1956 version. 1985 saw a reversion to the 1956 issue with some minor differences. The border and the eagle were done in silver metalized thread and the Be Prepared text was in blue. In 1986 the metalized eagle changed back to standard thread due to problems with wearing and the scroll and text were enlarged. The metalized border was changed to standard thread in 1989. Later variants increased the thread count of the white stripe to eliminate the visible background.[44] For the 2010 centennial, all of the rank badges had 2010 added to the text. To recognize the Eagle Scout centennial in 2012, a new version was released with Eagle Scout and Centennial in silver and with 1912 and 2012 in gold.[45] Other insignia The Distinguished Eagle Scout award Eagle Scout hat pins were produced from 1921 through 1958 with several variations.[46] Eagle Scouts who earned additional merit badges were recognized using Eagle Palms, introduced in 1927. Adults who had earned Eagle Scout began to be recognized in 1934 with a red, white and blue ribbon bar. In 1940, a small eagle pin was added to the bar. Ribbon bars were replaced by embroidered square knot patches in 1947.[47] Over the years, the knot was produced with various background colors to match the different uniforms. Although the Venturing and Sea Scout programs use different uniform shirts, the current knot is available only with a tan background that matches the Scouts BSA uniform.[48] When the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) was created in 1969,[49] a gold-colored eagle device was introduced for wear on the Eagle Scout square knot. The Eagle Scout Mentor pin was introduced in early 2004 in a gold-colored version. In early 2006 it was changed to a silver-colored antique finish to match the mother and father pins but in 2007 was changed back to gold-colored. In 2008, the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) introduced a knot recognizing those Eagle Scouts who are life members of NESA; it uses the standard knot emblem with a silver border.[47] Certificates From 1912 to 1943 the BSA issued an index-sized card with information about the Eagle Scout. Wallet-size cards were introduced in 1944 and switched to a plastic credit card style in 1991. Certificates suitable for framing were first issued in 1944. As the honorary president of the BSA, the signature of the President of the United States appears on all certificates. Replacement of a card or certificate can be made by application through the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA).[citation needed] After achieving the rank of Eagle Scout U.S. President Harry S. Truman meeting with a group of Eagle Scouts in the Oval Office, 1950 Eagle Scouts are expected to set an example for other Scouts and to become the leaders in life that they have demonstrated themselves to be in Scouting. They are disproportionately represented in the military, service academy graduates, in higher education and academia, major professions, the clergy, business and politics.[50][51]:149â159 Eagles are more likely to exercise for 30 minutes or more every day, volunteer for religious and nonreligious organizations, have closer relationships with family and friends, be in a leadership position at their place of employment or local community, donate money to charitable groups, and to work with others to improve their neighborhoods.[52] Scholarship opportunities Academic scholarships can be awarded to Eagle Scouts based upon academic, financial need and Scouting participation. The application requirement for the Scout is to have a minimum score of 1290 on the SAT Reasoning Test or 28 on the ACT. Scholarships vary in the amount awarded.[53] The Scout may be awarded: the $3,000 NESA scholarships the $2,500 Mabel and Lawrence S. Cooke scholarship a $25,000 Mabel and Lawrence S. Cooke scholarship a $48,000 Mabel and Lawrence S. Cooke scholarship the $50,000 NESA STEM scholarship others that vary in amount Adult Eagle Scouts Eagle Scout Award patch for Adult Scouters Main article: List of Eagle Scouts The list of Eagle Scouts is extensive. In addition, the accomplishment is considered to be notable as Adult Scouters who earned Eagle Scout as a youth are entitled to wear a square knot emblem with a red, white, and blue striped square knot above the left shirt pocket.[39] Eagle Scouts may join the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA), which serves as a fraternal and communications board for all Eagle Scouts. The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award recognizes Eagle Scouts who have demonstrated outstanding achievement at the local, state, or regional level. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award is given only to Eagle Scouts for distinguished service in their profession and the community for a period of at least 25 years after earning Eagle Scout.[54] Eagle Scouts who enlist in the U.S. Armed Forces may receive advanced enlisted rank in recognition of their achievements.[55][56][57] For commissioned officer programs, attainment of Eagle Scout is considered a positive factor in determining service academy appointments and award of college ROTC scholarships.[58][59][60] NESA directly administers several Eagle Scout scholarships.[61] The American Legion,[62] the National Jewish Committee on Scouting,[63] and the Sons of the American Revolution[64] offer scholarships directed toward Eagle Scouts. Many colleges and universities, local businesses, churches and other organizations offer similar scholarships.[65] Controversies Further information: Boy Scouts of America membership controversies After the BSA v. Dale decision in 2000 affirmed the BSA's right to exclude homosexuals, a small number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges to the National Council in protest of the BSA's policies. The advocacy group Scouting for All claimed to have received as many as one thousand letters from Eagle Scouts who had done so;[66] the BSA later stated that fewer than one hundred Eagle Scout badges had been received.[67] In 2012, the BSA reaffirmed its policies on the exclusion of homosexuals; again a number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest.[68] In May 2013, the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America voted to lift the ban on openly gay youth beginning on January 1, 2014,[69][70] with the ban on openly gay adult leaders remaining in effect. On June 27, 2015, the ban on gay leaders was also lifted.[71] In response, two Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest of the change to the BSA's policy accepting gay Scouts.[72][73] Recipients Main article: List of Eagle Scouts Four Nobel Prize laureates are known to be Eagle Scouts: Dudley R. Herschbach, Peter Agre, Robert Coleman Richardson, and Frederick Reines.[74] Eleven Eagle Scouts have been awarded the Medal of Honor: Eugene B. Fluckey,[75] Aquilla J. Dyess,[51] Robert Edward Femoyer,[76] Walter Joseph Marm, Jr.,[77] Mitchell Paige,[51]:18â19 Thomas R. Norris,[78] Arlo L. Olson,[79] Ben L. Salomon,[80] Leo K. Thorsness,[81] Jay Zeamer Jr.[82] and Britt K. Slabinski. At least forty astronauts earned the rank as a youth, including Neil Armstrong and Charles Duke, both of whom walked on the Moon.[83] Businessmen who have earned the award include Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton,[51]:88â89 Marriott International CEO J. W. Marriott, Jr.,[49] and Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City and founder of Bloomberg L.P. Famous Eagle Scouts President Gerald Ford Gerald R. Ford, 38th President of the United States Alt text Neil A. Armstrong, first person to set foot on the Moon Michael Bloomberg Stephen Breyer, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Neil Armstrong Gary Locke, Governor and Cabinet Secretary Stephen Breyer Steven Spielberg, Academy Award-winning film director Robert Gates Michael Bloomberg, NYC Mayor and founder of Bloomberg L.P. Robert Gates, 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense, former President of the Boy Scouts of America Thomas Norris Mayor Marion Barry Rex Tillerson Shane Victorino, All-star baseball player L. Ron Hubbard Guion Bluford, Astronaut Mayor Marion Barry Ray Suarez, journalist Shane Victorino Thomas R. Norris, U.S. Navy SEAL and Medal of Honor recipient Guion Bluford Rex Tillerson, 69th U.S. Secretary of State, former President of the Boy Scouts of America Ray Suarez L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Scientology, and pulp fiction writer[84] Gary Locke Charles Whitman University of Texas tower sniper Michael Moore Sanford Bishop Lawrence Ferlinghetti Eagle Scouts who have held public office include 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford,[85] 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates,[49][51]:217â218 13th and 21st U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld,[86] 69th U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Stephen Breyer[51]:56â59[87] and 84th U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions. In academia, Eagle Scouts are represented by Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction-winner E.O. Wilson, E. Gordon Gee, former President of Ohio State University, and Kim B. Clark, former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and former president of Brigham Young UniversityâIdaho.[49][88] Entertainers who earned the BSA's highest rank include documentary filmmaker and Academy Award-winner Michael Moore,[89] Academy Award-winning director Steven Spielberg,[90] and Mike Rowe, host of Dirty Jobs.[91] Athletes who have earned Eagle Scout include Basketball Hall of Famer (later U.S. Senator) Bill Bradley, NBA All-Star Mark Eaton, MLB All-Star Shane Victorino, NASCAR Cup Series Winner William Byron and pitcher Jon Moscot, and Notre Dame and San Diego Chargers linebacker Manti Te'o.[92][93] Religious leaders who have earned Eagle Scout include Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore William H. Keeler, and Howard W. Hunter, 14th president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[94] Other notable recipients include Sam Berns, an American teen who had progeria and helped raise awareness about the disease, the novelist and adventurer Clive Cussler,[95] and Ross Ulbricht, the creator of the darknet Silk Road. Impact The National Eagle Scout Association researched the total volunteer hours of the Eagle service projects ever done and it came a total of more than 100 million hours of service. Each year, new Eagle Scouts add more than three million more hours.[96] Eagle Scouts completed about 9.5 million hours in 2011.[97] January 31 is officially recognized by NESA as National Eagle Scout Day in recognition of Eldred's Board of Review he sat in 1912. The important date of an Eagle Scouts Board of Review is the officially recognized date a Scout achieves the rank of Eagle Scout regardless of the date of their Eagle Court of Honor.[96] Further reading Ray, Mark A. (1999). The Eagle Court of Honor Book. Ray Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9651207-1-5. Reed, Jeremy C.; Reed, Heather R. (2011). "Chapter 13: Earning the Eagle". Beginning Boy Scouts: An unofficial practical guide to Boy Scouting for parents and new leaders. Reed Media Services. ISBN 978-1-937516-01-7. References Wendell, Bryan (February 21, 2018). "Eagle Scout Class of 2018: A Comprehensive Look at the Numbers Behind the Number". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. Malone, Michael S. (2012). Four percent : the story of uncommon youth in a century of American life. ISBN 9780985909710. "Eagle Scout Class of 2016, by the numbers". Scouting. February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2019. "Join/Renew". The National Eagle Scout Association. Retrieved January 23, 2020. "Editions: Boy Scout Handbook by Boy Scouts of America". LibraryThing. Retrieved August 14, 2015. BSA Editorial Board (1911). The Official Handbook for Boys. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company. "The first Eagle Scout". Filpac. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Ray, Mark (Winter 2005). "Eagle Scout Heritage Celebration Brings History to Life". Eagletter. 31 (3): 8â9. "Eagle Scout Memorial Fountain". KC Fountains. Retrieved January 10, 2014. Reagan, Ronald (September 14, 1982). "Remarks by Telephone to Eagle Scout Award Recipient Alexander M. Holsinger". The American Presidency Project. Retrieved October 17, 2006. Spiros, Dean (June 17, 2009). "Lakeville teen is Eagle Scout No. 2 million". Star-Tribune. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2015. "The BSA Expands Programs to Welcome Girls from Cub Scouts to Highest Rank of Eagle Scout" (Press release). Boy Scouts of America. October 11, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017. Williams, Pete (October 11, 2017). "Boy Scouts Will Admit Girls, Allow Them to Earn Eagle Scout Rank". NBC News. Wendell, Bryan (February 20, 2019). "Eagle Scout Class of 2018: The numbers behind the number". Scouting. Retrieved October 7, 2019. Lick, Val (September 17, 2020). "'Unprecedented' | Minnesota girl to become one of first female Eagle Scouts, earns all merit badges". KARE. Retrieved December 14, 2020. www.rubiconline.com/first-female-eagle-scout-tunney-is-an-inspiration-to-all/ Cho, Aimee (October 16, 2020). "Virginia Girl to Make History as One of First Female Eagle Scouts". NBC Washington. Retrieved December 14, 2020. "Teen makes history as one of the first female Eagle Scouts in the nation". ABC 13. December 14, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020. "Eagle Rank Requirements". US Scouting Service Project. January 1, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2019. "Eagle Scout Alternative Rank Requirements". Boy Scouts of America. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved June 7, 2015. The physical or mental disability must be of a permanent rather than of a temporary nature (or a disability expected to last more than two years or beyond the 18th birthday). "Details on temporary Eagle exception for new Scouts BSA members". January 31, 2019. Retrieved March 21, 2019. Implementation Details for First-time Members Entering Scouts BSA. Boy Scouts of America. "Guide to Advancement" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. #33088. "Line of Duty Fallen Eagle Recognition". Boy Scouts of America. "Eagle Rank Requirements". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved June 7, 2015. "Camping". MeritBadgeDotOrg. February 10, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2015. "Camp Minsi 2015 Merit Badge Opportunities". Camp Minsi. 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2015. Wendell, Bryan (October 17, 2012). "Cooking, Sustainability merit badges to become Eagle-required". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. "BSA's Commitment to Act Against Racial Injustice". Scouting Wire. June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020. "Eagle Scout Requirements: A Comparison of the BSA's Eagle Requirements since 1911". Troop 97. 2003. Retrieved March 20, 2006. Peterson, Robert (2002). "Evolution of the Eagle Scout Award". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on January 1, 2004. Retrieved April 16, 2010. Wendell, Bryan (December 31, 2013). "Here are the three big changes in the BSA that happened on Jan. 1, 2014". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. Wendell, Bryan (May 1, 2014). "Now there's a new, third way to wear Eagle Scout palms". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. "Eagle Scout Palm Application" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2014. Retrieved September 24, 2014. "Use of Silver and Gold Officer Insignia of Rank". The Institute of Heraldry. United States Army. Archived from the original on May 4, 2006. "Silver Outranks Gold". Retrieved November 11, 2011. "Ask the Expert: Why does silver outrank gold in Scouting awards?". April 14, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2011.[unreliable source?] "Boy Scout/Varsity Scout Uniform Inspection Sheet, Item #34283" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2006. Insignia Guide 2005. Boy Scouts of America. 2005. #33066E. "ScoutStuff.org". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved March 4, 2006. Grove, Terry (2004). A Comprehensive Guide to the Eagle Scout Award (Twentieth Century ed.). pp. 10â170. ISBN 978-0-9776534-8-5. "Awards, Badges, and Insignia". Boy Scout Stuff â Virtual Boy Scout Museum. Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2011. "Eagle Scout News". Eagletter. 32 (2): 2. Fall 2006. Murray, Craig. "The Eagle Badge". Boy Scout Badge History. Retrieved June 19, 2006. Wendell, Bryan. "Centennial Eagle Scout Badge". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. Retrieved February 3, 2012. Murray, Craig. "Eagle Scout Miniature Badge Pin". Boy Scout Badge History. Retrieved May 24, 2006. Crowl, George. "Illustrated History of BSA Square Knot Evolution" (PDF). Retrieved March 24, 2006. Murray, Craig. "Eagle Square Knot". Boy Scout Badge History. Retrieved May 24, 2006. "Distinguished Eagle Scouts" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 12, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2010. "Scouting's Bottom Line". U.S. Scouting Service Project. 2007. Retrieved November 1, 2007. Townley, Alvin (2007). Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-36653-7. Jang, Sung Joon; Johnson, Byron R.; Kim, Young-II (April 10, 2012). Eagle Scouts: Merit Beyond the Badge (PDF) (Report). Institute for Studies of Religion, Baylor University. Retrieved March 5, 2015. "Scholarships". National Eagle Scout Association. 2015. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015. "Distinguished Eagle Scout Award". The National Eagle Scout Association. Retrieved June 22, 2020. AFRS Instruction 36-2001, Recruiting Procedures for the Air Force (PDF). U.S. Air Force. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 28, 2008. Retrieved March 6, 2006. Military Personnel Procurement Manual, Volume 2, Enlisted Procurement (PDF). U.S. Marine Corps. 2004. Retrieved March 14, 2013. Active and Reserve Components Enlistment Program (PDF). United States Army. February 8, 2011. p. 16. Army Regulation 601â210. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 11, 2009. Retrieved May 31, 2011. "USNA Prep's FAQ". Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved January 2, 2015. "Character Preparation". Air Force Academy. Wendell, Bryan (July 3, 2014). "413 Eagle Scouts graduated from military academies in 2014". Bryan on Scouting. Scouting. "NESA Scholarships". National Eagle Scout Association. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved May 24, 2006. "American Legion Eagle Scout of the Year". American Legion. Archived from the original on May 6, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2017. "National Jewish Committee on Scouting". January 9, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010. "Arthur M. & Berdena King Eagle Scout Scholarship". Sons of the American Revolution. Retrieved May 24, 2006. "Finding Scholarships for Current and Former Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts". CollegeScholarships.org. 1999. Retrieved August 27, 2015. Florio, Gwen (2000). "Gay Boy Scouts Returning Prized Eagle Badges in Protest". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on February 14, 2007. Retrieved February 11, 2007. "In Support of Values". Scouting (MarchâApril 2001). Retrieved August 7, 2007. Traywick, Catherine (July 25, 2012). "Eagle Scouts Return Badges in Protest of Gay Ban". Time. Leitsinger, Miranda (May 24, 2013). "Boy Scouts Vote to Lift Ban on Gay Youth". NBC News. "Boy Scouts of America Statement". Boy Scouts of America. May 23, 2013. Leopold, Todd. "Boy Scouts change policy on gay leaders". CNN. Schmidt, Justin (June 23, 2013). "Former Eagle Scout returns medal to protest gay decision". KCTV. Garrison, Greg (May 28, 2013). "Trussville lawyer says he's returning Eagle Scout badge to protest Boy Scout vote to accept openly gay scouts". All Alabama. "Eagle Scout Information: Famous Scouts". U.S. Scouting Service Project. Retrieved June 7, 2015. "Pinnacle". Time. February 9, 1948. Casto, James E. "Undaunted Courage [part 1]". Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2013. "COL Walter "Joe" Marm, Jr". Army Heritage Center. Wendell, Bryan (October 24, 2011). "Vietnam War Hero Receives Distinguished Eagle Scout Award". Scouting. "Congressional Medal of Honor Recipient CPT Arlo L. Olson" (PDF). South Dakota Department of Military and Veteran Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2015. Biederman, Patricia Ward (May 5, 2012). "A Heroic World War II Dentist Finally Gets His Due". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 5, 2012. "Rendezvous with the Rattlesnake". The Airman Magazine. 1974. Archived from the original on August 3, 2009. "Jay Zeamer, Jr". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved April 16, 2007. "Astronauts and the BSA" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012. Miller, Russell (1987). Bare-faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard. London: Michael Joseph. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-7181-2764-0. Ray, Mark (MarchâApril 2007). "Eagle Scouts Welcome Gerald Ford Home". Scouting. Irving, TX. "Speakers Highlight Scouting's Core Values". Scouting. 94 (4): 35. September 2006. Ray, Mark (2007). "What It Means to Be an Eagle Scout". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved January 5, 2007. Wilson, E. O. (2002). "E. O. Wilson on Boy Scouts, Blade Runner, and Huck Finn". Science & Spirit. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2006. Schwartz, John; Itzkoff, Dave (2013). "Michael Moore". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on December 4, 2007. Retrieved November 10, 2006. "The First Eagle Scout, Arthur R. Eldred August 21, 1912". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 18, 2011. "Transcript of March 7, 2006, Online Chat with Mike Rowe". Discovery Channel. March 7, 2006. Archived from the original on February 28, 2007. Retrieved March 22, 2007. Gregg, John (May 29, 2012). "2012 MLB Draft Q & A: Jon Moscot". scout.com. "Eagle Scout Manti Te'o sees awards pile up". Scouting. November 21, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2015. "Howard W. Hunter" (PDF). Church Educational System. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2011. Retrieved May 18, 2011. blog.scoutingmagazine.org/2018/02/08/famous-former-scouts/ Malone, Michael (August 1, 2012). "A Century of Eagle Scouts". Wall Street Journal. p. A13. "Eagle Scouts". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved May 16, 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eagle Scouts. "Eagle Scout Badge Images and History". Retrieved January 31, 2008. "Eagle Scouts". U.S. Scouting Service Project. Retrieved June 8, 2006. "History of Required Badges for Eagle Scouts". U.S. Scouting Service Project. Archived from the original on May 19, 2006. Retrieved June 8, 2006. "National Eagle Scout Association". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved June 8, 2006. "Eagle Scout requirements & resources". MeritBadge.Org. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2009. "Eagle Palm requirements, application, & resources". MeritBadge.Org. Archived from the original on June 9, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2009. vte Boy Scouts of America Organization Advancement and recognition Advancement and recognition Boy Scouting and Varsity Scouting awards Ranks (Eagle ScoutFirst Class Scout)Merit badgeOrder of the Arrow honors and awards Venturing and Sea Scouting awards Quartermaster AwardRanger AwardSummit Award Distinguished service awards Outstanding Eagle Scout AwardDistinguished Eagle Scout AwardSilver Beaver AwardSilver Antelope AwardSilver Buffalo AwardSilver World Award Other awards 50-Miler AwardHistoric Trails AwardInternational Activity PatchReligious emblems programsSpirit of the Eagle AwardSquare knot insigniaWilliam T. 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Post by Freddie on Apr 28, 2021 19:04:12 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSCRAPPER www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Scrapper.jpgALLEGIANCE: DECEPTICON SUB-GROUP: CONSTRUCTICON FUNCTION: CONSTRUCTION ENGINEER FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 10 "My work is a monument to - and of - my enemies." Profile: Scrapper is a wizard at designing fortresses and energy production plants for the Decepticons. Disguising his creations to blend unnoticed into the surrounding alien human landscapes comes almost as easily to him. He modestly shrugs off the acclaim these talents inspire from his comrades. After all, he feels he is just fulfilling the requirements of his job. But overcoming an enemy Autobot and secreting his body in the foundation or structural skeleton of one of his buildings is another story. It is in such cases that Scrapper exhibits his true malevolent genius and relishes the admiration and praise it garners. Megatron considers him the most valuable of the Constructicons. Abilities: In vehicular mode, Scrapper's shovel can slice through 12-inch thick carbon-steel plate and lift up to 30 tons. By adding on his single-jet levitation wing he can fly at 60 mph for 250 miles. In robot mode he has immense strength and carries a laser pistol. When combined with his fellow Constructicons, he serves as the right leg module and part of the torso module in the giant robot known as Devastator. Weaknesses: While flying, Scrapper is a very vulnerable target due to his lack of speed and maneuverability. His shovel is prone to metal stress fractures if overused.
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Post by Freddie on Apr 28, 2021 22:10:31 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đThis is a featured article. Click here for more information. United States Military Academy From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "West Point" redirects here. For other uses, see West Point (disambiguation). United States Military Academy U.S. Military Academy Coat of Arms.svg Motto Duty âą Honor âą Country[1] Type U.S. Service Academy Established March 16, 1802; 219 years ago[2] Superintendent LTG Darryl A. Williams USMA Class of 1983 Dean BG Cindy Jebb USMA Class of 1982 Commandant BG Curtis A. Buzzard USMA Class of 1992[3] Academic staff 580 Students 4,294 cadets[4] Location West Point, New York, United States Campus Rural â 16,080 acres (6,507.3 ha) Fight song On Brave Old Army Team Colors Black and gold[5] Nickname Black Knights Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I â PL AHA CSFL EIGL EIWA Mascot Mule Website westpoint.edu United States Military Academy wordmark.svg United States Military Academy U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark United States Military Academy is located in New YorkUnited States Military Academy Show map of New York Show map of the United States Show all Coordinates 41°23âČ35âłN 73°57âČ29âłWCoordinates: 41°23âČ35âłN 73°57âČ29âłW NRHP reference No. 66000562 Significant dates Added to NRHP 15 October 1966 Designated NHL 19 December 1960 Secretary of the Army Pete Geren, center, with the U.S. Corps of Cadets senior leadership and Brig. Gen. Michael Linnington, far left, Commandant of the Corps of Cadets, after the congressional retirement review of the Corps of Cadets for Rep. Dave Hobson, center right, and Rep. Jim Saxton, center left, 2008 The United States Military Academy (USMA), also known as West Point, Army, Army West Point,[6] The Academy, or simply The Point, is a four-year federal service academy in West Point, New York. It was originally established as a fort that sits on strategic high ground overlooking the Hudson River with a scenic view, 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City. It is the oldest of the five American service academies and educates cadets for commissioning into the United States Army. The academy was founded in 1802, one year after President Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish the United States Military Academy at West Point. The entire central campus is a national landmark and home to scores of historic sites, buildings, and monuments. The majority of the campus's Norman-style buildings are constructed from gray and black granite. The campus is a popular tourist destination, with a visitor center and the oldest museum in the United States Army. Candidates for admission must apply directly to the academy and receive a nomination, usually from a member of Congress. Other nomination sources include the president and vice president.[7] Students are officers-in-training and are referred to as "cadets" or collectively as the "United States Corps of Cadets" (USCC). The Army fully funds tuition for cadets in exchange for an active duty service obligation upon graduation. About 1,300 cadets enter the Academy each July, with about 1,000 cadets graduating. The academic program grants a Bachelor of Science degree with a curriculum that grades cadets' performance upon a broad academic program, military leadership performance, and mandatory participation in competitive athletics. Cadets are required to adhere to the Cadet Honor Code, which states that "a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do." The academy bases a cadet's leadership experience as a development of all four pillars of performance: academics, character, physical, and military. Most graduates are commissioned as second lieutenants in the Army. Foreign cadets are commissioned into the armies of their home countries. Since 1959, cadets have also been eligible for an interservice commission in one of the other armed services provided that they meet that service's eligibility standards. A small number of cadets do this. The academy's traditions have influenced other institutions because of its age and unique mission. It was the first American college to have an accredited civil engineering program and the first to have class rings, and its technical curriculum became a model for engineering schools. West Point's student body has a unique rank structure and lexicon. All cadets reside on campus and dine together en masse on weekdays for breakfast and lunch. The academy fields 15 men's and nine women's National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) sports teams. Cadets compete in one sport every fall, winter, and spring season at the intramural, club, or intercollegiate level. Its football team was a national power in the early and mid-20th century, winning three national championships. Among the country's public institutions, the academy is the top producer of Marshall and Rhodes scholars.[8][9] Its alumni and students are collectively referred to as "The Long Gray Line," and its ranks include two U.S. Presidents; the President of the unrecognized breakaway[10] Confederate States of America; presidents of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and the Philippines; numerous famous generals; and 76 Medal of Honor recipients. Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial period, founding, and early years 1.2 After the Civil War 1.3 World War II and Cold War 1.4 Modern era 2 Campus 2.1 Athletic facilities 2.2 West Point Museum 3 Administration 3.1 Academy leadership 3.2 Admission requirements 4 Curriculum 4.1 Academics 4.2 Military 4.3 Physical 4.4 Moral and ethical training 5 Cadet life 5.1 Rank and organization 5.2 Life in the corps 5.3 Activities 6 Athletics 6.1 Football 6.2 Other sports 7 Traditions 7.1 Cullum number 7.2 Class ring 7.3 Thayer Award 7.4 Sedgwick's spurs 7.5 Goat-Engineer game 7.6 Walking the area 7.7 Sandhurst Military Skills Competition 8 Notable alumni 9 Commemorations 10 West Point Garrison and Stewart Army Subpost 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Citations 13.2 Sources 14 External links History Main article: History of the United States Military Academy For USMA archives, see National Archives and Records Administration § Affiliated facilities. French map of West Point in 1780 Artillery cadet in 1805, wearing a mixture of commissioned and non-commissioned uniforms prescribed for artillery cadets West Point, from Phillipstown (1831) engraving by W. J. Bennett showing the original buildings of the United States Military Academy Colonial period, founding, and early years United States Military Academy uniform in 1882 The Continental Army first occupied West Point, New York, on 27 January 1778,[11] and it is the oldest continuously operating Army post in the United States.[12] Between 1778 and 1780, the Polish engineer and military hero Tadeusz KoĆciuszko oversaw the construction of the garrison defenses.[13] However, KoĆciuszko's plan of a system of small forts did not meet with the approval of New York Governor (and General) George Clinton or the other general officers. It was determined that a battery along the river to "annoy the shipping" was more appropriate, and Washington's chief engineer, Rufus Putnam, directed the construction of a major fortification on a hill 500 feet above sea level that commanded the West Point plain. General Alexander McDougall named it Fort Putnam.[14] The Great Hudson River Chain and high ground above the narrow "S" curve in the river enabled the Continental Army to prevent British Royal Navy ships from sailing upriver and thus dividing the Colonies.[15][16] While the fortifications at West Point were known as Fort Arnold during the war, as commander, Benedict Arnold committed his act of treason, attempting to sell the fort to the British.[17][18] After Arnold betrayed the patriot cause, the Army changed the name of the fortifications at West Point, New York, to Fort Clinton.[17] With the peace after the American Revolutionary War, various ordnance and military stores were left deposited at West Point.[19] "Cadets" underwent training in artillery and engineering studies at the garrison since 1794.[20] During the Quasi-War, Alexander Hamilton laid out plans for the establishment of a military academy at West Point and introduced "A Bill for Establishing a Military Academy" in the House of Representatives.[21] In 1801, shortly after his inauguration as president, Thomas Jefferson directed that plans be set in motion to establish at West Point the United States Military Academy.[22] He selected Jonathan Williams to serve as its first superintendent.[23] Congress formally authorized the establishment and funding of the school with the Military Peace Establishment Act of 1802, which Jefferson signed on 16 March.[2] The academy officially commenced operations on 4 July 1802.[24] The academy graduated Joseph Gardner Swift, its first official graduate, in October 1802. He later returned as Superintendent from 1812 to 1814.[20] In its tumultuous early years, the academy featured few standards for admission or length of study. Cadets ranged in age from 10 years to 37 years and attended between 6 months to 6 years.[20] The impending War of 1812 caused the United States Congress to authorize a more formal system of education at the academy and increased the size of the Corps of Cadets to 250.[20] Thayer monument Robert E. Lee, American Civil War general who graduated from West Point and later served as its superintendent from 1852 to 1855 In 1817, Colonel Sylvanus Thayer became the Superintendent and established the curriculum, elements of which are still in use as of 2020. Thayer instilled strict disciplinary standards, set a standard course of academic study, and emphasized honorable conduct. Known as the "Father of the Military Academy," he is honored with a monument on campus for the profound impact he had upon the academy.[25][26] Founded as a school of engineering, for the first half of the 19th century, USMA produced graduates who gained recognition for engineering the bulk of the nation's initial railway lines, bridges, harbors and roads.[27][28][29] The academy was the only engineering school in the country until the founding of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1824. It was so successful in its engineering curriculum that it significantly influenced every American engineering school founded prior to the Civil War.[28][29][30] The MexicanâAmerican War brought the academy to prominence as graduates proved themselves in battle for the first time. Future Civil War commanders Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, who also later became the superintendent of the academy, first distinguished themselves in battle in Mexico.[31][32] In all, 452 of 523 graduates who served in the war received battlefield promotions or awards for bravery.[31][33] The school experienced a rapid modernization during the 1850s, often romanticized by the graduates who led both sides of the Civil War as the "end of the Old West Point era."[34] New barracks brought better heat and gas lighting, while new ordnance and tactics training incorporated new rifle and musket technology and accommodated transportation advances created by the steam engine.[34][35] With the outbreak of the Civil War, West Point graduates filled the general officer ranks of the rapidly expanding Union and Confederate armies.[36] 294 graduates served as general officers for the Union, and 151 served as general officers for the Confederacy.[34] Of all living graduates at the time of the war, 105 (10%) were killed, and another 151 (15%) were wounded.[34] Nearly every general officer of note from either army during the Civil War was a graduate of West Point and a West Point graduate commanded the forces of one or both sides in every one of the 60 major battles of the war.[34][36][37] West Point Cadet C. Benek by Mathew Brady After the Civil War Henry Ossian Flipper Immediately following the Civil War, the academy enjoyed unprecedented fame as a result of the role its graduates had played.[38] However, the post-war years were a difficult time for the academy as it struggled to admit and reintegrate cadets from former confederate states.[39] The first cadets from Southern states were re-admitted in 1868, and 1870 saw the admission of the first black cadet, James Webster Smith of South Carolina.[39][40] Smith endured harsh treatment and was eventually dismissed for academic deficiency under controversial circumstances in 1874.[41] As a result, Henry O. Flipper of Georgia became the first black graduate in 1877, graduating 50th in a class of 76.[39][dead link][42] Two of the most notable graduates during this period were George Washington Goethals from the class of 1880, and John J. Pershing from the class of 1886.[39] Goethals gained prominence as the chief engineer of the Panama Canal,[43] and Pershing would become famous for his exploits against the famed Pancho Villa in Mexico and later for leading American Forces during World War I.[44] Besides the integration of southern-state and black cadets, the post-war academy also struggled with the issue of hazing. In its first 65 years, hazing was uncommon or non-existent beyond small pranks played upon the incoming freshmen, but took a harsher tone as Civil War veterans began to fill the incoming freshman classes. The upper class cadets saw it as their duty to "teach the plebes their manners."[45] Hazing at the academy entered the national spotlight with the death of former cadet Oscar L. Booz on 3 December 1900. Congressional hearings, which included testimony by cadet Douglas MacArthur, investigated his death and the pattern of freshmen's systemic hazing.[46] When MacArthur returned as superintendent, he made an effort to end the practice of hazing the incoming freshmen by placing Army sergeants in charge of training new cadets during freshman summer.[47] The practice of hazing continued on some levels well into the late 20th century, but is no longer allowed in the present day.[48] Corps of Cadets c.â1870 Class at West Point, 1929 The demand for junior officers during the SpanishâAmerican War caused the class of 1899 to graduate early, and the PhilippineâAmerican War did the same for the class of 1901. This increased demand for officers led Congress to increase the Corps of Cadets' size to 481 cadets in 1900.[49] The period between 1900 and 1915 saw a construction boom as much of West Point's old infrastructure was rebuilt.[49] Many of the academy's most famous graduates graduated during the 15-year period between 1900 and 1915: Douglas MacArthur (1903), Joseph Stilwell (1904), Henry "Hap" Arnold (1907), George S. Patton (1909), Dwight D. Eisenhower, and Omar Bradley (both 1915). The class of 1915 is known as "the class the stars fell on" for the exceptionally high percentage of general officers that rose from that class (59 of 164).[50][51] The outbreak of America's involvement in World War I caused a sharp increase in the demand for army officers, and the academy accelerated graduation of all four classes then in attendance to meet this requirement, beginning with the early graduation of the First Class on 20 April 1917, the Second Class in August 1917, and both the Third and Fourth Classes just before the Armistice of 11 November 1918, when only freshman cadets remained (those who had entered in the summer of 1918).[49] In all, wartime contingencies and post-war adjustments resulted in ten classes, varying in length of study from two to four years, within a seven-year period before the regular course of study was fully resumed.[52] Douglas MacArthur became superintendent in 1919, instituting sweeping reforms to the academic process, including introducing a greater emphasis on history and humanities.[53] He made major changes to the field training regimen and the Cadet Honor Committee was formed under his watch in 1922.[54][55] MacArthur was a firm supporter of athletics at the academy, as he famously said "Upon the fields of friendly strife are sown the seeds that, upon other fields, on other days, will bear the fruits of victory."[56] West Point was first officially accredited in 1925, and in 1933 began granting Bachelor of Science degrees to all graduates.[57] In 1935, the academy's authorized strength increased to 1,960 cadets.[57] World War II and Cold War As World War II engulfed Europe, Congress authorized an increase to 2,496 cadets in 1942 and began graduating classes early. The class of 1943 graduated six months early in January 1943, and the next four classes graduated after only three years.[58] To accommodate this accelerated schedule, summer training was formally moved to a recently acquired piece of land southwest of main post. The site would later become Camp Buckner.[59] The academy had its last serious brush with abolition or major reform during the war, when some members of Congress charged that even the accelerated curriculum allowed young men to "hide out" at West Point and avoid combat duty. A proposal was put forth to convert the academy to an officer's training school with a six-month schedule, but this was not adopted. West Point played a prominent role in WWII; four of the five five-star generals were alumni and nearly 500 graduates died.[58] Immediately following the war in 1945, Maxwell Taylor (class of 1922) became superintendent. He expanded and modernized the academic program and abolished antiquated courses in fencing and horsemanship.[60] Unlike previous conflicts, the Korean War did not disrupt class graduation schedules. More than half of the Army leadership during the war was composed of West Point graduates. The Class of 1950, which graduated only two weeks prior to the war's outbreak, suffered some of the heaviest casualties of any 20th century class and became known sourly as "the class the crosses fell on." A total of 157 alumni perished in the conflict.[61] Garrison H. Davidson became superintendent in 1956 and instituted several reforms that included refining the admissions process, changing the core curriculum to include electives, and increasing the academic degree standards for academy instructors.[61] The 1960s saw the size of the Corps expand to 4,400 cadets while the barracks and academic support structure grew proportionally.[62][63] West Point was not immune to the social upheaval of American society during the Vietnam War.[64][65][66] The first woman joined the faculty of the all-male institution amidst controversy in 1968.[67] The Army granted its first honorable discharge in 1971 to a West Point cadet, Cary E. Donham, of Illinois, who applied for conscientious objector status in 1970. The academy struggled to fill its incoming classes as its graduates led troops in Southeast Asia, where 333 graduates died.[68][69] Modern era Following the 1973 end of American involvement in Vietnam, the strain and stigma of earlier social unrest dissolved and West Point enjoyed surging enrollments.[70] On May 20, 1975, an amendment to the Defense Authorization Bill of 1976 opening the service academies to women was approved by the House of Representatives, 303â96. The Senate followed suit on June 6. President Ford signed the bill on October 7, 1975.[71] Class of 1980 Cadets Carol A. Young, Gregory Stephens, and Kathryn A. Wildey at West Point, December 1976 West Point admitted its first 119 female cadets in 1976.[72][73] Also in 1976, physics professor James H. Stith became the first tenured African American Professor.[74] In 1979, Cadet, later General, Vincent K. Brooks became the first African American to lead the Corp of Cadets.[75] Kristin Baker, ten years later, became the first female First Captain (a depiction of her is now on display in the Museum), the highest ranking senior cadet at the academy in 1989.[76] Five other women have been appointed as First Captain: Grace H. Chung in 2003, Stephanie Hightower in 2005, Lindsey Danilack in 2013, Simone Askew in 2017, and Reilly McGinnis in 2020.[77][78] Simone Askew was the first African American woman to lead the Corps.[75] In the 21st century, women comprise approximately 20% of entering new cadets.[79] First female graduates in 1980 In 1985, cadets were formally authorized to declare an academic major; all previous graduates had been awarded a general bachelor of science degree. Five years later there was a major revision of the Fourth Class System, as the Cadet Leader Development System (CLDS) became the guidance for the development of all four classes.[69][80] The class of 1990 was the first one to be issued a standard and mandatory computer to every member of the class at the beginning of Plebe year, the Zenith 248 SX. The academy was also an early adopter of the Internet in the mid-1990s, and was recognized in 2006 as one of the nation's "most wired" campuses.[81] At the height of the Cold War in October 1987, President Reagan visited the Academy and delivered a speech about ending the Evil Empire. During the Gulf War, alumnus General Schwarzkopf was the commander of Allied Forces, and the American senior generals in Iraq, Generals Petraeus, Odierno and Austin, and Afghanistan, retired General Stanley McChrystal and General David Rodriguez, are also alumni. Following the September 11 attacks, applications for admission to the academy increased dramatically, security on campus was increased, and the curriculum was revamped to include coursework on terrorism and military drills in civilian environments.[82] One graduate was killed during the 9/11 terrorist attacks and ninety graduates have died during operations in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the ongoing Global War on Terror.[83][84] The Class of 2005 has been referred to as The Class of 9/11 as the attacks occurred during their first year at the academy, and they graduated 911 students. In 2008 gender-neutral lyrics were incorporated into West Point's "Alma Mater" and "The Corps" â replacing lines like "The men of the Corps" with "The ranks of the Corps."[85] In December 2009, President Barack Obama delivered a major speech in Eisenhower Hall Theater outlining his policy for deploying 30,000 additional troops to Afghanistan as well as setting a timetable for withdrawal.[86][87] President Obama also provided the commencement address in 2014.[88] After the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy was lifted September 20, 2011, the academy began admitting and retaining openly gay cadets. By March 2012, cadets were forming a gay-straight alliance group called Spectrum.[89] By March 2015, Spectrum had two faculty and 40 cadet members, a mixture of gay, straight, bi, and undecided. According to a Vanity Fair essay, the LGBT cadets were well accepted.[90] After the ban on transgender service members was lifted in 2016, the Class of 2017 saw the first openly transgender graduate. However, she was denied a commission and was honorably discharged.[91] Brig. Gen. Diana Holland became West Point's first woman Commandant of Cadets in January 2016.[92] Campus Main article: United States Military Academy grounds and facilities Looking north toward the central campus View of an amphitheater in front of a river with rolling hills in the background, with West Point cadets in front of the stage and performance attendees in the foreground The Trophy Point Amphitheater hosts cadet ceremonies as well as free summer concerts. The academy is located approximately 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City on the western bank of the Hudson River. West Point, New York, is incorporated as a federal military reservation in Orange County and is adjacent to Highland Falls.[93] Based on the significance both of the Revolutionary War fort ruins and of the military academy itself, the majority of the academy area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960.[94][95] In 1841, Charles Dickens visited the academy and said "It could not stand on more appropriate ground, and any ground more beautiful can hardly be."[96] One of the most visited and scenic sites on post, Trophy Point, overlooks the Hudson River to the north, and is home to many captured cannon from past wars as well as the Stanford White-designed Battle Monument.[97] Though the entire military reservation encompasses 15,974 acres (65 km2), the academic area of the campus, known as "central area" or "the cadet area", is entirely accessible to cadets or visitors by foot.[98] Cadet Chapel One of the six wings of Washington Hall during lunchtime In 1902, the Boston architectural firm Cram, Goodhue, and Ferguson was awarded a major construction contract that set the predominantly neogothic architectural style still seen today.[99] Most of the buildings of the central cadet area are in this style, as typified by the Cadet Chapel, completed in 1910.[100] These buildings are nearly all constructed from granite that has a predominantly gray and black hue. The barracks that were built in the 1960s were designed to mimic this style.[99] Other buildings on post, notably the oldest private residences for the faculty, are built in the Federal, Georgian, or English Tudor styles.[101] A few buildings, such as Cullum Hall and the Old Cadet Chapel, are built in the Neoclassical style.[102] Nininger Hall, part of the original Cadet Barracks The academy grounds are home to numerous monuments and statues. The central cadet parade ground, the Plain, hosts the largest number, and includes the Washington Monument, Thayer Monument, Eisenhower Monument, MacArthur Monument, Kosciuszko Monument, and Sedgwick Monument. Patton Monument was first dedicated in front of the cadet library in 1950,[103] but in 2004 it was placed in storage to make room for the construction of Jefferson Hall. With the completion of Jefferson Hall, Patton's statue was relocated and unveiled at a temporary location on 15 May 2009, where it will remain until the completion of the renovation of the old cadet library and Bartlett Hall.[104] There is also a statue commemorating brotherhood and friendship from the Ăcole Polytechnique in the cadet central area just outside Nininger Hall. The remaining campus area is home to 27 other monuments and memorials.[105] West Point Cemetery The West Point Cemetery is the final resting place of many notable graduates and faculty, including George Armstrong Custer, Winfield Scott, William Westmoreland, Earl Blaik, Margaret Corbin, and eighteen Medal of Honor recipients.[106][107] The cemetery is also the burial place of several recent graduates who have died during the ongoing conflict in Iraq and Afghanistan. Many of the older grave sites have large and ornate grave markers, the largest belonging to Egbert Viele (class of 1847), chief engineer of Brooklyn's Prospect Park.[106] The cemetery is also home to a monument to Revolutionary War heroine Margaret Corbin.[108] Athletic facilities Main article: West Point athletic facilities West Point is home to historic athletic facilities like Michie Stadium and Gillis Field House as well as modern facilities such as the Lichtenburg Tennis Center, Anderson Rugby Complex, and the Lou Gross Gymnastics Facility.[109] Michie Stadium recently underwent a significant upgrade in facilities for the football team, and the academy installed a new artificial turf field in the summer of 2008.[110] West Point Museum See also: National Museum of the United States Army § Other Army museums The visitor's center is just outside the Thayer Gate in the village of Highland Falls and offers the opportunity to arrange for a guided tour. These tours, which are the only way the general public can access the academy grounds, leave the visitor's center several times a day. The old West Point Visitor's Center was housed in the now-demolished Ladycliff College library building. On September 9, 2016, West Point broke ground in order to begin construction of the new 31,000 square foot Malek West Point Visitors Center. It is being built on the location of the former visitor's center. The Malek West Point Visitors Center is named after Frederic Malek, USMA Class of 1959 and a 2014 Distinguished Graduate.[111] The West Point Museum is directly adjacent to the visitor's center, in the renovated Olmsted Hall on the grounds of the former Ladycliff College. Originally opened to the public in 1854, the West Point Museum is the oldest military museum in the country.[112][113] During the summer months, the museum operates access to the Fort Putnam historic site on main post and access to the 282 acre Constitution Island.[114] Some of the most notable items on display at the museum are George Washington's pistols, Napoleon's sword, a dagger carried by Hermann Göring when he was captured, a revolver that belonged to Göring, and a silver-plated party book, signed by Charles Lindbergh, Herbert Hoover and Mussolini, among others. Arguably, the most prized artifact on display is a gold-plated pistol that belonged to Adolf Hitler. Administration Academy leadership Main article: Superintendent of the United States Military Academy The 57th & 58th Superintendents, LTG Franklin L. Hagenbeck (L) & LTG David H. Huntoon (R) The commanding officer at the USMA is the Superintendent, equivalent to the president or chancellor of a civilian university. In recent years, the position of superintendent has been held by a lieutenant general (three star general). The 60th Superintendent, Lieutenant General Darryl A. Williams, took command on 1 July 2018, replacing Robert L. Caslen. He is the first African American to command West Point.[115] The academy is a direct reporting unit, and as such, the Superintendent reports directly to the Army Chief of Staff (CSA).[116][117] There are two other general officer positions at the academy. Brigadier General Curtis A. Buzzard is the Commandant of Cadets, equivalent to a dean of students at the civilian level. Brigadier General Cindy Jebb is the Dean of the Academic Board, equivalent to a provost at the civilian level.[118] Brigadier General Diana Holland was the first female commandant.[119] Brigadier General Jebb is the first female Dean.[120] There are 13 academic departments at USMA, each with a colonel as the head of department. These 13 tenured colonels comprise the core of the Academic Board. These officers are titled "Professors USMA" or PUSMA.[121] The academy is also overseen by the Board of Visitors (BOV). The BOV is a panel of Senators, Congressional Representatives, and presidential appointees who "shall inquire into the morale and discipline, curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, academic methods, and other matters relating to the academy that the board decides to consider." Currently the BOV is chaired by Representative John Shimkus and is composed of three Senators, five Representatives and six presidential appointees.[122] Admission requirements West Point in a New York Central Lines ad Candidates must be between 17 and 23 years old (waivers have been accepted for 24 year olds in rare cases where the candidate is in the military and deployed and therefore unable to attend before his or her 24th birthday), unmarried, and with no legal obligation to support a child. Above average high school and/or previous college grades, and strong performance on standardized testing is expected.[123] The interquartile range on the old SAT was 1100â1360 and 68% ranked in the top fifth of their high school class.[124][125] To be eligible for appointment, candidates must also undergo a Candidate Fitness Assessment[126] and a complete physical exam.[126] Up to 60 students from foreign countries are present at USMA, educated at the expense of the sponsoring nation, with tuition assistance based on the GNP of their country.[127] Of these foreign cadets the Code of Federal Regulations specifically permits one Filipino cadet designated by the President of the Philippines.[128] The actual application process consists of two main requirements: candidates apply to USMA for admission and separately provide a nomination. The majority of candidates receive a nomination from their United States Representative or Senator. Some receive a nomination from the Vice President or even the President of the United States.[129] The nomination process is not political. Applicants do not have to know their congressman to be nominated. The Academy applicant typically provides written essays and letters of recommendation. The applicant then submits to a formal interview.[130] Admission to West Point is selective: 12.75% of applicants were admitted (total of 1292) to the Class of 2012.[124][131] Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program.[132] If a candidate is considered academically disqualified and not selected, he or she may receive an offer to attend to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School.[133] Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements.[134] The West Point Association of Graduates (WPAOG) also offers scholarship support to people who are qualified but not selected. The scholarships usually cover around $7,000 to civilian universities; the students who receive these scholarships do so under the stipulation that they will be admitted to and attend West Point a year later. Those who do not must repay the AOG. Marion Military Institute, New Mexico Military Institute, Georgia Military College, Hargrave Military Academy, Greystone Preparatory School at Schreiner University, and Northwestern Preparatory School are approved programs that students attend on the AOG scholarship prior to admission to West Point.[135] Curriculum Graduates of the Class of 2008 toss their hats after "class dismissed" West Point is a medium-sized, highly residential baccalaureate college, with a full-time, four-year undergraduate program that emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with no graduate program.[131] There are forty-five academic majors, the most popular of which are foreign languages, management information systems, history, economics, and mechanical engineering.[125][136] West Point is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.[137] Military officers compose 75% of the faculty, while civilian professors make up the remaining 25%.[138] A cadet's class rank, which determines his or her Army branch and assignment upon graduation, is calculated as a combination of academic performance (55%), military leadership performance (30%), and physical fitness and athletic performance (15%).[139][140] Academics The academy's teaching style forms part of the Thayer method, which was implemented by Sylvanus Thayer during his tour as Superintendent.[141] This form of instruction emphasizes small classes with daily homework, and strives to make students actively responsible for their own learning by completing homework assignments prior to class and bringing the work to class to discuss collaboratively.[142] The academic program consists of a structured core of thirty-one courses balanced between the arts and sciences.[143] The academy operates on the semester system, which it labels as "terms" (Term 1 is the fall semester; Term 2 is the spring semester). Although cadets choose their majors in the spring of their freshmen year, all cadets take the same course of instruction until the beginning of their second year.[144] This core course of instruction consists of mathematics, information technology, chemistry, physics, engineering, history, physical geography, philosophy, leadership and general psychology, English composition and literature, foreign language, political science, international relations, economics, and constitutional law.[145][146] Some advanced cadets may "validate" out of the base-level classes and take advanced or accelerated courses earlier as freshmen or sophomores. Regardless of major, all cadets graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree.[143] Military Cadets cross a rope bridge during summer training As all cadets are commissioned as second lieutenants upon graduation, military and leadership education is nested with academic instruction. Military training and discipline fall under the purview of the Office of the Commandant. Entering freshmen, or fourth class cadets, are referred to as New Cadets, and enter the academy on Reception Day or R-day,[147] which marks the start of cadet basic training (CBT), known colloquially as Beast Barracks, or simply Beast.[148][149] Most cadets consider Beast to be their most difficult time at the academy because of the transition from civilian to military life. Their second summer, cadets undergo cadet field training (CFT) at nearby Camp Buckner, where they train in more advanced field craft and military skills. During a cadet's third summer, they may serve as instructors for CBT or CFT. Rising Firstie (senior) cadets also spend one-month training at Camp Buckner, where they train for modern tactical situations that they will soon face as new platoon leaders. Cadets also have the opportunity during their second, third and fourth summers to serve in active army units and military schools around the world.[150] The schools include Airborne, Air Assault, Sapper, Pathfinder, etc.[151] Active duty officers in the rank of captain or major serve as Company Tactical Officers (TAC Officers). The role of the TAC is to mentor, train, and teach the cadets proper standards of good order and discipline and be a good role model.[152] There is one TAC for every cadet company. There is also one senior Non-Commissioned Officer to assist each TAC, known as TAC-NCOs.[153] The Department of Military Instruction (DMI) is responsible for all military arts and sciences education as well as planning and executing the cadet summer training.[154] Within DMI there is a representative from each of the Army's branches. These "branch reps" serve as proponents for their respective branches and liaise with cadets as they prepare for branch selection and graduation.[155] Within DMI sits the Modern War Institute, a research center devoted to the study of contemporary conflict and the evolving character of war.[156] Physical Indoor obstacle course The Department of Physical Education (DPE) administers the physical program, which includes both physical education classes, physical fitness testing, and competitive athletics. The head of DPE holds the title of Master of the Sword, dating back to the 19th century when DPE taught swordsmanship as part of the curriculum.[157] All cadets take a prescribed series of physical fitness courses such as military movement (applied gymnastics), boxing, survival swimming, and beginning in 2009, advanced combatives. Cadets can also take elective physical activity classes such as scuba, rock climbing, and aerobic fitness.[158] As with all soldiers in the Army, cadets also must pass the Army Physical Fitness Test twice per year. Additionally, every year, cadets must pass the Indoor Obstacle Course Test (IOCT), which DPE has administered in Hayes Gymnasium since 1944.[159][160] Since Douglas MacArthur's tenure as superintendent, every cadet has been required to participate in either an intercollegiate sport, a club sport, or an intramural (referred to as "company athletics") sport each semester.[56] Moral and ethical training Class of '57 honor memorial on which the honor code is inscribed Moral and ethical development occurs throughout the entirety of the cadet experience by living under the honor code and through formal leadership programs available at the academy. These include instruction in the values of the military profession through Professional Military Ethics Education (PME2), voluntary religious programs, interaction with staff and faculty role models, and an extensive guest-speaker program. The foundation of the ethical code at West Point is found in the academy's motto, "Duty, Honor, Country."[1] West Point's Cadet Honor Code reads simply that: "A cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, or tolerate those who do."[161] Cadets accused of violating the Honor Code face an investigative and hearing process. If they are found guilty by a jury of their peers, they face severe consequences ranging from being "turned back" (repeating an academic year) to separation from the academy.[162] Cadets previously enforced collective censure by an unofficial sanction known as "silencing" by not speaking to cadets accused of violating the honor code, but the practice ended in 1973 after national scrutiny.[163][164] Although the academy's honor code is well known and has been influential for many other colleges and universities, the academy has experienced several significant violations. For example, 151 junior cadets were found guilty of "violating the honor code" in their exams in 1976.[165] In 2020, more than 70 cadets were also accused of cheating on exams.[166] Cadet life Rank and organization Cadet collar and shoulder sleeve insignia Cadet captains' shoulder sleeve insignia Cadets are not referred to as freshmen, sophomores, juniors, or seniors. Instead they are officially called fourth class, third class, second class, and first class cadets. Colloquially, freshmen are plebes, sophomores are yearlings or yuks, juniors are cows, and seniors are firsties.[167][168] Some of the origins of the class names are known, some are not. Plebeians were the lower class of ancient Roman society, while yearling is a euphemism for a year-old animal. The origin of cow is less known. There are a number of theories for the origin of the term cow; however the most prevalent and probably accurate one is that cadets in years past had no leave until the end of their yearling year, when they were granted a summer-long furlough. Their return as second classmen was heralded as "the cows coming home."[169] The Corps of Cadets is officially organized into a brigade. The senior ranking cadet, the Brigade Commander, is known traditionally as the First Captain. The brigade is organized into four regiments. Within each regiment there are three battalions, each consisting of three companies.[170] Companies are lettered A through I, with a number signifying which regiment it belongs to. For example, there are four "H" companies: H1, H2, H3, and H4. First class cadets hold the leadership positions within the brigade from the First Captain down to platoon leaders within the companies. Leadership responsibility decreases with the lower classes, with second class cadets holding the rank of cadet sergeant, third class cadets holding the rank of cadet corporal, and fourth class cadets as cadet privates.[171] Life in the corps Cadet color guard on parade Because of the academy's congressional nomination process, students come from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, the Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the US Virgin Islands.[172][173] The academy is also authorized up to 60 international exchange cadets, who undergo the same four-year curriculum as fully integrated members of the Corps of Cadets.[174] Cadets attend the United States Military Academy free of charge, with all tuition and board paid for by the Army in return for a service commitment of five years of active duty and three years of reserve status upon graduation.[175] Starting on the first day of a cadet's second class year, non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service. Cadets receive a monthly stipend of $1,017.00 for books, uniforms, and other necessities, as of 2015.[176] From this amount, pay is automatically deducted for the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, services, meals, and other miscellaneous expenses. All remaining money after deductions is used at the individual cadetsâ discretion. All cadets receive meals in the dining halls and have access to internet on approved, issued devices.[177] The student population was 4,389 cadets for the 2016â2017 academic year. The student body has recently been around 20% female.[125] Demographics of student body[125] Undergraduate U.S. Census Non-Hispanic White 64% 61.3% Hispanic American (of any race) 12% 17.8% Asian American 6% 5.7% African American 11% 13.3% Native American 1% 1.3% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 1% 0.2% Two or more races 4% 2.6% International student 1% N/A All cadets reside on campus for their entire four years in one of the nine barracks buildings. Most cadets are housed with one roommate, but some rooms are designed for three cadets. Cadets are grouped into companies identified by alpha-numeric codes. All companies live together in the same barracks area.[178] The commandant may decide to have cadets change companies at some point in their cadet career. This process is known as scrambling and the method of scrambling has changed several times in recent years.[179][180] All 4,000 cadets dine together at breakfast and lunch in the Washington Hall during the weekdays.[181] The cadet fitness center, Arvin Cadet Physical Development Center (usually just called "Arvin" by cadets and faculty), which was rebuilt in 2004, houses extensive physical fitness facilities and equipment for student use.[182] Class of 2012's motto Each class of cadets elects representatives to serve as class president and fill several administrative positions.[183] They also elect a ring and crest committee, which designs the class's crest, the emblem that signifies their class and is embossed upon their class rings. Each class crest is required to contain the initials USMA and their class motto.[184] The class motto is proposed by the class during cadet basic training and voted on by the class prior to the beginning of their freshman academic year. Class mottos typically have verbiage that rhymes or is phonetically similar with their class year.[184] Cadets today live and work within the framework of the Cadet Leader Development System (CLDS), which specifies the roles that a cadet plays throughout their four years at the academy.[185] Cadets begin their USMA careers as trainees (new cadets), then advance in rank, starting as CDT Privates (freshmen) and culminating as CDT Officers (seniors). Freshmen have no leadership responsibilities, but have a host of duties to perform as they learn how to follow orders and operate in an environment of rigid rank structure, while seniors have significant leadership responsibilities and significantly more privileges that correspond to their rank.[186] Activities Rwandan President Paul Kagame visits his son's room during Plebe-Parent Weekend Cadets have a host of extracurricular activities available, most run by the office of the Directorate of Cadet Activities (DCA).[187] DCA sponsors or operates 113 athletic and non-sport clubs.[188] Many cadets join several clubs during their time at the academy and find their time spent with their clubs a welcome respite from the rigors of cadet life.[189] DCA is responsible for a wide range of activities that provide improved quality of life for cadets, including: three cadet-oriented restaurants,[190] the Cadet Store,[191] and the Howitzer and Bugle Notes.[192] The Howitzer is the annual yearbook, while Bugle Notes, also known as the "plebe bible," is the manual of plebe knowledge. Plebe knowledge is a lengthy collection of traditions, songs, poems, anecdotes, and facts about the academy, the army, the Old Corps, and the rivalry with Navy that all plebes must memorize during cadet basic training.[193][194][195] During plebe year, plebes may be asked, and are expected to answer, any inquiry about plebe knowledge asked by upper class cadets. Other knowledge is historical in nature, including information as found in Bugle Notes.[196] However, some knowledge changes daily, such as "the days" (a running list of the number of days until important academy events),[197] the menu in the mess hall for the day, or the lead stories in The New York Times.[196] Each cadet class celebrates at least one special "class weekend" per academic year. Fourth class cadets participate in Plebe Parent Weekend during the first weekend of spring break. In February, third class cadets celebrate the winter season with Yearling Winter Weekend. In late January the second class cadets celebrate 500th Night, marking the remaining 500 days before graduation. First class cadets celebrate three different formal occasions. In late August, first class cadets celebrate Ring Weekend, in February they mark their last 100 days with 100th Night, and in May they have a full week of events culminating in their graduation. All of the "class weekends" involve a formal dinner and social dance, known in old cadet slang as a "hop," held at Eisenhower Hall.[198][199] Grant Hall, formerly the cadet mess hall at West Point, is now a social center.[200] Athletics Main article: Army Black Knights "Beat Navy" tunnel Since 1899, Army's mascot has officially been a mule because the animal symbolizes strength and perseverance.[201][202] The academy's football team was nicknamed "The Black Knights of the Hudson" due to the black color of its uniforms.[203][204] This nickname has since been officially shortened to "Black Knights."[205] U.S. sports media use "Army" as a synonym for the academy. "On Brave Old Army Team" is the school's fight song.[206] Army's chief sports rival is the Naval Academy due to its long-standing football rivalry and the interservice rivalry with the Navy in general. Fourth class cadets verbally greet upper-class cadets and faculty with "Beat Navy," while the tunnel that runs under Washington Road is named the "Beat Navy" tunnel. Army also plays the U.S. Air Force Academy for the Commander-in-Chief's Trophy. In the first half of the 20th century, Army and Notre Dame were football rivals, but that rivalry has since died out.[207][208] Notre Dame beat Army 44 â 6 in 2016. Football Main article: Army Black Knights football Army football began in 1890, when Navy challenged the cadets to a game of the relatively new sport. Navy defeated Army at West Point that year, but Army avenged the loss in Annapolis the following year.[209] The rival academies still clash every December in what is traditionally the last regular-season Division I college-football game. The 2015 football season marked Navy's fourteenth consecutive victory over Army, the longest streak in the series since inception. The following year, Army won 21â17.[210] Army's football team reached its pinnacle of success under coach Earl Blaik when Army won consecutive national championships in 1944, 1945 and 1946, and produced three Heisman trophy winners: Doc Blanchard (1945), Glenn Davis (1946) and Pete Dawkins (1958).[211] Past NFL coaches Vince Lombardi[212] and Bill Parcells[213] were Army assistant coaches early in their careers. The football team plays its home games at Michie Stadium, where the playing field is named after Earl Blaik. Cadets' attendance is mandatory at football games and the Corps stands for the duration of the game. At all home games, one of the four regiments marches onto the field in formation before the team takes the field and leads the crowd in traditional Army cheers.[214] From 1992 through 1996, Army won all of the games against Navy for the first time since the legendary days of Blanchard and Davis, and it introduced the fraternal group of players identifying themselves as the Fat Man Club, initiated by the offensive linemen of the Class of 1996. Between the 1998 and 2004 seasons, Army's football program was a member of Conference USA, but has since reverted to its former independent status.[215] Other sports See also: Army Black Knights men's basketball A cadet in action during the 2009 ArmyâNavy lacrosse game Though football may receive a lot of media attention due to its annual rivalry game, West Point has a long history of athletics in other NCAA sports.[209] Army is a member of the Division I Patriot League in most sports,[205] while its men's ice hockey program competes in Atlantic Hockey.[216] John P. Riley, Jr. was the hockey coach at West Point for more than 35 years. Every year, Army faces the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) Paladins in the annual West Point Weekend hockey game.[217] This series was first conceived in 1923. The men's lacrosse team has won eight national championships and appeared in the NCAA tournament sixteen times. In its early years, lacrosse was used by football players, like the "Lonesome End" Bill Carpenter, to stay in shape during the off-season.[218] The 2005â06 women's basketball team went 20â11 and won the Patriot League tournament. They went to the 2006 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament as a 15th-ranked seed, where they lost to Tennessee, 102â54. It was the first March Madness tournament appearance for any Army basketball team. The head coach of that team, Maggie Dixon, died soon after the season at only 28 years of age. Bob Knight, formerly the winningest men's basketball coach in NCAA history, began his head coaching career at Army in the late 1960s[219] before moving on to Indiana and Texas Tech. One of Knight's players at Army was Mike Krzyzewski, who later was head coach at Army before moving on to Duke, where he has won five national championships.[220] Army men's rugby Approximately 15% of cadets are members of a club sport team. West Point fields a total of 24 club sports teams that have been very successful in recent years, winning national championships in judo, boxing, orienteering, pistol, triathlon, crew, cycling, and team handball.[221][222] The majority of the student body, about 65%, competes in intramural sports, known at the academy as "company athletics." DPE's Competitive Sports committee runs the club and company athletics sports programs and was recently named one of the "15 Most Influential Sports Education Teams in America" by the Institute for International Sport.[223] The fall season sees competition in basketball, flag-football, team handball, soccer, ultimate disc, and wrestling; while the spring season sees competition in combative grappling, floor hockey, orienteering, flicker ball, and swimming.[224] In the spring, each company also fields a team entry into the annual Sandhurst Competition, a military skills event conducted by the Department of Military Instruction.[225] Traditions The Corps Bishop H.S. Shipman's "The Corps" is considered the second most important song at the United States Military Academy behind the Alma Mater. Problems playing this file? See media help. Due to West Point's age and its unique mission of producing Army officers, it has many time-honored traditions. The list below are some of the traditions unique to or started by the academy. Cullum number The Cullum number is a reference and identification number assigned to each graduate. It was created by brevet Major General George W. Cullum (USMA Class of 1833) who, in 1850, began the monumental work of chronicling the biographies of every graduate. He assigned number one to the first West Point graduate, Joseph Gardner Swift, and then numbered all successive graduates in sequence. Before his death in 1892, General Cullum completed the first three volumes of a work that eventually comprised 10 volumes, titled General Cullum's Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy, and covering USMA classes from 1802 through 1850. From 1802 through the Class of 1977, graduates were listed by general order of Merit. Beginning with the Class of 1978, graduates were listed alphabetically, and then by date of graduation. Seven graduates have an "A" suffix after their Cullum Number. For various reasons these graduates were omitted from the original class roster, and a suffix letter was added to avoid renumbering the entire class and subsequent classes.[226] Class ring Main article: United States Military Academy class ring 2012 West Point class ring West Point began the collegiate tradition of the class ring, beginning with the class of 1835.[227] The class of 1836 chose no rings, and the class of 1879 had cuff links in lieu of a class ring. Before 1917, cadets could design much of the ring individually, but now only the center stone can be individualized.[227] One side of the ring bears the academy crest, while the other side bears the class crest and the center stone ring bears the words West Point and the class year. The academy library has a large collection of cadet rings on display.[228] Senior cadets receive their rings during Ring Weekend in the early fall of their senior year. Immediately after senior cadets return to the barracks after receiving their rings, fourth class cadets take the opportunity to surround senior cadets from their company and ask to touch their rings. After reciting a poem known to cadets as the Ring Poop, the senior usually grants the freshmen permission to touch the ring.[229] In 2002, the Memorial Class ring donor program began. Donations of class rings are melted and merged. A portion of the original gold is infused with gold from preceding melts to become part of the rings for each 'Firstie' class.[230] Thayer Award Main article: Sylvanus Thayer Award West Point is home to the Sylvanus Thayer Award. Given annually by the academy since 1958, the award honors an outstanding citizen whose service and accomplishments in the national interest exemplify the academy's motto, "Duty, Honor, Country."[231] Currently, the award guidelines state that the recipient not be a graduate of the academy. The award has been awarded to many notable American citizens, to include George H. W. Bush, Colin Powell, Tom Brokaw, Sandra Day O'Connor, Henry Kissinger, Ronald Reagan, Barry Goldwater, Carl Vinson, Barbara Jordan, William J. Perry, Bob Hope, Condoleezza Rice[231] and Leon E. Panetta. Sedgwick's spurs Sedgwick's spurs A monument to Civil War Union General John Sedgwick stands on the outskirts of the Plain. Sedgwick's bronze statue has spurs with rowels that freely rotate. Legend states that if a cadet is in danger of failing a class, they are to don their full-dress parade uniform the night before the final exam. The cadet visits the statue and spins the rowels at the stroke of midnight. Then the cadet runs back to the barracks as fast as he or she can. According to legend, if Sedgwick's ghost catches them, they will fail the exam. Otherwise the cadet will pass the exam and the course.[232][233] Although being out of their rooms after midnight is officially against regulations, violations have been known to be overlooked for the sake of tradition.[234] Goat-Engineer game 2009 Goat-Engineer game As part of the run-up to the Navy football game, the Corps of Cadets plays the Goat-Engineer game.[235] First played in 1907, it is a game between the "Goats" (the bottom half of the senior (Firstie) class academically), and the "Engineers" (the top half). The game is played with full pads and helmets using eight-man football rules. The location has changed over the years, with recent venues being Shea Stadium, Michie Stadium, and Daly Field. Legend states that Army will beat Navy if the goats win, and the opposite if the engineers win.[235] In recent years, female cadets have begun playing a flag football contest, so there are now two Goat-Engineer games, played consecutively the same night.[236] Walking the area "Walking the area" From the earliest days of the academy, one form of punishment for cadets who commit regulatory infractions has been a process officially known as punishment tours.[237] This process is better known to the cadets as "hours" because as punishment, cadets must walk a specified number of hours in penalty. Cadets are "awarded" punishment tours based upon the severity of the infraction. Being late to class or having an unkempt room may result in as little as 5 hours while more severe misconduct infractions may result in upwards of 60 to 80 hours. In its most traditional form, punishment tours are "walked off" by wearing the dress gray uniform under arms and walking back and forth in a designated area of the cadet barracks courtyard, known as "Central Area." Cadets who get into trouble frequently and spend many weekends "walking off their hours" are known as "area birds."[238] Cadets who walk more than 100 total hours in their career are affectionately known as "Century Men."[239] An alternate form of punishment to walking hours is known as "fatigue tours," where assigned hours may be "worked off" by manual labor, such as cleaning the barracks. Certain cadets whose academics are deficient may also conduct "sitting tours," where they have to "sit hours" in a designated academic room in a controlled study environment, for which they receive half credit towards their reduction of tours. Cadets' uniforms are inspected before their tours begin each day. The inspection process is arduous and considered part of the punishment, but the time spent does not count against the awarded number of tours.[240] A small number of cadets may be relieved of their tours that day if their uniforms are exceptionally presentable. Another tradition associated with punishment tours is that any visiting head of state has the authority to grant "amnesty," releasing all cadets with outstanding hours from the remainder of their assigned tours.[241][242] Sandhurst Military Skills Competition In 1967 the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst presented West Point with a British Army officer's sword for use as a trophy in a military skills competition at West Point. In 2019 the Sandhurst competition spans two days, April 12 and 13, with teams from USMA, the ROTC programs, the Naval, Coast Guard, and the Air Force academies. International academies including the UK, Canada, and Australia have won the Sandhurst Military Skills Competition.[243] Notable alumni For a more comprehensive list, see List of United States Military Academy alumni and List of United States Military Academy alumni (non-graduates). Notable people Buzz Aldrin Lloyd Austin William Wallace Smith Bliss Omar Bradley Wesley Clark Michael Collins George Armstrong Custer Jefferson Davis John Bel Edwards Dwight D. Eisenhower JosĂ© MarĂa Figueres Ulysses S. Grant Alexander Haig Winfield Scott Hancock Stonewall Jackson Mike Krzyzewski Robert E. Lee James Longstreet Douglas MacArthur Stanley McChrystal George B. McClellan H. R. McMaster George Meade Mason Patrick George S. Patton John J. Pershing David Petraeus George Pickett Jack Reed Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. William Tecumseh Sherman Eric Shinseki J. E. B. Stuart Ed White An unofficial motto of the academy's history department is "Much of the history we teach was made by people we taught."[82][244] Graduates of the academy refer to themselves as "The Long Gray Line," a phrase taken from the academy's traditional hymn "The Corps."[245][246][247] The academy has produced just under 65,000 alumni,[248] including two Presidents of the United States: Ulysses S. Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower; the president of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis; and three foreign heads of state: Anastasio Somoza Debayle of Nicaragua, Fidel V. Ramos of the Philippines, and JosĂ© MarĂa Figueres of Costa Rica. Alumni currently serving in public office include Senator Jack Reed, Governor of Nebraska David Heineman, Governor of Louisiana John Bel Edwards, Congressmen Warren Davidson, Mark Green, Brett Guthrie, John Shimkus and Steve Watkins.[249] The academy has produced many notable generals during its 212 years. During the Civil War, graduates included John Bell Hood, Stonewall Jackson, U. S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, George McClellan, Simon Bolivar Buckner, James Longstreet, George G. Meade, Phillip Sheridan, William Tecumseh Sherman, J.E.B. Stuart and Oliver O. Howard.[note 1] George Armstrong Custer graduated last in his class of 1861.[251] The SpanishâAmerican War saw the first combat service of Lt. (later, Brigadier General) John "Gatling Gun" Parker, the first Army officer to employ machine guns in offensive fire support of infantry. During World War I, the academy produced General of the Armies John J. Pershing, and Major Generals Charles T. Menoher and Mason Patrick. West Point was the alma mater of many notable World War II generals, Henry H. Arnold, Omar Bradley, Mark Wayne Clark, Robert L. Eichelberger, James M. Gavin, Leslie Groves, Douglas MacArthur, George S. Patton, Joseph Stilwell, Maxwell D. Taylor, James Van Fleet, Jonathan Mayhew Wainwright IV, and Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr. the highest ranking General to be killed in combat during World War II, with many of these graduates also serving in commanding roles in the Korean War. During the Vietnam War, notable graduates general officers included Creighton Abrams, Hal Moore, and William Westmoreland.[252] West Point also produced some famous generals and statesmen of recent note including John Abizaid, Stanley A. McChrystal, Wesley Clark, Alexander Haig, Barry McCaffrey, Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., Brent Scowcroft, Lloyd Austin, and former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, retired General David Petraeus. A total of 76 graduates have been awarded the Medal of Honor.[253] West Point has produced 18 NASA astronauts, including five who went to the Moon. Other noted alumni include Jim Kimsey, founder of AOL; Bob McDonald, CEO of Procter & Gamble who was later nominated to be the Secretary of Veteran Affairs;[254] Alex Gorsky, CEO of Johnson & Johnson; Keith McLoughlin, President and CEO of Electrolux, Jeffrey W. Martin, CEO of Sempra Energy,[255] and Alden Partridge, founder of Norwich University.[256] West Point's contributions to sport include three Heisman Trophy winners: Glenn Davis, Doc Blanchard, and Pete Dawkins. West Point has produced many high government officials, including Brent Scowcroft, the National Security Advisor under presidents Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush, and Eric Shinseki, former Secretary of Veterans Affairs under President Barack Obama. West Point graduate Frank Medina organized and led the nationwide campaign that brought the Congressional Gold Medal to the 65th Infantry Regiment, also known as the Borinqueneers. Among American universities, the academy is fifth on the list of total winners for Rhodes Scholarships,[257] seventh for Marshall Scholarships and fourth on the list of Hertz Fellowships.[258] The official alumni association of West Point is the West Point Association of Graduates (WPAOG or AOG), headquartered at Herbert Hall.[259] Commemorations Image of a U.S. commemorative stamp featuring buildings at West Point West Point commemorative stamp, 1937 On May 26, 1937, the U.S. Post Office issued a 5-cent commemorative stamp honoring West Point, which features several of its buildings along with the West Point's motto, DUTY âą HONOR âą COUNTRY, inscribed under its name near the top.[260] In 2002, on the 200th anniversary of West Point's founding, the U.S. Postal Service released a 34-cent stamp in its honor.[261] West Point Garrison and Stewart Army Subpost As an active-duty U.S. Army installation, there are several regular Army units that provide support for the USMA and the West Point installation. The U.S. Army Garrison[262] includes a Headquarters and Headquarters Company, Provost Marshal and Military Police, Religious Program Support, Keller Army Community Hospital, the West Point Dental Activity, the USMA Band (a regular Army bandâUSMA cadets are not members of the USMA band), and the Directorate of Human Resources (DHR). The DHR is the higher headquarters for: Military Personnel Division (MPD), Army Continuing Education System (ACES), Administrative Services Division (ASD) and the Army Substance Abuse Program (ASAP). The 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Regiment (1â1 INF) and the 2d Army Aviation Detachment, both stationed on nearby Stewart Army Subpost, provide military training and aviation support to the USMA and the West Point Garrison. Additionally, active duty Army support, such as recent field artillery training conducted at Camp Buckner in July 2017, is sometimes provided by the 10th Mountain Division, based at Fort Drum, NY .[263] See also icon Hudson Valley portal United States Military Academy grounds and facilities List of monuments at the United States Military Academy Army University U.S. Air Force Academy U.S. Naval Academy U.S. Coast Guard Academy U.S. Merchant Marine Academy West Point Cadets' Sword West Point Band The Jazz Knights Redoubt Four (West Point) Kosciuszko's Garden Notes Howard was later known for the founding of Howard University.[250] References Citations "About the Academy". United States Military Academy. Retrieved 25 December 2008. Ambrose (1966), p. 22. "USMA Commandant's Corner". United States Military. July 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014. "Army Now Down to 496,079". Army Times. 6 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015. Official Colors (PDF). 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Retrieved 8 January 2009. "Glossary". United States Military Academy. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012. "The Corps". West-Point.org. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009. The Association of Graduates (2007). The Register of Graduates and Former Cadets of the United States Military Academy. West Point, NY. p. 865. "About the Academy". United States Military Academy. Retrieved 31 December 2008. "Brief History". Howard University. Retrieved 19 January 2008. Eicher (2001), p. 196. "Notable USMA Graduates". USMA Bicentennial. United States Military Academy. Retrieved 4 January 2009. "West Point Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients". Medalofhonor.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2009. Juliet Eilperin (29 June 2014). "Bob McDonald, former P&> chief, to be Obama's nominee to lead Veterans Affairs". The Washington Post. "Chief Executive Officer". www.businessroundtable.org. Retrieved 20 June 2019. "Quick Facts". Norwich University. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2009. "Rhodes Scholarships â Number of Winners by Institution" (PDF). Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust. Retrieved 3 February 2016. "Scholarship Winners". Office of the Dean, USMA. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2008. "Association of Graduates". Westpointaog.org. Retrieved 1 January 2008. "5-cent West Point". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. "Bicentennial of U.S. Military Academy Issue". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2014. Copyright image U.S. Army Garrison West Point www.westpoint.army.mil/index.html Archived 6 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 16 July 2017. www.pointerview.com/2017/07/13/zeroing-in-on-cadet-field-training-cft-cadets-learn-impact-of-field-artillery/ Retrieved 16 July 2017 Sources Ambrose, Stephen (1966). Duty, Honor, Country: A History of West Point. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6293-0. Atkinson, Rick (1989). The Long Gray Line. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-48008-6. Barkalow, Carol (1990). In the Men's House. New York: Poseidon Press. ISBN 0-671-67312-2. On integrating women Betros, Lance. Carved from Granite: West Point since 1902 (Texas A&M University Press, 2012), 458 pp. Crackel, Theodore (1991). The Illustrated History of West Point. Boston: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 0-8109-3458-2. Crackel, Theodore (2002). West Point: A Bicentennial History. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1160-6. Crowley, Robert; Guinzburg, Thomas (2002). West Point: Two Centuries of Honor and Tradition. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-53018-2. Endler, James (1998). Other Leaders, Other Heroes. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-96369-1. Lea, Russell (2003). The Long Green Line. Haverford, PA: Infinity Publishing. ISBN 0-7414-1459-7. Lipsky, David (2003). Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-09542-X. Hulse, Glenn (1994). Bugle Notes, 86th Volume. West Point, NY: Directorate of Cadet Activities. McDonald, Robert M. S., ed. (2004). Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813922980. McMaster, R.K. (1951). West Point's Contribution to Education. El Paso, TX: McMath Printing Co. Miller, Rod (2002). The Campus Guide: West Point US Military Academy. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1-56898-294-1. Murphy, Jr., Bill (2008). In a Time of War: The Proud and Perilous Journey of West Point's Class of 2002. New York: Henry Holt & Co. ISBN 978-0-8050-8679-9. Neff, Casey (2007). Bugle Notes: 99th Volume. West Point, NY: Directorate of Cadet Activities. Palka, Eugene; Malinowski, Jon C. (2008). Historic Photos of West Point. Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-59652-416-3. Poughkeepsie Journal (2003). West Point: Legend on the Hudson. Montgomery, NY: Walden Printing. ISBN 0-9674209-1-1. Simpson, Jeffrey (1982). Officers and Gentlemen: Historic West Point in Photographs. Tarrytown, NY: Sleepy Hollow Press. ISBN 0-912882-53-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Military Academy. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica article West Point . 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Joint Security Area From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the South Korean movie, see Joint Security Area (film). Coordinates: 37°57âČ21âłN 126°40âČ36âłE
South Korean soldiers standing guard at the JSA between the blue buildings. View from the south. To the rear, three-story Panmungak Hall, in North Korea.
North Korean soldiers standing guard at the JSA between the blue buildings. View from the north. To the rear, the ground floor of Freedom House, in South Korea. The brick ledge is the actual physical border mark in the security area Joint Security Area Hangul êł”ëêČœëčê”Źì Hanja ć
±ćèŠććć Revised Romanization Gongdong Gyeongbi Guyeok McCuneâReischauer Kongdong KyĆngbi KuyĆk The Joint Security Area (JSA, often referred to as the Truce Village or Panmunjom) is the only portion of the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) where North and South Korean forces stand face-to-face.[1][2] The JSA is used by the two Koreas for diplomatic engagements and, until March 1991, was also the site of military negotiations between North Korea and the United Nations Command (UNC).
The JSA has been the site of numerous events and incidents since its establishment in 1953, the first of which was the repatriation of prisoners of war (POWs) after the cessation of hostilities, across the Bridge of No Return. In 2018, North and South Korean officials agreed to clear the JSA of all landmines, weapons and guard posts. This withdrawal was complete on October 25, 2018 and the JSA now just contains 35 unarmed security guards.[3][4][5][6] It was further agreed that henceforth, the area will serve mainly as a tourist attraction.[7][8][9][10] On November 6, 2018, it was announced that the UNC would transfer primary guard duties of the now demilitarized Joint Security Area to both North and South Korea.[11][12]
Contents 1 Location 2 Establishment 3 Layout 3.1 Landmarks[14] 3.1.1 North 3.1.2 South 3.1.3 Neutral or Joint 4 United Nations Command staffing 5 History and major events 5.1 Overview 5.2 1950s 5.3 1960s 5.4 1970s 5.5 1980s 5.6 1990s 5.7 2010s 6 Tourism 7 Gallery 8 References 9 External links Location
Map of the current Joint Security Area (JSA) showing the red Military Demarcation Line (MDL) and the buildings; solid black are occupied by North Korea (KPA) and the white are occupied by South Korea (ROK) and the United Nations (UN) The Joint Security Area is located about 800 meters (1â2 mile) south of the original village of Panmunjom. It is because of this proximity that the terms JSA and Panmunjom are often used interchangeably. The village encompassed a larger area than the current complex of the JSA, and consisted mostly of farms. It was destroyed during the war, and all that now remains on the site of the village is the building constructed for the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement, now the North Korea Peace Museum. The site is administered by the United Nations Command.[13]
Establishment Among the provisions of the Korean Armistice Agreement signed July 27, 1953, to bring a cease-fire in the Korean War, was establishment of the Military Armistice Commission (MAC), an agency to supervise implementation of the truce terms. Meetings of MAC representatives from the United Nations Command (UNC) and the Korean People's Army/Chinese People's Volunteers (KPA/CPV) were held at the Joint Security Area, an 800-meter (2600 ft) wide enclave, roughly circular in shape, bisected by the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) separating South and North Korea, and created as a neutral area, where there was free movement of both sides anywhere within the JSA boundaries.[14]
Military Police of both sides provide security for the JSA with guard forces of no more than 35 security personnel on duty at any given time. The administrative facilities for both guard forces are located within the JSA.[15]
Layout While the boundary has remained the same over the years, the buildings themselves have changed. Some have been removed, including all of the KPA checkpoints on the southern half of the JSA. New buildings have been constructed, whilst some existing buildings have been expanded or simply renovated. The only boundary change of the Joint Security Area was the enforcement of the dividing line within the JSA after the murders of two American officers in 1976. Prior to this, the entire area was neutral, where members of either side possessed the freedom of movement within the JSA.
Since the enforcement of the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) within the JSA, several UNC checkpoint buildings have also been rebuilt and/or renamed as well. Examples of this are what was called Observation Post (OP) No. 5 on the hill overlooking the Bridge of No Return, is now Checkpoint (CP) #3,[16] while what used to be called CP#3 (and sometimes called "The Loneliest Outpost in the World"[17][18]) was the UNC checkpoint at the southern end of the Bridge of No Return. After the enforcement of the MDL, the North no longer had a road leading into the JSA, and within three days they built what is now known as the "72-Hour Bridge" or "Bridge of 72 Hours".
Landmarks[14] North Phanmun Pavilion Unification Pavilion South Freedom House Peace House Neutral or Joint T1 through T3 United Nations Command staffing
Two KPA soldiers standing guard inside a JSA conference room, in front of the door leading to the South Korean side of the JSA. View from north to south. The United Nations Command Security BattalionâJoint Security Area was constituted on May 5, 1952, as Army Unit 8020, United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission Support Group (Provisional). Originally authorized five officers and ten enlisted soldiers, the unit grew to over 1,400 officers and men supporting almost 32,000 soldiers, civilians, and diplomats involved in negotiating and then enforcing the Armistice Agreement. By the end of February 1954 the scope of work declined and the number of soldiers assigned to the unit declined as well.
For the next 50 years, the unit underwent several organizational and name changes, although the original mission to secure the Joint Security Area remains the same today as it was in 1952. On June 11, 1979, the name was changed from US Army Support Group (Joint Security Area) to United Nations Command Support GroupâJoint Security Area, and further changed to United Nations Command Security ForceâJoint Security Area on December 23, 1985. On October 15, 1994, UNC Commander directed that the unit be known by its present designation, the United Nations Command Security BattalionâJoint Security Area.
A Republic of Korea soldier of the United Nations Command Security Battalion stands guard inside a JSA conference room, in front of the door leading to the North Korean side of the JSA. View from south to north. Originally a purely U.S. Army organization, the unit also included ROK soldiers (KATUSAs). In addition, ROK Army officers served as liaison officers. In the mid-1970s the JSA consisted of the JSF company with three platoons of one U.S. and one ROKA officer, and thirty enlisted men, supported by a battalion staff. The three platoons were led by the U.S. officer with the ROK officer as the executive officer, and U.S. Army platoon sergeants. The platoons consisted of three squads, with equal numbers of U.S. and KATUSA soldiers.
Sometime after 1979, another (fourth) platoon was added to the JSF to allow time for training during platoon work rotations. In July 1987 the four platoons of the Joint Security Force (JSF) company were reorganized to mix KATUSA and US soldiers at all levels. At the platoon level, two platoons were led by U.S. Army lieutenants and ROKA platoon sergeants, and two were led by ROKA lieutenants and US Army platoon sergeants. In November 1987 the unit received a ROK Army major as its first deputy commander.
On April 25, 1992, the JSF company became a KATUSA-pure formation. Captain Yin Sung-hwan became the first ROK commander assisted by a U.S. Army lieutenant as his executive officer. The number of U.S. Army personnel assigned to the unit fell below 200 for the first time since 1952. American forces assigned to the JSA assumed mainly administrative and support roles.
On October 31, 2004, a ROK Army battalion assumed sole responsibility for the Joint Security Area.[19] This modified light infantry battalion consisted of a battalion headquarters, a headquarters company, two security companies, and a civil affairs company. The number of U.S. personnel assigned decreased further, reflecting the UNC Commander's desire to minimize the USFK presence near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. The commander of the ROKA JSA Battalion serves as the UNCSB-JSA Deputy Commander. The UNCSB-JSA Commander's principal responsibility now lies in his operational control of selected ROKA formations during both Armistice and wartime periods.
Both sides placed guards between the blue meeting houses, where the demarcation line is marked by blocks of concrete. South Korean guards in this area were armed with pistols and they stood in a modified taekwondo stance with stolid facial expressions, clenched fists and sunglasses, which was meant to intimidate the North Korean guards. The South Korean guards had to be at least 170 cm (5'6") tall[20][21] and have a black belt in taekwondo or judo.
Since October 25, 2018, guards in the Joint Security area no longer have posts.[22][23] They are also required to maintain a capacity no larger than 35 people and must be unarmed.[23][22] Freedom of movement across the border must also be enforced for visitors and tourists at some point as well.[24][22]
On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established new rules which called for, among other things, the transfer of guard duty command to both Koreas for each of their respective sides of the area.[11][12]
History and major events
This section is in list format, but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this section, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (June 2017) Overview During one of the initial negotiations of the armistice, agents of the KPA/CPV side went into the truce tents one night and sawed down the chair legs of the UNC delegation. The next day, when the UNC delegates arrived, they were forced to sit lower than their KPA/CPV counterparts and lost face, so they quickly left the meeting. At a later meeting, the UNC delegation brought a flag into the truce tent and set it up on the meeting table. The KPA/CPV delegation left after losing face, but showed up at the next meeting with a flag that was larger than the UNC flag. At the following meeting, the UNC delegation brought in a slightly larger flag. This kept up until a special meeting was called just to discuss the size of the flags, as they had grown too large to fit within the tents. The size of the flags within the meeting building have stayed about the same since then, with only minor changes. The KPA flag is wider than the UNC flag, but the UNC flag is longer. The KPA flag has thicker fringe around the edges of the flag, but the UNC's trim is longer. The truck at the top of the KPA flagpole is taller than the UNC truck, but the UNC's is wider. The KPA flag has a three tiered base while the UNC flag only has two tiers, but each of the tiers on the UNC base is taller than any of the tiers on the KPA flag.[25][26][27]
Being at the center of one of the world's most tense military and political fault lines, the Joint Security Area has been the site of numerous interactions between North and South, including over 750 overt acts of violence. The UNC has documented most of the violent incidents with reports and photographs, which have been reported in the course of MAC meetings. Countless fistfights, shouting matches, exchanges of rude gestures, and other provocations have occurred since 1953.[28] There have also been several prisoner exchanges and other interactions.
1950s
Buildings in the Joint Security Area as they appeared in 1956. View from the south. Operation Little Switch, April 1953 This operation was a test case for prisoner repatriation, one of the four main issues of contention during two years of negotiation. 605 sick, wounded, and/or injured UNC prisoners were exchanged for 6,030 sick or injured Communist prisoners.[29][30]
Operation Big Switch, AprilâSeptember 1953 Based on the success of the repatriations undertaken earlier, a general exchange of prisoners began in late April. During Operation Big Switch, prisoners were brought to Panmunjom, on the banks of the Sachong River. Each prisoner was then asked if he wished to cross the river and return to his countrymen or remain with his captors. Once the choice was made there was no turning backâhence the name Bridge of No Return. During this time 13,444 UNC prisoners returned to UNC countries, and 89,493 KPA and CPV prisoners returned to their Communist countries. In June 1953, ROK president Syngman Rhee released a further 25,000 KPA soldiers held in ROKA camps (mostly southerners impressed into service for the north) into South Korea in an attempt to wreck the armistice negotiations.[31][32][33]
Operation Movement of Custodial ForcesâIndia, September 2, 1953 The Armistice Agreement provided that a nonbelligerent nation would provide security forces to hold any prisoner of war who refused repatriation. India provided 6,413 soldiers for this purpose. After landing at the port of Inchon, the UNCMAC Support Group (Provisional) moved all personnel to the Demilitarized Zone by helicopter in a single day without incident.
Operation Comeback, January 21, 1954 Approximately 23,000 KPA and CPV soldiers held in UNC prisoner of war camps refused to return to Communist control. Twenty-two UNC soldiers (21 Americans, one Briton) also refused repatriation. Under the provisions of the Armistice, these soldiers were held for a further six months and interviewed by neutral observers to ensure they had not been coerced into refusing repatriation. Most KPA expatriates remained in South Korea, while the overwhelming majority of CPV expatriates traveled to Taiwan to join the Nationalists.
Operation Rainbow, March 1954 During this operation the UNCMACSG(P) oversaw the repatriation of displaced persons, expellees, and refugees from North Korea to South Korea across the Military Demarcation Line at Panmunjom.
1960s On August 29, 1967, at 1645 hours, KPA soldiers armed with small arms and light machine guns attacked the United States Army Support Group Advance Camp (now known as Camp Bonifas). During this attack one US soldier and two ROKA soldiers were killed. An additional twelve US soldiers, nine ROKA soldiers, and three ROK civilians were wounded. The KPA soldiers were pursued to the MDL by US soldiers from the Advance Camp. Following this incident the southern boundary fence for the DMZ was relocated to a line north of the camp's perimeter. On April 14, 1968, at 2300 hours, KPA soldiers ambushed a UNC truck transporting UNC relief guards to the JSA and Neutral Nations (Swiss/Swede) camp. Using small arms and automatic weapons fire and hand grenades, the KPA soldiers succeeded in stopping the truck and attempted to kill all six soldiers aboard. They withdrew across the MDL after killing four of the soldiers (two US and two ROKA) and wounding the remaining two soldiers.[34][35] Operation Breeches Buoy On December 23, 1968, Commander Lloyd M. Bucher and his 81 crewmen from USS Pueblo crossed the Bridge of No Return to freedom.[36] They had spent the previous eleven months in captivity after their electronic surveillance ship was attacked and seized by DPRK naval forces on January 22, 1968. Secret negotiations had taken place in the JSA Conference Room during the time of their captivity. They were the last group of UNC personnel to cross the Bridge of No Return. Operation Temple Bell, December 1969 On August 17, 1969, an unarmed OH-23 observation helicopter strayed over DPRK airspace and was forced to land in North Korea. The three crew were held for 3+1â2 months during negotiations between Major General A. H. Adam senior negotiator at the UN Command, and North Korean Major General Lee Choon-sun. In early December 1969 the three crew members were released and ushered over the Bridge of No Return. 1970s Operation Runaway I, February 14, 1970 A Korean Air Lines aircraft was hijacked by a North Korean agent on December 11, 1969, and forced to divert to SondÇk Airfield in Wonsan, North Korea. Aside from the hijacker, the plane carried 46 passengers and four crew members. 39 passengers were repatriated through Panmunjom on Valentine's Day, 1970. The remaining passengers and all crew members were held by North Korea and to date have not been permitted to return. See Korean Air Lines YS-11 hijacking.[37][38][39] On October 12, 1970, two KPA guards and one KPA officer approached a group of UNC guards. The KPA soldiers attempted to remove the MP brassard from one UNC guard; a shoving match ensued. The KPA guards disengaged, moved to the KPA Joint Duty Officer building and returned with approximately 30 KPA guards and workers. Armed with shovels, clubs, and rocks, the KPA workers initiated a mĂȘlĂ©e. One UNC guard was isolated from the rest, dragged between the MAC and JDO buildings, and beaten on the head with a shovel. Shortly afterward 50 unarmed UNC guards from the UNC JDO building arrived and joined the fray and began isolating and disabling KPA guards on the UNC side of the MDL. Fighting ceased when two KPA guards emerged from a guard post armed with AK-47 rifles. Seven UNC guards suffered injuries, including one with a skull fracture.[40] On September 22, 1971, the first hotline between North and South Korea became operational to allow the North and South Korean Red Crosses to negotiate. More direct phone lines were established throughout the 1990s and 2000s until there were 33 hotlines that run through the Panmunjom area.[41] On March 3, 1974, a KPA officer and two KPA guards approached a UNC-sponsored tour at UNC Observation Post 5 (now UNCP #3). The UNC escort officer prevented the KPA group from harassing the tour group, at which point the KPA officer grabbed the UNC officer's shoulder. At the same time one of the KPA guards kicked the officer in the back and groin. Approximately 25â30 KPA personnel moved to the site and isolated the UNC officer, preventing him from returning to UNC Check Point 4 until the UNC Quick Reaction Force arrived on scene and dispersed the KPA soldiers. After the UNC QRF departed with the injured officer, KPA guards returned, broke into Check Point 4 and began to vandalize the interior. The QRF redeployed to Check Point 4 and forced the KPA away. The KPA responded by sending approximately 100 additional soldiers to KPA Guard Post No. 7 at the west end of the Bridge of No Return. The UNC JDO arrived on the scene and prevented an escalation by proposing an immediate Security Officers' Meeting. However, upon withdrawing from the area to convene the meeting, the JDO sedan was attacked by the KPA, who broke out the windows with rocks and clubs, injuring the JDO, after which all KPA forces withdrew to their side of the bridge. Major Henderson Incident â On June 30, 1975, a DPRK journalist with a history of provocative actions verbally accosted Major W.D. Henderson, the acting commander of the US Army Support Group. When Major Henderson failed to respond to the verbal insults and rude gestures, the journalist struck him in the face. Rising to protect himself, Major Henderson was attacked from behind by a KPA guard, who knocked him unconscious and then stomped on his throat, crushing his larynx. UNC and KPA guards from around the JSA immediately responded, and a mĂȘlĂ©e ensued. The KPA guards attempted to inflict further injuries on Major Henderson as he was evacuated. KPA guards also assaulted a UNC-sponsored newswoman, who was hit in the face. The JSF commander arrived on the scene, confronted the fighters, and ended the incident by demanding an immediate Security Officers' Meeting. Major Henderson was evacuated from the area and eventually transported to the United States for treatment and rehabilitation.
The monument marking the site of the Axe Murder Incident in the Joint Security Area on the border of North and South Korea. (photo 2012) Axe Murder Incident â On August 18, 1976, North Korean guards attacked a United Nations Command (UNC) work party which was pruning a large tree obscuring visibility between two UNC checkpoints. During the fight, Joint Security Force (JSF) company commander Captain Bonifas of the US Army was killed by a North Korean guard, and Lieutenant Barrett was killed and most of the UNC guards were wounded by the KPA using axes dropped by the fleeing work party. Operation Paul Bunyan, August 21, 1976 â In response to the killing of Bonifas and Barrett by the KPA on August 18, the UNC Commander, General Richard G. Stilwell ordered a massive show of force to accompany the felling of the poplar tree inside the JSA. The tree had been the focal point of the murders. In 1977, a U.S. CH-47 helicopter on patrol over the DMZ strayed into North Korean territory and was shot down. The crewâthree dead, one aliveâwere repatriated.[42] 1980s Soviet Defector Incident â On November 23, 1984, during a communist-led tour, Soviet citizen Vasily Matuzok (sometimes mistakenly spelt as Matusak) suddenly dashed across the Military Demarcation Line into South Korea. 30 KPA soldiers pursued him, firing their weapons as they did so. The JSF commanded by Captain Bert Mizusawa deployed from Camp Kitty Hawk (renamed Camp Bonifas in 1985) to safeguard Matuzok and repel the North Koreans. The KPA soldiers, who were pinned down by fire from the JSF's 4th Platoon on guard duty in Panmunjom, were quickly outmaneuvered and isolated in the area of the Sunken Garden, now the site of the Unification Monument. In the 40-minute firefight that ensued, Corporal Jang Myong-ki was killed, and Private First Class Michael A. Burgoyne was wounded.[43] The JDO NCO negotiated a ceasefire that enabled the North Koreans to withdraw, but not before five of them were wounded and three killed, plus an additional eight captured. It has been rumored that Lt. Pak Chul ("Lt. Bulldog," who commanded North Korean soldiers in the confrontation that led to the Axe murder incident a decade earlier) was one of those killed in this firefight, though documentation has not been found yet. However, he has not been seen in the JSA since this incident.[44] Additionally, there were gunshots in the north approximately 20 minutes after the cease fire was effective, and it was reported by senior members of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission to the JSF commander that the KPA commander and one of his key subordinates were summarily executed.[45] The KPA commander was likewise never seen again, however no evidence is adduced for these claims. Matuzok was given a short debriefing in Seoul, then turned over to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, which made arrangements for him to be resettled in the U.S. under the sponsorship of the International Rescue Committee, an organization that helps to resettle refugees in Western countries.[46] Chinese Joint Duty Officer defection[47] â On July 29, 1989, a Chinese army officer and his wife defected to South Korea. Major Zuo Xiukai and his wife crossed the demarcation line from North Korea at Panmunjom. This was the first Chinese officer to defect to South Korea through Panmunjom since the Korean War. 1990s KPA Abandonment of the MAC Meetings, March 1991 In March 1991, the UNC commander appointed a South Korean General as chief representative. As North Korea claims that only signatories to the Armistice Agreement, of which South Korea is not a part, can be representatives, they refuse to attend any more MAC meetings.[48] Operation Popeye, February 1, 1994 In January 1994 two KPA soldiers were swept into the East China Sea. They were rescued by elements of the ROK Navy. Neither soldier wished to defect, so they were returned to North Korean control through Panmunjom.[49] Operation Bobby Hall, December 29, 1994 In December 1994 an unarmed OH-58 Kiowa helicopter from the US Army crossed the MDL while undertaking a low-altitude flight over hilly, wooded terrain in South Korea.[50] KPA air defense forces shot the aircraft down[51] as it was returning to South Korean-controlled territory. Co-pilot David M. Hilemon was killed but pilot Bobby Hall was released 13 days later after signing an apology for "accidentally straying" into North Korean airspace.[52][53] 2010s
South Korean President Moon Jae-in and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un met at the Joint Security Area on April 27, 2018
U.S. President Donald Trump and leader of North Korea Kim Jong-un briefly met at the Joint Security Area on June 30, 2019 In August 2010, Reverend Han Sang-ryol of South Korea, who had entered and stayed in North Korea for two months in order to promote his cause of Korean unification, was arrested by South Korean authorities after returning to South Korea through the Joint Security Area.[54][55] In March 2012, South Korean unification activist Ro Su-hui entered North Korea in order to promote his cause of Korean unification. In July, he was arrested by South Korean authorities, after returning to South Korea through the Joint Security Area.[56][49] In June 2013, initial talks to prepare for higher-level negotiations were held in the JSA. These were the first working-level talks held in the JSA since February 2011. No ministerial-level talks have been held at the JSA since 2007.[57][58] In November 2017, Oh Chong-song, a North Korean soldier defected by crossing the demarcation line in the JSA. The soldier drove a vehicle until it became stuck on the north side of the border. The defector then jumped out and was shot by other KPA soldiers and was found in critical condition with multiple gun wounds about 50 m (55 yards) from the demarcation line. He survived.[59][60][61] In January 2018, North Korea and South Korea met on the South Korean side of the JSA at the Inter-Korean Peace House[62] to discuss North Korea's participation in the 2018 Winter Olympics including a possible inter-Korean women's ice hockey team and North Korea's participation in ice skating pairs.[63] On April 27, 2018, the 2018 inter-Korean summit took place. North Korean leader Kim Jong-un shook hands with South Korean President Moon Jae-in and crossed over the MDL, marking the first time a North Korean leader has set foot in Southern territory since the Korean War ended in 1953. Both men held hands and crossed back over to the North briefly before returning to the South.[64] On May 26, 2018, Kim and Moon met again in the Joint Security Area, this time on the North Korean side of Panmunjom. The meeting took two hours, and unlike other summits it had not been publicly announced beforehand.[65] On September 19, 2018, Kim and Moon signed agreement in Pyongyang calling for the removal of landmines, guard posts, weapons, and personnel in the Joint Security Area.[66][67][68] The Koreas also agree to turn the area into a "peace tourism" zone once the withdrawal has been complete.[9][8] In South Korea, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism and the Korea Tourism Organization signed an agreement with 13 local government to establish a committee ensuring the transfer of control of the Joint Security Area[8] On October 1, 2018, a process had begun to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area.[69][70][71] On October 16, 2018, both Koreas agreed to allow tourists to walk across the Joint Security Area's Military Demarcation Line in a way which reenacts Kim and Moon's April 27, 2018 border crossing.[72][73] This agreement came following a meeting the UN Command military officers from both North and South Korea in the South Korean side of Panmunjom.[74][75] On October 19, 2018, the UNC announced that both Koreas had completed their work to remove landmines from the Joint Security Area.[10][76] On October 22, 2018, the UNC endorsed the decision to remove guard posts and weapons from both sides of the Korean border and agreed to provide assistance in the removal process.[77][78] On October 25, 2018, guard posts and weapons were removed from the Joint Security Area.[79][6] Personnel also withdrew from the Joint Security Area by 1 pm.[79][6] The area is now occupied by 35 unarmed UNC personnel, and 35 unarmed KPA personnel, for a total of 70.[3][5][4] On November 6, 2018, both Koreas and the UNC established a new set of rules which included, among other things, the transfers of security oversight. Both North and South Korea will now have oversight over security personnel stationed at their respective sides of the Joint Security Area.[11][12] On June 30, 2019, United States President Donald Trump visited the demilitarized zone with South Korean President Moon Jae-in. Trump then separately met with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un. The President stepped briefly across the MDL onto the northern side becoming the first sitting U.S. President to have stepped foot into North Korea. (Two former Presidents, Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton, visited North Korea long after leaving office.)[80][81] Tourism The Joint Security Area currently has around 100,000 tourists visit each year through several tourism companies[82][83] and the USO[84] (through the various U.S. military commands in Korea). Before being allowed to enter the DMZ, if visiting from the South, tourists are given a briefing during which they must sign a document which states, in part, "The visit to the Joint Security Area at Panmunjom will entail entry into a hostile area and possibility of injury or death as a direct result of enemy action."[85][86][87] During a meeting held between the UN command and military officers from North and South Korea on the South Korean side of Panmunjom on October 16, 2018,[74][75] it was agreed the Joint Security Area disarmament is complete, civilian and foreign tourists will be allowed to visit the border area from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. without restrictions about what they can wear.[10] It was agreed that at this point, the Military Demarcation Line which runs through the Joint Security Area will be open to local and foreign tourists so they can reenact Kim and Moon's crossing which occurred on April 27, 2018.[7][88][72] This withdrawal was complete on October 25, though tourism has been delayed.[22] No date was set for the resumption of Joint Security Area tourism when rules were established for the transfer of guard duty command on November 6, 2018 as well.[11]
Gallery Major landmarks
Main North Korean building, Panmungak, from Freedom House Pagoda in 1976
A view of Panmungak, from Freedom House Pagoda in 2009
The Military Demarcation Line separating between the North (left) and South (right), marked by a concrete slab between the conference buildings
Freedom House and meeting row, from Freedom House Pagoda in 1976
The new Freedom House as viewed from Panmungak in 2005
Panmungak, a two-story building on North Korean side of the JSA built in 1969 and used (1) in one part, for non-military diplomatic meetings, and (2) in another part, for offices for officials in the North Korean military
House of Peace, a three-story building on the South Korean side of the JSA built in 1989 used for non-military diplomatic meetings
Villages within the DMZ:
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Retrieved November 29, 2006 Cohen: Economic Failure Plagues North Korea Archived December 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine "Americatrek Part Six, Final Part, Vestiges of the Cold War". Debito.org. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Panmunjom". Members.aol.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Leadership of Joint Security Area at DMZ transferred to S. Koreans. Retrieved December 3, 2006 "National Geographic: Dangerous Divide". National Geographic. "YouTube". YouTube. "South Korea disarms Joint Security Area in North-South border". UPI. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 26, 2018. Retrieved October 26, 2018. "Koreas remove guns from Cold War truce village". France 24. October 25, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Caroline Joan Picart (2004). Inside Notes from the Outside. Lexington Books. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-7391-0763-8. Maass, Peter (October 22, 2006). "THE WAY WE LIVE NOW: 10-22-06: PHENOMENON; Radioactive Nationalism". The New York Times. Nevius, C.W. (October 10, 2006). "North Korea and One-Upsmanship". The San Francisco Chronicle. "Records of the UNC Military Armistice Commission (UNCMAC)". Archives.gov. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Bernstein, Barton. "The Struggle over the Korean Armistice: Prisoners of Repatriation?" in Child of Conflict: The Korean-American Relationship 1943â1953, ed. Bruce Cumings (1983). U.S. Army Forces, Far East, 8086th Army Unit, Military History Detachment.Operation Little Switch, 4 vols., n.d. Syngman Rhee Biography: Rhee Attacks Peace Proceedings Archived July 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine "The Korean War: Years of Stalemate, p. 30". Army.mil. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "The Korean War 1950â1953, p. 245". Army.mil. Retrieved November 28, 2011. DMZ ambush survivors seen lucky to be alive. Retrieved December 3, 2006 Survivor thought ambush was all-out attack. Retrieved December 3, 2006 Pueblo crew of 82 freed by N. Korea. Retrieved December 3, 2006 "Freed Koreans Retell Hijacking". Milwaukee Sentinel. February 16, 1970. Retrieved July 7, 2010. "KALêž°íŒëìŹê±Ž". Doosan Encyclopedia. 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2010.[permanent dead link] Kim, Tae-Hong (August 7, 2009). "141 Days of Hell, What about 40 Years?". The Daily NK. Retrieved July 6, 2010. Rough Day at PanMunJom â Joint Security Area (JSA). Retrieved September 5, 2007 "What we know of Koreas' red and green phones". BBC News. January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 6, 2018. "U.S. Copter Strayed On North Korea Line". nyt.com. Retrieved November 22, 2017. Soldiers gather to honor KATUSA killed at Korean JSA in 1984. Retrieved December 3, 2006 "Merry Mad Monks of the DMZ". Merrymadmonk.blogspot.com. December 17, 2004. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Hanson, Col. Thomas (March 31, 2017). "A Forty-Minute Korean War: The Soviet Defector Firefight in the Joint Security Area, Panmunjom, Korea, 23 November 1984". Army Historical Foundation. Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Aeppel, Timothy (May 5, 1986). "For defectors, life can be lonely". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. "Chinese Army Major Defects To South Korea With His Wife". The New York Times. July 30, 1989. "DPRK, UNC to Resume High-Level Military Talks". .korea-np.co.jp. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Cross-border Drama As SKorean Activist Arrested". YouTube. Retrieved July 5, 2012. Schmitt, Eric (December 18, 1994). "U.S. Demands North Korea Release Helicopter Crew". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010. "U.S. Department of Defense". U.S. Department of Defense. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "NORTH KOREA: US PILOT RELEASED". YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2015. "NORTH KOREA: RETURN OF US HELICOPTER PILOT'S BODY". YouTube. Retrieved July 21, 2015. "South Korea pastor arrested on return from North visit". BBC. August 20, 2010. Retrieved August 13, 2014. "WRAP Religious activist ends illegal trip ADDS protests, reax". YouTube. Retrieved July 28, 2015. K. J. Kwon (July 5, 2012). "South Korea arrests activist after he visits North Korea". CNN US. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012. "North and South Korea agree venue for talks". Daily Telegraph. AFP. June 8, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2017. "Korean talks held in Panmunjom". The Guardian. Associated Press. June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2017. "North Korean Soldier Shot by Own Troops as He Defects to the South". The New York Times. November 13, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017. Justin McCurry (November 13, 2017). "Soldier shot by North Korean guards as he defects to South". The Guardian. tango yankee (November 22, 2017). "North Korean Defector Incident". YouTube. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 16, 2005. Retrieved March 12, 2018. Berlinger, Joshua; Kwaak, Jeyup (January 15, 2018). "North and South Korea meet again to discuss Winter Olympics". CNN (Cable News Network). Turner Broadcasting System. Retrieved May 4, 2018. "Kim offers to visit Seoul 'any time if you invite me': South Korea". "North and South Korean leaders hold surprise meeting". CNN. May 26, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018. "Moon, Kim sign agreement for North Korea to take further steps to denuclearize". ABC News. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Koreas agreed to disarm border village". Newsinfo.inquirer.net. Associated Press. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "North, South Korea to halt military drills in border area". UPI. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Kim, Hyung-Jin (October 2, 2018). "AP Explains: Removal of mines from Korean Demilitarized Zone". AP NEWS. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Diplomat, Ankit Panda, The. "Koreas Begin Land Mine Removal at Joint Security Area, Per Recent Military Agreement". The Diplomat. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Kim, Hyung-Jin. "South Korea Begins Removing Mines, Expects North to Do Same". NBC Chicago. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Tourists May Soon Get to Walk Across the DMZ Between North and South Korea". Bloomberg.com. October 17, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Tourists will soon be allowed to walk across the world's tensest border". Traveller. October 18, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Korea: US Led UN Command Discuss Disarming Border Area". Washingtonpost.com. "Koreas Continue Tension-Easing Talks as the North Criticizes US". VOA. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Two Koreas complete demining and on path to make JSA arms-free - Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea". Pulsenews.co.kr. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Two Koreas, U.N. forces agree to remove weapons at border". Reuters.com. October 22, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019. "Koreas agree to remove weapons at border". Bbc.com. October 22, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2019. NEWS, KYODO. "2 Koreas remove firearms, guard posts, troops from DMZ area". Kyodo News+. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Baker, Peter; Crowley, Michael (June 30, 2019). "Trump Steps Into North Korea as He Meets With Kim Jong-un at DMZ". The New York Times. George, Steve; Yeung, Jessie; Griffiths, James; Liptak, Kevin; Berlinger, Joshua (June 30, 2019). "Trump meets Kim at the DMZ in historic moment". CNN. Panmunjom Tour Travel Information Center Archived August 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine "DMZ Tour Guide". Tourdmz.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Panmunjom (Dmz) Tour". Uso.org. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Panmunjom By Jennifer Lee '98". Hcs.harvard.edu. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Edmonton, The (November 18, 2006). "Surreal, sobering visit to Korea's Demilitarized Zone". Canada.com. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "VISITORS DECLARATION (UNC REG 551-5)". Members.aol.com. Retrieved November 28, 2011. Chris Leadbeater, Travel Correspondent. "Selfies in the Korean DMZ â and other unusual border travel experiences". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved February 20, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joint Security Area. interactive virtual tour of the JSA from the North Korean side The Joint Security Area (JSA) in South Korea on YouTube by sirgerald12th Panmunjeom travel guide from Wikivoyage Categories: Korean Demilitarized ZoneAftermath of the Korean WarPanmunjom Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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Post by Freddie on Apr 29, 2021 16:45:43 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đ
đ The Global Network đ
Stadgar för Equmenia region Svealand § 1 Regionens grund, namn och uppdrag JESUS KRISTUS ĂR HERRE. Equmenia region Svealand delar denna bekĂ€nnelse frĂ„n Filipperbrevet 2:11 med kristna genom alla tider. Barn- och ungdomsföreningar med nĂ€ra koppling till kristna församlingar har bildat Equmenia och dess regioner för att med gemensamma resurser stödja, uppmuntra och inspirera de lokala föreningarna i deras uppdrag att ï· föra evangelium om Jesus Kristus till barn och unga mĂ€nniskor, ï· hjĂ€lpa mĂ€nniskor till en personlig kristen tro och frĂ€mja gemenskap och medlemskap i en kristen församling, ï· verka för Kristi kyrkas synliga enhet genom att stödja en mĂ„ngfald av arbetssĂ€tt, uttryckssĂ€tt och kristna traditioner, ï· hĂ€vda individens unika vĂ€rde och frihet samt visa pĂ„ hennes ansvar för hela Guds skapelse, ï· utveckla mĂ€nniskors förmĂ„ga till sjĂ€lvstĂ€ndiga stĂ€llningstaganden, samt ï· hjĂ€lpa mĂ€nniskor att ta sin del av ansvaret för mĂ€nniskors levnadsvillkor i Sverige och vĂ€rlden, nu och för kommande generationer, genom ett aktivt engagemang och ansvarstagande i samhĂ€lls- och kulturliv. Lokalföreningarna har uppdragit Ă„t Equmenia region Svealand att ansvara för den gemensamma verksamheten inom det geografiska omrĂ„de och utifrĂ„n det uppdrag som faststĂ€lls av Equmenias riksstĂ€mma. Det innebĂ€r att regionen ska: ï· stödja lokalföreningar till fördjupning och utveckling, ï· uppmĂ€rksamma vad som gynnar respektive hindrar en positiv utveckling i lokalföreningarna och lyfta detta för gemensam analys i Equmenia, ï· initiera och stödja arrangemang, nĂ€tverksbyggande och delande av goda idĂ©er inom regionen, ï· ge stöd till ideella ledare och medarbetare i form av regelbundna trĂ€ffar, inspiration och bildningsarbete, samt ï· ansvara för regional samverkan och representation. § 2 Förening och kyrka i ömsesidigt arbete Equmenia har anförtrotts ansvaret för Equmeniakyrkans barn- och ungdomsverksamhet. De lokala församlingarna har ett andligt ansvar för barn- och ungdomsarbetet och bĂ€r dess ledare och funktionĂ€rer i bön och omsorg. Regionstyrelsen ansvarar för att hĂ„lla Equmeniakyrkans region Svealand underrĂ€ttad om verksamhetens utveckling och ta emot motsvarande information frĂ„n Equmeniakyrkans region. § 3 Relation till andra regionala strukturer Regionen har ansvar för att skapa och utveckla relationer till regionala strukturer inom scoutrörelsen, studieförbundet Bilda och andra kristna barn- och ungdomsorganisationer.§4 Tillhörighet och medlemskap Som lokalförening rĂ€knas förening eller fristĂ„ende grupp som tillhör Equmenia. Styrelsen rapporterar nya lokalföreningar till regionstĂ€mman som hĂ€lsar dem vĂ€lkomna. Som medlem rĂ€knas den som Ă€r medlem i en av Equmenias lokalföreningar. Regionen tar ut medlemsavgift. Avgiften beslutas av regionstĂ€mman. § 5 Beslutsordning Beslut om regionens verksamhet och ekonomi fattas av regionstĂ€mma och regionstyrelse. RegionstĂ€mman Ă€r regionens högsta beslutande organ. Beslut i regionstĂ€mma och styrelse avgörs genom omröstning med enkel majoritet, det vill sĂ€ga att det förslag som fĂ„tt hĂ€lften + 1 av de avlagda rösterna ska gĂ€lla som beslut. Vid lika röstetal gĂ€ller den mening som ordföranden röstar för, utom vid personval dĂ„ avgörandet sker genom lottning. § 6 RegionstĂ€mma Regionstyrelsen skall kalla medlemmarna till regionstĂ€mma, som ska hĂ„llas senast den 31 oktober varje Ă„r. Kallelsen ska ske senast sex mĂ„nader före regionstĂ€mmans öppnande. Handlingar till regionstĂ€mman ska finnas tillgĂ€ngliga senast en mĂ„nad innan stĂ€mman. I regionstĂ€mman har ombud för lokalföreningarna yttrande-, förslags- och röstrĂ€tt. Lokalföreningen har rĂ€tt att skicka ombud enligt följande: upp till 50 medlemmar ger rĂ€tt till tvĂ„ ombud 51-100 medlemmar ger rĂ€tt till tre ombud 101-300 medlemmar ger rĂ€tt till fyra ombud 301-600 medlemmar ger rĂ€tt till fem ombud 601 eller fler medlemmar ger rĂ€tt till sex ombud Ombud ska vara medlem i den lokalförening han/hon representerar. Ombud ska utses av Ă„rsmöte, föreningsmöte eller styrelse. Ledamot i regionstyrelsen, ledamot i andra organ instiftade av regionstĂ€mman, ledamot i Equmenias styrelse eller Equmenias anstĂ€llda kan inte vara ombud. Styrelsen har möjlighet att kalla till extra stĂ€mma. Kallelse till extra stĂ€mma ska ske senast en mĂ„nad före stĂ€mmans öppnande. Handlingar till extra stĂ€mma ska finnas tillgĂ€ngliga senast en vecka innan stĂ€mman. Yttrande- och förslagsrĂ€tt har: ï· ledamot av regionstyrelsen eller andra organ instiftade av regionstĂ€mman ï· ledamot av organ instiftade av regionstyrelsen ï· revisorerna ï· regionsamordnaren, föreningsutvecklaren och generalsekreterarenYttranderĂ€tt har: ï· alla regionens medlemmar ï· Equmenias styrelse och anstĂ€llda ï· av regionstyrelsen inbjuden gĂ€st ï· Equmeniakyrkans regionala kyrkoledare i regionen ï· Ă¶vriga som regionstĂ€mman beslutar att bevilja yttranderĂ€tt § 7 RegionstĂ€mmans Ă€renden I regionstĂ€mman behandlas följande Ă€renden: a) val av ordförande, vice ordförande, sekreterare, justeringspersoner samt övriga funktionĂ€rer för regionstĂ€mman, b) faststĂ€llande av dagordning, c) frĂ„ga om regionstĂ€mman Ă€r sammankallad pĂ„ rĂ€tt sĂ€tt, d) verksamhetsberĂ€ttelse, medlemsstatistik, ekonomisk redogörelse för föregĂ„ende verksamhetsĂ„r samt revisorernas berĂ€ttelse, e) frĂ„ga om ansvarsfrihet för styrelsen, f) regional verksamhetsplan utifrĂ„n de riktlinjer som Equmenias riksstĂ€mma beslutat för kommande verksamhetsĂ„r, g) medlemsavgift utifrĂ„n beslut fattat av Equmenias riksstĂ€mma, h) val av regionstyrelsens ordförande, tillika ordförande för regionen, i) val av regionstyrelsens övriga ledamöter, j) val av tvĂ„ revisorer och en revisorssuppleant, k) val av valkommittĂ©n till nĂ€stkommande regionstĂ€mma, samt l) övriga förslag/Ă€renden som lĂ€mnats in till Ă„rsmötet av medlemmar eller styrelsen. m) behandling av inkomna motioner §8 Motion till regionstĂ€mman MotionsrĂ€tt till regionstĂ€mman har: ï· lokalföreningar ï· medlemmar Motion ska innehĂ„lla ett förslag som regionstĂ€mman kan besluta om. Motion till regionstĂ€mman ska vara styrelsen tillhanda senast tvĂ„ mĂ„nader före regionstĂ€mmans öppnande. Regionstyrelsen har dock rĂ€tt att lĂ€gga fram en motion till regionstĂ€mman Ă€ven om den inkommit senare. § 9 Regionstyrelsen Styrelsen bestĂ„r av ordförande och 3-6 övriga ledamöter, dĂ€r intentionen Ă€r att försöka uppnĂ„ det högsta antalet. Regionstyrelsen utser inom sig vice ordförande, sekreterare och kassör samt övriga funktionĂ€rer som regionsstyrelsen eller regionstĂ€mman beslutat om.Regionstyrelsen sammantrĂ€der pĂ„ kallelse av ordförande. Regionstyrelsens ledamöter har nĂ€rvaro-, yttrande- och röstrĂ€tt. För att kunna fatta beslut ska styrelsemötet varit sammankallat i förvĂ€g och mer Ă€n hĂ€lften av regionsstyrelsens ledamöter ska vara nĂ€rvarande. Revisorerna, anstĂ€lld regionsamordnare och föreningsutvecklare samt den regionstyrelsen beslutar har nĂ€rvaro- och yttranderĂ€tt vid regionstyrelsens sammantrĂ€den. § 10 Regionstyrelsens uppgifter Regionstyrelsen leder regionens verksamhet och ansvarar för det lĂ„ngsiktiga arbetet med strategier, visioner, planering av verksamhet och ekonomi i enlighet med vad som anges i §1 i dessa stadgar. Detta sker utifrĂ„n den verksamhetsplan som Equmenias riksstĂ€mma beslutat om och i nĂ€ra samverkan med Equmenias styrelse. Regionstyrelsen ska ocksĂ„ förbereda regionstĂ€mmans Ă€renden, verkstĂ€lla de beslut som fattats av regionstĂ€mman, tillsĂ€tta de kommittĂ©er och arbetsgrupper som regionstyrelsen anser nödvĂ€ndiga, samrĂ„da med generalsekreteraren vid anstĂ€llning av regionsamordnare och föreningsutvecklare samt i övrigt företrĂ€da regionen. § 11 Firmateckning, ekonomisk förvaltning, revision Equmenia region Svealands firma tecknas var för sig eller tvĂ„ i förening av den eller de personer regionstyrelsen utser. Regionstyrelsen ansvarar gemensamt för den ekonomiska förvaltningen och att upprĂ€tta Ă„rs- och kassaberĂ€ttelser till regionstĂ€mman. Regionens rĂ€kenskapsĂ„r Ă€r kalenderĂ„r. Revisorerna ska granska regionstyrelsens förvaltning och hur regionstyrelsen verkstĂ€llt de beslut som regionstĂ€mma och regionstyrelse fattat. Revisorerna ska lĂ€mna en revisionsberĂ€ttelse till regionstĂ€mman, som avslutats med ett förslag till regionstĂ€mman att bevilja eller neka regionstyrelsen ansvarsfrihet. § 12 Ăndring av stadgar Ăndring av stadgar kan endast ske vid regionstĂ€mma och krĂ€ver att minst 2/3 av de nĂ€rvarande röstberĂ€ttigade röstar för Ă€ndringsförslaget. Equmenias styrelse skall dĂ€refter konfirmera förĂ€ndringarna för att de skall trĂ€da i kraft. § 13 Upplösning av regionen Upplösning av regionen kan endast ske vid regionstĂ€mman. Upplösning av regionen krĂ€ver att minst 2/3 av de nĂ€rvarande röstberĂ€ttigade röstar för framlagt förslag om upplösning. Equmenias riksstĂ€mma skall underrĂ€ttas om och yttra sig över förslaget. Vid upplösning av regionen tillfaller regionens tillgĂ„ngar Equmenia. Om Equmenia vid tillfĂ€llet för föreningens upplösning inte existerar tillfaller tillgĂ„ngarna i stĂ€llet Equmeniakyrkan. ---- Dessa stadgar har antagits i regionstĂ€mman 2014-10-25 och konfirmerats av Equmenias styrelse 2014-11-19. Revidering av §9:s inledande mening beslutad i regionstĂ€mman 2016-10-08. Revideringen godkĂ€nd av Equmenias styrelse 2016-10-22.Bilaga â riksstĂ€mmans och kyrkostyrelsens beslut om regionindelning Genom beslut i Equmenias riksstĂ€mma i VĂ€nnĂ€s 28 april â 1 maj 2012 och Equmeniakyrkans kyrkokonferens i Linköping 16 â 20 maj 2012 har följande regioner inrĂ€ttats: Region Nord VĂ€sterbottens och Norrbottens lĂ€n Region Mitt Dalarnas, GĂ€vleborgs, VĂ€sternorrlands och JĂ€mtlands lĂ€n samt Heby, Tierps, Ălvkarleby och Ăsthammars kommuner Region Svealand VĂ€rmlands, Ărebro, VĂ€stmanlands och Södermanlands lĂ€n samt Enköpings kommun Region Stockholm Stockholms och Gotlands lĂ€n samt Uppsala, Knivsta och HĂ„bo kommuner Region Ăstra Götaland Ăstergötlands, Jönköpings, Kronobergs och Kalmar lĂ€n Region VĂ€stra Götaland VĂ€stra Götalands lĂ€n och Hallands lĂ€n Region Syd SkĂ„ne och Blekinge lĂ€
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Post by Freddie on Apr 29, 2021 18:31:23 GMT 1
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List of aircraft of World War II From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search The list of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles in significant numbers. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden (or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America) are not included.
Contents 1 Operational aircraft 1.1 Fighter aircraft 1.1.1 Biplane fighters 1.1.2 Single-engined, single-seat monoplane fighters and fighter bombers 1.1.3 Heavy fighters (multi-engined or multi-seat) and night fighters 1.1.4 Jet- and rocket- propelled fighters 1.2 Bomber and attack aircraft 1.2.1 Medium and heavy bombers, and maritime patrol 1.2.2 Light bombers, tactical reconnaissance and observation aircraft 1.2.3 Carrier-based naval bombers 1.3 Strategic and photo-reconnaissance aircraft 1.4 Seaplanes 1.4.1 Flying boats 1.4.2 Floatplanes 1.5 Transport aircraft 1.6 Trainers 1.6.1 Glider trainers 1.6.2 Primary trainers 1.6.3 Advanced trainers 1.6.4 Bomber trainers, target tugs and misc. trainers 1.7 Rotorcraft 1.8 Lighter than air 1.9 Rockets and drones 2 Prototypes 2.1 Fighter prototypes 2.1.1 Single-engined, Single-seat fighters, fighter-bombers and jet fighters 2.1.2 Heavy fighters (multi-engined or multi-seat) and night fighters 2.2 Bomber and attack aircraft prototypes 2.3 Transport prototypes 2.4 Glider prototypes 2.5 Trainer prototypes 2.6 Rotorcraft prototypes 2.7 Missile prototypes 2.8 Miscellaneous prototypes 3 Experimental aircraft 3.1 Flight behaviour research 3.2 Engine research 3.3 Misc research 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Notes 5.2 Citations 5.3 Bibliography 6 External links Operational aircraft Fighter aircraft Biplane fighters Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Avia B-534 1935 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Slovakia Avia BH-33 1927 Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Armstrong Whitworth Scimitar 1936 UK Norway BlĂ©riot-SPAD S.510 1936 France Boeing P-12 1930 US Brazil, China, Philippines, Thailand Bristol Bulldog 1929 UK Denmark, Finland Curtiss Hawk II 1932 US China Curtiss Hawk III 1933 US China, Thailand Fiat CR.30 1932 Italy Austria, China, Germany, Hungary, Italy Fiat CR.32 1934 Italy Italy, Hungary, China Fiat CR.42 Falco 1939 Italy Italy, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Hungary Gloster Gamecock II/Kukko 1925 UK Finland Gloster Gauntlet 1935 UK UK, Denmark, Finland Gloster Gladiator/Sea Gladiator 1937 UK UK, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Iraq, Lithuania, Norway Grumman Goblin[notes 1] 1933 US Canada Grumman F2F carrier fighter 1935 US Grumman F3F carrier fighter 1936 US Hawker Demon 1931 UK UK, Australia Hawker Fury 1931 UK Yugoslavia, South Africa Hawker Nimrod carrier fighter 1933 UK Denmark Heinkel He 51 1935 Germany Germany, Bulgaria IMAM Ro.44 floatplane fighter 1937 Italy Kawasaki Ki-10[notes 2] 1935 Japan Kochyerigin DI-6 1934 USSR Koolhoven F.K.52 1939 Netherlands Netherlands, Finland Polikarpov I-5 1931 USSR Polikarpov I-15 & I-15bis 1934 USSR USSR, China, Finland Polikarpov I-153 1939 USSR USSR, China, Finland Single-engined, single-seat monoplane fighters and fighter bombers Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Ambrosini SAI.207 1942 Italy Ansaldo A.120 1925 Italy Italy, Lithuania Arsenal VG-33 1940 France Avia B-135 1941 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria Bell P-39 Airacobra 1941 US US, Australia, France, UK, USSR Bell P-63 Kingcobra 1942 US US, USSR Bloch MB.150â157 1940 France France, Greece, Romania Boeing P-26 Peashooter 1933 US US, China, Philippines Breda Ba.27 1933 Italy China Brewster F2A Buffalo 1939 US US, Australia, Finland, Netherlands, New Zealand, UK CAC Boomerang 1943 Australia Caudron C.714 1940 France France, Finland, Poland Curtiss P-36 Hawk/Mohawk 1938 US US, Brazil, Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Thailand, UK Curtiss P-40 Warhawk/Tomahawk/Kittyhawk 1939 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Finland, New Zealand, South Africa, UK, USSR Curtiss-Wright CW-21 Demon 1939 US China, Netherlands Dewoitine D.500/D.510 1935 France France, China, Lithuania Dewoitine D.520 1940 France France, Bulgaria, Italy Fiat G.50 Freccia 1938 Italy Italy, Finland, Croatia Fiat G.55 Centauro 1943 Italy Fisher P-75 Eagle 1943 US Focke-Wulf Fw 190 1941 Germany Germany, Hungary, Romania Focke-Wulf Ta 152 1945 Germany Fokker D.XXI 1936 Netherlands Netherlands, Denmark, Finland Grumman F4F/FM Wildcat/Martlet[notes 3] 1940 US US, UK Grumman F6F Hellcat/Gannet[notes 3] 1943 US US, UK Grumman F8F Bearcat[notes 3][notes 4] 1945 US Hawker Hurricane/Sea Hurricane 1937 UK UK, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Greece, India, New Zealand, USSR Hawker Tempest 1944 UK UK, New Zealand Hawker Typhoon 1940 UK UK, Canada, New Zealand Heinkel He 112 1937 Germany Germany, Hungary, Romania IAR 80/IAR 81 1941 Romania Ikarus IK-2 1935 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Croatia Kawanishi N1K/N1K-J 1943 Japan Kawasaki Ki-61 1942 Japan Kawasaki Ki-100 1945 Japan Koolhoven F.K.58 1940 Netherlands Netherlands, France Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-1 1940 USSR Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 1941 USSR USSR, Finland Lavochkin La-5 1942 USSR Lavochkin La-7 1944 USSR Loire 46 1936 France Macchi C.200 1939 Italy Macchi C.202 1941 Italy Italy, Croatia, Germany Macchi C.205 1943 Italy Italy, Croatia, Germany MĂVAG HĂ©ja 1941 Hungary Messerschmitt Bf 109 1937 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Yugoslavia Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1 1940 USSR Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 1941 USSR Mitsubishi A5M[notes 3][notes 5] 1936 Japan Mitsubishi A6M Zero[notes 3] 1940 Japan Mitsubishi J2M 1942 Japan Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 1939 France France, Croatia, Finland, Italy, Poland Nakajima A6M2-N floatplane fighter 1942 Japan Nakajima Ki-27 1937 Japan Japan, Manchukuo, Thailand Nakajima Ki-43 1941 Japan Japan, Manchukuo, Thailand Nakajima Ki-44 1942 Japan Nakajima Ki-84 1943 Japan North American P-51 Mustang 1942 US US, Australia, Canada, China, France, South Africa, UK, USSR Polikarpov I-16 1934 USSR USSR, China, Finland PZL P.7 1933 Poland PZL P.11 1934 Poland Poland, Romania PZL P.24 1936 Poland Poland, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania Reggiane Re.2000 1940 Italy Sweden, Hungary, Italy Reggiane Re.2001 1941 Italy Reggiane Re.2005 1943 Italy Italy, Germany Republic P-43 Lancer 1941 US US, Australia, China Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 1942 US US, Brazil, France, Mexico, UK, USSR RogoĆŸarski IK-3 1940 Yugoslavia Seversky P-35 1937 US US, Philippines Supermarine Seafire[notes 3] 1942 UK Supermarine Spitfire 1938 UK UK, Australia, Canada, France, India, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, US, USSR VL Myrsky 1943 Finland Vought F4U/FG Corsair[notes 3] 1942 US US, UK, New Zealand Vultee P-66 Vanguard 1941 US US, China Yakovlev Yak-1 1940 USSR USSR, France Yakovlev Yak-3 1944 USSR USSR, France Yakovlev Yak-7/Yak-7B 1942 USSR USSR, France Yakovlev Yak-9 1942 USSR USSR, France Heavy fighters (multi-engined or multi-seat) and night fighters Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Blackburn Roc turret fighter 1939 UK Blackburn Skua fighter/dive bomber 1938 UK Boulton Paul Defiant turret fighter 1939 UK Bristol Beaufighter 1940 UK UK, Australia, South Africa, US Bristol Blenheim night fighter 1937 UK UK, Canada de Havilland Mosquito night fighter/fighter bomber 1941 UK UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, US Dornier Do 215 night fighter 1939 Germany Germany, Hungary Dornier Do 217 night fighter 1941 Germany Germany, Italy Dornier Do 335 1944 Germany Douglas P-70 Havoc night fighter 1941 US US, UK Fairey Firefly [notes 6] 1941 UK Fairey Fulmar[notes 3] 1940 UK Focke-Wulf Ta 154 night fighter 1944 Germany Fokker G.I 1939 Netherlands Grumman F7F Tigercat carrier night fighter 1944 US Heinkel He 219 night fighter 1943 Germany IMAM Ro.57 1943 Italy Junkers Ju 88 night fighter 1940 Germany Junkers Ju 388 night fighter 1944 Germany Kawasaki Ki-45 night fighter 1942 Japan Kawasaki Ki-102 twin-engine fighter 1945 Japan Lockheed P-38 Lightning 1941 US US, China Messerschmitt Bf 110 1937 Germany Germany, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Iraq, Romania Messerschmitt Me 210 1943 Germany Germany, Hungary Messerschmitt Me 410 1943 Germany Mitsubishi Ki-109 bomber interceptor 1945 Japan Nakajima J1N night fighter/interceptor 1942 Japan Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter 1944 US Petlyakov Pe-3 1941 USSR USSR, Finland Potez 630 1938 France France, Greece, Romania Westland Welkin high altitude interceptor 1944 UK Westland Whirlwind 1940 UK Jet- and rocket- propelled fighters Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Bell P-59 Airacomet 1944 US Gloster Meteor 1944 UK Heinkel He 162 1945 Germany Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star 1945 US Messerschmitt Me 163 rocket interceptor 1944 Germany Messerschmitt Me 262 1944 Germany Ryan FR Fireball mixed power carrier fighter 1945 US Bomber and attack aircraft Medium and heavy bombers, and maritime patrol Name of aircraft Year in service Number Built Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Amiot 143 1936 138 France Amiot 354 1940 ca. 86 France France, Germany Arado Ar 234 jet bomber 1944 214 Germany Arkhangelsky Ar-2 1940 ca. 190 USSR Armstrong Whitworth Whitley 1937 1,814 UK Avia F.39 1932 18 Czechoslovakia Avro Anson 1936 11,020 UK UK, Canada, Egypt, Finland, Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Netherlands, Turkey Avro Lancaster 1942 7,377 UK UK, Australia, Canada Avro Manchester 1940 202 UK Blackburn Botha 1939 580 UK Bloch MB.131 1938 143 France Bloch MB.170 1940 88 France France Bloch MB.200 1935 332 France France, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia Bloch MB.210 1937 ca. 300 France Blohm & Voss BV 142 maritime patrol[notes 7] 1940 4 Germany Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 1940 12,731 US US, Canada, UK Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1944 3,970 US Breda Ba.88 1938 149 Italy Bristol Beaufort 1940 1,821 UK UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa Bristol Blenheim/Bolingbroke/Bisley[notes 8] 1937 4,422 UK UK, Canada, Finland, France, Greece, Yugoslavia CANT Z.1007 1938 660 Italy Caproni Ca.135 1937 ca. 140 Italy Italy, Hungary Caproni Ca.309 1937 243+ Italy Italy, Bulgaria Caproni Ca.310-Ca.314 1938 312 Italy Italy, Croatia, France, Germany, Hungary, Norway, Yugoslavia Consolidated B-24/LB-30/PB4Y-1 Liberator 1940 18,188 US US, Australia, Canada, China, UK Consolidated B-32 Dominator 1942 118 US Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer maritime patrol 1943 739 US Curtiss A-18 Shrike 1936 13 US de Havilland Mosquito[notes 8] 1941 7,781 UK UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa Dornier Do 11[notes 9] 1932 372 Germany Bulgaria Dornier Do 17 1937 2,139 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Finland, Yugoslavia Dornier Do 215 1939 105 Germany Dornier Do 217 1941 1,925 Germany Germany, Italy Douglas A-20 Havoc/Boston 1941 7,478 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Netherlands, South Africa, UK, USSR Douglas A-26 Invader 1944 2,503 US US, UK Douglas B-18 Bolo/Digby[notes 10] 1936 350 US US, Brazil, Canada Douglas B-23/UC-67 Dragon[notes 11] 1939 38 US Farman F.221-223 1936 ca. 80 France Fiat BR.20[notes 12] 1938 500+ Italy Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor maritime patrol 1940 276 Germany Fokker T.V 1938 16 Netherlands Handley Page Halifax 1940 6,176 UK UK, Australia, Canada, France Handley Page Hampden 1938 1,430 UK UK, Canada, USSR Heinkel He 111 1936 5,656 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, China, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia Heinkel He 177 1943 1,169 Germany IAR 79 1941 72 Romania Ilyushin DB-3/Il-4 1938 7,084 USSR USSR, Finland Junkers Ju 86 1936 ca. 900 Germany Germany, Hungary, South Africa Junkers Ju 88 1938 15,183 Germany Germany, Finland, Italy, Romania Junkers Ju 188 1943 1,234 Germany Germany, Hungary Kawasaki Ki-48 1940 1,997 Japan Keystone B-3A[notes 13] 1926 63 US Philippines Kyushu Q1W maritime patrol 1945 153 Japan LiorĂ© et Olivier LeO 451 1939 561 France Lockheed Hudson 1939 2,941 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, New Zealand, UK Lockheed PV-1 Ventura/B-34 Lexington and PV-2 Harpoon 1942 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, UK Martin 139 & 166 (B-10 & B-12) 1934 348 US Netherlands,[1]Philippines, Thailand[2] Martin B-26 Marauder 1941 5,288 US US, France, South Africa, UK Martin Baltimore 1941 1,575 US US, Australia France, Greece, Co-Belligerent Italy, South Africa, UK Martin Maryland 1939 450 US France, South Africa, UK Mitsubishi G3M 1937 1,048 Japan Mitsubishi G4M 1941 2,435 Japan Mitsubishi Ki-21 1938 2,064 Japan Japan, Thailand Mitsubishi Ki-67 1942 767 Japan North American B-25 Mitchell 1941 9,816 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Netherlands, UK, USSR Nakajima Ki-49 1938 819 Japan Petlyakov Pe-2 1941 11,070 USSR USSR, Finland Petlyakov Pe-8 1940 93 USSR Piaggio P.108 1942 50 Italy Italy, Germany[notes 14] Potez 540 1934 192 France PZL.37 ĆoĆ 1938 120+ Poland Poland, Germany, Romania Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 trimotor 1937 1,240 Italy Italy, Iraq, Romania, Yugoslavia Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 trimotor 1935 535 Italy Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 trimotor 1941 329 Italy Short Stirling 1940 2,371 UK Tupolev SB/Avia B.71 1934 6,656 USSR USSR, Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, Finland Tupolev TB-1 1929 218 USSR Tupolev TB-3 1932 818 USSR Tupolev Tu-2 1944 2,257 USSR Vickers Warwick 1942 846 UK Vickers Wellington 1938 ca. 11,462 UK UK, Australia, Canada, France, South Africa Yermolayev Yer-2 1941 ca 365 USSR Yokosuka P1Y 1945 1,102 Japan Light bombers, tactical reconnaissance and observation aircraft Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Aero A.32[notes 15] 1928 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Finland Aero A.100 1933 Czechoslovakia Aero A.304 1937 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Germany ANF Les Mureaux 113, 115, 117 1933 France Armstrong Whitworth Atlas[notes 16] 1927 UK Canada Blackburn Ripon[notes 16] 1929 UK Finland Blackburn Shark 1935 UK UK, Canada Boripatra 1927 Siam Thailand (formerly Siam) Breda Ba.64 1937 Italy Breda Ba.65 1937 Italy Italy, Iraq Breguet 19 1924 France France, Belgium, Croatia, Greece, Poland, Yugoslavia Breguet 270 Series 1930 France France, China Breguet 691, 693, 695 1939 France Curtiss A-12 Shrike[notes 2] 1933 US Curtiss Falcon O-1/O-2 1928 US Philippines Curtiss O-52 Owl 1940 US US, USSR DAR-3 Garvan 1937 Bulgaria Douglas O-43 1933 US Douglas O-46 1936 US US, Philippines Fairey Battle 1937 UK UK, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Greece Fairey Fox 1932 UK Belgium Fairey Gordon 1931 UK UK, New Zealand Fairey IIIF[notes 17] 1926 UK UK, Greece Focke-Wulf Fw 189 1941 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania Fokker C.V 1924 Netherlands Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, Norway Fokker C.VIII 1928 Netherlands Fokker C.X 1932 Netherlands Netherlands, Finland Hawker Hart 1928 UK UK, Finland Hawker Audax, Nisr & Hartebees 1931 UK UK, India, Iraq, Persia, South Africa Hawker Hector 1936 UK Hawker Hind 1935 UK UK, New Zealand Hawker Horsley/Dantorp 1927 UK Denmark, Greece Heinkel He 45 1931 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary Heinkel He 46 1931 Germany Germany, Hungary Heinkel He 50 1935 Germany Henschel Hs 123 1936 Germany Henschel Hs 126 1937 Germany Germany, Croatia, Estonia, Greece Henschel Hs 129 1938 Germany IAR 37/38/39 1938 Romania Ilyushin Il-2 1941 USSR Ilyushin Il-10 1944 USSR IMAM Ro.37 1935 Italy Italy, Hungary Junkers Ju 87 1937 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Italy Kaproni Bulgarski KB-11 1941 Bulgaria Kawasaki Ki-32 1938 Japan Japan, Manchukuo Kharkov KhAI-5/Neman R-10 1936 USSR Letov Ć -16 1928 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Latvia, Turkey Letov Ć -328 1934 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Germany, Slovakia, Lithuania Lublin R-XIII 1932 Poland Poland, Romania Mitsubishi Ki-30 1938 Japan Japan, Thailand Mitsubishi Ki-51 1939 Japan North American A-36 Apache dive bomber 1942 US North American O-47 1934 US Northrop/Douglas A-17/8-A/Nomad 1935 US US, South Africa, Canada, France, Iraq, Netherlands, Norway, UK Polikarpov Po-2 1929 USSR USSR, Finland Polikarpov R-5 1931 USSR Polikarpov R-Z 1935 USSR USSR Potez 25[notes 5] 1925 France France, Greece, Yugoslavia, Poland PZL.23/43 KaraĆ 1936 Poland Poland, Romania, Bulgaria PZL.43 1936 Poland Poland, Germany, Bulgaria OrlogsvĂŠrftet O-Maskinen 1926 Denmark Reggiane Re.2002 1941 Italy Italy, Germany RogoĆŸarski R-100 1938 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Croatia Renard R-31 1935 Belgium RWD-14 Czapla 1939 Poland Poland, Romania Saab 17 1940 Sweden Denmark Savoia-Marchetti SM.85 1939 Italy Sukhoi Su-2 1937 USSR Tachikawa Ki-36 1938 Japan Japan, Thailand Thomas-Morse O-19 1929 US Philippines Vickers Vildebeest 1933 UK UK, New Zealand Vickers Wellesley 1937 UK VL Kotka 1931 Finland Vought O2U & O3U Corsair 1926 US US, Brazil, China, Thailand Vultee A-31/A-35/Vengeance dive bomber 1942 US US, Australia, Brazil, France, India, UK Vultee V-11/V-12/A-19/BSh-1[notes 18] 1939 US US, Brazil, China, USSR Weiss WM-21 SĂłlyom 1938 Hungary Westland Lysander[notes 8] 1936 UK UK, Canada, France, Finland, India, US Westland Wapiti[notes 16] 1928 UK Australia, Canada, India Westland Wallace 1933 UK Yakovlev Yak-4 1941 USSR Carrier-based naval bombers Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Aichi B7A torpedo/dive bomber 1945 Japan Aichi D1A dive bomber[notes 2] 1934 Japan Aichi D3A dive bomber 1937 Japan Blackburn Skua fighter/dive bomber 1938 UK Brewster SB2A Buccaneer/Bermuda dive bomber 1941 US US, UK Consolidated TBY Sea Wolf torpedo bomber 1944 US Curtiss SB2C Helldiver/A-25 Shrike dive bomber 1943 US US, Australia, UK Curtiss SBC Helldiver/Cleveland dive bomber 1938 US US, France, UK Douglas DT torpedo bomber[notes 13] 1921 US Norway Douglas SBD Dauntless/A-24 Banshee dive bomber 1940 US US, New Zealand Douglas TBD Devastator torpedo bomber 1935 US Fairey Albacore torpedo/dive bomber 1940 UK UK, Canada Fairey Barracuda torpedo/dive bomber 1942 UK Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber 1936 UK UK, Canada Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo/reconnaissance bomber 1940 Germany Germany, Croatia, Romania Grumman TBF/TBM Avenger torpedo bomber 1942 US US, UK, New Zealand Loire-Nieuport LN.401 dive bomber 1939 France Mitsubishi B5M torpedo bomber 1937 Japan Nakajima B5N torpedo bomber 1938 Japan Nakajima B6N torpedo bomber 1942 Japan Naval Aircraft Factory SBN dive bomber 1941 US Northrop BT dive bomber 1935 US Vought SB2U Vindicator/Chesapeake dive bomber 1937 US US, UK, France Yokosuka B4Y torpedo bomber 1936 Japan Yokosuka D4Y dive bomber/night fighter 1942 Japan Strategic and photo-reconnaissance aircraft Strategic and photo-reconnaissance aircraft were frequently specially modified variants of high performance aircraft, usually fighters or bombers.
Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Arado Ar 234 reconnaissance/bomber 1944 Germany Boeing F-9/RB-17 Flying Fortress 1940 US Consolidated F-7 Liberator 1940 US de Havilland Mosquito PR variants 1941 UK UK, Canada, US Dornier Do 17Z-3 1937 Germany Germany, Yugoslavia Dornier Do 215B-0/1/4 1939 Germany Dornier Do 217A-0 1941 Germany Douglas F-3 Havoc 1941 US Fiat CR.25 1940 Italy Focke-Wulf Fw 190A-3/U4, A-4/U4 & A-5/U4 1941 Germany Focke-Wulf Ta 152H-1-0 1945 Germany Heinkel He 70K/170 1937 Germany Hungary Junkers Ju 86P 1936 Germany Junkers Ju 88D & T 1939 Germany Junkers Ju 188D & F 1943 Germany Lockheed F-4 and F-5 Lightning 1941 US US, Australia, France, Italy Messerschmitt Bf 109E-5/F-6/G-4 1937 Germany Messerschmitt Bf 110C-5/E-3/F-3 1937 Germany Messerschmitt Me 210B 1943 Germany Messerschmitt Me 262A-1a/U3 1944 Germany Messerschmitt Me 410A-1/U-1, A-2/U-1 & A-3 1943 Germany Mitsubishi Ki-15/C5M 1937 Japan Mitsubishi Ki-46 1941 Japan Nakajima C6N 1944 Japan Nakajima J1N1-C 1942 Japan North American F-6 Mustang 1942 US US, France Potez 63.11 1939 France PWS-10[notes 19] 1932 Poland Supermarine Spitfire PR variants 1938 UK UK, US, USSR and others Yakovlev Yak-9R 1942 USSR Yokosuka R2Y 1945 Japan Seaplanes Flying boats Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Aichi E10A 1934 Japan Aichi E11A 1937 Japan Aichi H9A 1942 Japan Beriev MBR-2 1935 USSR Blohm & Voss BV 138 1940 Germany Blohm & Voss BV 222 1941 Germany Boeing 314/C-98 Clipper 1939 US BrĂ©guet 521 Bizerte 1935 France France, Germany CAMS 37 1926 France CAMS 55 1930 France Canadian Vickers Vancouver 1930 Canada Canadian Vickers Vedette 1925 Canada CANT Z.501 1935 Italy Italy, Romania Chyetverikov MDR-6 1941 USSR Consolidated PBY/PBN/PBV/OA-10 Catalina/Canso[notes 8] 1935 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Norway, UK, USSR Consolidated P2Y 1929 US US, Argentina Consolidated PB2Y Coronado 1937 US US, UK Dornier Do 18 1938 Germany Dornier Do 24 1937 Germany Germany, Australia, Netherlands Dornier Do 26 1938 Germany Dornier Do J Wal 1922 Germany Denmark Douglas Dolphin 1931 US US, Australia Grumman JRF Goose 1937 US US, Brazil, Canada, UK Grumman J4F Widgeon/Gosling 1940 US US, Brazil, UK Grumman J2F Duck 1936 US Hall PH 1931 US Ikarus IO 1926 Yugoslavia Ikarus Ć M 1924 Yugoslavia Kawanishi E11K 1937 Japan Kawanishi H6K 1938 Japan Kawanishi H8K 1942 Japan LatĂ©coĂšre 302 1932 France LatĂ©coĂšre 521-523 1935 France LatĂ©coĂšre 611[notes 7] 1940 France LatĂ©coĂšre 631 1942 France Germany LiorĂ© et Olivier LeO H-47 1937 France LiorĂ© et Olivier LeO H-242 1929 France Italy LiorĂ© et Olivier LeO H-246 1939 France France, Germany Loire 70 1937 France Loire 130 1937 France Loire 501 1933 France Macchi M.C.100 1940 Italy Martin M-130 1934 US Martin JRM Mars 1943 US Martin PBM Mariner 1940 US US, UK, Australia, Netherlands Potez 141[notes 7] 1938 France France, Germany Potez-CAMS 161 1938 France Germany Potez 452 1936 France RAS-1 Getta 1925 Romania Saro Lerwick 1940 UK Saro London 1936 UK Savoia-Marchetti S.55 1926 Italy Italy, Romania Savoia-Marchetti S.62bis 1926 Italy Romania Savoia-Marchetti S.66 1931 Italy Shavrov Sh-2 1934 USSR USSR, Finland Short Empire 1936 UK UK, Australia, New Zealand Short S.26 1940 UK Short S.25 Hythe/Sandringham 1942 UK UK, New Zealand Short Singapore 1935 UK UK, New Zealand Short Sunderland 1938 UK UK, Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand, Norway Sikorsky S-40 1931 US Sikorsky S-42 1934 US Sikorsky JRS-1/OA-8 1935 US Sikorsky VS-44/JR2S-1 1937 US SNCASE SE.200[notes 20] 1942 France Germany Supermarine Sea Otter 1942 UK Supermarine Stranraer[notes 8] 1937 UK UK, Canada Supermarine Walrus 1935 UK UK, Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand Tupolev MTB-1 1929 USSR Yokosuka H5Y 1939 Japan Floatplanes Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Aichi E13A 1941 Japan Japan, Thailand Aichi E16A 1944 Japan Aichi M6A[notes 21] 1945 Japan Arado Ar 95 1936 Germany Arado Ar 196 1938 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Finland, Norway Arado Ar 199 trainer 1939 Germany Arado Ar 231[notes 21] 1941 Germany Beriev Be-2 1938 USSR Beriev Be-4 1942 USSR Besson MB.411[notes 21] 1935 France CANT Z.506 1936 Italy CANT Z.515 1940 Italy Curtiss SC Seahawk 1944 US Curtiss SO3C Seamew 1942 US US, UK Curtiss SOC Seagull 1935 US Dornier Do 22 1938 Germany Germany, Finland, Greece, Yugoslavia Fairey Seafox 1937 UK Fairey Swordfish 1936 UK Farman NC.470 1938 France Fiat RS.14 1941 Italy Fokker C.XI-W 1935 Netherlands Fokker C.XIV-W 1937 Netherlands Fokker T.IV 1927 Netherlands Fokker T.VIII 1938 Netherlands Netherlands, Germany, UK Gourdou-Leseurre GL-810-813 HY 1930 France Gourdou-Leseurre GL-832 HY 1930 France Heinkel HE 8[notes 22] 1927 Germany Denmark Heinkel He 42 floatplane trainer 1929 Germany Germany, Bulgaria Heinkel He 59 1935 Germany Germany, Finland Heinkel He 60 1933 Germany Germany, Bulgaria Heinkel He 114 1939 Germany Germany, Romania Heinkel He 115 1939 Germany Germany, Finland, Norway, UK IMAM Ro.43 1935 Italy IMAM Ro.44 1936 Italy Kawanishi E7K 1935 Japan Kawanishi N1K floatplane trainer 1944 Japan LatĂ©coĂšre 290 1934 France LatĂ©coĂšre 298 1938 France France, Germany Levasseur PL.15 1933 France LiorĂ© et Olivier LeO H-43 1940 France Lublin R.VIII floatplane trainer 1928 Poland Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk/HĂžver M.F.8 floatplane trainer 1924 Norway Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk/HĂžver M.F.10 1929 Norway Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk/HĂžver M.F.11 floatplane trainer 1932 Norway Norway, Finland Mitsubishi F1M 1941 Japan Nakajima A6M2-N 1942 Japan Nakajima E8N 1935 Japan Japan, Thailand Northrop Delta 1936 US Canada Northrop N-3PB 1940 US Norway RogoĆŸarski SIM-XII-H 1938 Yugoslavia RogoĆŸarski SIM-XIV-H 1939 Yugoslavia VL SÀÀski floatplane trainer 1928 Finland Vought OS2U Kingfisher 1938 US US, Australia, UK Watanabe E9W[notes 21] 1938 Japan Watanabe K6W/WS-103 1938 Japan Japan, Thailand Yokosuka E14Y[notes 21] 1941 Japan Yokosuka K4Y 1933 Japan Transport aircraft Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Aeronca L-3 1941 US US, Brazil Airspeed Envoy 1934 UK UK, Finland, South Africa Airspeed Horsa glider 1942 UK UK, US Antonov A-7 glider 1942 USSR Arado Ar 232 1943 Germany Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle 1940 UK UK, USSR AVIA FL.3 1939 Italy Italy, Croatia, Germany Avro 652 1935 UK Avro Lancastrian 1945 UK Avro York 1944 UK Barkley-Grow T8P-1 1937 US Canada Beechcraft 17 Staggerwing/UC-43 Traveler 1933 US US, Australia, Brazil, Finland, New Zealand, UK Beechcraft Model 18/C-45/JRB/Expeditor[notes 23] 1937 US US, Brazil, Canada, France, Philippines, UK BeneĆĄ-MrĂĄz Be-555 Super Bibi 1936 Czechoslovakia Bloch MB.81 ambulance aircraft 1935 France Bloch MB.120 mailplane 1935 France Boeing 247/UC-73 1933 US US, Canada, UK Boeing 307/UC-75 1940 US Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress 1943 US Breda Ba.44 1934 Italy Bristol Bombay bomber/transport 1939 UK Bristol Buckingham 1943 UK Budd RB Conestoga 1944 US CAP CAP-4 Paulista 1935 Brazil Caproni Ca.111 1932 Italy Caproni Ca.133 1935 Italy Caproni Ca.148 1938 Italy Italy, Germany Caproni Ca.164 1938 Italy Italy, France Caudron C.272 1931 France Caudron C.280/C.400/C.410 1932 France Caudron C.440 GoĂ©land 1934 France France, Belgium, Germany Caudron C.480 FrĂ©gate 1935 France Caudron C.600 Aiglon 1935 France Caudron C.635 Simoun 1935 France Cessna 165 1935 US US, Australia, Finland Consolidated C-87/C-109 Liberator Express 1942 US US, UK Curtiss-Wright C-46/R5C Commando 1941 US de Havilland Australia DHA-G glider 1942 Australia de Havilland DH.50 1923 UK Australia de Havilland DH.60 Moth UK UK, Belgium, China, Denmark, Egypt, Iraq, Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa de Havilland DH.80 Puss Moth 1930 UK UK, Canada, Iraq, New Zealand de Havilland DH.83 Fox Moth 1932 UK UK, Australia, New Zealand de Havilland DH.84 Dragon 1934 UK UK, Denmark, Iraq, New Zealand, Lithuania de Havilland DH.85 Leopard Moth 1933 UK UK, Australia, Belgium de Havilland D.H.86 Express 1934 UK UK, Australia, New Zealand de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide/Dominie 1934 UK UK, Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Iraq, New Zealand, US de Havilland DH.90 Dragonfly 1936 UK UK, Australia, Denmark, Iraq de Havilland DH.91 Albatross 1938 UK de Havilland DH.94 Moth Minor 1937 UK UK, Australia, New Zealand de Havilland DH.95 Flamingo 1939 UK Desoutter Mk.II 1941 UK Finland DFS 230 glider 1938 Germany Douglas C-47/R4D Skytrain/Dakota 1941 US US, Brazil, Canada, France, India, New Zealand, UK Douglas C-54/R5D Skymaster 1942 US US, UK Douglas DC-2/C-32 1934 US US, Australia, Finland, Japan, UK Douglas DC-3 1935 US Canada, US, Japan Douglas DC-5/C-110/R3D 1940 US US, Australia, Japan Fairchild 24 Argus/UC-61 Forwarder 1932 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Thailand, UK Fairchild 71 1926 US Canada Fairchild 82 1935 Canada Argentina Fairchild C-82 Packet 1944 US Fairchild FC-2/51 1926 US Canada Fairchild Super 71 1934 Canada Farman F.190 1928 France Farman F.402 1934 France Farman F.224 1932 France Fiat G.12 1941 Italy Fiat G.18 1936 Italy Fieseler Fi 156 Storch 1936 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Finland, Yugoslavia Fleet Freighter 1938 Canada Fokker F.VII 1925 Netherlands Netherlands, Finland, Poland Fokker Super Universal/Nakajima Ki-6/C2N 1931 US Japan, Manchukuo Ford Trimotor 1926 US Australia Foster Wikner Wicko 1936 UK UK, New Zealand General Aircraft Hamilcar glider 1942 UK Gotha Go 242 glider 1941 Germany Gotha Go 244 1942 Germany Gribovski G-11 glider 1941 USSR Handley Page Halifax/Halton[notes 24] 1940 UK Handley Page Harrow bomber/transport[notes 25] 1937 UK UK, Canada Hanriot H.182 1934 France Harlow C-80/PJC-2 1937 US US, UK Heinkel He 116 mailplane 1938 Germany Howard UC-70/GH Nightingale 1939 US IMAM Ro.63 1940 Italy Interstate Cadet/L-6 Grasshopper 1942 US US, Norway Junkers F 13[notes 9] 1920 Germany Finland Junkers G 24 1925 Germany Greece Junkers G 31 1926 Germany Germany, Australia Junkers Ju 52 1932 Germany Germany, Greece, Bulgaria, Norway Junkers Ju 90 1938 Germany Junkers Ju 252 1942 Germany Junkers Ju 290 1942 Germany Junkers Ju 352 1944 Germany Junkers W 34 & K 43 1926 Germany Germany, Australia, Finland, Norway Kawanishi H6K2-L/H6K-3/H6K4-L 1936 Japan Kawanishi H8K2-L 1941 Japan Kawasaki Ki-56 1940 Japan Kokusai Ki-59 1941 Japan Kokusai Ki-76 1942 Japan Kokusai Ku-8 glider 1941 Japan Kolesnikov-Tsibin KC-20 glider 1942 USSR SAI KZ II 1937 Germany Laville PS-89 1935 USSR Lisunov Li-2 1939 USSR Lockheed UC-101 Vega 1928 US US, Australia Lockheed 9/UC-85 Orion 1931 US Lockheed 10/C-36 Electra 1935 US US, Canada, UK Lockheed 12/UC-40 Electra Junior 1936 US US, Canada, Netherlands, UK Lockheed 14 Super Electra 1937 US US, UK, Canada, Japan, South Africa Lockheed 18/C-60 Lodestar 1937 US US, Australia, Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa, UK Lockheed C-69 Constellation 1943 US Lublin R-XVI 1932 Poland Maeda Ku-1 glider 1941 Japan Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun 1934 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Romania, UK, Yugoslavia Messerschmitt Me 321 Gigant glider 1941 Germany Messerschmitt Me 323 Gigant 1943 Germany Miles Falcon 1934 UK UK, Australia Miles Mentor 1938 UK Miles Merlin 1935 UK UK, Australia Miles Messenger 1942 UK Miles Monarch 1938 UK Miles Whitney Straight 1936 UK UK, New Zealand Mitsubishi G6M1-L2 1941 Japan Mitsubishi K3M 1931 Japan Mitsubishi Ki-20 1932 Germany, Japan Japan Mitsubishi Ki-57/L4M 1942 Japan Mitsubishi L3Y 1935 Japan Moskalyev SAM-5 1935 USSR Nakajima Ki-4[notes 5] 1934 Japan Japan, Manchukuo Nakajima Ki-34/L1N1 1936 Japan Noorduyn Norseman 1935 Canada Canada, Australia, Brazil, US Northrop Delta[notes 8] 1933 US US, Canada, Australia Percival Gull 1932 UK UK, New Zealand Percival Petrel 1937 UK Percival Proctor 1939 UK Percival Vega Gull 1935 UK UK, Australia, Belgium, New Zealand Piper J-3, L-4, O-59 and NE-1 1938 US US, Brazil Piper J-4 1938 US US, UK Polikarpov U-2 1927 USSR Porterfield 35 1935 US US, New Zealand Potez 29 1927 France Potez 56 1934 France Potez 58 1934 France Potez 62 1935 France Potez 650 1937 France Putilov Stal-3 1933 USSR PWS-24bis 1933 Poland Poland, Romania Rearwin Sportster 1935 US US, New Zealand, Thailand RWD 10 1935 Poland RWD 13 1935 Poland Poland, Romania RWD 15 1937 Poland Romania SAI KZ II 1937 Denmark SAIMAN 202 1939 Italy Italy, Croatia Savoia-Marchetti S.73 1934 Italy Italy, Belgium, UK Savoia-Marchetti S.74 1934 Italy Savoia-Marchetti SM.75 1938 Italy Italy, Hungary, Germany Savoia-Marchetti SM.82 1940 Italy Italy, Germany Savoia-Marchetti S.83 1938 Italy SFCA Taupin 1936 France Shcherbakov Shche-2 1943 USSR Short Stirling[notes 24][notes 26] 1943 UK Showa/Nakajima L2D 1939 Japan Siebel Si 204 1942 Germany Slingsby Hengist glider 1942 UK Spartan UC-71 Executive 1936 US US, UK, Canada, China Stinson L-1/O-49 Vigilant 1941 US US, UK Stinson L-5 Sentinel 1942 US US, UK Stinson Reliant 1933 US US, Australia, Norway, Philippines, UK Stinson Voyager 1939 US US, Canada, France Tachikawa Ki-54 1940 Japan Taylorcraft Auster 1942 UK UK, Australia Taylorcraft D 1941 US Taylorcraft L-2 1941 US Tugan Gannet 1935 Australia Tupolev ANT-9 1931 USSR Tupolev PS-35 1937 USSR Vickers Type 264 Valentia bomber/transport 1934 UK Vickers Warwick 1939 UK UK, South Africa Waco CG-3 glider 1942 US Waco CG-4/Hadrian glider 1942 US US, UK Waco CG-13 glider 1945 US Waco CG-15 glider 1943 US Waco UC-72 (and other Waco variants) 1930s US US, Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Norway, UK Yakovlev Yak-6 1942 USSR Yokosuka L3Y 1935 Japan Trainers Primary trainers are used for basic flight training while advanced trainers were used for familiarization with the more complex systems and higher speeds of combat aircraft, and for air combat training. Multi-engined trainers were used to prepare pilots for multi-engine bombers and transports, and to train navigators, bombardiers, gunners and flight engineers. Most nations used obsolete combat types for advanced training, although large scale training programs such as the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (BCATP) required more aircraft than were available and aircraft were designed and built specifically to fulfill training roles. Intermediate trainers were used in several countries but additional hours at the primary stage made them redundant.
Glider trainers Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter primary training glider 1938 Germany Germany, Japan and many others General Aircraft Hotspur assault glider trainer 1940 UK Laister-Kauffman TG-4 1941 US Slingsby Kirby Cadet 1935 UK Schweizer TG-3 1942 US Schweizer TG-2/LNS-1 1938 US Schneider Grunau Baby 1931 Germany Germany, Denmark Primary trainers Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin ANBO IV 1934 Lithuania Avro 504 1913 UK Greece, Thailand Avro 626 1930 UK UK, Belgium, Canada, Greece, New Zealand Avro 643 Cadet 1932 UK UK, Australia, China Avro Tutor 1933 UK UK, Canada, Denmark, Greece BeneĆĄ-MrĂĄz Be-50 Beta-Minor 1935 Czechoslovakia Germany, Slovakia Blackburn B-2 1932 UK Boeing-Stearman Model 73/75/PT-13/PT-17/PT-18/NS/N2S Kaydet 1934 US US, Brazil, Canada, China, Philippines Breda Ba.25 & Ba.28 1932 Italy Italy, Hungary, China, Norway BĂŒcker BĂŒ 131, Ki-86, K9W1 1935 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and others BĂŒcker BĂŒ 181 1940 Germany Germany, Bulgaria CAC Wackett 1941 Australia Caproni Ca.164 1938 Italy Italy, France Consolidated PT-1 Trusty 1921 US US, Philippines, Thailand DAR 9 Siniger 1940 Bulgaria Bulgaria, Yugoslavia de Havilland DH.60 Moth 1925 UK UK, Australia, Denmark, Finland, Iraq, New Zealand, Norway de Havilland Tiger Moth[notes 27] 1932 UK UK, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, India, Iraq, New Zealand, Norway Fairchild PT-19/23/26 Cornell 1940 US US, Brazil, Canada, Norway Fleet Fawn 1931 Canada Canada, Brazil Fleet 10/16/Finch 1939 Canada Canada, China, Brazil, Romania Focke-Wulf Fw 44 1932 Germany Germany, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Czechoslovakia, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia Fokker S.IV 1924 Netherlands Fokker S.IX 1937 Netherlands Gotha Go 145 1935 Germany Hanriot H.43 1928 France Hanriot H.16 1930 France Heinkel He 72 1933 Germany Germany, Bulgaria Kawasaki Army Type 92 Fighter 1930 Japan Japan Klemm Kl 25 1928 Germany Germany, Norway Koolhoven F.K.51 1935 Netherlands Letov Ć -218 1930 Czechoslovakia Finland Meyers OTW CPTP trainer 1936 US Miles Hawk 1933 UK UK, New Zealand Miles Magister 1937 UK UK, Norway Morane-Saulnier MS.230 1930 France France, Germany, Greece Morane-Saulnier MS.315 1932 France MrĂĄz Zobor I[3] 1942 Slovakia Naval Aircraft Factory N3N Canary 1936 US North American NA-16 1935 US China, Brazil North American BT-9/BT-14/NJ 1936 US Piper J-4 1938 US Ryan PT-16/20/21/22 Recruit 1934 US US, Australia, Netherlands RWD 8 1934 Poland Poland, Latvia, Romania, Hungary, Yugoslavia RWD 17 1938 Poland Poland, Romania Polikarpov Po-2 1929 USSR Praga E-39 1931 Czechoslovakia PWS-16 1933 Poland Spain RepĂŒlĆgĂ©pgyĂĄr Levente II 1943 Hungary SAIMAN 200 1940 Italy Italy, Croatia, Germany Spartan NP-1 1940 US Tachikawa Ki-9 1935 Japan Tachikawa Ki-17 1936 Japan Timm N2T Tutor 1943 US VL SÀÀski 1928 Finland VL Viima 1935 Finland Vultee BT-13/15/SNV Valiant 1939 US US, Brazil Waco UPF-7/PT-14 CPTP trainer 1930 US Weiss WM-10 Ălyv 1933 Hungary Yokosuka K5Y 1934 Japan Yakovlev UT-2 1937 USSR ZlĂn Z-XII 1935 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Germany, Slovakia, UK, Yugoslavia Advanced trainers Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Ambrosini S.7 1943 Italy Ambrosini SAI.10 Grifone 1940 Italy Arado Ar 65[notes 5] 1931 Germany Arado Ar 66 1933 Germany Arado Ar 68[notes 5] 1936 Germany Arado Ar 96 1939 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania Avia B.122 1934 Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, USSR BĂŒcker BĂŒ 133 1938 Germany Germany, Yugoslavia, Lithuania CAC Wirraway 1939 Australia Kaproni Bulgarski KB-2/3/4/5 1931 Bulgaria Caudron C.690 1939 France Curtiss-Wright CW-22/SNC Falcon 1942 US US, Netherlands Focke-Wulf Fw 56 1935 Germany Fokker D.XVII[notes 5] 1932 Netherlands Hawker Hart Trainer 1930 UK I.Ae. 22 DL 1944 Argentina IMAM Ro.41 1935 Italy Koolhoven F.K.56 1938 Netherlands Netherlands, Belgium Messerschmitt Bf 108 1935 Germany Germany, Bulgaria, and many others Miles Master 1939 UK Mitsubishi A5M4-K[notes 28] 1936 Japan Mitsubishi A6M2-K Zero[notes 28] 1940 Japan Morane-Saulnier M.S.225[notes 5] 1933 France Muniz M-9 1937 Brazil Mansyu Ki-79 1937 Japan Nardi FN.305 1938 Italy Italy, Romania, Hungary, France Nardi FN.316 1942 Italy Italy, Germany Nieuport-Delage NiD 62[notes 5] 1931 France North American NA-16 1935 US France, Germany North American NA-64 Yale 1940 US Canada, France, Germany North American P-64[notes 29] 1940 US North American T-6/SNJ Texan/Harvard[notes 8] 1935 US US, Brazil, Canada, India, New Zealand, Norway, UK and others OrlogsvĂŠrftet O-Maskinen 1926 Denmark Praga BH-41 1931 Czechoslovakia PTO-4 1938 Estonia Estonia, Germany PWS-26 1937 Poland Poland, Romania, Germany RogoĆŸarski PVT 1934 Yugoslavia RogoĆŸarski R-100 1939 Yugoslavia RogoĆŸarski SIM-Đ„ 1937 Yugoslavia Romano R.82 1937 France SET 7 1931 Romania Stampe et Vertongen SV.5 Tornado 1933 Belgium Belgium, Latvia Tachikawa Ki-55 1940 Japan Japan, Thailand Svenska Aero Jaktfalken 1930 Sweden Finland THK-2 1944 Turkey VEF I-12 1935 Latvia VL Tuisku 1935 Finland VL Pyry 1941 Finland Yakovlev UT-1 1936 USSR USSR, China Zmaj Fizir FN 1931 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Croatia, Italy Zmaj Fizir FP-2 1936 Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Croatia, Italy Bomber trainers, target tugs and misc. trainers Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Airspeed Oxford 1937 UK UK, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway Avro Anson[notes 8] 1936 UK Canada UK, Canada, France, US Blackburn Botha bomber trainer & target tug 1939 UK Bristol Buckmaster 1945 UK Beechcraft AT-10 Wichita 1942 US Cessna AT-8/AT-17/UC-78/JRC Bobcat/Crane 1939 US US, Brazil, Canada, France Consolidated AT-22/TB-24 Liberator 1943 US CANT Z.1015 torpedo bomber trainer 1939 Italy Curtiss AT-9 1941 US De Havilland Dominie radio trainer 1940 UK Fairchild AT-21 Gunner 1943 US Fairey IIIF target tug 1926 UK Fairey Battle[notes 5] 1939 UK Australia, Canada, South Africa, UK Fairey Gordon[notes 5] 1931 UK Australia, UK Fleet Fort intermediate trainer/radio trainer 1941 Canada Focke-Wulf Fw 58 1937 Germany Germany, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, Hungary, Netherlands, Romania Hanriot H.232 1940 France France, Finland Hawker Demon target tug 1930 UK Australia Hawker Henley target tug 1938 UK Kyushu K10W intermediate trainer/target tug 1943 Japan Kyushu K11W bomber crew trainer 1943 Japan Lockheed AT-18 Hudson 1938 US US LWS-6/PZL.30 Ć»ubr[notes 5] 1938 Poland Martin AT-23/TB-26 1940 US Miles Martinet target tug 1942 UK Miles Mentor radio trainer 1938 UK Mitsubishi K7M 1931 Japan Nardi FN.315 intermediate trainer 1938 Italy North American AT-24/TB-25 Mitchell 1941 US Percival Proctor radio trainer 1939 UK Potez 56 crew trainer/target tug 1936 France Stinson Reliant 1933 US US, UK Tachikawa Ki-54 1941 Japan Westland Wallace[notes 5] 1933 UK Yokosuka K4Y floatplane trainer 1933 Japan Rotorcraft Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Cierva C.30 autogyro 1934 UK UK, Belgium, France, Germany Flettner Fl 282 helicopter 1942 Germany Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 autogyro kite[notes 21] 1943 Germany Kamov A-7 autogyro 1934 USSR Kayaba Ka-1 and Ka-2 autogyro 1941 Japan Pitcairn PA-39 autogyro[notes 30] 1940 US UK Sikorsky R-4 helicopter 1944 US US, UK Sikorsky R-6 helicopter 1945 US US, UK Lighter than air Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Goodyear G class blimp patrol blimp 1935 US Goodyear K class blimp patrol blimp 1938 US Goodyear L class blimp training blimp 1938 US Goodyear M class blimp patrol blimp 1944 US Rockets and drones Name of aircraft Year in service Country of origin Operator(s) if different from country of origin Aeronautica Lombarda A.R. radio controlled flying bomb 1943 Italy Airspeed AS.30 Queen Wasp target drone 1937 UK Culver PQ-8 target drone 1940 US Culver PQ-14 Cadet target drone 1942 US de Havilland DH.82 Queen Bee target drone 1935 UK Fieseler Fi 103R manned missile 1944 Germany Henschel Hs 293 guided missile 1943 Germany Interstate TDR assault drone 1944 US McDonnell TD2D Katydid target drone 1942 US Naval Aircraft Factory TDN assault drone 1942 US Naval Aircraft Modification Unit KDN Gorgon target drone 1945 US Radioplane OQ-2 target drone 1939 US V-1 Flying Bomb surface to surface cruise missile 1943 Germany V-2 rocket surface to surface ballistic missile 1944 Germany Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka manned missile 1945 Japan Prototypes Prototypes were aircraft that were intended to enter service but did not, either due to changing requirements, failing to meet requirements, other problems, or the end of the war. If the aircraft was deployed to regular squadrons or used in an operational capacity other than evaluation, it should be listed above under its appropriate type. Napkinwaffe - paper projects and aircraft that first flew after the war are not included.
Fighter prototypes Single-engined, Single-seat fighters, fighter-bombers and jet fighters Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Aeronautica Umbra Trojani AUT.18 1939 Italy Ambrosini SS.4 1940 Italy canard pusher-engine fighter Ambrosini SAI.107 1940 Italy lightweight fighter Ambrosini SAI.403 1943 Italy lightweight fighter Avia B.35 1938 Czechoslovakia Aviotehas PN-3 1939 Estonia Bachem Ba 349 Natter 1945 Germany vertical launch point defence rocket interceptor Bell XP-77 1944 US lightweight fighter Bell XP-83 1945 US jet fighter Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1 1942 USSR rocket fighter Blohm & Voss BV 155 1944 Germany high-altitude fighter Boeing XF8B 1944 US Borovkov-Florov I-207 1937 USSR cantilever-wing biplane fighter Canadian Car and Foundry FDB-1 1938 Canada biplane fighter Caproni Vizzola F.4 1940 Italy Caproni Vizzola F.5 1939 Italy Caproni Vizzola F.6 1941 Italy Chu XP-0 1943 China Curtiss XF14C 1944 US naval fighter with liquid-cooled engine Curtiss XF15C 1945 US inspired by the FR-1 Fireball Curtiss YP-37 1937 US Curtiss XP-42 1939 US Curtiss XP-46 1941 US Curtiss XP-53/YP-60 1942 US Curtiss XP-62 1943 US Curtiss-Wright XP-55 Ascender 1943 US canard pusher-engine fighter de Havilland Vampire 1943 UK jet fighter entered service post-war Fokker D.XXIII 1939 Netherlands push/pull twin-engine fighter Fiat G.56 1944 Italy Horten Ho 229 1944 Germany jet flying wing fighter Hawker Tornado 1939 UK Heinkel He 280 1940 Germany Henschel Hs 132 1945 Germany prone pilot jet fighter/dive bomber Kawasaki Ki-60 1941 Japan Koolhoven F.K.55 1938 Netherlands buried-engine fighter Kyushu J7W 1945 Japan canard pusher-engine fighter Macchi C.201 1940 Italy Martin-Baker MB 2 1938 UK Martin-Baker MB 3 1942 UK Martin-Baker MB 5 1944 UK McDonnell FD Phantom 1945 US naval jet fighter Messerschmitt Me 209 1938 Germany racer/fighter Messerschmitt Me 309 1942 Germany Messerschmitt Me 328 1944 Germany pulse jet fighter Mikoyan-Gurevich I-250 1945 USSR mixed-power fighter Miles M.20 1940 UK emergency fighter Mitsubishi J8M 1944 Japan rocket-propelled interceptor Nakajima Ki-12 1936 Japan V12 fighter Nakajima Kikka 1945 Japan jet fighter Nikitin IS-1 1941 USSR Northrop XP-56 Black Bullet 1943 US tailless pusher fighter Piaggio P.119 1942 Italy buried radial-engine fighter Prajadhipok 1929 Siam Thailand (formerly Siam) PZL.50 JastrzÄ
b 1939 Poland Renard R-36/R-37/R-38 1938 Belgium Republic XP-69/XP-72 1943 US SNCAO 200 1939 France Tachikawa Ki-106 1945 Japan VEF I-16 1939 Latvia lightweight fighter VL Humu 1944 Finland VL Pyörremyrsky 1945 Finland Polikarpov I-185 1941 USSR Polikarpov ITP 1942 USSR Reggiane Re.2006 n/a Italy completed but not flown Sukhoi Su-5 1945 USSR mixed-power fighter Sukhoi Su-7 1944 USSR high-altitude interceptor Vultee XP-54 1943 US Heavy fighters (multi-engined or multi-seat) and night fighters Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Aichi S1A 1945 Japan night fighter Arado Ar 240 1940 Germany Arsenal-Delanne 10 1941 France tandem-wing two-seat fighter Bell YFM-1 Airacuda[notes 2] flying cruiser 1940 US Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress 1943 US large escort fighter Boulton Paul P.92 1937 UK SABCA S.47 1939 Italy for Belgium Consolidated XB-41 Liberator 1942 US large escort fighter Consolidated Vultee XP-81 1945 US De Havilland Hornet 1944 UK Gloster F.9/37 1939 UK Grumman XF5F Skyrocket 1940 US Grumman XP-50 1941 US Hawker Hotspur 1938 UK Hughes D-2 1943 US IMAM Ro.58 1942 Italy Kawasaki Ki-64 1943 Japan Kawasaki Ki-96 1943 Japan Lockheed XP-49 1942 US Lockheed XP-58 Chain Lightning 1944 US McDonnell XP-67 Bat 1944 US Moskalyev SAM-13 1940 USSR North American P-82 Twin Mustang 1945 US twin fuselage fighter too late for war Polikarpov TIS 1941 USSR PZL.38 Wilk 1938 Poland Savoia-Marchetti SM.88, SM.91 and SM.92 1939 Italy heavy fighters SNCASE SE.100 1939 France Vickers Type 432 1942 UK Bomber and attack aircraft prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Aero A.300 1938 Czechoslovakia ANBO VIII 1939 Lithuania Avia B-158 1938 Czechoslovakia Avro Lincoln 1945 UK too late for war Beechcraft XA-38 Grizzly 1944 US Blackburn Firebrand 1945 UK too late for war Bloch MB.162 1940 France Boeing XB-15 1937 US Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress 1943 US Boeing XB-39 Superfortress 1944 US Boeing XB-44 Superfortress 1945 US Breguet 462 1936 France Breda Ba.75 1939 Italy Breda Ba.201 1941 Italy Brewster XA-32 1943 US Bristol Brigand 1944 UK too late for war CAC Woomera 1941 Australia CANSA FC.12 1940 Italy CANSA FC.20 1941 Italy CANT Z.1011 1936 Italy CANT Z.1018 1939 Italy Caproni Ca.355 1941 Italy Caudron C.670 Typhon 1935 France light bomber (derived from racer) DAR 10 1939 Bulgaria Dornier Do 19 1936 Germany cancelled heavy bomber, possibly used as transport Dornier Do 317 1943 Germany heavy bomber Douglas AD Skyraider 1945 US torpedo/dive bomber Douglas BTD Destroyer 1944 US Douglas XB-19 1941 US Douglas XA-42 Mixmaster 1944 US buried engines driving pusher propeller in tail Douglas XTB2D Skypirate 1945 US intended successor of the Douglas Devastator Fairey Spearfish 1945 UK Fiat AS.14 1943 Italy Focke-Wulf Fw 191 1942 Germany heavy bomber Fokker T.IX 1939 Netherlands Heinkel He 119 1937 Germany unarmed reconnaissance bomber Heinkel He 274 1945 Germany high-altitude bomber Henschel Hs 130 1940 Germany high-altitude bomber IAR 47 1942 Romania Junkers Ju 287 1944 Germany Junkers Ju 288 1940 Germany bomber Kaiser-Fleetwings XBTK 1945 US dive and torpedo bomber LatĂ©coĂšre 299 1939 France carrier-based LatĂ©coĂšre 298 Letov Ć -50 1938 Czechoslovakia Lockheed XP2V-1 Neptune 1945 US anti-submarine aircraft Messerschmitt Me 261 1940 Germany maritime reconnaissance Messerschmitt Me 264 1942 Germany 4-engine Amerika bomber Nakajima G5N 1941 Japan Nakajima G8N 1944 Japan North American XB-28 1942 US Piaggio P.50 1937 Italy Polikarpov NB 1944 USSR PZL.42 1936 Poland PZL.46 Sum 1939 Poland Reggiane Re.2003 1941 Italy Rikugun Ki-93 1945 Japan Savoia-Marchetti SM.86 1940 Italy Savoia-Marchetti SM.89 1942 Italy Savoia-Marchetti SM.93 1944 Italy SNCAO CAO.600 1940 France Stearman XA-21 1938 US Sukhoi Su-6 1941 USSR Supermarine Type 322 1943 UK Tachikawa Ki-74 1944 Japan Vickers Windsor 1943 UK Vultee XA-41 1944 US Zmaj R-1 1940 Yugoslavia Transport prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Blohm & Voss BV 144 1944 Germany built in France Boeing 367 YC-97 Stratofreighter 1944 US based on B-29, entered service in 1947 Burnelli UB-14/Cunliffe-Owen Clyde Clipper 1939 US prototype used by UK and France Consolidated R2Y 1944 US PB4Y-2 with new fuselage Curtiss-Wright C-76 Caravan 1943 US wood transport with nose doors Junkers Ju 390 1943 Germany heavy transport and maritime patrol Kokusai Ki-105 1945 Japan fuel transport Lockheed L-049 Constellation 1944 US civil version of the C-69 LWS-2 1937 Poland medical transport Martin 156 1940 USSR Russian-built seaplane airliner Praga E-210 1937 Czechoslovakia Savoia-Marchetti SM.95 1943 Italy SNCASE Languedoc 1939 France Stout XC-107 1941 US flying car evaluated by USAAF Tachikawa Ki-77 1942 Japan very long-range transport Tachikawa Ki-92 1945 Japan troop/cargo transport Glider prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Aeronautica Lombarda AL-12P 1943 Italy Allied Aviation XLRA 1943 US seaplane glider AVIA LM.02 1942 Italy bomber glider Baynes Bat 1943 UK experimental tailless glider Blohm & Voss BV 40 1944 Germany interceptor glider Bristol XLRQ 1943 US seaplane glider CAT TM-2 1943 Italy Chase YCG-14 1945 US Cornelius XFG-1 1944 US DFS 331 1942 Germany Frankfort TG-1 1940 US General Airborne Transport XCG-16 1943 US Gotha Ka 430 1943 Germany Horten H.IV 1941 Germany flying wing glider Horten H.V 1937 Germany I.Ae. 25 Mañque 1945 Argentina Junkers Ju 322 1941 Germany Kokusai Ku-7 1942 Japan Laister-Kauffman XCG-10 1942 US Maeda Ku-6 1945 Japan Pratt-Read TG-32 1940 US Polikarpov BDP 1943 USSR Slingsby T.20 1944 UK St.Louis XCG-5 1942 US Antonov A-40 1942 USSR Yokosuka MXY5 1942 Japan Trainer prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Airspeed Cambridge 1941 UK advanced trainer AEKKEA-Raab R-29 1936 Greece Fighter-trainer (unknown number - possibly 30 - produced for Spain, missing engines and machine guns) Boeing XAT-15 1942 US CAT QR.14 1943 Italy de Havilland Don 1938 UK Fleetwings BT-12 1942 US General Aircraft Cagnet 1939 UK General Aircraft Cygnet 1937 UK General Aircraft Owlet 1942 UK Heston T.1/37 1938 UK Ikarus Aero 2 1940 Yugoslavia Ikarus MM-2 1941 Yugoslavia Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk/HĂžver M.F.12 1939 Norway floatplane trainer Miles M.15 1938 UK Miles Kestrel 1937 UK Miles Mercury 1941 UK Miles Monitor 1944 UK target tug Parnall 382 1939 UK PWS-33 WyĆŒeĆ 1938 Poland twin-engine trainer PWS-35 Ogar 1938 Poland Reid and Sigrist R.S.1 1939 UK twin-engine trainer Reid and Sigrist R.S.3 1945 UK twin-engine trainer Rogozarski SIM-XI 1938 Yugoslavia St. Louis YPT-15 1940 US primary trainer Stampe SV.4 1933 Belgium biplane trainer, flown before war, not used until after Stearman XBT-17 1942 US monoplane trainer Yakovlev Yak-5 1944 USSR Yokosuka D3Y 1945 Japan bomber trainer Rotorcraft prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Breguet-Dorand Gyroplane Laboratoire 1935 France Helicopter Dorand G.20 n/a France Helicopter Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 1942 Germany twin rotor transport helicopter Focke-Achgelis Fa 225 1942 Germany rotary wing glider Hafner Rotabuggy 1943 UK towed autogyro jeep Higgins EB-1 1943 US Helicopter Kellett KD-1/XO-60/YO-60 1934 US autogyro Landgraf H-2 1944 US helicopter McDonnell XHJH Whirlaway 1944 US helicopter Piaggio-D'Ascanio PD3 1942 Italy helicopter Piasecki HRP Rescuer 1945 US helicopter Platt-LePage XR-1 1941 US helicopter Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 1939 US amphibious helicopter Missile prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Blohm & Voss BV 143 1941 Germany anti-ship missile Blohm & Voss BV 246 1943 Germany Hagelkorn guided glide bomb EMW C2 Wasserfall 1943 Germany guided surface-to-air missile developed from V-2 Fletcher PQ-11 1941 US target drone/glide bomb McDonnell LBD Gargoyle 1945 US air-to-surface missile Mistel 1943 Germany large air-to-surface missile with parasite guidance aircraft Northrop JB-1 Bat 1944 US surface-to-surface missile Republic-Ford JB-2 1944 US surface-to-surface missile (V-1 copy) Rheinmetall-Borsig Feuerlilie 1943 Germany surface-to-air missile Ruhrstahl X-4 1944 Germany air-to-air missile Miscellaneous prototypes Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Airspeed Fleet Shadower 1940 UK low speed shipborne aircraft for tracking enemy fleet visually AVIS C.4 1940 Italy liaison Bestetti BN.1 1940 Italy racer/fighter/liaison Blackburn B-20 1940 UK seaplane with retractable hull Bloch MB.480 1939 France floatplane Blohm & Voss BV 141 1938 Germany asymmetrical tactical reconnaissance aircraft Blohm & Voss BV 238 1944 Germany large transport flying boat Boeing XPBB Sea Ranger 1942 US patrol seaplane CANT Z.511 1940 Italy transport/bomber floatplane CANT Z.516 1940 Italy bomber floatplane Caproni Ca.316 1940 Italy floatplane Caproni Ca.331 1940 Italy reconnaissance aircraft, bomber, and night fighter Consolidated XP4Y Corregidor 1939 US patrol seaplane DFS 228 1944 Germany high-altitude manned reconnaissance rocket ERCO Ercoupe YO-55 1940 US JATO tests Fairchild XBQ-3 1944 US assault drone Fleetwings XBQ-2 1943 US assault drone General Aircraft Fleet Shadower 1940 UK low-speed shipborne aircraft for tracking enemy vessels Kawanishi E15K 1941 Japan reconnaissance floatplane Kobeseiko Te-GĆ 1943 Japan STOL spotter/liaison Koolhoven F.K.49 1935 Netherlands photo survey Loire-Nieuport 10 1939 France patrol floatplane LWS-3 Mewa 1938 Poland army cooperation Nakajima Ki-115 1945 Japan kamikaze aircraft Nihon L7P 1942 Japan transport amphibian Nikol A-2 1939 Poland seaplane trainer Potez-CAMS 141 1938 France long range reconnaissance flying boat Praga E-51 1938 Czechoslovakia tactical reconnaissance SFAN 11 1940 France liaison Short Seaford 1944 UK improved Sunderland, trials only Short Shetland 1944 UK long range reconnaissance flying boat SNCAC NC.4-10 1939 France floatplane bomber/torpedo bomber SNCAO 30 1938 France seaplane trainer Tachikawa Ki-70 1943 Japan high-speed photo reconnaissance aircraft Tupolev MTB-2 1937 USSR four-engine flying boat, cancelled after German invasion Zveno SPB 1938 USSR 2-5 parasite fighters carried by bomber Experimental aircraft Aircraft intended to prove a concept or idea and which were not intended or suitable for military service. Does not include operational aircraft modified for experimental purposes.
Flight behaviour research Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52 1945 UK flying wing Bell 30 1943 US experimental helicopter Cierva W.9 1945 UK experimental helicopter DFS 40 1939 Germany tailless aircraft DFS 194 1940 Germany aerodynamic testbed for Messerschmitt Me 163 Göppingen Gö 9 1941 Germany tail mounted propeller testbed Handley Page Manx 1943 UK tailless aircraft Hiller XH-44 1944 US coaxial rotor helicopter Hillson Bi-mono 1941 UK slip wing testbed Kayaba Ku-2 1940 Japan tailless glider Kayaba Ku-3 1941 Japan tailless glider Kawasaki Ki-78 1942 Japan high speed flight Kellett XR-8 1944 US intermesh rotor helicopter Lippisch DM-1 1944 Germany delta-wing glider Martin 162A Tadpole Clipper 1937 US half scale flyingboat Miles M.30 1942 UK blended wing Miles M.35 Libellula 1942 UK tandem wing Miles M.39B Libellula 1943 UK tandem wing/canard Northrop N-1M 1941 US flying wing Northrop N-9M 1942 US flying wing Payen PA-22 1942 France delta and tandem-wing Piasecki PV-2 1943 US helicopter Saro Shrimp 1939 UK half sized flying boat Tachikawa SS-1 1943 Japan high altitude research, pressurized cabin Vought V-173 1942 US aerodynamic testbed for Vought XF5U which never flew Yokosuka MXY6 1943 Japan aerodynamic testbed for Kyushu J7W Yokosuka MXY8/Ku-13 1945 Japan aerodynamic testbed for Mitsubishi J8M rocket interceptor Engine research Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Caproni Campini N.1 1940 Italy jet engine testbed Folland Fo.108 1940 UK piston engine testbed Gloster E.28/39 1941 UK jet engine testbed Heinkel He 176 1939 Germany rocket engine testbed Heinkel He 178 1939 Germany jet engine testbed Misc research Name of aircraft Year first flight Country of origin Notes Akaflieg Berlin B 9 1944 Germany prone pilot research Heinkel He 119 1937 Germany streamlining Piaggio P.111 1941 Italy high altitude research See also List of Interwar military aircraft List of fighter aircraft List of bomber aircraft List of attack aircraft List of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft List of jet aircraft of World War II List of World War II military gliders List of aircraft of Canada's air forces List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II List of aircraft of Germany in World War II List of Luftwaffe aircraft by manufacturer, World War II List of German aircraft projects, 1939-1945 List of aircraft of Japan, World War II List of aircraft of Poland during World War II List of aircraft of the Red Army Air Forces List of Regia Aeronautica aircraft used in World War II List of aircraft of the United Kingdom in World War II List of aircraft of the Fleet Air Arm List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force List of aircraft of the United States during World War II References Notes Built in Canada Retired 1942 Carrier-based fighter In service by VJ day Obsolete aircraft used for training carrier-based fighter/dive bomber Prototype used operationally Also built in Canada Retired by Germany before war Heavy bomber, maritime patrol and transport Maritime patrol before relegated to transport duties. Retired by Japan before Dec. 1941 Retired by US before war Transport version only Primarily used as trainer Retired by UK before war Second line duties during war Bomber/transport Obsolete fighter used for reconnaissance Not used by France Submarine-borne aircraft Not used by Germany Also used as a trainer and photo reconnaissance. Later versions built as transports RCAF bought 2 ex-inflight refuelling aircraft Paratroop transport and glider tug Built in Canada & elsewhere Variant specifically built as a trainer Ordered by Thailand, disarmed and impressed as trainer Not used by US Citations Thornburg, Chris (3 December 2006). "World Air Forces - Historical Listings Netherlands (NET)". Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2020. Thornburg, Chris (3 December 2006). "World Air Forces - Historical Listings Thailand (THL)". Archived from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2020. "Mråz Zobor I". Slovakaf (in Slovak). Archived from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-06-26. Bibliography Andrade, John M. (1979). U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. England: Midland Counties Publications. ISBN 0-904597-22-9. Camelio, Paul; Shores, Christopher (1976). Armee de l'Air - A Pictorial History of the French Air Force 1937-1945. Squadron/Signal 6006. Warren, MI: Squadron/Signal publications. ASIN B0006WGVZA. Francillon, Rene J. (1970). Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-370-00033-1. Francillon, Rene J. (1970). Royal Australian Air Force & Royal New Zealand Air Force in the Pacific. Aero Pictorials 3. Fallbrook CA: Aero Publishers Inc. LCCN 76-114412. Griffin, John A. (1969). Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920 - 1968. Publication No. 69-2. Ottawa: Queen's Printer. Gunston, Bill (1980). Aircraft of World War 2. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-7064-1287-7. Jones, Lloyd S. (1975). U.S. Fighters Army-Air Force 1925 to 1980. Fallbrook, CA: Aero Publishers Inc. ISBN 978-0816892006. Mondey, David (2006). The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Bounty Books. ISBN 0-7537-1460-4. Munson, Kenneth (1983). Fighters and Bombers of World War II. London: Peerage Books. ISBN 0-907408-37-0. Smith, J. Richard; Kay, Anthony L. (2002). German Aircraft of the Second World War. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-010-X. Swanborough, Gordon; Peter, Bowers (1990). US Navy Aircraft Since 1911. Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-838-0. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Military aircraft of World War II. AircraftAces.com: World War II Aircraft DavesWarBirds.com: American Aircraft of World War II World War Two Combat Planes Aircraft of the World's Air Forces Categories: Military aircraft of World War IILists of military aircraftWorld War II-related listsAviation in World War IILists of World War II military equipment Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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Post by Freddie on Apr 29, 2021 18:39:34 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đThis is a featured article. Click here for more information. Scouting From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the Scouting movement. For other uses, see Scout (disambiguation). Scouting WikiProject Scouting fleur-de-lis dark.svg Country Worldwide United Kingdom (origin) Founded 1908 Founder Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell Scouting portal The Scout movement, also known as Scouting or the Scouts, is a voluntary non-political educational movement for young people. Although it requires an oath of allegiance to a nation's leaders and, in some countries, to a god, it otherwise allows membership without distinction of gender, race or origin in accordance with the principles of its founder, Lord Baden-Powell. The purpose of the Scout Movement is to contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, emotional, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities. During the first half of the twentieth century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups for boys: Cub Scout, Boy Scout and Rover Scout. In 1910, the Girl Guides was created, encompassing three major age groups for girls: Brownie Guide, Girl Guide and Girl Scout and Ranger Guide. It is one of several worldwide youth organizations. In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance and scouting. This book, Scouting for Boys, was based on his earlier books about military scouting, with influence and support of Frederick Russell Burnham (Chief of Scouts in British Africa), Ernest Thompson Seton of the Woodcraft Indians, William Alexander Smith of the Boys' Brigade, and his publisher Pearson. In mid-1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of Scouting for Boys (London, 1908) are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement. Leaders welcome a boy into Scouting, March 2010, Mexico City, Mexico The movement employs the Scout method, a programme of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports. Another widely recognized movement characteristic is the Scout uniform, by intent hiding all differences of social standing in a country and making for equality, with neckerchief and campaign hat or comparable headwear. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as badges and other patches. The two largest umbrella organizations are the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), for boys-only and co-educational organizations, and the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. The year 2007 marked the centenary of Scouting worldwide, and member organizations planned events to celebrate the occasion. Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 The original Scout law 1.3 The promise of 1908 1.4 Movement 1.5 Influences 2 Movement characteristics 2.1 Scout method 2.2 Activities 2.3 Uniforms and distinctive insignia 3 Age groups and sections 4 Adults and leadership 5 Around the world 5.1 Co-educational 5.2 Membership 5.3 Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations 6 Influence on society 7 Controversies 8 In film and the arts 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History Origins Stone on Brownsea Island commemorating the first Scout camp The trigger for the Scouting movement was the 1908 publication of Scouting for Boys written by Robert Baden-Powell.[1][2] At Charterhouse, one of England's most famous public schools, Baden-Powell had an interest in the outdoors.[3] Later, as a military officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in British India in the 1880s where he took an interest in military scouting and in 1884 he published Reconnaissance and Scouting.[4] In 1896, Baden-Powell was assigned to the Matabeleland region in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) as Chief of Staff to Gen. Frederick Carrington during the Second Matabele War. In June 1896 he met here and began a lifelong friendship with Frederick Russell Burnham, the American-born Chief of Scouts for the British Army in Africa.[5][6] This was a formative experience for Baden-Powell not only because he had the time of his life commanding reconnaissance missions into enemy territory, but because many of his later Boy Scout ideas originated here.[7] During their joint scouting patrols into the Matobo Hills, Burnham augmented Baden-Powell's woodcraft skills, inspiring him and sowing seeds for both the programme and for the code of honour later published in Scouting for Boys.[8][9] Practised by frontiersmen of the American Old West and indigenous peoples of the Americas, woodcraft was generally little known to the British Army but well known to the American scout Burnham.[5] These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, the fundamentals of Scouting. Both men recognised that wars in Africa were changing markedly and the British Army needed to adapt; so during their joint scouting missions, Baden-Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men, rich in exploration, tracking, fieldcraft, and self-reliance.[10] During this time in the Matobo Hills Baden-Powell first started to wear his signature campaign hat[11] like the one worn by Burnham, and acquired his kudu horn, the Ndebele war instrument he later used every morning at Brownsea Island to wake the first Boy Scouts and to call them together in training courses.[12][13][14] Three years later, in South Africa during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafikeng (Mafeking) by a much larger Boer army.[15] The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, which freed the men for military duties and kept the boys occupied during the long siege. The Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defence of the town (1899â1900), and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement.[16][17][18] Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point and spearhead. The badge's logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis shaped arrowhead that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol.[19] The siege of Mafeking was the first time since his own childhood that Baden-Powell, a regular serving soldier, had come into the same orbit as "civilians"âwomen and childrenâand discovered for himself the usefulness of well-trained boys. In the United Kingdom, the public, through newspapers, followed Baden-Powell's struggle to hold Mafeking, and when the siege was broken he had become a national hero. This rise to fame fuelled the sales of the small instruction book he had written in 1899 about military scouting and wilderness survival, Aids to Scouting,[20] that owed much to what he had learned from discussions with Burnham.[21] On his return to England, Baden-Powell noticed that boys showed considerable interest in Aids to Scouting, which was unexpectedly used by teachers and youth organizations as their first Scouting handbook.[21] He was urged to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys' Brigade, a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that the Boys' Brigade could grow much larger were Scouting to be used.[22] He studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. A 2007 British fifty pence coin commemorating the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Scout Movement In July 1906 Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his 1902 book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians.[23] Seton, a British-born Canadian-American living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs.[24][25] In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols. In the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds (from boy's schools in the London area and a section of boys from the Poole, Parkstone, Hamworthy, Bournemouth, and Winton Boys' Brigade units) and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, Dorset.[26] His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, allowed the boys to organize themselves into small groups with an elected patrol leader.[27] In late 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting; he omitted the military aspects and transferred the techniques (mainly survival skills) to non-military heroes: backwoodsmen, explorers (and later on, sailors and airmen).[28] He also added innovative educational principles (the Scout method) by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education.[25] At the beginning of 1908, Baden-Powell published Scouting for Boys in six fortnightly parts, setting out activities and programmes which existing youth organisations could use.[29] The reaction was phenomenal, and quite unexpected. In a very short time, Scout Patrols were created up and down the country, all following the principles of Baden-Powell's book. In 1909, the first Scout Rally was held at Crystal Palace in London, to which 11,000 Scouts cameâand some girls dressed as Scouts and calling themselves "Girl Scouts". Baden-Powell retired from the Army and, in 1910, he formed The Boy Scouts Association, and later The Girl Guides. By the time of The Boy Scouts Association's first census in 1910, it had over 100,000 Scouts.[29] Scouting for Boys was published in England later in 1908 in book form. The book is now the fourth-bestselling title of all time,[30] and was the basis for the later American version of the Boy Scout Handbook.[31] At the time, Baden-Powell intended that the scheme would be used by established organizations, in particular the Boys' Brigade, from the founder William A. Smith.[32] However, because of the popularity of his person and the adventurous outdoor games he wrote about, boys spontaneously formed Scout patrols and flooded Baden-Powell with requests for assistance. He encouraged them, and the Scouting movement developed momentum. In 1910 Baden-Powell formed The Boy Scouts Association in the United Kingdom. As the movement grew, Sea Scouts, Air Scouts, and other specialized units were added to the program.[33][34] The original Scout law Main article: Scout law The scouts law is for boys, as follows; A Scout's honour is to be trusted â This means the scout will try as best as he can to do what he promised, or what is asked of him A Scout is loyal â to his king or queen, his leaders and his country. A Scout's duty is to be useful, and to help others A Scout is a friend to all, and a brother to every other Scout â Scouts help one another, regardless of the differences in status or social class. A Scout is courteous â He is polite and helpful to all, especially women, children and the elderly. He does not take anything for being helpful. A Scout is a friend to animals â He does not make them suffer or kill them without need to do so. A Scout obeys orders â Even the ones he does not like. A Scout smiles and whistles A Scout is thrifty â he avoids unnecessary spending of money. A Scout is clean in thought, word and deed (added later) The promise of 1908 Main article: Scout promise In his original book on boy scouting, General Baden-Powell introduced the Scout promise, as follows:[35] "Before he becomes a scout, a boy must take the scout's oath, thus: 'On my honour I promise thatâ I will do my duty to God and the King. I will do my best to help others, whatever it costs me. I know the scout law, and will obey it.' While taking this oath the scout will stand, holding his right hand raised level with his shoulder, palm to the front, thumb resting on the nail of the little finger and the other three fingers upright, pointing upwards:â This is the scout's salute and secret sign." Movement Girl Guiding/Scouting pioneer Olave Baden-Powell The Boy Scout Movement swiftly established itself throughout the British Empire soon after the publication of Scouting for Boys. By 1908, Scouting was established in Gibraltar, Malta, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Malaya (YMCA Experimental Troop in Penang) and South Africa. In 1909 Chile was the first country outside the British dominions to have a Scouting organization recognized by Baden-Powell. The first Scout rally, held in 1909 at the Crystal Palace in London, attracted 10,000 boys and a number of girls. By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States had Boy Scouts.[36][37] The program initially focused on boys aged 11 to 18, but as the movement grew the need became apparent for leader training and programs for younger boys, older boys, and girls. The first Cub Scout and Rover Scout programs were in place by the late 1910s. They operated independently until they obtained official recognition from their home country's Scouting organization. In the United States, attempts at Cub programs began as early as 1911, but official recognition was not obtained until 1930.[37][38][39] First procession of Armenian Scouts in Constantinople in 1918 Girls wanted to become part of the movement almost as soon as it began. Baden-Powell and his sister Agnes Baden-Powell introduced the Girl Guides in 1910, a parallel movement for girls, sometimes named Girl Scouts. Agnes Baden-Powell became the first president of the Girl Guides when it was formed in 1910, at the request of the girls who attended the Crystal Palace Rally. In 1914, she started Rosebudsâlater renamed Browniesâfor younger girls. She stepped down as president of the Girl Guides in 1920 in favor of Robert's wife Olave Baden-Powell, who was named Chief Guide (for England) in 1918 and World Chief Guide in 1930. At that time, girls were expected to remain separate from boys because of societal standards, though co-educational youth groups did exist. By the 1990s, two-thirds of the Scout organizations belonging to WOSM had become co-educational.[40] At the First World Jamboree in August 1920, 500 Wolf Cubs perform a Grand Howl in the arena at Olympia, London Baden-Powell could not single-handedly advise all groups who requested his assistance. Early Scoutmaster training camps were held in London and Yorkshire in 1910 and 1911. Baden-Powell wanted the training to be as practical as possible to encourage other adults to take leadership roles, so the Wood Badge course was developed to recognize adult leadership training. The development of the training was delayed by World War I, and the first Wood Badge course was not held until 1919.[41] Wood Badge is used by Boy Scout associations and combined Boy Scout and Girl Guide associations in many countries. Gilwell Park near London was purchased in 1919 on behalf of The Scout Association as an adult training site and Scouting campsite.[42] Baden-Powell wrote a book, Aids to Scoutmastership, to help Scouting Leaders, and wrote other handbooks for the use of the new Scouting sections, such as Cub Scouts and Girl Guides. One of these was Rovering to Success, written for Rover Scouts in 1922. A wide range of leader training exists in 2007, from basic to program-specific, including the Wood Badge training. Influences U.S. President Calvin Coolidge greeting 1500 Boy Scouts making an annual trip to the Capitol, 1927 Important elements of traditional Scouting have their origins in Baden-Powell's experiences in education and military training. He was a 50-year-old retired army general when he founded Scouting, and his revolutionary ideas inspired thousands of young people, from all parts of society, to get involved in activities that most had never contemplated. Comparable organizations in the English-speaking world are the Boys' Brigade and the non-militaristic Woodcraft Folk; however, they never matched the development and growth of Scouting.[43] Aspects of Scouting practice have been criticized as too militaristic.[44] Australian Scouts attend Scouts' Own, an informal, spiritual Scouting ceremony Local influences have also been a strong part of Scouting. By adopting and modifying local ideologies, Scouting has been able to find acceptance in a wide variety of cultures. In the United States, Scouting uses images drawn from the U.S. frontier experience. This includes not only its selection of animal badges for Cub Scouts, but the underlying assumption that American native peoples are more closely connected with nature and therefore have special wilderness survival skills which can be used as part of the training program. By contrast, British Scouting makes use of imagery drawn from the Indian subcontinent, because that region was a significant focus in the early years of Scouting. Baden-Powell's personal experiences in India led him to adopt Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as a major influence for the Cub Scouts; for example, the name used for the Cub Scout leader, Akela (whose name was also appropriated for the Webelos), is that of the leader of the wolf pack in the book.[45] The name "Scouting" seems to have been inspired by the important and romantic role played by military scouts performing reconnaissance in the wars of the time. In fact, Baden-Powell wrote his original military training book, Aids To Scouting, because he saw the need for the improved training of British military-enlisted scouts, particularly in initiative, self-reliance, and observational skills. The book's popularity with young boys surprised him. As he adapted the book as Scouting for Boys, it seems natural that the movement adopted the names Scouting and Boy Scouts.[46] "Duty to God" is a principle of Scouting, though it is applied differently in various countries.[47][48] The Boy Scouts of America (BSA) take a strong position, excluding atheists.[49] The Scout Association in the United Kingdom permits variations to its Promise, in order to accommodate different religious obligations.[50] While for example in the predominantly atheist Czech Republic the Scout oath doesn't mention God altogether with the organization being strictly irreligious,[51] in 2014, United Kingdom Scouts were given the choice of being able to make a variation of the Promise that replaced "duty to God" with "uphold our Scout values",[52] Scouts Canada defines Duty to God broadly in terms of "adherence to spiritual principles" and leaves it to the individual member or leader whether they can follow a Scout Promise that includes Duty to God.[53] Worldwide, roughly one in three Scouts are Muslim.[54] Movement characteristics Scouting is taught using the Scout method, which incorporates an informal educational system that emphasizes practical activities in the outdoors. Programs exist for Scouts ranging in age from 6 to 25 (though age limits vary slightly by country), and program specifics target Scouts in a manner appropriate to their age.[55][56] Scout method Main article: Scout method The Scout method is the principal method by which the Scouting organizations, boy and girl, operate their units. WOSM describes Scouting as "a voluntary nonpolitical educational movement for young people open to all without distinction of origin, race or creed, in accordance with the purpose, principles and method conceived by the Founder".[55] It is the goal of Scouting "to contribute to the development of young people in achieving their full physical, intellectual, social and spiritual potentials as individuals, as responsible citizens and as members of their local, national and international communities."[55] The principles of Scouting describe a code of behavior for all members, and characterize the movement. The Scout method is a progressive system designed to achieve these goals, comprising seven elements: law and promise, learning by doing, team system, symbolic framework, personal progression, nature, and adult support.[57] While community service is a major element of both the WOSM and WAGGGS programs, WAGGGS includes it as an extra element of the Scout method: service in the community.[58] The Scout Law and Promise embody the joint values of the Scouting movement worldwide, and bind all Scouting associations together. The emphasis on "learning by doing" provides experiences and hands-on orientation as a practical method of learning and building self-confidence. Small groups build unity, camaraderie, and a close-knit fraternal atmosphere. These experiences, along with an emphasis on trustworthiness and personal honor, help to develop responsibility, character, self-reliance, self-confidence, reliability, and readiness; which eventually lead to collaboration and leadership. A program with a variety of progressive and attractive activities expands a Scout's horizon and bonds the Scout even more to the group. Activities and games provide an enjoyable way to develop skills such as dexterity. In an outdoor setting, they also provide contact with the natural environment.[56] Since the birth of Scouting, Scouts worldwide have taken a Scout Promise to live up to ideals of the movement, and subscribe to the Scout Law. The form of the promise and laws have varied slightly by country and over time, but must fulfil the requirements of the WOSM to qualify a National Scout Association for membership.[55] The Scout Motto, 'Be Prepared', has been used in various languages by millions of Scouts since 1907. Less well-known is the Scout Slogan, 'Do a good turn daily'.[59] Activities Girl Guides in front of a Catholic church in Poland Common ways to implement the Scout method include having Scouts spending time together in small groups with shared experiences, rituals, and activities, and emphasizing 'good citizenship'[60] and decision-making by young people in an age-appropriate manner. Weekly meetings often take place in local centres known as Scout dens. Cultivating a love and appreciation of the outdoors and outdoor activities is a key element. Primary activities include camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking, and sports.[61][62] Camping is most often arranged at the unit level, such as one Scout troop, but there are periodic camps (known in the US as "camporees") and "jamborees". Camps occur a few times a year and may involve several groups from a local area or region camping together for a weekend. The events usually have a theme, such as pioneering. World Scout Moots are gatherings, originally for Rover Scouts, but mainly focused on Scout Leaders. Jamborees are large national or international events held every four years, during which thousands of Scouts camp together for one or two weeks. Activities at these events will include games, Scoutcraft competitions, badge, pin or patch trading, aquatics, woodcarving, archery and activities related to the theme of the event.[63] Sculpture erected in 1982 to commemorate the 1979 Jamboree at Perry Lakes Western Australia and 75 years of Scouting In some countries a highlight of the year for Scouts is spending at least a week in the summer engaging in an outdoor activity. This can be a camping, hiking, sailing, or other trip with the unit, or a summer camp with broader participation (at the council, state, or provincial level). Scouts attending a summer camp work on Scout badges, advancement, and perfecting Scoutcraft skills. Summer camps can operate specialty programs for older Scouts, such as sailing, backpacking, canoeing and whitewater, caving, and fishing.[64][65] At an international level Scouting perceives one of its roles as the promotion of international harmony and peace.[66] Various initiatives are in train towards achieving this aim including the development of activities that benefit the wider community, challenge prejudice and encourage tolerance of diversity. Such programs include co-operation with non-Scouting organisations including various NGOs, the United Nations and religious institutions as set out in The Marrakech Charter.[67] Uniforms and distinctive insignia Individual national or other emblems may be found at the individual country's Scouting article. The R. Tait McKenzie sculpture Ideal Scout depicts a Scout in traditional uniform The Scout uniform is a widely recognized characteristic of Scouting. In the words of Baden-Powell at the 1937 World Jamboree, it "hides all differences of social standing in a country and makes for equality; but, more important still, it covers differences of country and race and creed, and makes all feel that they are members with one another of the one great brotherhood".[68] The original uniform, still widely recognized, consisted of a khaki button-up shirt, shorts, and a broad-brimmed campaign hat. Baden-Powell also wore shorts, because he believed that being dressed like a Scout helped to reduce the age-imposed distance between adult and youth. Uniform shirts are now frequently blue, orange, red or green and shorts are frequently replaced by long trousers all year or only under cold weather. While designed for smartness and equality, the Scout uniform is also practical. Shirts traditionally have thick seams to make them ideal for use in makeshift stretchersâScouts were trained to use them in this way with their staves, a traditional but deprecated item. The leather straps and toggles of the campaign hats or Leaders' Wood Badges could be used as emergency tourniquets, or anywhere that string was needed in a hurry. Neckerchiefs were chosen as they could easily be used as a sling or triangular bandage by a Scout in need. Scouts were encouraged to use their garters for shock cord where necessary.[68] Distinctive insignia for all are Scout uniforms, recognized and worn the world over, include the Wood Badge and the World Membership Badge. Scouting has two internationally known symbols: the trefoil is used by members of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) and the fleur-de-lis by member organizations of the WOSM and most other Scouting organizations.[69][70] The swastika was used as an early symbol by the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom and others. Its earliest use in Scouting was on the Thanks Badge introduced in 1911.[71] Lord Baden-Powell's 1922 design for the Medal of Merit added a swastika to the Scout Arrowhead to symbolize good luck for the recipient. In 1934, Scouters requested a change to the design because of the connection of the swastika with its more recent use by the German National Socialist Workers (Nazi) Party. A new Medal of Merit was issued by the Boy Scouts Association in 1935.[71] Age groups and sections Main article: Age groups in Scouting and Guiding A group of Hong Kong Cub Scouts Scouting and Guiding movements are generally divided into sections by age or school grade, allowing activities to be tailored to the maturity of the group's members. These age divisions have varied over time as they adapt to the local culture and environment.[72] Scouting was originally developed for adolescentsâyouths between the ages of 11 and 17. In most member organizations, this age group composes the Scout or Guide section. Programs were developed to meet the needs of young children (generally ages 6 to 10) and young adults (originally 18 and older, and later up to 25). Scouts and Guides were later split into "junior" and "senior" sections in many member organizations, and some organizations dropped the young adults' section. The exact age ranges for programs vary by country and association.[73][74][75] The traditional age groups as they were between 1920 and 1940 in most organizations: Age range Boys section Girls section 8 to 10 Wolf Cubs Brownie Guide 11 to 17 Boy Scout Girl Guide or Girl Scout 18 and up Rover Scout Ranger Guide The national programs for younger children include Tiger Cubs, Cub Scouts, Brownies, Daisies, Rainbow Guides, Beaver Scouts, Joey Scouts, Keas, and Teddies. Programs for post-adolescents and young adults include the Senior Section,[76] Rover Scouts, Senior Scouts, Venture Scouts, Explorer Scouts, and the Scout Network. Many organizations also have a program for members with special needs. This is usually known as Extension Scouting, but sometimes has other names, such as Scoutlink. The Scout Method has been adapted to specific programs such as Air Scouts, Sea Scouts, Rider Guides and Scoutingbands .[77] In many countries, Scouting is organized into neighborhood Scout Groups, or Districts, which contain one or more sections. Under the umbrella of the Scout Group, sections are divided according to age, each having their own terminology and leadership structure.[78] Adults and leadership Robert Baden-Powell, founder of the Scouting movement Adults interested in Scouting or Guiding, including former Scouts and Guides, often join organizations such as the International Scout and Guide Fellowship. In the United States and the Philippines, university students might join the co-ed service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega. In the United Kingdom, university students might join the Student Scout and Guide Organisation, and after graduation, the Scout and Guide Graduate Association. Scout units are usually operated by adult volunteers, such as parents and carers, former Scouts, students, and community leaders, including teachers and religious leaders. Scout Leadership positions are often divided into 'uniform' and 'lay' positions. Uniformed leaders have received formal training, such as the Wood Badge, and have received a warrant for a rank within the organization. Lay members commonly hold part-time roles such as meeting helpers, committee members and advisors, though there are a small number of full-time lay professionals.[79] A unit has uniformed positionsâsuch as the Scoutmaster and assistantsâwhose titles vary among countries. In some countries, units are supported by lay members, who range from acting as meeting helpers to being members of the unit's committee. In some Scout associations, the committee members may also wear uniforms and be registered Scout leaders.[80] Above the unit are further uniformed positions, called Commissioners, at levels such as district, county, council or province, depending on the structure of the national organization. Commissioners work with lay teams and professionals. Training teams and related functions are often formed at these levels. In the UK and in other countries, the national Scout organization appoints the Chief Scout, the most senior uniformed member.[81][82][83] Around the world A parade of Finnish scouts in front of the Turku Cathedral on May 6, 2012 Following its foundation in the United Kingdom, Scouting spread around the globe. The first association outside the British Empire was founded in Chile on May 21, 1909 after a visit by Baden Powell.[84] In most countries of the world, there is now at least one Scouting (or Guiding) organization. Each is independent, but international cooperation continues to be seen as part of the Scout Movement. In 1922 the WOSM started as the governing body on policy for the national Scouting organizations (then male only). In addition to being the governing policy body, it organizes the World Scout Jamboree every four years.[85] In 1928 the WAGGGS started as the equivalent to WOSM for the then female-only national Scouting/Guiding organizations. It is also responsible for its four international centres: Our Cabaña in Mexico, Our Chalet in Switzerland, Pax Lodge in the United Kingdom, and Sangam in India.[86] Today at the international level, the two largest umbrella organizations are: World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), for boys-only and co-educational organizations. World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS), primarily for girls-only organizations but also accepting co-educational organizations. Co-educational Scouts and Guides from several different countries meet at World Scout Moot in Sweden, 1996 There have been different approaches to co-educational Scouting. Some countries have maintained separate Scouting organizations for boys and girls,[87] In other countries, especially within Europe, Scouting and Guiding have merged, and there is a single organization for boys and girls, which is a member of both the WOSM and the WAGGGS.[88][89] The United States-based Boy Scouts of America permitted girls to join in early 2018.[90] In others, such as Australia and the United Kingdom, the national Scout association has opted to admit both boys and girls, but is only a member of the WOSM, while the national Guide association has remained as a separate movement and member of the WAGGGS. In some countries like Greece, Slovenia and Spain there are separate associations of Scouts (members of WOSM) and guides (members of WAGGGS), both admitting boys and girls.[91] Indonesian Scouts at the 8th Indonesian National Rover Moot July 8â17, 2003, Prambanan Temple-Yogyakarta The Scout Association in the United Kingdom has been co-educational at all levels since 1991, and this was optional for groups until the year 2000 when new sections were required to accept girls. The Scout Association transitioned all Scout groups and sections across the UK to become co-educational by January 2007, the year of Scouting's centenary.[92] The traditional Baden-Powell Scouts' Association has been co-educational since its formation in 1970. In the United States, the Cub Scout and Boy Scout programs of the BSA were for boys only until 2018; it has changed its policies and is now inviting girls to join, as local packs organize all-girl dens (same uniform, same book, same activities). For youths age 14 and older, Venturing has been co-educational since the 1930s. The Girl Scouts of the USA (GSUSA) is an independent organization for girls and young women only. Adult leadership positions in the BSA and GSUSA are open to both men and women.[93][94] In 2006, of the 155 WOSM member National Scout Organizations (representing 155 countries), 122 belonged only to WOSM, and 34 belonged to both WOSM and WAGGGS. Of the 122 which belonged only to WOSM, 95 were open to boys and girls in some or all program sections, and 20 were only for boys. All 34 that belonged to both WOSM and WAGGGS were open to boys and girls.[95] WAGGGS had 144 Member Organizations in 2007 and 110 of them belonged only to WAGGGS. Of these 110, 17 were coeducational and 93 admitted only girls.[96][97][98] Membership As of 2019, there are over 50 million registered Scouts[99] and as of 2006 10 million registered Guides[100] around the world, from 216 countries and territories. Top 20 countries with Scouting and Guiding, sorted by total male and female membership of all organisations.[n.b. 1][40][101][102] Country Membership[99][100] Population participation Scouting introduced Guiding introduced Indonesia 17,100,000 7.2% 1912 1912 United States 7,500,000 2.4% 1910 1912 India 4,150,000 0.3% 1909 1911 Philippines 2,150,000 2.2% 1910 1918 Thailand 1,300,000 1.9% 1911 1957 Bangladesh 1,050,000 0.7% 1914 1928 United Kingdom 1,000,000 1.6% 1907 1909 Pakistan 575,000 0.3% 1909 1911 Kenya 480,000 1.1% 1910 1920 South Korea 270,000 0.5% 1922 1946 Germany[n.b. 2] 250,000 0.3% 1910 1912 Uganda 230,000 0.6% 1915 1914 Italy[n.b. 3] 220,000 0.4% 1910 1912 Canada 220,000 0.7% 1908 1910 Japan 200,000 0.2% 1913 1919 France[n.b. 4] 200,000 0.3% 1910 1911 Belgium[n.b. 5] 170,000 1.5% 1911 1915 Poland[n.b. 6] 160,000 0.4% 1910 1910 Nigeria 160,000 0.1% 1915 1919 Hong Kong 160,000 2.3% 1914 1916 Full tables on List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members and List of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members. Including 90,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Germany Including 30,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Italy Including 60,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in France Including 5,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Belgium Including 20,000 non-aligned Scouts and Guides, see Scouting in Poland Nonaligned and Scout-like organizations Main article: Non-aligned Scouting and Scout-like organisations Girl Guides from the Polish ZHR, an associate member of the CES Fifteen years passed between the first publication of Scouting for Boys and the creation of the current largest supranational Scout organization, WOSM, and millions of copies had been sold in dozens of languages. By that point, Scouting was the purview of the world's youth, and several Scout associations had already formed in many countries.[103][104] Alternative groups have formed since the original formation of the Scouting "Boy Patrols". They can be a result of groups or individuals who maintain that the WOSM and WAGGGS are more political and less youth-based than envisioned by Lord Baden-Powell. They believe that Scouting in general has moved away from its original intent because of political machinations that happen to longstanding organizations, and want to return to the earliest, simplest methods.[105][106] Others do not want to follow all the original ideals of Scouting but still desire to participate in Scout-like activities.[107] In 2008, there were at least 539 independent Scouting organizations around the world,[97] 367 of them were a member of either WAGGGS or WOSM. About half of the remaining 172 Scouting organizations are only local or national oriented. About 90 national or regional Scouting associations have created their own international Scouting organizations. Those are served by five international Scouting organizations:[97] Order of World Scouts â the first international Scouting organisation, founded in 1911. International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe, an independent faith-based Scouting organization founded in 1956. Confederation of European Scouts, established in 1978. World Federation of Independent Scouts, formed in Laubach, Germany, in 1996. World Organization of Independent Scouts, mostly South-American, founded in 2010. Some Scout-like organizations are also served by international organizations, many with religious elements, for example: Pathfinders â A youth organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, formed in 1950. Royal Rangers â A youth organization of the Assemblies of God, formed in 1962. Influence on society After the inception of Scouting in the early 1900s, some nations' programs have taken part in social movements such as the nationalist resistance movements in India. Although Scouting was introduced to Africa by British officials as a way to strengthen their rule, the values they based Scouting on helped to challenge the legitimacy of British imperialism. Likewise, African Scouts used the Scout Law's principle that a Scout is a brother to all other Scouts to collectively claim full imperial citizenship.[108][109] A study has found a strong link between participating in Scouting and Guiding as a young person, and having significantly better mental health.[110] The data, from almost 10,000 individuals, came from a lifelong UK-wide study of people born in November 1958, known as the National Child Development Study. Controversies Main article: Scouting controversy and conflict In the United Kingdom, The Scout Association had been criticised for its insistence on the use of a religious promise,[111] leading the organization to introduce an alternative in January 2014 for those not wanting to mention a god in their promise. This change made the organisation entirely non-discriminatory on the grounds of race, gender, sexuality, and religion (or lack thereof).[112] The Boy Scouts of America was the focus of criticism in the United States for not allowing the open participation of homosexuals until removing the prohibition in 2013.[113] Authoritarian communist regimes such as the Soviet Union in 1920[114] and fascist regimes like Nazi Germany in 1934[115] often either absorbed the Scout movement into government-controlled organizations, or banned Scouting entirely. In film and the arts Main article: Scouting in popular culture Scouting has been a facet of culture during most of the twentieth century in many countries; numerous films and artwork focus on the subject.[116] Movie critic Roger Ebert mentioned the scene in which the young Boy Scout, Indiana Jones, discovers the Cross of Coronado in the movie Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, as "when he discovers his life mission".[117] The works of painters Ernest Stafford Carlos, Norman Rockwell, Pierre Joubert and Joseph Csatari and the 1966 film Follow Me, Boys! are prime examples of this ethos. Scouting is often dealt with in a humorous manner, as in the 1989 film Troop Beverly Hills, the 2005 film Down and Derby, and the film Scout Camp [1]. In 1980, Scottish singer and songwriter Gerry Rafferty recorded I was a Boy Scout as part of his Snakes and Ladders album.[118] See also icon Scouting portal Camp Fire Girls Kibbo Kift Order of Woodcraft Chivalry Pioneer movement SpiralScouts International References Baden-Powell, Robert (1908). Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. London: H. Cox. ISBN 978-0-486-45719-2. "Scouting Founded". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved September 29, 2014. West, James E.; Lamb, Peter O. (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the Boys' Story of Frederick Burnham, the American Scout. illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell. New York: Brewer, Warren and Putnam; Boy Scouts of America. p. 138. Baden-Powell, Robert (1884). Reconnaissance and scouting. A practical course of instruction, in twenty plain lessons, for officers, non-commissioned officers, and men. London: W. Clowes and Sons. OCLC 9913678. Burnham, Frederick Russell (1926). Scouting on Two Continents. Doubleday, Page & company. OCLC 407686. Lott, Jack (1981). "Chapter 8. The Making of a Hero: Burnham in the Tonto Basin". In Boddington, Craig (ed.). America â The Men and Their Guns That Made Her Great. Petersen Publishing Co. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-8227-3022-4. Proctor, Tammy M. (July 2000). "A Separate Path: Scouting and Guiding in Interwar South Africa". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 42 (3): 605â631. doi:10.1017/S0010417500002954. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 2696647. OCLC 1564563. S2CID 146706169. DeGroot, E.B. (July 1944). "Veteran Scout". Boys' Life. Boy Scouts of America: 6â7. Baden-Powell, Robert (1908). Scouting for Boys: A Handbook for Instruction in Good Citizenship. London: H. Cox. xxiv. ISBN 978-0-486-45719-2. van Wyk, Peter (2003). Burnham: King of Scouts. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4122-0028-8. By a happy co-incidence, these hats were already called "Boss of the Plains" hatsâor "B-P hats" for short Jeal, Tim (1989). Baden-Powell. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-170670-8. Orans, Lewis P. "The Kudu Horn and Scouting". PineTree Web. Retrieved July 28, 2010. Forster, Reverend Dr. Michael. "The Origins of the Scouting Movement" (DOC). Netpages. Retrieved October 2, 2007. "The Siege of Mafeking". British Battles.com. Retrieved July 11, 2006. "The Mafeking Cadets". Scouting Milestones. btinternet.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2007. "The Mafeking Cadets". The African Seeds of Scouting. Scout Web South Africa. Retrieved February 4, 2007. Webster, Linden Bradfield. "Linden Bradfield Webster's Reminiscences of the Siege of Mafeking". Military History Journal. 1 (7). "Scouting Milestones â The Evolution of The World Scout Badge". Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Baden-Powell, Robert (1899). Aids to scouting for N.-C.Os. & men. London: Gale & Polden. OCLC 316520848. "First Scouting Handbook". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved April 24, 2014. Jeal, Tim (1989). Baden-Powell. Yale University Press. pp. 360â362, 371. "Woodcraft Indians". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved April 24, 2014. "Ernest Thompson Seton and Woodcraft". InFed. 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "Robert Baden-Powell as an Educational Innovator". InFed. 2002. Retrieved December 7, 2006. Woolgar, Brian; La Riviere, Sheila (2002). Why Brownsea? The Beginnings of Scouting. Brownsea Island Scout and Guide Management Committee. Johnny Walker. "Scouting Milestones â Brownsea Island". Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved July 7, 2006. Baden_Powell, Robert (1933). Lessons from the varsity of life. p. 14. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2007. "The History of Scouting". The Scout Association. 2005. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2007. "The birth of an idea". The History of Scouting. The Scout Association. 2005. Archived from the original on February 18, 2010. Retrieved December 12, 2006. Baden-Powell, Robert (1998). "Baden-Powell, Scouting for Boys, 1908". Pinetreeweb.com. Retrieved December 9, 2006. Peterson, Robert (October 2003). "Another youth organization, the Boys' Brigade, was flourishing when the first official troops of the Boy Scouts of America appeared in 1910". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved May 22, 2006. Masini, Roy (2007). "A Short History of Sea Scouting in the United Kingdom". Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Walker, Colin "Johnny" (June 2007). "The Early History of Air Scouting". Scouting Milestones. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Baden-Powell, C.B., F.R.G.S., Robert (1908). Scouting for Boys (Part I ed.). London: Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 36â37. ISBN 978-0192805478. Snowden, Jeff (1984). "A Brief Background of Scouting in the United States 1910 to Today". Troop 97. Retrieved July 22, 2006. "The History of Scouting". ScoutBaseUK. Archived from the original on August 18, 2007. Retrieved July 22, 2006. "The Evolution of Cubbing, A 90 Year Chronology". Cubbing through the Decades. Archived from the original on September 30, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2006. "Rover Scouts â Scouting For Men". Scouting Milestones. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2006. Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the World Scout Movement (11th ed.). World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1990. ISBN 978-2-88052-001-4. Block, Nelson R. (1994). "The Founding of Wood Badge". Woodbadge.org. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. Retrieved July 20, 2006. Rogers, Peter (1998). Gilwell Park: A Brief History and Guided Tour. London, England: The Scout Association. pp. 5â46. "Scout-like Organizations". Troop 97. 2006. Retrieved December 5, 2006. Foster, Rev. Michael (1997). "Milititarism and the Scout Movement". Scout History. Scout History Association. Retrieved December 4, 2006. Kipling, Rudyard. "The Jungle Book". Mowgli's Brothers. Authorama. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Walker, Johnny (2006). "Scouting for Boys â the Influences, the Means, the Process and its Success". Scouting Milestones. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2006. "What was Baden-Powell's position on God and Religion in Scouting?". Faqs. 1998. Retrieved December 3, 2006. Baden-Powell, Robert (1912). "Baden-Powell on Religion". Inquiry.net. Archived from the original on November 15, 2006. Retrieved December 3, 2006. "Duty to God". BSA Legal Issues. Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved December 3, 2006. "Rule 1.1: Variations to the wording of the Promises". The Scout Association. Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Ć togr, Josef, ed. VĂœznam slibu: sbornĂk. Praha: Libri prohibiti, 2011. 50 s. ISBN 978-80-904778-5-8 Bill Ray. "Be prepared... to give heathens a badge: UK Scouts open doors to unbelievers". The Register. Retrieved October 10, 2013. "Standard Operating Procedures, Section 5000 â Scouts Canada's Programs" (PDF). Scouts Canada. 2005. Retrieved May 31, 2007. Hough, Andrew (March 30, 2012). "New uniforms help Muslim girl Scouts to be better prepared". "Constitution of WOSM". World Organization of the Scout Movement. April 2000. pp. 2â15. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2013. Retrieved November 30, 2012. "Scouting: An Educational System" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1998. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2007. Retrieved July 10, 2006. "Scouting: An Educational System" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1998. p. 19. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 16, 2007. Retrieved January 13, 2007. "Constitution Booklet" (PDF). World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. 2005. p. Article 6b. Retrieved September 15, 2007. "What Is Boy Scouting?". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Mills, Sarah (2013). ""An Instruction in Good Citizenship": Scouting and the Historical Geographies of Citizenship Education". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 38 (1): 120â134. doi:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2012.00500.x. "Mission Statement and Vision Statement". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved October 10, 2006. "Boy Scout Aims and Methods". Meritbadge.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2006. Retrieved October 27, 2006. "2007 One World One Promise". World Centenary Activities. World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2006. Archived from the original on December 21, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "Pipsico Scout Reservation". Tidewater Council. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "Blue Ridge Mountains Scout Reservation". Blue Ridge Mountains Council. Archived from the original on July 30, 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "The Vision for Scouting". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on February 12, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2006. "Introduction to Partnerships in Scouting". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on May 16, 2007. Retrieved July 8, 2006. Wade, E.K. (1957). "27 Years With Baden-Powell". Why the Uniform?, ch 12. Pinetree.web. Retrieved July 24, 2006. "World Scout Emblem". World Organization of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "The World Trefoil". World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Archived from the original on December 31, 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "The Fleur-de-lis and the Swastika". Scouting milestones. btinternet.co.uk. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2006. "Educational Objectives of the Scout Movement" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.p. 12 "Boy Scouts of America, National Council". Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "The Scout Association, Official UK Website". The Scout Association. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "Girlguiding UK Home and welcome". Girl Guiding UK. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "Girlguiding in the UK â The Senior Sections". British Broadcasting Corporation. 2001. Retrieved December 3, 2006. "Soorten Scoutinggroepen". Scouting Nederland. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "The Green Island" (PDF). World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2009.p. 210 "Troop Organization". US Scouts.org. April 2000. Retrieved July 26, 2006., p. 2â15 BSA Troop Committee Guidebook. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. 1990. ISBN 978-0-8395-6505-5. "The Council of the Scout Association". POR: Chapter 6: The Structure of the Headquarters of The Scout Association. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "The Chief Scout's Committee". POR: Chapter 6: The Structure of the Headquarters of The Scout Association. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "Awards, Decorations and Recognition of Service". Badges. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "Short history about Chilean Scouting". Scout+Chile. Retrieved July 18, 2011. "World Scout Jamborees History". World Organization of the Scout Movement. 2006. Archived from the original on May 25, 2007. Retrieved December 5, 2006. "World Centres". World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "BSA and Girls in Scouting". BSA Discrimination.org. 2005. Retrieved December 4, 2006. "Scouts Canada Policy on Girls". BSA Discrimination.org. 2005. Retrieved December 4, 2006. "Scouting in Germany". 50megs.com. 2005. Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2006. "Family Scouting Questions and Answers" (PDF). 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2018. Trefoil Round the World (11 ed.). London, England: World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau. 2002. ISBN 978-0-900827-75-4. "CESAN" (PDF). City of Edinburgh Scout Association Newsletter. City of Edinburgh Scout Association. October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2007. Retrieved December 7, 2006. "Scouting for All Ages". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "For Adults â Volunteering". Girl Scouts of the USA. 2008. Retrieved January 17, 2009. "National Scout Organisations". World Organization of the Scout Movement. September 2006. Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 4, 2007. "Scouting in Sweden". Scouting Around the World. rec.scouting. Retrieved September 15, 2007. "International Scouting Organizations". Troop 97. November 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2007. "Argentina". World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Retrieved September 15, 2007. "World scouting". World scouting. World Organization of the Scout Movement. Retrieved November 14, 2019. "Our World". World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. 2006. Retrieved December 7, 2006. Scouting 'round the World. Le scoutisme Ă travers le monde (11th ed.). World Scout Bureau. 1979. ISBN 978-2-88052-001-4. Trefoil Round the World (11th ed.). World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau. 1997. ISBN 978-0-900827-75-4. "CHUMS". The Scout History Society. 2006. Retrieved December 20, 2008. "The Italian Boy Scouts (The Ragazzi Esploratori Italiani)". The Scout History Society. 2006. Retrieved December 20, 2008. "Traditional Scouting". American Traditional Scouting. 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2006. "The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association". The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association. 2006. Retrieved December 4, 2006. Vercamer, Arvo L. (October 3, 2003). "Hitlerjugend: An In-Depth History: HJ Organizational structure". Youth Organizations. Axis History. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Foster, Rev. Michael (2001). "The Growing Crisis in the Scout Movement". Scout History. Scout History Association. Retrieved December 9, 2006. Parsons, Timothy. "Race, Resistance, and the Boy Scout Movement in British Colonial Africa". Ohio University Press and Swallow Press. Retrieved December 25, 2006. "Being in scouts helps lower the risk of mental illness in later life". The Scout Association. Sanderson, Terry (February 4, 2008). "Scouting Without God". The Guardian. London. Retrieved December 23, 2009. Burns, Judith (October 8, 2013). "Scouts announce alternative promise for atheists". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved February 13, 2014. "BSA and Homosexuality". BSA Discrimination. Retrieved February 6, 2006. Block, Nelson (2009). Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century. p. 216. ISBN 978-1-4438-0450-9. Block, Nelson (2009). Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-4438-0450-9. Dubill, Andy (2005). "Scouts on the Silver Screen". International Scouting Collectors Association Journal. 5 (2): 28â31. Ebert, Roger (May 24, 1989). "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 30, 2012. "Gerry Rafferty â I was a Boy Scout". Song lyrics. 1980. Retrieved December 8, 2006. Further reading LĂĄszlĂł Nagy, 250 Million Scouts, The World Scout Foundation and Dartnell Publishers, 1985 World Organization of the Scout Movement, Scouting 'round the World. Facts and Figures on the World Scout Movement. 1990 edition. ISBN 2-88052-001-0 Block, Nelson R.; Proctor, Tammy M. (2009). Scouting Frontiers: Youth and the Scout Movement's First Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-0450-9. World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, World Bureau, Trefoil Round the World. 11th ed. 1997. ISBN 0-900827-75-0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scouting. 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Post by Freddie on Apr 29, 2021 18:48:45 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đSEARCHLIGHT www.ntfa.net/universe/pictures/Searchlight.jpgALLEGIANCE: AUTOBOT SUB-GROUP: THROTTLEBOT FUNCTION: SURVEILLANCE FIRST APPEARANCE: TRANSFORMERS # 30 "Seeing is, by itself, not enough for believing." Profile: Searchlight is a creature of the night. He cruises the dark backroads and alleyways of Earth with the curiosity of a cat. Nothing is too insignificant to escape his notice. Nor too irrelevant. Often, he gets sidetracked from his true mission by some totally unrelated matter. At times like these, his surveillance work can leave much to be desired. But his tendency to be distracted is understandable. He is a quiet, serious sort, uncomfortable in the company of others. He is a loner who works best when he works alone. It is inevitable that, since he is by himself as much as he is, his mind wanders sometimes. Goldbug often radios in just to make sure Searchlight remembers what his mission is. Abilities: The bank of headlights on Searchlight's front grill has a variety of capabilities, in addition to illumination, which they all can provide. They work as follows: Top row from left to right: stereoscopic, digital video camera; infrared detector; spectroscopic chemical analyzer; radiation detector; x-ray emitter; the other half of the stereoscopic, digital video camera. The two lights on the bottom row can produce light of any color; can produce a stroboscopic effect; and can become blindingly bright, the equivalent of two 10,000-watt light bulbs. Weaknesses: Searchlight is extremely skittish. The slightest sound or movement can set him off, particularly after a long, quiet, solitary vigil. If he can't immediately identify the source of the disturbance, he gradually becomes more and more nervous, even fearful.
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Post by Freddie on Apr 30, 2021 15:08:10 GMT 1
đ The Global Network đPage semi-protected Harvard University From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Harvard" redirects here. For other uses, see Harvard (disambiguation). Harvard University Harvard shield wreath.svg Coat of arms Latin: Universitas Harvardiana Former names Harvard College Motto Veritas (Latin)[1] Motto in English Truth Type Private research university Established 1636; 385 years ago[2] Academic affiliations NAICU AICUM AAU URA Space-grant Endowment $41.9 billion (2020)[3] President Lawrence Bacow Academic staff ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[4] Students 20,970 (Fall 2019)[5] Undergraduates 6,755 (Fall 2019)[5] Postgraduates 14,215 (Fall 2019)[5] Location Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States 42°22âČ28âłN 71°07âČ01âłWCoordinates: 42°22âČ28âłN 71°07âČ01âłW Campus Urban 209 acres (85 ha) Newspaper The Harvard Crimson Colors Crimson[4] Athletics NCAA Division I â Ivy League Nickname Harvard Crimson Website harvard.edu Logotype of Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States[6] and among the most prestigious in the world.[7] The Massachusetts colonial legislature, the General Court, authorized Harvard's founding. In its early years, Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy, although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and by the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among the Boston elite.[8][9] Following the American Civil War, President Charles William Eliot's long tenure (1869â1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[10] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II; he liberalized admissions after the war. The university is composed of ten academic faculties plus the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of academic disciplines for undergraduates and for graduates, while the other faculties offer only graduate degrees, mostly professional. Harvard has three main campuses:[11] the 209-acre (85 ha) Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[12] Harvard's endowment is valued at $41.9 billion, making it the largest of any academic institution.[3] Endowment income helps enable the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of financial need and provide generous financial aid with no loans.[13] The Harvard Library is the world's largest academic library system, comprising 79 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.[14][15][16][17] Harvard has more alumni, faculty, and researchers who have won Nobel Prizes (161) and Fields Medals (18) than any other university in the world and more alumni who have been members of the U.S. Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars (375), and Marshall Scholars (255) than any other university in the United States.[18] Its alumni also include eight U.S. presidents and 188 living billionaires, the most of any university. Fourteen Turing Award laureates have been Harvard affiliates. Students and alumni have also won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (46 gold), and they have founded many notable companies. Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.4 21st century 2 Campuses 2.1 Cambridge 2.2 Allston 2.3 Longwood 2.4 Other 3 Organization and administration 3.1 Governance 3.2 Endowment 3.2.1 Divestment 4 Academics 4.1 Teaching and learning 4.2 Research 4.3 Libraries and museums 4.4 Reputation and rankings 5 Student life 5.1 Student government 5.2 Athletics 6 Notable people 6.1 Alumni 6.2 Faculty 7 Literature and popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Main article: History of Harvard University Colonial The seal of the Harvard Corporation, found on Harvard diplomas. Christo et Ecclesiae ("For Christ and Church") is one of Harvard's several early mottoes.[19] Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere, 1767 Harvard was established in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it acquired British North America's first known printing press.[20][21] In 1639, it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard, an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school ÂŁ779 and his library of some 400 volumes.[22] The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650. A 1643 publication gave the school's purpose as "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[23] It trained many Puritan ministers in its early years[24] and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university modelâââmany leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridgeâââbut conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard has never affiliated with any particular denomination, though many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational and Unitarian churches.[25] Increase Mather served as president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, marking a turning of the college away from Puritanism and toward intellectual independence.[26] 19th century John Harvard statue, Harvard Yard In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas of reason and free will were widespread among Congregational ministers, putting those ministers and their congregations in tension with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.[27]:1â4 When Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected to the Hollis chair in 1805, and the liberal Samuel Webber was appointed to the presidency two years later, signaling the shift from the dominance of traditional ideas at Harvard to the dominance of liberal, Arminian ideas.[27]:4â5[28]:24 Charles William Eliot, president 1869â1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was the crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education but by Transcendentalist Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing and Ralph Waldo Emerson.[29] 20th century Richard Rummell's 1906 watercolor landscape view, facing northeast.[30] In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university's scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new graduate schools were begun and the undergraduate college expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as the female counterpart of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900.[10] The student body in the early decades of the century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians." A 1923 proposal by President A. Lawrence Lowell that Jews be limited to 15% of undergraduates was rejected, but Lowell did ban blacks from freshman dormitories.[31][32][33][34] President James B. Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among research institutions. He saw higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy, so Conant devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. In 1943, he asked the faculty to make a definitive statement about what general education ought to be, at the secondary as well as at the college level. The resulting Report, published in 1945, was one of the most influential manifestos in 20th century American education.[35] Between 1945 and 1960, admissions were opened up to bring in a more diverse group of students. No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but few blacks, Hispanics, or Asians.[36] Throughout the rest of the 20th century, Harvard became more diverse.[37] Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which since 1879 had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.[38] Women were first admitted to the medical school in 1945.[39] Since 1971, Harvard has controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women. In 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.[40] 21st century Drew Gilpin Faust, previously the dean of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, became Harvard's first woman president on July 1, 2007.[41] She was succeeded by Lawrence Bacow on July 1, 2018.[42] Campuses Cambridge Memorial Hall Memorial Church Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains key administrative offices such as University Hall and Massachusetts Hall; libraries such as Widener, Pusey, Houghton, and Lamont; Memorial Church; academic buildings such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall; and most freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the "Quad") which housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house is a community with undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall, library, and recreational spaces.[43] The houses were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.[44] Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College and now home to Harvard's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study,[45] is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education and the Cambridge Common. Harvard has several commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[46][47] Allston See also: Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in Allston,[48] a Boston neighborhood just across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus. The John W. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses. The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[49] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[50] In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences will expand into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.[51] The SEC will be adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.[52] Longwood See also: Longwood Medical and Academic Area The Medical School, School of Dental Medicine, and the School of Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[12] Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, DanaâFarber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, most notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area. Other Harvard also owns the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, D.C., the Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,[53] the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,[54] the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[55] and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston. Organization and administration University seal Governance School Founded Harvard College 1636 Medicine 1782 Divinity 1816 Law 1817 Dental Medicine 1867 Arts and Sciences 1872 Business 1908 Extension 1910 Design 1914 Education 1920 Public Health 1922 Government 1936 Engineering and Applied Sciences 2007 Harvard Medical School Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.[56] There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[57] including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[58] The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the The John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the HarvardâMIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX. Endowment Main article: Harvard University endowment Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $41.9 billion as of 2020.[3] During the recession of 2007â2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[59] The endowment has since recovered.[60][61][62][63][64] About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[65] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[66] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[67] Divestment See also: Financial endowment § Criticism and reforms Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[68][69] In the late 1980s, during the divestment from South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[70][71] The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.[70][72] Academics Teaching and learning Massachusetts Hall (1720), Harvard's oldest building[73] Harvard Yard Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[74] offering 50 undergraduate majors,[75] 134 graduate degrees,[76] and 32 professional degrees.[77] For the 2018â2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[77] Main article: Harvard College The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[74][75] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.[78] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[79] Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[80] Research Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[81] and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.[74] With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,[82] biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[83] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.[84] Libraries and museums Widener Library anchors the Harvard Library system. The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.[14][15][17] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the world.[15][4] Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases both old and new is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library. Henry Moore's sculpture Large Four Piece Reclining Figure, near Lamont Library The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, the BuschâReisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museum of Natural History includes the Harvard Mineralogical Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, and the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East. Reputation and rankings University rankings National ARWU[85] 1 Forbes[86] 1 THE/WSJ[87] 1 U.S. News & World Report[88] 2 Washington Monthly[89] 2 Global ARWU[90] 1 QS[91] 3 THE[92] 3 U.S. News & World Report[93] 1 National Graduate Rankings[94] Global Subject Rankings[95] Among overall rankings, the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has ranked Harvard as the world's top university every year since it was released.[96] When QS and Times Higher Education collaborated to publish the Times Higher EducationâQS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every year and continued to hold first place on THE World Reputation Rankings ever since it was released in 2011.[97] In 2019, it was ranked first worldwide by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[98] Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019â2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.[99] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named "dream colleges" in the United States, both for students and parents.[100][101][102] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by Times Higher Education.[103] Student life Student demographics (Fall 2019)[104] Undergrad Grad/prof Asian 21% 13% Black 9% 5% Hispanic or Latino 11% 7% White 37% 38% Two or more races 8% 3% International 12% 32% Student government The Harvard Undergraduate Council and the Harvard Graduate Council are the chief organs of student government. Athletics Main article: Harvard Crimson The Harvard Crimson fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the NCAA Division I Ivy League, more than any other college in the country.[105] Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[106] As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.[107] The school color is crimson. Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.[108] Notable people Alumni Main articles: List of Harvard University people, List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni, and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Please help improve the section by removing excessive or indiscriminate images or by moving relevant images beside adjacent text, in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images. (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs. Harvard's alumni include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 79 Nobel laureates, 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, 252 Marshall Scholars, and 13 Mitchell Scholars.[109][110][111][112] Harvard students and alumni have also won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.[113][114] Notable Harvard alumni include: 2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[115] 6th President of the United States John Quincy Adams (AB, 1787; AM, 1790)[116][117] Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821) Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837) 19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[118] Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB) Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863) 26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[119] Sociologist and civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895) 32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[120] Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College) Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910) Physicist and leader of Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925) Economist and Nobel laureate in economics Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941) Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939) 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[121] 7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968) 45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969) 24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[122] Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (AB, 1971; JD, 1975) 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College) 14th Chair of the Federal Reserve Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975) 43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[123] 17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979) Founder of Microsoft and philanthropist Bill Gates (College, 1977; LLD hc, 2007)
8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan (JD, 1986)
Former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama (JD, 1988)
Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[124]
44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[125][126]
Nominal Harvard College class year: did not graduate Faculty Notable present and past Harvard faculty include:
Louis Agassiz
Danielle Allen
Alan Dershowitz
Paul Farmer
Jason Furman
John Kenneth Galbraith
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Asa Gray
Seamus Heaney
Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
William James
Timothy Leary
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
James Russell Lowell
Greg Mankiw
Steven Pinker
Michael Porter
Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
Amartya Sen
B. F. Skinner
Lawrence Summers
Cass Sunstein
Elizabeth Warren
Cornel West
Alfred North Whitehead
E. O. Wilson
Shing-Tung Yau
Robert Reich
Literature and popular culture
Tower at the University of Puerto Rico, showing (right) the emblem of Harvardâââthe oldest in the United Statesâââand (left) that of National University of San Marcos, Limaâââthe oldest in the Americas The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop. "In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness," film critic Paul Sherman has said.[127]
Literature The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936) by William Faulkner both depict Harvard student life.[non-primary source needed] Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.[non-primary source needed] The Late George Apley (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;[non-primary source needed] it won the Pulitzer Prize. The Second Happiest Day (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.[128][129][130][131][132] Film Harvard's policy since 1970 (after the damage caused by Love Story) has been to permit filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are in fact shot elsewhere.[133][134]
Love Story (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player (Ryan O'Neal) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means (Ali MacGraw): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.[135][136][137] The Paper Chase (1973)[138] A Small Circle of Friends (1980)[133] See also flag United States portal 2012 Harvard cheating scandal Academic regalia of Harvard University Gore Hall Harvard College social clubs Harvard University Police Department Harvard University Press Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society I, Too, Am Harvard List of oldest universities in continuous operation List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University Outline of Harvard University Secret Court of 1920 References Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. An appropriation of ÂŁ400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636 NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). History of Harvard University. 117 Washington Street, Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co., p. 586, "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give ÂŁ400 towards a School or College, whereof ÂŁ200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: "Cambridge Birthday". Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2006.: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... ÂŁ400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). "Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History". Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006., "Sept. 8, 1836 â Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. 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Retrieved October 14, 2020. "Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency". Miller Center. Retrieved September 21, 2020. "Barack H. Obama - Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved September 21, 2020. Thomas, Sarah (September 24, 2010). "'Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role". Boston.com. 'In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.' King, Michael (2002). Wrestling with the Angel. p. 371. ...praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class. Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). "White Shoe and Weak Will". Harvard Crimson. The book is written slickly, but without distinction.... The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men. Yardley, Jonathan (December 23, 2009). "Second Reading". The Washington Post. â'...a balanced and impressive novel...' [is] a judgment with which I [agree]. Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). "Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World". The New York Times. p. BR5. exhibits Mr. Phillips' talent at its finest "John Phillips, The Second Happiest Day". Southwest Review. 38. p. 267. So when the critics say the author of "The Second Happiest Day" is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right. Schwartz, Nathaniel L. (September 21, 1999). "University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story'". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 15, 2013. Sarah Thomas (September 24, 2010). "'Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role". boston.com. "Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years..." Harvard Crimson. June 3, 1996. Retrieved September 15, 2013. Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2010). "The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery". The New York Times. Gewertz, Ken (February 8, 1996). "A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation". Harvard University Gazette. Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). "The Paper Chase at 40". Harvard Gazette. Bibliography Abelmann, Walter H., ed. The Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology: The First 25 Years, 1970â1995 (2004). 346 pp. Beecher, Henry K. and Altschule, Mark D. Medicine at Harvard: The First 300 Years (1977). 569 pp. Bentinck-Smith, William, ed. The Harvard Book: Selections from Three Centuries (2d ed.1982). 499 pp. Bethell, John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; and Shenton, Robert. Harvard A to Z (2004). 396 pp. excerpt and text search Bethell, John T. Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century, Harvard University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-674-37733-8 Bunting, Bainbridge. Harvard: An Architectural History (1985). 350 pp. Carpenter, Kenneth E. The First 350 Years of the Harvard University Library: Description of an Exhibition (1986). 216 pp. Cuno, James et al. Harvard's Art Museums: 100 Years of Collecting (1996). 364 pp. Elliott, Clark A. and Rossiter, Margaret W., eds. Science at Harvard University: Historical Perspectives (1992). 380 pp. Hall, Max. Harvard University Press: A History (1986). 257 pp. Hay, Ida. Science in the Pleasure Ground: A History of the Arnold Arboretum (1995). 349 pp. Hoerr, John, We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard; Temple University Press, 1997, ISBN 1-56639-535-6 Howells, Dorothy Elia. A Century to Celebrate: Radcliffe College, 1879â1979 (1978). 152 pp. Keller, Morton, and Phyllis Keller. Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University (2001), major history covers 1933 to 2002 online edition Lewis, Harry R. Excellence Without a Soul: How a Great University Forgot Education (2006) ISBN 1-58648-393-5 Morison, Samuel Eliot. Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636â1936 (1986) 512pp; excerpt and text search Powell, Arthur G. The Uncertain Profession: Harvard and the Search for Educational Authority (1980). 341 pp. Reid, Robert. Year One: An Intimate Look inside Harvard Business School (1994). 331 pp. Rosovsky, Henry. The University: An Owner's Manual (1991). 312 pp. Rosovsky, Nitza. The Jewish Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1986). 108 pp. Seligman, Joel. The High Citadel: The Influence of Harvard Law School (1978). 262 pp. Sollors, Werner; Titcomb, Caldwell; and Underwood, Thomas A., eds. Blacks at Harvard: A Documentary History of African-American Experience at Harvard and Radcliffe (1993). 548 pp. Trumpbour, John, ed., How Harvard Rules. Reason in the Service of Empire, Boston: South End Press, 1989, ISBN 0-89608-283-0 Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher, ed., Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004. 337 pp. Winsor, Mary P. Reading the Shape of Nature: Comparative Zoology at the Agassiz Museum (1991). 324 pp. Wright, Conrad Edick. Revolutionary Generation: Harvard Men and the Consequences of Independence (2005). 298 pp. External links Harvard University at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Scholia has an organization profile for Harvard University. Official website Edit this at Wikidata Harvard University at College Navigator, a tool from the National Center for Education Statistics vte Harvard University Links to related articles Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BNF: cb118698578 (data)GND: 2012974-9ISNI: 0000 0001 2109 5844, 0000 0004 1936 754XLCCN: n78096930MA: 136199984MBP: df56ba9a-780b-4393-9d36-7bb136f6c21bNKC: kn20020322375NLA: 35176433NLI: 000060547SUDOC: 026453169Trove: 852812ULAN: 500312819VcBA: 494/4126VIAF: 128987800WorldCat Identities: lccn-n78096930 Categories: Harvard University1636 establishments in MassachusettsUniversities and colleges in Middlesex County, MassachusettsUniversities and colleges in Cambridge, MassachusettsColonial collegesEducational institutions established in the 1630sPrivate universities and colleges in Massachusetts Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadView sourceView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikisource Languages ۧÙŰč۱ۚÙŰ© Español à€čà€żà€šà„à€Šà„ Latina Suomi Svenska Ű§Ű±ŰŻÙ ŚŚÖŽŚŚŚ© äžæ 104 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2021, at 21:37 (UTC). 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đ The Global Network đThis is a good article. Click here for more information. University of Oxford From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Oxford University" redirects here. For other uses, see Oxford University (disambiguation). University of Oxford Coat of arms of the University of Oxford.svg Coat of arms Latin: Universitas Oxoniensis Other name The Chancellor, Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford[1] Motto Latin: Dominus illuminatio mea Motto in English The Lord is my light Type Public research university Ancient university Established c.â1096; 925 years ago[2] Endowment ÂŁ6.1 billion (including colleges) (2019)[3] Budget ÂŁ2.145 billion (2019â20)[3] Chancellor The Lord Patten of Barnes Vice-Chancellor Louise Richardson[4][5] Academic staff 7000+ [6] Students 24,515 (2019) [7] Undergraduates 11,955 Postgraduates 12,010 Other students 541 (2017)[8] Location Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, United Kingdom 51°45âČ18âłN 01°15âČ18âłWCoordinates: 51°45âČ18âłN 01°15âČ18âłW Campus University town Colours Oxford Blue[9] Athletics The Sporting Blue Affiliations IARU Russell Group Europaeum EUA Golden Triangle G5 LERU SES Universities UK Website ox.ac.uk University of Oxford.svg The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England. There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,[2] making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world, the world's second-oldest university in continuous operation and one of the most prestigious academic institutions in the world.[2][10][11] It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.[2] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled north-east to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge.[12] The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge. The university is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, six permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions.[13] All the colleges are self-governing institutions within the university, each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities. All students are members of a college.[14] It does not have a main campus, and its buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. Undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly small-group tutorials at the colleges and halls â a feature unique to the Oxbridge system. These are supported by classes, lectures, seminars, laboratory work and occasionally further tutorials provided by the central university faculties and departments. Postgraduate teaching is provided predominantly centrally. Oxford operates the world's oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world[15] and the largest academic library system nationwide.[16] In the fiscal year ending 31 July 2019, the university had a total income of ÂŁ2.45 billion, of which ÂŁ624.8 million was from research grants and contracts.[3] Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 28 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world.[17] As of October 2020, 72 Nobel Prize laureates, 3 Fields Medalists, and 6 Turing Award winners have studied, worked, or held visiting fellowships at the University of Oxford, while its alumni have won 160 Olympic medals.[18] Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.[19] Contents 1 History 1.1 Founding 1.2 Renaissance period 1.3 Modern period 1.3.1 Students 1.3.2 Reforms 1.4 Women's education 2 Buildings and sites 2.1 Map 2.2 Main sites 2.3 Parks 3 Organisation 3.1 Central governance 3.2 Colleges 3.3 Finances 3.3.1 Funding criticisms 3.4 Affiliations 4 Academic profile 4.1 Admission 4.2 Teaching and degrees 4.3 Scholarships and financial support 4.4 Libraries 4.5 Museums 4.6 Publishing 4.7 Rankings and reputation 4.8 Sexual harassment accusations 5 Student life 5.1 Traditions 5.2 Clubs and societies 5.3 Student union and common rooms 6 Notable alumni 6.1 Politics 6.2 Law 6.3 Mathematics and sciences 6.4 Literature, music, and drama 6.5 Religion 6.6 Philosophy 6.7 Sport 6.8 Adventure and exploration 7 Oxford in literature and other media 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Citations 10.2 Sources 10.2.1 Histories 10.2.2 Popular studies and collections 10.2.3 Guide books 11 External links History See also: Timeline of Oxford Founding Balliol College, one of the university's oldest constituent colleges The University of Oxford's foundation date is unknown.[20] It is known that teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when a university came into being.[2] It grew quickly from 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris.[2] The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The head of the university had the title of chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231.[2][21] The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.[22] After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of Cambridge.[12][23] Aerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378 The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two 'nations', representing the North (northerners or Boreales, who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (southerners or Australes, who included English people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh).[24][25] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford. In addition, members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.[26] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,[26] and John Balliol, father of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.[24] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;[27][28] Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[29] as well as at the University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.[26] In 1333â1334, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford, Lincolnshire, was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.[30] Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in large western European countries.[31][32] Renaissance period In 1605 Oxford was still a walled city, but several colleges had been built outside the city walls (north is at the bottom on this map). The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the English Reformation and the breaking of communion with the Roman Catholic Church, recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe, settling especially at the University of Douai.[33] The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues. As a centre of learning and scholarship, Oxford's reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected. In 1636,[34] William Laud, the chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, codified the university's statutes. These, to a large extent, remained its governing regulations until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university. From the beginnings of the Church of England as the established church until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from the university and "dissenters" were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871.[35] An engraving of Christ Church, Oxford, 1742 The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War (1642â1649), while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause.[36] From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the university took little part in political conflicts. Wadham College, founded in 1610, was the undergraduate college of Sir Christopher Wren. Wren was part of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college's Warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the Royal Society. Modern period Students Before reforms in the early 19th century, the curriculum at Oxford was notoriously narrow and impractical. Sir Spencer Walpole, a historian of contemporary Britain and a senior government official, had not attended any university. He says, "few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career." He quotes the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: "The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except those intended for the ministry."[37] Nevertheless, Walpole argued: Among the many deficiencies attending a university education there was, however, one good thing about it, and that was the education which the undergraduates gave themselves. It was impossible to collect some thousand or twelve hundred of the best young men in England, to give them the opportunity of making acquaintance with one another, and full liberty to live their lives in their own way, without evolving in the best among them, some admirable qualities of loyalty, independence, and self-control. If the average undergraduate carried from University little or no learning, which was of any service to him, he carried from it a knowledge of men and respect for his fellows and himself, a reverence for the past, a code of honour for the present, which could not but be serviceable. He had enjoyed opportunities... of intercourse with men, some of whom were certain to rise to the highest places in the Senate, in the Church, or at the Bar. He might have mixed with them in his sports, in his studies, and perhaps in his debating society; and any associations which he had this formed had been useful to him at the time, and might be a source of satisfaction to him in after life.[38] Out of the students who matriculated in 1840, 65% were sons of professionals (34% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (59% as Anglican clergy). Out of the students who matriculated in 1870, 59% were sons of professionals (25% were Anglican ministers). After graduation, 87% became professionals (42% as Anglican clergy).[39][40] M. C. Curthoys and H. S. Jones argue that the rise of organised sport was one of the most remarkable and distinctive features of the history of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was carried over from the athleticism prevalent at the public schools such as Eton, Winchester, Shrewsbury, and Harrow.[41] All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first-year examination that was heavily focused on classical languages. Science students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with Greek language study removed from their required courses. This concept of a Bachelor of Science had been adopted at other European universities (London University had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful. After considerable internal wrangling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the "natural science preliminary" was recognized as a qualifying part of the first year examination.[42] At the start of 1914, the university housed about 3,000 undergraduates and about 100 postgraduate students. During the First World War, many undergraduates and fellows joined the armed forces. By 1918 virtually all fellows were in uniform, and the student population in residence was reduced to 12 per cent of the pre-war total.[43] The University Roll of Service records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.[44] Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War were on the Allied side; there is a remarkable memorial to members of New College who served in the German armed forces, bearing the inscription, 'In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914â1918'. During the war years the university buildings became hospitals, cadet schools and military training camps.[43] Reforms Two parliamentary commissions in 1852 issued recommendations for Oxford and Cambridge. Archibald Campbell Tait, former headmaster of Rugby School, was a key member of the Oxford Commission; he wanted Oxford to follow the German and Scottish model in which the professorship was paramount. The commission's report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research. The professional staff should be strengthened and better paid. For students, restrictions on entry should be dropped, and more opportunities given to poorer families. It called for an enlargement of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields. Undergraduate scholarships should be open to all Britons. Graduate fellowships should be opened up to all members of the university. It recommended that fellows be released from an obligation for ordination. Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in a college.[45][46] The system of separate honour schools for different subjects began in 1802, with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores.[47] Schools of "Natural Sciences" and "Law, and Modern History" were added in 1853.[47] By 1872, the last of these had split into "Jurisprudence" and "Modern History". Theology became the sixth honour school.[48] In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees, the postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law (B.C.L.) was, and still is, offered.[49] Brasenose Lane in the city centre, a street onto which three colleges back â Brasenose, Lincoln and Exeter The mid-19th century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement (1833â1845), led among others by the future Cardinal John Henry Newman. The influence of the reformed model of German universities reached Oxford via key scholars such as Edward Bouverie Pusey, Benjamin Jowett and Max MĂŒller. Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the establishment of four women's colleges. Privy Council decisions in the 20th century (e.g. the abolition of compulsory daily worship, dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status, diversion of colleges' theological bequests to other purposes) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice. Furthermore, although the university's emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical studies. Knowledge of Ancient Greek was required for admission until 1920, and Latin until 1960. The University of Oxford began to award doctorates for research in the first third of the 20th century. The first Oxford DPhil in mathematics was awarded in 1921.[50] The mid-20th century saw many distinguished continental scholars, displaced by Nazism and communism, relocating to Oxford. The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature. As of October 2020, 72 Nobel laureates and more than 50 world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford.[17] Women's education First two women's colleges Lady Margaret Hall (1878) Somerville College (1879) The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level;[51] for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the "steamboat ladies" to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin.[52] In June 1878, the Association for the Education of Women (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford. Some of the more prominent members of the association were George Granville Bradley, T. H. Green and Edward Stuart Talbot. Talbot insisted on a specifically Anglican institution, which was unacceptable to most of the other members. The two parties eventually split, and Talbot's group founded Lady Margaret Hall in 1878, while T. H. Green founded the non-denominational Somerville College in 1879.[53] Lady Margaret Hall and Somerville opened their doors to their first 21 students (12 from Somerville, 9 from Lady Margaret Hall) in 1879, who attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker's shop.[51] There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into St Anne's College.[54][55] These first three societies for women were followed by St Hugh's (1886)[56] and St Hilda's (1893).[57] All of these colleges later became coeducational, starting with Lady Margaret Hall and St Anne's in 1979,[58][59] and finishing with St Hilda's, which began to accept male students in 2008.[60] In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of male privilege,[61] however the integration of women into Oxford moved forward during the First World War. In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men, and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women's examinations.[43] On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.[62] In 1927 the university's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men, a ruling which was not abolished until 1957.[51] However, during this period Oxford colleges were single sex, so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women's colleges to admit students. It was not until 1959 that the women's colleges were given full collegiate status.[63] In 1974, Brasenose, Jesus, Wadham, Hertford and St Catherine's became the first previously all-male colleges to admit women.[64][65] The majority of men's colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,[65] with Christ Church following in 1980,[66] and Oriel becoming the last men's college to admit women in 1985.[67] Most of Oxford's graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony's, which was founded as a men's college in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.[68] By 1988, 40% of undergraduates at Oxford were female;[69] in 2016, 45% of the student population, and 47% of undergraduate students, were female.[70][71] In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting the following academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.[72] That same summer, maths and computer science tests were extended by 15 minutes, in a bid to see if female student scores would improve.[73][74] The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female Shrewsbury College, Oxford (based on Sayers' own Somerville College[75]), and the issue of women's education is central to its plot. Social historian and Somerville College alumna Jane Robinson's book Bluestockings: A Remarkable History of the First Women to Fight for an Education gives a very detailed and immersive account of this history.[76] Buildings and sites Scrollable image. Aerial panorama of the university. Map Map of the University of Oxford Main sites Atrium of the Chemistry Research Laboratory, where the university has invested heavily in new facilities in recent years The Sheldonian Theatre, built by Sir Christopher Wren between 1664 and 1668, hosts the university's Congregation, as well as concerts and degree ceremonies. The university is a "city university" in that it does not have a main campus; instead, colleges, departments, accommodation, and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre. The Science Area, in which most science departments are located, is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus. The ten-acre (4-hectare) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city is currently under development. However, the larger colleges' sites are of similar size to these areas. Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera, the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts, lectures, and university ceremonies, and the Examination Schools, where examinations and some lectures take place. The University Church of St Mary the Virgin was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian. Christ Church Cathedral uniquely serves as both a college chapel and as a cathedral. In 2012â2013, the university built the controversial one-hectare (400m Ă 25m) Castle Mill development of 4â5-storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow, blocking views of the spires in the city centre.[77] The development has been likened to building a "skyscraper beside Stonehenge".[78] Parks Autumn in the Botanic Garden The University Parks are a 70-acre (28 ha) parkland area in the northeast of the city, near Keble College, Somerville College and Lady Margaret Hall. It is open to the public during daylight hours. As well as providing gardens and exotic plants, the Parks contains numerous sports fields, used for official and unofficial fixtures, and also contains sites of special interest including the Genetic Garden, an experimental garden to elucidate and investigate evolutionary processes. The Botanic Garden on the High Street is the oldest botanic garden in the UK. It contains over 8,000 different plant species on 1.8 ha (4 1â2 acres). It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90% of the higher plant families. The Harcourt Arboretum is a 130-acre (53 ha) site six miles (10 km) south of the city that includes native woodland and 67 acres (27 hectares) of meadow. The 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) Wytham Woods are owned by the university and used for research in zoology and climate change. There are also various collegiate-owned open spaces open to the public, including Bagley Wood and most notably Christ Church Meadow.[79] Organisation See also: Category:Departments of the University of Oxford As a collegiate university, Oxford's structure can be confusing to those unfamiliar with it. The university is a federation, comprising over forty self-governing colleges and halls, along with a central administration headed by the Vice-Chancellor. Academic departments are located centrally within the structure of the federation; they are not affiliated with any particular college. Departments provide facilities for teaching and research, determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students, perform research, and deliver lectures and seminars. Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates, and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges. Though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g., Nuffield College as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects. Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels: by the central university (the Bodleian), by the departments (individual departmental libraries, such as the English Faculty Library), and by colleges (each of which maintains a multi-discipline library for the use of its members). Central governance The university's formal head is the Chancellor, currently Lord Patten of Barnes, though as at most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular figure and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university. The Chancellor is elected by the members of Convocation, a body comprising all graduates of the university, and holds office until death.[80] Wellington Square, the name of which has become synonymous with the university's central administration The Vice-Chancellor, currently Louise Richardson,[4][5] is the de facto head of the university. Five pro-vice-chancellors have specific responsibilities for education; research; planning and resources; development and external affairs; and personnel and equal opportunities. The University Council is the executive policy-forming body, which consists of the vice-chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by Congregation, in addition to observers from the students' union. Congregation, the "parliament of the dons", comprises over 3,700 members of the university's academic and administrative staff, and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters: it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council. Two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes. This role incorporates student discipline and complaints, as well as oversight of the university's proceedings.[81] The university's professors are collectively referred to as the Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford. They are particularly influential in the running of the university's graduate programmes. Examples of statutory professors are the Chichele Professorships and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy. The various academic faculties, departments, and institutes are organised into four divisions, each with its own head and elected board. They are the Humanities Division; the Social Sciences Division; the Mathematical, Physical and Life Sciences Division; and the Medical Sciences Division. The University of Oxford is a "public university" in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a "private university" in the sense that it is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.[82] Colleges Main article: Colleges of the University of Oxford Tom Quad, Christ Church Darbishire Quad, Somerville College To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall. There are thirty-nine colleges of the University of Oxford (including Reuben College, planned to admit students in 2021)[83] and six permanent private halls (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities.[14] Not all colleges offer all courses, but they generally cover a broad range of subjects. The colleges are: All-Souls College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg All Souls College Balliol College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Balliol College Brasenose College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Brasenose College Christ Church Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Christ Church Corpus-Christi College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Corpus Christi College Exeter College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Exeter College Green-Templeton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Green Templeton College Harris-Manchester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Harris Manchester College Hertford College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Hertford College Jesus College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Jesus College Keble College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Keble College Kellogg College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Kellogg College Lady-Margaret-Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Lady Margaret Hall Linacre College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Linacre College Lincoln College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Lincoln College Magdalen College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Magdalen College Mansfield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Mansfield College Merton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Merton College New College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg New College Nuffield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Nuffield College Oriel College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Oriel College Pembroke College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Pembroke College Queens College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg The Queen's College Reuben College Coat of Arms.png Reuben College St-Anne's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Anne's College St-Antony's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Antony's College St-Catherines College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Catherine's College St-Cross College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Cross College St-Edmund-Hall College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Edmund Hall St-Hilda's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Hilda's College St-Hughs College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Hugh's College St-John's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St John's College St-Peters College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Peter's College Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Somerville College Trinity College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Trinity College University College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg University College Wadham College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Wadham College Wolfson College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Wolfson College Worcester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Worcester College The permanent private halls were founded by different Christian denominations. One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the fellows of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the corresponding Christian denomination. The six current PPHs are: Blackfriars Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Blackfriars Campion Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Campion Hall Regent's Park College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Regent's Park College St Benet's Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Benet's Hall St Stephen's House Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg St Stephen's House Wycliffe Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg Wycliffe Hall The PPHs and colleges join together as the Conference of Colleges, which represents the common concerns of the several colleges of the university, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.[84][85] The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the Franks Commission in 1965.[86] Teaching members of the colleges (i.e. fellows and tutors) are collectively and familiarly known as dons, although the term is rarely used by the university itself. In addition to residential and dining facilities, the colleges provide social, cultural, and recreational activities for their members. Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition; for graduates, this responsibility falls upon the departments. There is no common title for the heads of colleges: the titles used include Warden, Provost, Principal, President, Rector, Master and Dean. Finances Dining hall at Christ Church. The hall is an important feature of the typical Oxford college, providing a place to both dine and socialise. In 2017/18, the university had an income of ÂŁ2,237m; key sources were research grants (ÂŁ579.1m) and academic fees (ÂŁ332.5m).[87] The colleges had a total income of ÂŁ492.9m.[88] While the university has a larger annual income and operating budget, the colleges have a larger aggregate endowment: over ÂŁ4.9bn compared to the university's ÂŁ1.2bn.[3] The central University's endowment, along with some of the colleges', is managed by the university's wholly owned endowment management office, Oxford University Endowment Management, formed in 2007.[89] The university has substantial investments in fossil fuel companies, and in 2014 began consultations on whether it should follow some US universities which have committed to sell off their fossil fuel investments.[90] The total assets of the colleges of ÂŁ6.3 billion also exceed total university assets of 4.1 billion.[88][87] The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.[91] The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the Campaign for Oxford. The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled "Oxford Thinking â The Campaign for the University of Oxford".[92] This is looking to support three areas: academic posts and programmes, student support, and buildings and infrastructure;[93] having passed its original target of ÂŁ1.25 billion in March 2012, the target was raised to ÂŁ3 billion.[94] The campaign had raised a total of ÂŁ2.8 billion by July 2018.[87] Funding criticisms This section appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events. (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The university has faced criticism for some of its sources of donations and funding, including ÂŁ726,706 from the Atomic Weapons Establishment (the organisation that designs and produces the UKâs nuclear warheads) between 2017 and 2019,[95] a donation of ÂŁ150m from the US billionaire businessman Stephen A. Schwarzman in 2019,[96] and an ÂŁ80m donation from businessmen David and Simon Reuben (who were criticised for their trade with Russian aluminium factories) in 2020.[97] The university has defended its decisions saying it "takes legal, ethical and reputational issues into consideration." Affiliations Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, and the International Alliance of Research Universities. It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the "golden triangle" of highly research intensive and elite English universities.[98] Academic profile Admission University admission statistics[99] Year Applications Offers Offer rate (%) Admitted Yield (%) 2019 23,020 3,889 16.9 3,280 84.3 2018 21,515 3,840 17.8 3,309 86.2 2017 19,938 3,771 18.9 3,270 86.7 2016 19,144 3,751 19.6 3,262 87.0 2015 18,377 3,663 19.9 3,216 87.8 Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge[100][101] In common with most British universities, prospective students apply through the UCAS application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and University of Cambridge applicants, must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October.[102] The Sutton Trust maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.[103] To allow a more personalised judgement of students, who might otherwise apply for both, undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year. The only exceptions are applicants for organ scholarships[104] and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree.[105] Oxford has the lowest offer rate of all Russell Group universities.[106] Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges, which work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university regardless of their college preferences.[107] Shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results, school references, and, in some subjects, written admission tests or candidate-submitted written work. Approximately 60% of applicants are shortlisted, although this varies by subject. If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college, then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under-subscribed colleges for the subject. The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview, where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December. Most applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college. Students from outside Europe can be interviewed remotely, for example, over the Internet. Offers are sent out in early January, with each offer usually being from a specific college. One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to. Some courses may make "open offers" to some candidates, who are not assigned to a particular college until A Level results day in August.[108][109] The university has come under criticism for the number of students it accepts from private schools;[110] for instance, Laura Spence's rejection from the university in 2000 led to widespread debate.[111] In 2016, the University of Oxford gave 59% of offers to UK students to students from state schools, while about 93% of all UK pupils and 86% of post-16 UK pupils are educated in state schools.[112][113][114] However, 64% of UK applicants were from state schools and the university notes that state school students apply disproportionately to oversubscribed subjects.[115] The proportion of students coming from state schools has been increasing. From 2015 to 2019, the state proportion of total UK students admitted each year was: 55.6%, 58.0%, 58.2%, 60.5% and 62.3%.[99] Oxford University spends over ÂŁ6 million per year on outreach programs to encourage applicants from underrepresented demographics.[112] In 2018 the university's annual admissions report revealed that eight of Oxford's colleges had accepted fewer than three black applicants in the past three years.[116] Labour MP David Lammy said, "This is social apartheid and it is utterly unrepresentative of life in modern Britain."[117] In 2020, Oxford had increased its proportion of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students to record levels.[118][119] The number of BAME undergraduates accepted to the university in 2020 rose to 684 students, or 23.6% of the UK intake, up from 558 or 22% in 2019; the number of Black students was 106 (3.7% of the intake), up from 80 students (3.2%).[119][120] UCAS data also showed that Oxford is more likely than comparable institutions to make offers to ethnic minority and socially disadvantaged pupils.[118] Teaching and degrees Main articles: Degrees of the University of Oxford, List of professorships at the University of Oxford, and Undergraduate education at University of Oxford Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial, where 1â4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week's work, usually an essay (humanities, most social sciences, some mathematical, physical, and life sciences) or problem sheet (most mathematical, physical, and life sciences, and some social sciences). The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees. Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight-week academic terms: Michaelmas, Hilary and Trinity.[121] (These are officially known as 'Full Term': 'Term' is a lengthier period with little practical significance.) Internally, the weeks in a term begin on Sundays, and are referred to numerically, with the initial week known as "first week", the last as "eighth week" and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term (for example "noughth week" precedes term).[122] Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week. These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities,[123] and their total duration amounts to less than half the year. However, undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays (known as the Christmas, Easter, and Long Vacations). Research degrees at the master's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university. Scholarships and financial support Rhodes House â home to the awarding body for the Rhodes Scholarships, often considered to be the world's most prestigious scholarship There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies. The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries, introduced in 2006, are university-wide means-based bursaries available to any British undergraduate, with a total possible grant of ÂŁ10,235 over a 3-year degree. In addition, individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students. For graduate study, there are many scholarships attached to the university, available to students from all sorts of backgrounds, from Rhodes Scholarships to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships.[124] Oxford also offers the Clarendon Scholarship which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities.[125] The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by Oxford University Press in association with colleges and other partnership awards.[126][127] In 2016, Oxford University announced that it is to run its first free online economics course as part of a "massive open online course" (Mooc) scheme, in partnership with a US online university network.[128] The course available is called âFrom Poverty to Prosperity: Understanding Economic Developmentâ. Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and exhibitions, normally the result of a long-standing endowment, although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal. Scholars, and exhibitioners in some colleges, are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown; "commoners" (originally those who had to pay for their "commons", or food and lodging) are restricted to a short, sleeveless garment. The term "scholar" in relation to Oxford therefore has a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability. In previous times, there were "noblemen commoners" and "gentlemen commoners", but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century. "Closed" scholarships, available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools, were abolished in the 1970s and 1980s.[129] Libraries See also: Category:Libraries of the University of Oxford The Clarendon Building is home to many senior Bodleian Library staff and previously housed the university's own central administration. The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK,[16] and, with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles (190 km) of shelving, the Bodleian group is the second-largest library in the UK, after the British Library. The Bodleian is a legal deposit library, which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK. As such, its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles (five kilometres) of shelving every year.[130] The buildings referred to as the university's main research library, The Bodleian, consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle, founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1598 and opened in 1602,[131] the Radcliffe Camera, the Clarendon Building, and the Weston Library. A tunnel underneath Broad Street connects these buildings, with the Gladstone Link, which opened to readers in 2011, connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera. The Bodleian Libraries group was formed in 2000, bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together.[132] It now comprises 28[133] libraries, a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together, including the Sackler Library, Law Library, Social Science Library and Radcliffe Science Library.[132] Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system, OLIS (Oxford Libraries Information System),[134] and its public interface, SOLO (Search Oxford Libraries Online), which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries, as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries, which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information.[135] West Facade of the Old Bodleian Library. A new book depository opened in South Marston, Swindon in October 2010,[136] and recent building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building, which was renamed the Weston Library when it reopened in 2015.[137][138] The renovation is designed to better showcase the library's various treasures (which include a Shakespeare First Folio and a Gutenberg Bible) as well as temporary exhibitions. The Bodleian engaged in a mass-digitisation project with Google in 2004.[139][140] Notable electronic resources hosted by the Bodleian Group include the Electronic Enlightenment Project, which was awarded the 2010 Digital Prize by the British Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies.[141] Museums See also: Category:Museums of the University of Oxford Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries, open for free to the public. The Ashmolean Museum, founded in 1683, is the oldest museum in the UK, and the oldest university museum in the world.[142] It holds significant collections of art and archaeology, including works by Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, Turner, and Picasso, as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead, the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel. It also contains "The Messiah", a pristine Stradivarius violin, regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence. The University Museum of Natural History holds the university's zoological, entomological and geological specimens. It is housed in a large neo-Gothic building on Parks Road, in the university's Science Area.[143][144] Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops, and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world. It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science, currently held by Marcus du Sautoy. The interior of the Pitt Rivers Museum Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum, founded in 1884, which displays the university's archaeological and anthropological collections, currently holding over 500,000 items. It recently built a new research annexe; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation, when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology. The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad Street in the world's oldest-surviving purpose-built museum building.[145] It contains 15,000 artefacts, from antiquity to the 20th century, representing almost all aspects of the history of science. In the Faculty of Music on St Aldate's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments, a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music, from the medieval period onwards. Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings. Publishing Main article: Oxford University Press The Oxford University Press is the world's second oldest and currently the largest university press by the number of publications.[15] More than 6,000 new books are published annually,[146] including many reference, professional, and academic works (such as the Oxford English Dictionary, the Concise Oxford English Dictionary, the Oxford World's Classics, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and the Concise Dictionary of National Biography). Rankings and reputation Rankings National rankings Complete (2021)[147] 2 Guardian (2021)[148] 1 Times / Sunday Times (2021)[149] 2 Global rankings ARWU (2020)[150] 9 CWTS Leiden (2020)[151] 11 QS (2021)[152] 5 THE (2021)[153] 1 British Government assessment Teaching Excellence Framework[154] Gold Oxford is regularly ranked within the top 5 universities in the world and is currently ranked first in the world in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[155][156] as well as the Forbes's World University Rankings.[157] It held the number one position in the Times Good University Guide for eleven consecutive years,[158] and the medical school has also maintained first place in the "Clinical, Pre-Clinical & Health" table of the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings for the past seven consecutive years.[159] In 2019, it ranked 7th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings.[160] The THE has also recognised Oxford as one of the world's "six super brands" on its World Reputation Rankings, along with Berkeley, Cambridge, Harvard, MIT, and Stanford.[161] The university is fifth worldwide on the US News ranking.[162] Its SaĂŻd Business School came 13th in the world in Financial Times Global MBA Ranking.[163] Oxford was ranked ninth in the world in 2015 by the Nature Index, which measures the largest contributors to papers published in 82 leading journals.[164][165] It is ranked 5th best university worldwide and 1st in Britain for forming CEOs according to the Professional Ranking World Universities,[166] and first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK's major companies.[167] In the 2018 Complete University Guide, all 38 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only two multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge) in the UK to have 100% of their subjects in the top 10.[168] Computer Science, Medicine, Philosophy, Politics and Psychology were ranked first in the UK by the guide.[169] According to the QS World University Rankings by Subject, the University of Oxford also ranks as number one in the world for four Humanities disciplines: English Language and Literature, Modern Languages, Geography, and History. It also ranks 2nd globally for Anthropology, Archaeology, Law, Medicine, Politics & International Studies, and Psychology.[170] Sexual harassment accusations In 2015, a half-dozen students filed a complaint through sexual harassment attorney and Oxford alumna Ann Olivarius against Oxford for what The Times called an âepidemicâ of sexual misconduct.[171][172] Oxford has also been accused of using non-disclosure agreements or âgagging ordersâ to silence students who report sexual harassment.[173] In 2020, it was reported that Oxford saw a 15-fold increase in sexual harassment and violence.[174] Student life Traditions See also: Academic dress of the University of Oxford An undergraduate student at the University of Oxford in subfusc for matriculation Academic dress is required for examinations, matriculation, disciplinary hearings, and when visiting university officers. A referendum held among the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76% against making it voluntary in examinations â 8,671 students voted, with the 40.2% turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum.[175] This was widely interpreted by students as being a vote on not so much making subfusc voluntary, but rather, in effect, abolishing it by default, in that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc, the rest would soon follow.[176] In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to transgender people.[177] Other traditions and customs vary by college. For example, some colleges have formal hall six times a week, but in others this only happens occasionally, or even not at all. At most colleges these formal meals require gowns to be worn, and a Latin grace is said. Balls are major events held by colleges; the largest, held triennially in 9th week of Trinity Term, are called commemoration balls; the dress code is usually white tie. Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties. These are usually held on an annual or irregular basis, and are usually black tie. Punting is a common summer leisure activity. There are several more or less quirky traditions peculiar to individual colleges, for example the All Souls Mallard song. Clubs and societies See also: Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Oxford Rowing at Summer Eights, an annual intercollegiate bumps race Sport is played between college teams, in tournaments known as cuppers (the term is also used for some non-sporting competitions). In addition to these there are higher standard university wide groups. Significant focus is given to annual varsity matches played against Cambridge, the most famous of which is The Boat Race, watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers. This outside interest reflects the importance of rowing to many of those within the university. Much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas: Christ Church Regatta, Torpids, and Summer Eights. A blue is an award given to those who compete at the university team level in certain sports. As well as traditional sports, there are teams for activities such as Octopush and quidditch. There are two weekly student newspapers: the independent Cherwell and OUSU's The Oxford Student. Other publications include the Isis magazine, the satirical Oxymoron, and the graduate Oxonian Review. The student radio station is Oxide Radio. Most colleges have chapel choirs. Music, drama, and other arts societies exist both at the collegiate level and as university-wide groups, such as the Oxford University Dramatic Society and the Oxford Revue. Unlike most other collegiate societies, musical ensembles actively encourage players from other colleges. The Oxford Union's debating chamber Most academic areas have student societies of some form which are open to students studying all courses, for example the Scientific Society. There are groups for almost all faiths, political parties, countries, and cultures. The Oxford Union (not to be confused with the Oxford University Student Union) hosts weekly debates and high-profile speakers. There have historically been elite invitation-only societies such as the Bullingdon Club. Student union and common rooms The Oxford University Student Union, formerly better known by its acronym OUSU and now rebranded as Oxford SU,[178] exists to represent students in the university's decision-making, to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate, and to provide direct services to the student body. Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself, OUSU is both an association of Oxford's more than 21,000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms, and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students. The OUSU Executive Committee includes six full-time salaried sabbatical officers, who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations. The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR (Junior Common Room, for undergraduates) or MCR (Middle Common Room, for graduates) is seen as more important than OUSU. JCRs and MCRs each have a committee, with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities. Additionally, they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish (money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student-run bars). (It is worth noting that JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members, as well as the student bodies.) Not all colleges use this JCR/MCR structure, for example Wadham College's entire student population is represented by a combined Students' Union and purely graduate colleges have different arrangements. Notable alumni Main articles: List of University of Oxford people and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Oxford Throughout its history, a sizeable number of Oxford alumni, known as Oxonians, have become notable in many varied fields, both academic and otherwise. A total of 69 Nobel prize-winners have studied or taught at Oxford, with prizes won in all six categories.[17] More information on notable members of the university can be found in the individual college articles. An individual may be associated with two or more colleges, as an undergraduate, postgraduate and/or member of staff. Politics British Prime Ministers who attended Oxford University Margaret Thatcher, Somerville College Tony Blair, St John's College Boris Johnson, Balliol College Twenty-eight British prime ministers have attended Oxford, including William Gladstone, H. H. Asquith, Clement Attlee, Harold Macmillan, Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, Margaret Thatcher, Tony Blair, David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson. Of all the post-war prime ministers, only Gordon Brown was educated at a university other than Oxford (the University of Edinburgh), while Winston Churchill, James Callaghan and John Major never attended a university.[179] Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the House of Commons in 2010.[179] This includes former Leader of the Opposition, Ed Miliband, and numerous members of the cabinet and shadow cabinet. Additionally, over 140 Oxonians sit in the House of Lords.[17] International leaders who attended Oxford University Aung San Suu Kyi, St Hugh's College Indira Gandhi, Somerville College Bill Clinton, University College At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford.[17] This number includes Harald V of Norway,[180] Abdullah II of Jordan,[17] William II of the Netherlands, five Prime Ministers of Australia (John Gorton, Malcolm Fraser, Bob Hawke, Tony Abbott, and Malcolm Turnbull),[181][182][183] Six Prime Ministers of Pakistan (Liaquat Ali Khan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sir Feroz Khan Noon, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto and Imran Khan),[17] two Prime Ministers of Canada (Lester B. Pearson and John Turner),[17][184] two Prime Ministers of India (Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi, though the latter did not finish her degree),[17][185] Prime Minister of Ceylon (S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike), Norman Washington Manley of Jamaica,[186] Haitham bin Tariq Al Said (Sultan of Oman)[187] Eric Williams (Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago), Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (former President of Peru), Abhisit Vejjajiva (former Prime Minister of Thailand), and Bill Clinton (the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar).[17][188] Arthur Mutambara (Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe), was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991. Seretse Khama, first president of Botswana, spent a year at Balliol College. Festus Mogae (former president of Botswana) was a student at University College. The Burmese democracy activist and Nobel laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi, was a student of St Hugh's College.[189] Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, the current reigning Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) of Bhutan, was a member of St Peter's College.[190] The world's youngest Nobel Prize laureate, Malala Yousafzai, completed a BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics.[191] Law Lawyers who attended Oxford University Lord Neuberger, Christ Church Ronald Dworkin, Magdalen College Elena Kagan, Worcester College Oxford has produced a large number of distinguished jurists, judges and lawyers around the world. Lords Bingham and Denning, commonly recognised as two of the most influential English judges in the history of the common law,[192][193][194][195] both studied at Oxford. Within the United Kingdom, three of the current Justices of the Supreme Court are Oxford-educated: Robert Reed (Deputy President of the Supreme Court), Nicholas Wilson, and Michael Briggs;[196] retired Justices include David Neuberger (President of the Supreme Court 2012â2017), Jonathan Mance (Deputy President of the Supreme Court 2017â2018), Alan Rodger, Jonathan Sumption, Mark Saville, John Dyson, and Simon Brown. The twelve Lord Chancellors and nine Lord Chief Justices that have been educated at Oxford include Thomas Bingham,[192] Stanley Buckmaster, Thomas More,[197] Thomas Wolsey,[198] Gavin Simonds.[199] The twenty-two Law Lords count amongst them Leonard Hoffmann, Kenneth Diplock, Richard Wilberforce, James Atkin, Simon Brown, Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, Robert Goff, Brian Hutton, Jonathan Mance, Alan Rodger, Mark Saville, Leslie Scarman, Johan Steyn;[200] Master of the Rolls include Alfred Denning and Wilfred Greene;[195] Lord Justices of Appeal include John Laws, Brian Leveson and John Mummery. The British Government's Attorneys General have included Dominic Grieve, Nicholas Lyell, Patrick Mayhew, John Hobson, Reginald Manningham-Buller, Lionel Heald, Frank Soskice, David Maxwell Fyfe, Donald Somervell, William Jowitt; Directors of Public Prosecutions include Sir Thomas Hetherington QC, Dame Barbara Mills QC and Sir Keir Starmer QC. In the United States, three of the nine incumbent Justices of the Supreme Court are Oxonians, namely Stephen Breyer,[201] Elena Kagan,[202] and Neil Gorsuch;[203] retired Justices include John Marshall Harlan II,[204] David Souter[205] and Byron White.[206] Internationally, Oxonians Sir Humphrey Waldock[207] served in the International Court of Justice; Akua Kuenyehia, sat in the International Criminal Court; Sir Nicolas Bratza[208] and Paul Mahoney sat in the European Court of Human Rights; Kenneth Hayne,[209] Dyson Heydon, as well as Patrick Keane sat in the High Court of Australia; both Kailas Nath Wanchoo, A. N. Ray served as Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of India; Cornelia Sorabji, Oxford's first female law student, was India's first female advocate; in Hong Kong, Aarif Barma, Thomas Au and Doreen Le Pichon[210] currently serve in the Court of Appeal (Hong Kong), while Charles Ching and Henry Litton both served as Permanent Judges of the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong;[211] six Puisne Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada and a chief justice of the now defunct Federal Court of Canada were also educated at Oxford. The list of noted legal scholars includes H. L. A. Hart,[212] Ronald Dworkin,[212] Andrew Burrows, Sir Guenter Treitel, Jeremy Waldron, A. V. Dicey, William Blackstone, John Gardner, Robert A. Gorman, Timothy Endicott, Peter Birks, John Finnis, Andrew Ashworth, Joseph Raz, Paul Craig, Leslie Green, Tony HonorĂ©, Neil MacCormick and Hugh Collins. Other distinguished practitioners who have attended Oxford include Lord Pannick Qc,[213] Geoffrey Robertson QC, Amal Clooney,[214] Lord Faulks QC, and Dinah Rose QC. Mathematics and sciences Scientists who attended Oxford University Stephen Hawking, University College Tim Berners-Lee, The Queen's College Dorothy Hodgkin, Somerville College Three Oxford mathematicians, Michael Atiyah, Daniel Quillen and Simon Donaldson, have won Fields Medals, often called the "Nobel Prize for mathematics". Andrew Wiles, who proved Fermat's Last Theorem, was educated at Oxford and is currently the Regius Professor and Royal Society Research Professor in Mathematics at Oxford.[215] Marcus du Sautoy and Roger Penrose are both currently mathematics professors, and Jackie Stedall was a professor of the university. Stephen Wolfram, chief designer of Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha studied at the university, along with Tim Berners-Lee,[17] inventor of the World Wide Web,[216] Edgar F. Codd, inventor of the relational model of data,[217] and Tony Hoare, programming languages pioneer and inventor of Quicksort. The university is associated with eleven winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, five in physics and sixteen in medicine.[218] Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist Dorothy Hodgkin who received her Nobel Prize for "determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances",[219] Howard Florey who shared the 1945 Nobel prize "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases", and John B. Goodenough, who shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019 "for the development of lithium-ion batteries".[220] Both Richard Dawkins[221] and Frederick Soddy[222] studied at the university and returned for research purposes. Robert Hooke,[17] Edwin Hubble,[17] and Stephen Hawking[17] all studied in Oxford. Robert Boyle, a founder of modern chemistry, never formally studied or held a post within the university, but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree.[223] Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include Albert Einstein[224] developer of general theory of relativity and the concept of photons; and Erwin Schrödinger who formulated the Schrödinger equation and the Schrödinger's cat thought experiment. Structural engineer Roma Agrawal, responsible for London's Shard, attributes her love of engineering to a summer placement during her undergraduate physics degree at Oxford. Economists Adam Smith, Alfred Marshall, E. F. Schumacher, and Amartya Sen all spent time at Oxford. Literature, music, and drama Literary figures who attended Oxford University Oscar Wilde, Magdalen College Vera Brittain, Somerville College J.R.R. Tolkien, Exeter College Writers associated with Oxford include Vera Brittain, A.S. Byatt, Lewis Carroll,[225] Penelope Fitzgerald, John Fowles, Theodor Geisel, Robert Graves, Graham Greene,[226] Joseph Heller,[227] Christopher Hitchens, Aldous Huxley,[228] Samuel Johnson, Nicole Krauss, C. S. Lewis,[229] Thomas Middleton, Iris Murdoch, V.S. Naipaul, Philip Pullman,[17] Dorothy L. Sayers, Vikram Seth,[17] J. R. R. Tolkien,[230] Evelyn Waugh,[231] Oscar Wilde,[232] the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley,[233] John Donne,[234] A. E. Housman,[235] Gerard Manley Hopkins, W. H. Auden,[236] T. S. Eliot and Philip Larkin,[237] and seven poets laureate: Thomas Warton,[238] Henry James Pye,[239] Robert Southey,[240] Robert Bridges,[241] Cecil Day-Lewis,[242] Sir John Betjeman,[243] and Andrew Motion.[244] Composers Hubert Parry, George Butterworth, John Taverner, William Walton, James Whitbourn and Andrew Lloyd Webber have all been involved with the university. Actors who attended Oxford University Rowan Atkinson, Queen's College Rosamund Pike, Wadham College Hugh Grant, New College Actors Hugh Grant,[245] Kate Beckinsale,[245] Rosamund Pike, Felicity Jones, Gemma Chan, Dudley Moore,[246] Michael Palin,[17] Terry Jones,[247] Anna Popplewell and Rowan Atkinson were students at the university, as were filmmakers Ken Loach[248] and Richard Curtis.[17] Religion Oxford has also produced at least 12 saints, 19 English cardinals, and 20 Archbishops of Canterbury, the most recent Archbishop being Rowan Williams, who studied at Wadham College and was later a Canon Professor at Christ Church.[17][249] Duns Scotus' teaching is commemorated with a monument in the University Church of St. Mary. Religious reformer John Wycliffe was an Oxford scholar, for a time Master of Balliol College. John Colet, Christian humanist, Dean of St Paul's, and friend of Erasmus, studied at Magdalen College. Several of the Caroline Divines e.g. in particular William Laud as President of St. John's and Chancellor of the University, and the Non-Jurors, e.g. Thomas Ken had close Oxford connections. The founder of Methodism, John Wesley, studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of Lincoln College.[250] Britain's first woman to be an ordained minister, Constance Coltman, studied at Somerville College. The Oxford Movement (1833â1846) was closely associated with the Oriel fellows John Henry Newman, Edward Bouverie Pusey and John Keble. Other religious figures were Mirza Nasir Ahmad, the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, Shoghi Effendi, one of the appointed leaders of the BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith, and Joseph Cordeiro, the first Pakistani Catholic cardinal.[251] Philosophy Philosophers who attended Oxford University John Locke, Christ Church Mary Midgley, Somerville College Thomas Hobbes, Hertford College Oxford's philosophical tradition started in the medieval era, with Robert Grosseteste[252] and William of Ockham,[252] commonly known for Occam's razor, among those teaching at the university. Thomas Hobbes,[253][254] Jeremy Bentham and the empiricist John Locke received degrees from Oxford. Though the latter's main works were written after leaving Oxford, Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university.[252] Oxford philosophers of the 20th century include Richard Swinburne, a leading philosopher in the tradition of substance dualism; Peter Hacker, philosopher of mind, language, anthropology, and he is also known for his critique of cognitive neuroscience; J.L. Austin, a leading proponent of ordinary-language philosophy; Gilbert Ryle,[252] author of The Concept of Mind; and Derek Parfit, who specialised in personal identity. Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include A. J. Ayer,[252] Elizabeth Anscombe, Paul Grice, Mary Midgley, Iris Murdoch, Thomas Nagel, Bernard Williams, Robert Nozick, Onora O'Neill, John Rawls, Michael Sandel, and Peter Singer. John Searle, presenter of the Chinese room thought experiment, studied and began his academic career at the university.[255] Likewise, Philippa Foot, who mentioned the trolley problem, studied and taught at Somerville College.[256] Sport People in sports who attended Oxford University Imran Khan, Keble College Bill Bradley, Worcester College Matthew Pinsent, St Catherine's College Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister, who had been at Exeter College and Merton College, ran the first sub-four-minute mile in Oxford. Some 150 Olympic medal-winners have academic connections with the university, including Sir Matthew Pinsent, quadruple gold-medallist rower.[17][257] Rowers from Oxford who have won gold at the Olympics or World Championships include Michael Blomquist, Ed Coode, Chris Davidge, Hugh Edwards, Jason Flickinger, Tim Foster, Luka Grubor, Christopher Liwski, Matthew Pinsent, Pete Reed, Jonny Searle, Andrew Triggs Hodge, Jake Wetzel, Michael Wherley, and Barney Williams. Many Oxford graduates have also risen to the highest echelon in cricket: Harry Altham, Bernard Bosanquet (inventor of the googly), Colin Cowdrey, Gerry Crutchley, Jamie Dalrymple, Martin Donnelly, R. E. Foster (the only man to captain England at both cricket and football), C. B. Fry, George Harris (also served in the House of Lords), Douglas Jardine, Malcolm Jardine, Imran Khan, Sophie Le Marchand, Alan Melville, Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi, Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, M. J. K. Smith, and Pelham Warner. Oxford students have also excelled in other sports. Such alumni include American football player Myron Rolle (NFL player); Olympic gold medalists in athletics David Hemery and Jack Lovelock; basketball players Bill Bradley (US Senator, NBA player, and Olympic gold medalist) and Charles Thomas McMillen (US Congressman, NBA player, and Olympic silver medalist); figure skater John Misha Petkevich (national champion); footballers John Bain, Charles Wreford-Brown, and Cuthbert Ottaway; fencer Allan Jay (world champion and five-time Olympian); modern pentathlete Steph Cook (Olympic gold medalist); rugby footballers Stuart Barnes, Simon Danielli, David Humphreys, David Edward Kirk, Anton Oliver, Ronald Poulton-Palmer, Joe Roff, and William Webb Ellis (allegedly the inventor of rugby football); World Cup freestyle skier Ryan Max Riley (national champion); polo player Claire Tomlinson (highest ranked woman world-wide); and tennis player Clarence Bruce. Adventure and exploration Explorers and adventurers who attended Oxford University Gertrude Bell, Lady Margaret Hall T. E. Lawrence, Jesus College Sir Walter Raleigh, Oriel College Three of the most well-known adventurers and explorers who attended Oxford are Walter Raleigh, one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era, T. E. Lawrence, whose life was the basis of the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia, and Thomas Coryat. The latter, the author of "Coryat's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France, Italy, &c'" (1611) and court jester of Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, is credited with introducing the table fork and umbrella to England and being the first Briton to do a Grand Tour of Europe.[258] Other notable figures include Gertrude Bell, an explorer, archaeologist, mapper and spy, who, along with T. E. Lawrence, helped establish the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan and Iraq and played a major role in establishing and administering the modern state of Iraq; Richard Francis Burton, who travelled in disguise to Mecca and journeyed with John Hanning Speke as the first European explorers to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile; anthropologist Katherine Routledge, who carried out the first survey of Easter Island; mountaineer Tom Bourdillon, member of the expedition to make the first ascent of Mount Everest; and Peter Fleming, adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of Ian Fleming, creator of James Bond. Oxford in literature and other media Main article: University of Oxford in popular culture The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction. Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales referred to a "Clerk [student] of Oxenford". By 1989, 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise.[259] Famous literary works range from Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh, which in 1981 was adapted as a television serial, to the trilogy His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman, which features an alternate-reality version of the university and was adapted for film in 2007 and as a BBC television series in 2019. Other notable examples include: Zuleika Dobson (1911) by Max Beerbohm, a satire about undergraduate life. Sinister Street (1913â1914) by Compton MacKenzie, himself a graduate of Magdalen College, a Bildungsroman about two children born out of wedlock. Gaudy Night (1935) by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself a graduate of Somerville College, a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery novel. The Inspector Morse detective novels (1975â1999) by Colin Dexter, adapted for television as Inspector Morse (1987â2000), the spin-off Lewis (2006â2015), and the prequel Endeavour (2012â). True Blue (1996), a film about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford-Cambridge Boat Race of 1987 The History Boys (2004) by Alan Bennett, alumnus of Exeter College, a play about a group of grammar school boys in Sheffield in 1983 applying to read history at Oxford and Cambridge. It premiered at the National Theatre and was adapted for film in 2006. Posh (2010), a play by Laura Wade, and its film adaptation The Riot Club (2014), about a fictionalised equivalent of the Bullingdon Club. Testament of Youth (2014), a drama film based on the memoir of the same name written by Somerville alumna Vera Brittain. Notable non-fiction works on Oxford include Oxford by Jan Morris.[260] The university is parodied in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series with "Unseen University" and "Brazeneck College" (in reference to Brasenose College). 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