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Law enforcement in New York City
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Law enforcement
in New York
Law enforcement in
New York CityWestchester CountyLong Island
Officers
Police officersPeace officers
Types of agencies
StateCountyMunicipal agenciesCollege and universityOtherDefunct
Law
New York State Criminal Procedure Law
CourtsState prisons
vte
Law enforcement in New York City is carried out by numerous law enforcement agencies. New York City has the highest concentration of law enforcement agencies in the United States.

As with the rest of the US, agencies operate at federal and state levels. However, New York City's unique nature means many more operate at lower levels.


Contents
1 Federal government agencies
2 State government agencies
2.1 Government departments
3 Bi-state agencies
4 City government agencies
4.1 Powers and Authority
4.2 List of Agencies
5 Public Safety Officers
6 Private agencies
7 Prosecuting attorneys
8 Disbanded agencies
9 See also
10 References
Federal government agencies
Main article: Federal law enforcement in the United States
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
Amtrak Police Department
Department of Defense Police
Diplomatic Security Service
Drug Enforcement Administration
Federal Air Marshal Service
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Federal Bureau of Prisons
Federal Reserve Police
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
IRS Criminal Investigation Division
National Park Service Ranger (Law Enforcement)
Naval Criminal Investigative Service
Smithsonian Police (for the George Gustav Heye Center and the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum)
U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command
United States Coast Guard
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
United States Federal Protective Service
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
United States Marshals Service
U.S. Marshals Service Southern District of New York
U.S. Marshals Service Eastern District of New York [1]
United States Park Police
United States Postal Inspection Service
United States Postal Police
U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System
United States Secret Service
United States Department of Veterans Affairs Police
State government agencies
The Government of New York State operates one of the highest numbers of law enforcement agencies in the United States. While their jurisdiction stretches throughout New York City, many functions are duplicated by municipal agencies.

Government departments
New York State Office of the Attorney General – Investigations Division[2]
Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department
MTA Bridge and Tunnel Officers
New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision
New York State Court Officers
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Police
New York State Forest Rangers
New York State Office of Mental Health Police
New York State Department of Motor Vehicles – Division of Field Investigations
New York State Park Police
New York State Police
New York State University Police
New York State Department of Taxation and Finance
Criminal Investigations Division
New York State Office of Tax Enforcement
Bi-state agencies
Patch Force Parent department Duties Titled as Amount of Personnel
Patch of the NY NJ Port Authority Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department Port Authority of New York and New Jersey General law enforcement concerning PA areas NYS police officers Approx. 2200+
n/a Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor Police Waterfront Commission of New York Harbour General law enforcement concerning Harbour/Waterfront Areas unknown unknown
City government agencies
Powers and Authority
Members of New York city law enforcement agencies receive their powers and authority from New York State Criminal Procedure Law in one of two ways:

as police officers, under Article 2, §1.20,
as peace officers, under Article 2, §2.10, sub 25 and special patrolmen, under Article 2, §2.10 sub 27 (note - all special patrolman are classified as, and have the same powers as, peace officers)
Designation as a special patrolman is unique to New York City, and is granted by the Commissioner of the NYPD under section 14-106 of the New York City Administrative Code in conjunction with the New York State Criminal Procedure Law Article 2 Section 2.10 Sub 27, and are governed by protocols of Chapter 11 Title 38 of the Rules of the City of New York. This designation provides (non commissioned) private sector Public Safety officers limited authority as peace officers while on-duty only.

Privatized Public Safety Officers must complete the New York State POST (Peace Officer Standard of Training) to become certified.

List of Agencies
There are at least sixteen City law enforcement agencies (including the FDNY Fire Marshals) and these are listed in the table below.

Patch Force Parent department Duties Titled as Amount of Personnel Motto
Patch of the New York City Police Department New York City Police Department (NYPD) - General law enforcement concerning New York City police officers Approx. 36,230 New York's Finest
New York City Department of Environmental Protection Police (DEP Police) New York City Department of Environmental Protection General law enforcement at areas of New York City's water supply system police officers Approx. 200
New York City Fire Department Fire Marshals New York City Fire Department (FDNY) The investigation of fires and arson within New York City police officers Approx. 150
New York City Sheriff's Office New York City Department of Finance Primarily civil law enforcement and the investigation New York City tax and deed fraud Sheriff officers Approx. 150
New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission Enforcement (TLC) New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission The enforcement of New York City taxi licensing regulations and traffic laws concerning livery vehicles TLC inspectors Approx. 205 New York's Proudest
New York City Department of Homeless Services Police (NYC DHS Police) New York City Department of Homeless Services General law enforcement at NYC-DHS facilities special officer Approx. 380 Policing With Compassion
New York City Human Resources Administration Police Department (NYC HRA Police) New York City Human Resources Administration General law enforcement in NYC Human Resources Administration facilities special officer Approx. 130 New York's Courageous
New York City Department of Sanitation Police (DSNY Police) New York City Department of Sanitation (DSNY) Primarily the enforcement of city sanitation laws and health code regulations NYC special patrolmen Approx. 80 New York's Strongest
New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol (NYC PEP) New York City Department of Parks and Recreation General law enforcement at NYC Parks Dept.properties special patrolmen Approx. 85
New York City Department of Probation - Provides supervision for people placed on probation in the Supreme, Criminal, and Family courts. probation officers unknown
City University of New York Public Safety Dept. patch City University of New York Public Safety Department City University of New York (CUNY) General law enforcement at CUNY campuses and facilities public safety officers Approx. 715
New York City Department of Investigation (NYC DOI) - The investigation of city governmental corruption & fraud Special Investigators unknown
New York City Department of Correction (NYCD) - Primarily general law enforcement within and concerning city correctional facilities correction officers Approx. 9500 New York's Boldest
New York City Police Department School Safety Division New York City Police Department (NYPD) General law enforcement at NYC public schools special patrolmen Approx. 5000
New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services Police New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services (DCAS) General law enforcement at all NYC Department of Citywide Administrative Services facilities. special officer Approx. 15
New York City Department of Health and Hospitals Police (NHYP) New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation (NYC HHC) Security and law enforcement at NYC HHC facilities special officer Approx. 1250 New York's Courageous Beneficence, Honor, Fidelity
New York City Business Integrity Commission (BIC) New York City Business Integrity Commission regulate the private catering industry, public wholesale markets businesses, and the shipboard gambling industry NYC special patrolmen over 60 employees[3]
Since 1942, correction and probation services have been handled by separate agencies, not the sheriff's office.[4]

The New York City Marshals, who are independent public officers enforcing civil debt, are not peace officers. New York City Marshals are regulated by the New York City Department of Investigation.[5]

Public Safety Officers
Some areas of New York City have "Public Safety Officers", which are neither totally private (see below) or city government (see above agencies).

The Times Square Alliance has its own Public Safety Officers (PSOs) who act as the 'eyes and ears' for local police.[6] They are unarmed and their motto is: New York's Most Helpful.
The Flatiron 23rd Street Partnership BID has its own Public Safety Officers who act as ambassadors for the area. They patrol in uniform, during the daytime, seven days a week, regardless of weather.[7]
Private agencies
Unique to New York City, a number of private communities and/or entities operate their own public safety agencies, they are New York State Peace Officers with limited authority in New York city).

Patch Force Parent department Duties Title Amount of Personnel
Bay Terrace Public Safety Department Cord Meyer Development LLC - Bay Terrace Shopping Centre Public Safety at Bay Terrace Public Safety -
Big Six Towers Public Safety Department Mitchell-Lama cooperative housing company Public Safety duties at Big Six Towers Public Safety 8
Co-op City Department of Public Safety (CCPD) Co-op City Primarily public safety of residents and visitors in Co-op City special patrolmen Approx. 100+
NY - Hunts Point Public Safety Hunts Point Department of Public Safety (HPPS) Hunts Point Cooperative Market Public Safety at Hunts Point Cooperative Market, protect the people and property of the market, including facilities, storefronts, railways special patrolmen Approx. 20
Morningside Heights Housing Corporation Department of Public Safety (MHHC PSD) Morningside Gardens Ensure the security of all Morningside Gardens residents as well as the protection of Corporation property. Public Safety -
New York Racing Association Peace Officers New York Racing Association responsible for enforcing NYS laws as well as NYRA rules and regulations both on and around NYRA facilities per NYS law special police officers -
Parkchester Department of Public Safety (PDPS) Parkchester, Bronx Public safety of residents and visitors, and commercial buildings in Parkchester Public Safety Approx. 65
Roosevelt Island Public Safety Department (RIPSD) Roosevelt Island Operating Corporation Public safety duties at Roosevelt Island, and the Manhattan and Roosevelt Islands stations of the Roosevelt Island Tramway Public Safety 40
Sea Gate Police Department (SGPD) Seagate Home Association SGPD protect property, citizens and enforce state and city laws inside the community of Sea Gate, Brooklyn public safety officers Approx. 10
Peter Cooper Village Stuyvesant Town Public Safety (PCVST) Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village PCVST PSD protect property, citizens and enforce state and city laws inside the community public safety officers n/a
Starrett City Department of Public Safety Starrett City Public Safety of residents and property of Spring Creek Towers. public safety officers - 10
Prosecuting attorneys
In New York State, each county has an elected district attorney who is responsible for the prosecution of violations of New York state laws. Federal law in the city of New York is prosecuted by the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York or the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York.

Office Office holder Jurisdiction Duties
Bronx County District Attorney's Office Darcel Clark The Bronx Prosecution of violations of New York state laws
Kings County District Attorney's Office Eric Gonzalez Brooklyn Prosecution of violations of New York state laws
New York County District Attorney's Office Cyrus Vance Jr. Manhattan Prosecution of violations of New York state laws
Queens County District Attorney's Office John M. Ryan Queens, New York Prosecution of violations of New York state laws
Richmond County District Attorney's Office Michael McMahon Staten Island Prosecution of violations of New York state laws
Special Narcotics Prosecutor for the City of New York Bridget G. Brennan New York, Bronx, Kings, Queens, Richmond Prosecution of violations of New York state narcotics laws
U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York Geoffrey Berman New York, Bronx, Westchester, Putnam, Rockland, Orange, Dutchess, Sullivan Prosecution of violations of U.S. federal laws
U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York Richard P. Donoghue Kings, Queens, Richmond, Nassau, Suffolk Prosecution of violations of U.S. federal laws
Disbanded agencies
ASPCA Humane Law Enforcement Division
New York City Park Police
New York Cross Harbor Railroad Police
New York City Telegraph Bureau
Defunct Agencies from the Bronx
Bronx County Safety Patrol
Kingsbridge Town Police Department
Town of Morrisania Police Department
West Farms Town Police Department
Defunct Agencies from Brooklyn
Brooklyn Police Department
Brooklyn Bridge Police
Brooklyn Town Police Department
Bushwick Town Police Department
Flatbush Town Police Department
Flatlands Town Police Department
New Utrecht Town Police Department
Defunct Agencies from Queens
Flushing Town Police Department
Long Island City Police Department
Jamaica Town Police Department
Merged into the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police
Long Island Rail Road Police Department
Metro-North Railroad Police Department
Staten Island Rapid Transit Authority Police Department
Merged into the New York City Police Department:
New York City Housing Authority Police Department
New York City Board of Education Division of School Safety (See New York City Police Department School Safety Division)
New York City Transit Authority Police Department
Merged into the New York City Sheriff's Office
Bronx County Sheriff’s Office
Kings County Sheriff's Office
New York County Sheriff’s Office
Queens County Sheriff’s Office
Richmond County Sheriff’s Office
Succeeded by the New York City Department of Environmental Protection Police
New York City Bureau of Water Supply Police
See also
flag New York City portal
Crime in New York City
List of law enforcement agencies in New York
Mary Shanley, 4th female detective
New York City Police Department Auxiliary Police
References
www.usmarshals.gov/district/ny-e/index.html
"Investigations Division - New York State Attorney General". ag.ny.gov.
www.tapatalk.com/groups/theerant/new-york-city-business-integrity-commission-t40638.html
McKinley, Jesse. "F.Y.I.", The New York Times, November 27, 1994. Accessed January 21, 2008. "Established in 1626, the Sheriff's office in Manhattan and its equivalents in the other boroughs served as a major part of the patchwork of law-enforcement agencies that existed before the city's consolidation in 1898. After that, the new New York City Police Department took over the responsibility for criminal investigations and arrests. As recently as 1942, the Sheriff was also responsible for manning and administering the city's jails, a duty now carried by the Department of Correction. Today, the sheriff's primary duties are enforcing court-ordered judgments and fines, including unpaid parking tickets and littering fines, and collecting judgments from reluctant losers in private lawsuits, said John George, the Sheriff's executive assistant. "
"NYC Marshals Handbook". Website of the City of New York Department of Investigation. City of New York. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2014.
www.timessquarenyc.org/about-the-alliance/public-safety-sanitation/public-safety-department
www.flatirondistrict.nyc/bid-programs/public-safety
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New York City articles
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Law enforcement in New York City
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New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision
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New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision
NY - State Correctional Services.png
NYSDOCS Seal.png
Flag of the State of New York
Flag of the State of New York
Abbreviation NYSDOCCS
Agency overview
Preceding agencies
New York State Board of Prisons
New York State Division of Parole (absorbed 2011)
Employees 31,300
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction New York, United States
General nature
Civilian police
Operational structure
Headquarters Albany, New York
Sworn members 23,000
Agency executive
Anthony J. Annucci, Acting Commissioner
Facilities
Prisons 52
Website
Official website
Former name:
New York State Department of Correctional Services
(1971–2011)
The New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (NYSDOCCS) is the department of the New York State government[1] responsible for the care, confinement, and rehabilitation of inmates.

It is responsible for the care, confinement, and rehabilitation of approximately 54,700 inmates at 54 correctional facilities funded by the State of New York,[2] and currently supervises 36,500 parolees at seven regional offices.[3] The department employs a staff of approximately 31,300 individuals, including approximately 23,000 uniformed correction officers, and is currently the 12th largest state prison system in the United States.[4] Its regulations are compiled in title 7 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations.

In response to falling crime rates and prison populations in New York State, the Department has closed a number of facilities between 2009 and 2014.[5] On April 1, 2011, the New York State Division of Parole merged with the New York State Department of Correctional Services to form the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision.[6][7]


Contents
1 Mission
2 History
3 Training of correction officers
4 Power and authority of correction officers
5 Rank Structure
6 Parole Officers
7 Commissioners
8 Facilities
9 Characteristics of New York State prisons
10 Unionization
11 Death row
12 Fallen officers
13 See also
14 References
15 External links
Mission
The mission of NYSDOCCS is to provide for public protection by administering a network of correctional facilities that:

Retain inmates in safe custody until released by law;
Offer inmates an opportunity to improve their employment potential and their ability to function in a non-criminal fashion;
Offer staff a variety of opportunities for career enrichment and advancement; and,
Offer stable and humane "community" environments in which all participants, staff and inmates, can perform their required tasks with a sense of satisfaction.
History
The New York State prison system had its beginnings in 1797 with a single prison called Newgate located in New York City. A second state prison opened 20 years later in Auburn in 1817, and in 1825 a group of Auburn prisoners made the voyage across the Erie Canal and down the Hudson River to begin building Sing Sing.

Historians have not described the prison system of New York State in the 19th century in a favorable light - with employment positions being awarded based on the spoils system, employees being characterized as largely corrupt, and the use of prisoners to gain favorable manufacturing contracts.[8]

The state commissioned architect Alfred Hopkins to design three major institutions built between 1933 and 1935: Wallkill Correctional Facility, Woodbourne Correctional Facility and Coxsackie Correctional Facility. All three were designed on progressive principles, reflected a concern for aesthetics and a sense of place, and had no surrounding walls or fences.[9] That has changed.

Between its founding and the year 1973, New York had operated only 18 prisons. After the new focus on prison administration brought by the Attica Prison riot in September 1971, and a new influx of prisoners created by the new stricter Rockefeller Drug Laws starting in 1973, the corrections system was forced to expand dramatically.[10] Corrections acquired a number of older state-owned properties from other agencies during the 1970s, some with expansive acreage and Edwardian structures, such as the Adirondack Correctional Facility in 1971 (originally the Ray Brook Sanatorium, founded in 1904) the Otisville Correctional Facility in 1976 (on the grounds of a former tuberculosis sanitarium founded in 1906), and the Mount McGregor Correctional Facility in 1976 (with a varied history since its opening in 1913, operated from 1969 through 1976 as the Wilton State School by the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene).

The growth continued in another way through the 1980s. A huge prison construction initiative took the form of "cookie-cutter" facilities, fifteen different medium-security installations such as Washington Correctional Facility in 1985, built with the same blueprints,[11] the same dorms and messhalls, as Franklin, Mohawk, Bare Hill, etc. Many of the 15 opened in 1988. Two of these, Riverview and Cape Vincent, were initially funded and owned by New York City to shuttle city prisoners by air, as a way to address the city's jail overpopulation crisis.[12]

From its peak in 1999, at 72,649, the total state prison population had dropped to 52,237 by August 1, 2016, a decrease of 28 percent.[13] Rapidly decreasing numbers of inmates has meant many prisons closed, with the loss of jobs in mostly rural communities, and pressure to consolidate further.[14]

As of 2016, New York did not contract with private prisons, according to state law.[15]

Training of correction officers
Newly appointed Correction Officer Trainees will be required to participate in, and satisfactorily complete, all requirements of a 12-month training program before they can advance to Correction Officer. As part of the program, recruits will attend the Correctional Services Training Academy for a minimum of eight weeks of formal training. Paid training at the Academy will include academic courses in such areas as emergency response procedures, interpersonal communications, firearms, unarmed defensive tactics, legal rights and responsibilities, security procedures, and concepts and issues in corrections. Recruits will also receive rigorous physical training to develop fitness, strength and stamina. To physically qualify, it is necessary to perform seven sequential job related tasks in two minutes and fifteen seconds or less. Failure in any of the tasks will result in the recruit failing to meet the agency qualification standards and, accordingly, being dismissed from the Academy. The test is administered during the first and seventh week of the training program at the Academy. A thorough explanation and demonstration of the course, and an opportunity for a trial run, will precede the final test.[16]

Power and authority of correction officers
New York State correction officers have peace officer status statewide under Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10; this authorizes them:

The power to make warrantless arrests pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 140.25[17]
The power to use physical force and deadly physical force in making an arrest or preventing an escape pursuant to Penal Law § 35.30[18]
The power to carry out warrantless searches whenever such searches are constitutionally permissible and acting pursuant to their duties, in accordance with Criminal Procedure Law § 2.20[19]
The power to possess and take custody of firearms not owned by the peace officer, for the purpose of disposing, guarding, or any other lawful purpose, consistent with his or her duties as a peace officer, pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 2.20[19]
The power to issue certain summonses and appearance tickets when acting pursuant to their duties, in accordance with Criminal Procedure Law § 2.20[19]
New York State correction officers are also authorized to carry firearms.

Rank Structure
From highest to lowest title, the command structure for correction officers and their civilian administrators is as follows:

Title Insignia
Commissioner
3 Gold Stars.svg
Deputy Commissioner
2 Gold Stars.svg
Superintendent
1 Gold Star.svg
Deputy Superintendent for Security (Major)
Colonel Gold-vector.svg
Captain
Captain insignia gold.svg
Lieutenant
US-O1 insignia.svg
Sergeant
NYPD Sergeant Stripes.svg
Correction Officer
Correction Officer - Trainee
Parole Officers
Parole Officers are law enforcement officers within the department who aid, assist and supervise offenders released from correctional facilities to serve a period of post-release supervision. Parole Officers are responsible for providing public safety and community protection, while working with community-based organizations to deliver needed services and supervision to releasees. Parole Officers perform both social work and law enforcement functions, and work to develop a supervision plan for each releasee; they also assess and evaluate the adequacy of each releasee's community adjustment and intervene when the releasee's behavior threatens that adjustment. The parole officer, in consultation with his or her supervisor, determines when and under what circumstances delinquency action is warranted. The parole officer works to ensure that individuals released from prison by order of the Board of Parole and by statute live and remain at liberty in the community without violating the law. When a parolee or conditional releasee violates their conditions of release, the parole officer may take the subject into custody with or without a warrant, and will typically return them to the nearest correctional facility. Parole Officers are usually assigned to area field offices, which are located in many of the major cities throughout New York State. Parole Officers have peace officer status statewide pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10.

Commissioners
Anthony J. Annucci, 2013 to present.[20]
Brian Fischer, 2007 to 2013.
Glenn S. Goord, 1996 to 2006.
Philip Coombe Jr., 1994 to 1996.
John A. Lyons, 1939, reappointed 1944[21]
Raymond Francis Charles Kieb, appointed 1927
Facilities
See main List of New York state prisons
[22]

Characteristics of New York State prisons
In part as a response to the Attica Prison riot of 1971, a number of measures were taken to avoid future confrontations and reduce tensions. All New York State correctional facilities have monthly meetings between elected prisoner representatives and the prison administration, at which prisoners may present their concerns. A grievance process was instituted, by which prisoners may grieve any employee whom they feel is acting in violation of regulations. Packages may be received year-round.

At some medium-security prisons, facilities for conjugal visits are available for carefully selected inmates, including same-sex married couples. New York State is one of only four states with conjugal visits in 2014.

New York State does not have any privately run prisons, and it runs its own health service to treat prisoners.

New York State has also been the national leader in reducing prison population and closing prisons. The reduction is both due to lower crime rates and to diversion of offenders into alternative programs.

Unionization
In labor negotiations, the officers are represented by the New York State Correctional Officers and Peace officer's Benevolent Association (NYSCOPBA).[23]

Death row
Main article: Capital punishment in New York (state)
Prior to the 2008 repeal of the death penalty, the male death row was at the Clinton Correctional Facility and the female death row was at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility.[24] The execution chamber was located at the Green Haven Correctional Facility.[25]

Capital punishment was reinstated in New York in 1995 when Governor George Pataki signed a new statute into law, which provided for execution by lethal injection. On June 24, 2004, in the case People v. LaValle, the New York Court of Appeals struck down the statute as unconstitutional under the New York Constitution (at the time, only two individuals were under a sentence of death). Although seven individuals were sentenced to death, no one was executed, and the Court of Appeals later commuted the sentence of the final individual under a sentence of death in New York on October 23, 2007, in the case People v. John Taylor. In July 2008, Governor David Paterson issued an executive order requiring the disestablishment of death row and the closure of the state's execution chamber at Green Haven Correctional Facility.[26]

Previously inmates were executed at the Sing Sing Correctional Facility.[27]

Fallen officers
32 New York state corrections officers have died in the line of duty.[28]

See also
List of New York state prisons
List of United States state correction agencies
List of law enforcement agencies in New York
ParoleWatch
References
Correction Law § 5(1). "There shall be in the state government a department of corrections and community supervision. The head of the department shall be the commissioner of corrections and community supervision[...]"
"Fewer prisoners less crime" (PDF). sentencingproject.org. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
"NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision".
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
"NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". www.doccs.ny.gov.
"NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". www.doccs.ny.gov.
"Data" (PDF).
Timothy J. Gilfoyle (2006). A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York. W. W. Norton Company. ISBN 978-0393329896.
Joseph F., Spillane (9 May 2014). Coxsackie: The Life and Death of Prison Reform. JHU Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781421413228. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Pfeiffer, Mary Beth (2 October 2011). "Analysis: NY Prison Population's Dramatic Drop". nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
"Washington Correctional Facility" (Prison Monitoring Report). Correctional Association of New York. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Fine, Thomas (4 January 1992). "NYC Offers to Resell Prisons". Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
"DOCCS FACT SHEET 8/1/2016" (PDF). NYS DOCCS. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
Spector, Joseph (9 May 2011). "Study Shows NY Corrections Running 88% Capacity". corrections.com. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
"Corrections statue section 121". New York State Senate. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
"NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision".
"Arrest without a warrant; by peace officer". NY State Senate. December 21, 2019.
"Justification; use of physical force in making an arrest or in preventing an escape". NY State Senate. December 14, 2019.
"Powers of peace officers". NY State Senate. December 21, 2019.
"NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision".
New York Legislative Manual (118 ed.). Albany: The Secretary of State of New York. 1944. p. 630.
doccs.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2019/12/facility-map-2019.pdf
Schwirtz, Michael; Winerip, Michael; Gebeloff, Robert (3 December 2016). "The Scourge of Racial Bias in New York State's Prisons". New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
"Repeal of Death Sentence Regulations (Section 103.45 of 7 NYCRR)" (Archive). New York State Department of Correctional Services. Retrieved on September 2, 2010. "Repeal regulations requiring death sentence warrants to be provided to the Commissioner and persons sentenced to death to be delivered to Clinton and Bedford Hills Correctional Facilities (death row)[...]"
"Inmate 99-B-0067" (Archive). New York State Department of Correctional Services. Saturday January 16, 1999. Retrieved on September 2, 2010."Monroe County Sheriff's Department officers transported Mateo at 4:45 a.m. today to the maximum-security Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora in Clinton County, location of the Unit for Condemned Prisoners (UCP) who are male[...]The UCP at Clinton has been physically operable for use since August 31, 1995, the day before the death penalty law took effect, as has a similar three-cell UCP for females at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Westchester County plus the single-cell death house at Green Haven Correctional Facility in Stormville in Dutchess County. Neither of the two latter units will be staffed until there are inmates on them."
Scott, Brendan. "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL" (Archive). New York Daily News. July 24, 2008. Retrieved on September 2, 2010. "The Department of Correctional Services has quietly struck from the books a 40-year-old rule that designated the upstate Green Haven Correctional Facility the state's "Capital Punishment Unit."[...] Although seven defendants were sentenced to death after then-Gov. George Pataki, a Republican, signed the law, the death house has never hosted an execution.[...]"
"Department Receives First Death Penalty Inmate." New York State Department of Correctional Services. July 22, 1998. Retrieved on September 2, 2010.
"New York State Department of Correctional Services, NY". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP).
External links
New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision
Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations
Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in Open NY <https://data.ny.gov/>
New York State Department of Correctional Services (Archive)
New York State Jail Facilities by County
Corrections History Website
Inside the Walls- Corrections Documentary (NYS Correction officer video)
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New York (state) New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision prisons
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Incarceration of adults in the United States
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New York state government departments
Flag of New York.svgNew York (state) portalJohnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svgLaw portal
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
LCCN: no2011158753VIAF: 187389684WorldCat Identities: lccn-no2011158753
Categories: New York (state) government departmentsPrisons in New York (state)State corrections departments of the United StatesState law enforcement agencies of New York (state)Penal system in New York (state)
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Auxiliary police
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A Certis CISCO auxiliary police officer stands guard beside an armoured truck while his colleagues deliver high-valued goods to and from commercial clients at Change Alley, Singapore.
Auxiliary police, also called special police, are usually the part-time reserves of a regular police force. They may be armed or unarmed. They may be unpaid volunteers or paid members of the police service with which they are affiliated. In most jurisdictions, auxiliary police officers are empowered to make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence.


Contents
1 Australia
2 Canada
3 Estonia
4 Germany
4.1 Baden-Württemberg
4.2 Bavaria
4.3 Hessen
4.4 Saxony
5 Hong Kong
6 Hungary
7 India
8 Indonesia
9 Ireland
10 Israel
11 Malaysia
12 Mexico
13 Netherlands
14 Norway
15 Russia
16 Singapore
17 South Korea
18 Sri Lanka
19 Sweden
20 United Kingdom
21 United States
22 Historical auxiliary police units
22.1 Germany
22.1.1 Federal Republic of Germany
22.1.2 East Germany
22.1.3 Nazi Germany
22.2 Poland
22.3 Spain
22.4 United Kingdom
23 See also
24 References
25 External links
25.1 Canada
25.2 Hong Kong
25.3 Hungary
25.4 United States
25.5 Sweden
Australia
The Australian Federal Police can appoint Special Members who do not have full police powers. Special Members are generally recruited locally to perform regulatory and administrative duties, but also perform some community policing duties in location such as Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Jervis Bay Territory.

The Western Australia Police has had auxiliary officers since 2009. The role of Police Auxiliary Officers was inserted into the Police Act 1892 by the Police Amendment Act 2009. They generally perform administrative and other duties which do not require full police powers.

The Northern Territory Police has auxiliary officers who can perform administrative duties and communications, plus duties which may require some expertise but do not require police powers such as search and rescue.

The Victoria Police recruited 3,100 auxiliary police to the Victoria Police Auxiliary Force during World War II to assist regular police in the event of emergencies. The Auxiliary Force was disbanded in 1946. A number of retired police were temporarily formed into a Police Reserve to assist with traffic control during the 1956 Summer Olympics. A permanent Retired Police Reserve was established under the Police Regulation Act 1958, although today is very small in number.

The New South Wales Police Force formed a Police Reserve of around 500 special constables during World War I. The Police Reserve was formed again during World War II.

Canada
Main article: Auxiliary Constable
In Canada, many police forces utilize the services of auxiliary constables. Under various provincial policing legislations and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, the role of auxiliary constable is to assist regular, or sworn, police constables in the execution of their duties, as well as to provide assistance in community policing.

Auxiliary constables in Canada wear uniforms similar to regular force constables. However, most wear the word "auxiliary" on a rocker panel under the force's crest on each arm, and in some cases, wear a red and black checkered head band on their service caps to distinguish them from full-time police. Also, auxiliary constables are usually unarmed, but are trained in firearms. They may, depending on legislation and policies, carry a baton and handcuffs while on duty.

Auxiliary officers are often called upon to assist in such things as large-scale searches for missing persons, to provide crowd control at large-scale events, and often accompany regular force police officers on daily patrols.

Estonia
The Assistant Police Officer was created in Estonia by the Assistant Police Officer Act, which was adopted by the parliament on April 20, 1994. It provided the rights, duties and activities of the Assistant Police Officer. Assistant police officer is defined by Estonian law as a person who is not a member of the police but who voluntarily participates in police activities in the cases allowed by local laws. At the time of taking part in police activities, the assistant police officer is a government representative.

Initially, each police officer was guided individually by a police officer to whom he was assigned (usually the region constable). Nowadays they are guided by assistant policemen formations managers, who are appointed by the chief of police.

Germany
Main article: Freiwilliger Polizeidienst
In the Federal Republic of Germany, auxiliary police forces (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst or Sicherheitswacht) do solely exist in a few States: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and Saxony. The auxiliary police (Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve (FPR)) of Berlin was dissolved in 2002. Their jurisdiction varies between states.

Baden-Württemberg
Founded in May 1963, the Baden-Württemberg auxiliary police (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst Baden-Württemberg) today consists of 1,201 members.

The officers are required to complete two weeks of training after which they are usually deployed on service with a regular police officer. In the eyes of law, they are fully authorized police officers, wear normal police uniforms with a certain patch and complete police gear, including pepper spray, handcuffs and Walther P5 pistol.

Though, the coalition contract of 2011-2016 between the governing political parties Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and the SPD seeks the abolishment of the auxiliary police and the financial supply as well as the recruitment of new auxiliary officers was suspended.

Bavaria
The Bavarian auxiliary police (Bayerische Sicherheitswacht) was officially founded on 31 December 1996.

Officers have limited legal powers: apart from a citizen's arrest, briefly detain and question a person and check their identification and can ask a dangerous person to leave the area (Platzverweis under Article 16, PAG).

Equipped with a radio and pepper spray, they usually patrol on foot or by bicycle and do not wear a full uniform, but either plain clothes with a brassard or a marked shirt.

Hessen
The auxiliary police in Hessen (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst Hessen) was introduced in October 2000 and employs around 750 members of which approximately 30% are women.

The officers are given 50 hours. Their patrol is limited to beats on foot and serves traffic control, assistance to major events and prevention of crime through mere police presence.

Although they wear ordinary police uniform (except wearing baseball caps instead of peaked caps) with "freiwilliger Polizeidienst" patches, their equipment is generally limited to pepper spray and a mobile phone.

Apart from this, they have limited powers as they may only ask a person to wait with them, briefly interrogate them, ask them to reveal their identity or to leave the area if they appear to be dangerous (Platzverweis under §31 HSOG).

Saxony
The auxiliary police of Saxony (Sächsische Sicherheitswacht) was formed on 1 April 1998. A third of the 800 active members are women.

After being trained for 60 hours, they usually patrol on foot in blue or green jackets or shirts, showing presence on public transport, openly accessible buildings such as shopping malls and other public areas.

They are equipped with radio and pepper spray and are authorised to conduct a stop (§ 21, Abs. 1 Sächsisches Polizeigesetz) of a similar nature to officers in Bavaria or Hesse.

Hong Kong
Main article: Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force
The Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (HKAPF, traditional Chinese: 香港輔助警察隊), established in 1914, provides additional manpower to the Hong Kong Police Force ('HKPF') during emergencies and other incidents. From 1969 to 1997, the HKAPF was known as the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (RHKAPF).[1]

Auxiliary police officers are paid hourly wages and have similar duties to full-time members of the HKPF. Most are armed and, like members of the HKPF, are equipped with full gear and weapons including pepper spray, expandable batons and Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolvers as sidearms, with spare ammunition, while some are armed with Remington 870 shotguns. The HKAPF reports to the Commissioner of Police.

Hungary

Matrix-Police system

Matrix Police logo
The Hungarian term for auxiliary is called "Polgárőrség" which can be translated as "Civil Guard". The formal English name of this organisation is "Nationwide Civil Self-Defense Organizations" and the short Hungarian name is OPSZ. This entirely civilian organization includes uniformed and unarmed operatives who take part in police work in various fields such as:

neighbourhood watch
regular patrol with marked cars
performing citizen's arrests by keeping criminals on the scene of the crime until the arrival of formal police, but only in the case of in flagrante delicto.
assisting police officers on duty
youth crime prevention units
automatic number plate recognition unit called Matrix Police.
The Hungarian Auxiliary Police was established in 1989 and brought under the provisions of Act 52 of the Hungarian Parliament in 2006. It is composed of civic-minded residents of the community who work together to improve the level of safety and security in their community. The presence of the Auxiliary Police, in uniform, on patrol in marked police units has been proven to reduce vandalism and other crimes in the community. The force is currently made up of 80,000 volunteer members.

In the capital city of Hungary there is a "Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Budapest (and suburbia)"; the short Hungarian name is BPSZ. Members are assigned to 62 local community units and patrol in marked vehicles helping to make their community a safer place to live. They help prevent criminal activity by being the "eyes and ears" of the Police Department. The BPSZ is a member of the OPSZ.

Hungarian Auxiliary Police members do not possess more authority or rights than any other citizen. However effective 1 September 2009, act 84 of the year 2009 allows members to carry police issue pepper spray, as well as to direct traffic at traffic collision sites and pedestrian crossings in front of kindergartens and primary schools.

India

Indian Home Guard Triservices Crest
The Home Guards Organization was reorganised in India in 1962 and The Indian Home Guard is an Indian paramilitary force which is tasked as an auxiliary to the Indian Police. Members of the Indian Home Guard are equipped with and trained to use older weapons such as the Lee–Enfield SMLE rifle in .303 caliber, Sten sub-machine gun and Bren light machine-guns.

The duties to be performed by Home Guards are:

To serve as auxiliary to the police and generally help in maintaining internal security.
To help the community in any kind of emergency - such as on air-raid precautions or on any natural disaster.
To function as an Emergency Force intended for special tasks directly or indirectly connected with the defence of the country.
To maintain functional units to provide essential services such as motor transport, engineering groups, fire brigade, nursing and first aid, operation of power supply, water installations and communication systems etc.
The Border Wing of 18 battalions assists the Border Security Force.
Marine Units function as an Indian Coast Guard auxiliary.
The Fire Wing assists the Indian Fire service.
Indonesia
"Citra Bhayangkara" or "PokdarKamtibmas" (Kelompok Sadar Keamanan dan Ketertiban Masyarakat) - Security and Community Safety Awareness group or FKPM (Forum Kemitraan Polisi dan Masyarakat) Police and Community Partnership Forum.

Established in 1992 by the Indonesia National Police Chief, the Indonesian Auxiliary Police, commonly known as POKDAR (PokdarKamtibmas), are both Uniformed and Non-uniformed.

The uniform was similar to the real Indonesian National Police (POLRI - Polisi Republik Indonesia), except the Police Badge on the left chest are absence. The uniform was later changed to a simple black "sleeve-less" jacket, with yellow "POKDARKAMTIBMAS" written on the back.

The auxiliary policemen are un-armed and equipped with police radios and handcuffs and are issued an ID similar to the ones used by the National Police.

Duties:

Assist the National Police with neighborhood watch.
Intel gathering.
Assist Police Raid on anything from routine police road blocks/check-points to apprehending high risk criminals.
Minimal undercover work.
Help the Emergency Response Unit to maintain security and safety of the community in the event of Fire, Accidents or any other disaster.
Ireland
Main article: Garda Síochána Reserve
The Garda Síochána are aided by an auxiliary force called the Garda Síochána Reserve, often simply called Garda Reserve. The position was created in 2006, with a planned 4,000 persons to join the Reserve according to An Garda Síochana Act 2005. The force are mainly involved in legislation relating to traffic, public order, theft and burglary.

They have limited powers, authorised by the Garda Commissioner. Garda Reserve members cannot drive a Garda patrol car, must be accompanied by a full member of the force while on patrol, and aren't allowed to carry firearms. Reserve members carry out duties such as event policing, attend court proceedings, assist at road check-points and road collisions. Reserves members are given training in relation to law, human rights, Garda communication, self-defence and Garda discipline and procedures.

Israel
Auxiliary Israel.jpg
The Israeli term for auxiliary is Mishmar Ezrachi which can be translated as "Civil Guard". This organization includes uniformed and non-uniformed civilians who take part in police work in various fields such as: neighbourhood watch, regular patrol with marked cars, traffic city police, highway police, bomb squad assistants, youth crime prevention unit, police coast guard, sniper units, border patrol, and police diving unit. This Auxiliary force is vital to keep the regular missions of the Israeli Police running, because of the nature of life in Israel, where there are many anti-terrorist and bomb threat missions.

As of today, the Civil Guard is a division in the "Police and Community" branch of the Israel Police. The Civil Guard is managed and supported by the police which provide weapons, equipment, training and police officers who command local Civil Guard bases (each community has one or more Civil Guard bases).

Although the Civil Guard is operated by the police, its manpower consists mainly of civilian volunteers. Members are trained to provide the initial response to a security situation until the police arrive.

Most Civil Guard volunteers are armed with M1 Carbines and personal handguns (if the member has a civilian gun license). The Civil Guard is composed mainly of "classic" volunteers who do patrols (in car or on foot) once in a while. They go through basic training and have [sometimes limited] police powers while on duty. They may apprehend a suspected person or even make an arrest if necessary.

Equipment of the Civil Guard generally consists of a fluorescent yellow police vest, flashlight, radio, firearms, handcuffs and whatever else may be required particular to the assignment. Equipment is returned at the end of the shift. Most volunteers manage about one shift a week (2 to 4+ hours), while the minimum requirement is 12 hours a month.

There are also Matmid (מתמי"ד) volunteers which operate far more intensively than "Classic"s in regular police work. Yatam (ית"מ) volunteers mainly operate in traffic control. Both Matmid and Yatam are more like volunteer police officers. They have almost all the authorities of a regular police officer. They receive advanced training and wear regular police uniforms.

The Civil Guard also has special units (such as snipers (dismantled), dune buggy riders(dismantled), bicycle-riders, search-and-rescue teams, cavalry (dismantled), divers, translators, and drivers), but their members have to go through additional training and have a higher level of commitment (they have to volunteer for more hours a month).

Recently, due to main power issues in the police, the "Classics" are now sent to courses in order to be uniformed and assist the police. The Auxiliary Police and the regular police are assuming almost the same functions when they are patrolling together.

The main difference of the Israeli Auxiliary Police forces to their counterpart worldwide is that:

Off duty they don't have any power. It is absolutely forbidden to them to help the law enforcement when off duty. Off duty they can't prevent a crime in progress nor show their identities in order to prevent it.
Lately they received new ID’s showing that they are Auxiliary Police and not Police. The discrimination gap from the police is more visible.
When they are injured they are considered as civilian by the government. And they are considered as officers by the insurance companies. Insurance companies are avoiding them.
The authorities are almost blind and just sending the injured Auxiliary Police to the National Insurance who is considering the case as a normal daily work accident. Every year from 70.000 Auxiliary Police 250 (known) are injured and not covered. Their normal police officer counterpart are receiving full coverage in case of injuries.
This engrossing gap is causing frustration in the community of Auxiliary Police which during a mission is assuming the same responsibilities of a police officer but not covered as their normal counterpart.

Malaysia
This section is about security police in Malaysia. For Malaysian volunteer police, see Police Volunteer Reserve Corp (Malaysia).

A Malaysia Airports auxiliary police officer examining a passenger to prevent dangerous goods from being brought onto an airplane Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Malaysia.

A Malaysia Airport auxiliary police officer examining a list of luggage being scanned at Kota Kinabalu International Airport.
In Malaysia, auxiliary police refers to sworn security police officers serving in autonomous government agencies and key government-linked companies/entities such as Northport (Malaysia) Bhd (Northport), Petroleum Nasional Berhad (Petronas), the Malaysian Federal Reserve Bank (Bank Negara), the National Anti-Drug Agency (Agensi Anti-Dadah Kebangsaan - AADK), the Federal Land Development Agency (FELDA) and the Inland Revenue Board (Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri); and other institutions with semi-governmental interests. Such institutions include the National Savings Bank (Bank Simpanan Nasional - BSN), Malayan Railways Limited (Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad - KTMB), Pos Malaysia Holdings Berhad (the national postal service), Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (the largest Malaysian airport operator), the North-South Highway Project (Projek Lebuhraya Utara Selatan - PLUS), Tenaga Nasional Berhad (the national power service), Sarawak Energy Berhad (Public Utilities) and other similar strategic organizations.

Most of these organizations have already been privatized, but are allowed to maintain an auxiliary police unit. Under special circumstances, auxiliary police units have also been established by private companies with no government interests at all such as the force maintained by Resorts World Berhad (RWB), the company that operates the popular resort and casino at Genting Highlands. At present, there are 153 government agencies, statutory bodies and private companies authorized to operate their own auxiliary police units, with a total strength of 40,610 personnel.[2]

They are not attached per se to the Royal Malaysian Police, but are granted some police powers such as the power to carry out minor investigations or to make arrests within their area of jurisdiction. However, they are totally autonomous in matters related to the security of their company's premises and facilities. Some forces are also conferred the authority to issue traffic summonses (that are paid to the Federal Government, not the issuing organization) for offences committed on their area of jurisdiction. While Malaysian auxiliary police officers are empowered to carry firearms, for this purpose they are subject to the same application and approval procedures as any other private company instead of being treated as part of the Royal Malaysian Police.

It was announced in May 2010 that auxiliary police units will be allowed to enforce federal laws outside of their designated company/agency premises or areas, but the extent of this authority is yet to be determined. In his speech to officiate the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)'s Auxiliary Police Firearms Range in Seremban, the Malaysian Deputy Home Minister, Abu Seman Yusop, said that auxiliary police officers "are also empowered to carry out their duties outside the workplace" in order to "help reduce crime".

Malaysian auxiliary police uniforms have been traditionally different from those of the regular police, but a consolidation exercise by the Management Department of the Royal Malaysian Police Federal Headquarters (Bukit Aman) in 2004 has since authorised the use of regular police dress, insignia and other paraphernalia for sworn auxiliary police officers. The only differences are the unit patches with company logo, e.g. Polis Bantuan Petronas (worn by auxiliary police officers only, sewn on the left sleeve), the shoulder title (which says "Polis Bantuan" or Auxiliary Police, instead of "Polis Diraja" or Royal Police) and the service number (worn by junior police officers of Sergeant Major rank and below, just above the right breast pocket; auxiliary police numbers begin with the letters 'PB' whereas regular officers numbers do not contain any letters.)

Under Malaysian law, auxiliary police officers are obliged to serve voluntarily and are therefore not paid by the Government. As such, they are designated full-time employees of the departments or corporations they serve and are remunerated on a different scale than regular police officers.

Under the Police Act of 1967 (Revised 1988) (Act 344), the Inspector-General of Police (IGP), with the consent of the Minister in charge of police affairs and the King, may appoint any person to hold honorary auxiliary police ranks to the level of Superintendent of Police and below, and to establish their areas of jurisdiction.

Mexico
Mexico City Auxiliary Police are security police who work for the SSP and provide protection to government buildings, airports, etc. They do not protect banks or other financial institutions as these are protected by the Banking Police (Bancarios). See Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City)#Complimentary Police.

Netherlands
Since 1948, the Dutch police forces have had different forms of voluntary police officers. In 1948, shortly after WWII, the Reserve Police was established. First, their job was to 'come into service' in case of an emergency. With World War II only a few years behind the country, this seemed a very logical choice. The Reserve Police, as it was called from 1948 until 1994, consisted of men (and later women) who worked as fully armed and equipped police officers. Similar to their full-time colleagues they were equipped with a pistol, short baton, and handcuffs.

After some time the reason for the presence of voluntary police officers had changed. No longer were these men and women called into service only for emergencies. More and more they became part of the regular teams of police officers and started doing all sorts of regular police tasks. As of 1994, along with the first great reform of the Dutch police, police volunteers were fully integrated into the 25 regional police forces. Between 1994 and 2010, new voluntary police officers were no longer equipped with a pistol. Those who started before 1994 were allowed to keep their pistol, as long as they kept up training. Since 2005, all voluntary police officers are equipped with pepper spray. As of today, voluntary police officers are again equipped with a pistol, after having acquired a full police diploma, successfully completed several years of field-experience as an unarmed officer, and completed an additional police safety training. In 2012 the initial training program for new voluntary police officers was changed, reducing the training from three years down to one year. Dutch voluntary police officers hold the same police powers and wear the same uniform as their professional counterparts.

Since around the year 2000, police forces in the Netherlands started experimenting with police volunteers who performed administrative, house keeping, and other tasks. Labour unions have always criticized this. As of today, no definitive form for this type of volunteerism has been found and it still is subject of negotiations.

Usually the age for Auxiliary Police are 16-18 once they pass the volunteer program they may apply to be a full-time Police Officer

Some of the Volunteer Duties include

Staff Duties
Human Resources
Police Search and Recovery units
Buurtbeveiliging (Meaning Neighbourhood Security)
Norway
In Norway, conscripts who have completed their initial period of military training, can be transferred to the auxiliary police Politireserven (PR) rather than joining the military reserves. The PR is managed by the Mobile Police, and is intended to reinforce the regular police in case of national emergencies or disasters. The PR only exists in the central eastern part of the country. After a ten-day introduction course, and with refresher courses every few years, the PR troops can be used for armed or unarmed guard duties, border and traffic checkpoints, and for public order duties.[3]

Russia
The Voluntary People's Druzhina was the auxiliary law enforcement of the Soviet Union and continues to be in today's modern Russia.

Singapore
In Singapore, auxiliary police are security police appointed under Section 92(1) or (2) of the Police Force Act 2004 and are vested with all the power, protection and immunity of a police officer of corresponding rank and are licensed to carry firearms when carrying out their duties.[4] Auxiliary police officers are full-time employees of companies known as auxiliary police forces (APF),[5] and are not directly affiliated to the Singapore Police Force (SPF). Auxiliary police officers are trained through attending a residential training course, the curriculum of which is set by the Security Industry Regulatory Department (now the Police Licensing and Regulatory Department), a department of the SPF established by in 2004 to regulate the security industry.[5]

After passing the training course and being appointed as auxiliary police, each auxiliary police officer is issued with a warrant card signed by the Commissioner of Police of the SPF with a National Skills Recognition Scheme certificate.[6][7]

The first APF originated from the Airport Security Force formed under the Department of Civil Aviation in 1956 to guard and patrol at the former Paya Lebar Airport. In July 1963, it was officially designated as an APF.

In 1965, Malayan Airways formed its own APF as well. In 1967, when Malayan Airways was renamed Malaysia Singapore Airlines (MSA), the Security Department was called MSA Police. When MSA was broken up into Singapore Airlines and Malaysian Airlines System in 1972, the Singapore component of the MSA Police became the SIA Auxiliary Police Force. In 1973, when Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS) was incorporated by SIA as a fully owned subsidiary, the SIA Auxiliary Police Force was renamed the SATS Auxiliary Police Force. In 1989, it was restructured as SATS Security Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of SATS Ltd.

In 1972, to meet the need of the commercial world in Singapore for armed guards, till then provided by the SPF's Guards and Escort Unit, the Parliament of Singapore passed an act to spin off the Guards and Escort Unit into a statutory board named the Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO).

There were also other auxiliary police forces in Singapore such as the Pulau Bukom Auxiliary Police, CIAS Auxiliary Police (since renamed the Aetos Auxiliary Police Force), and the PSA Auxiliary Police (since merged with Aetos). These auxiliary police forces were granted licences and powers under the Police Force Act to operate only in restricted geographical areas, such as in the ports, airports, or Pulau Bukom Island.

In October 2004, following the enactment of the Police Force Act 2004, these auxiliary police forces were no longer restricted to operate in the airport or seaports and could offer their services throughout the whole island of Singapore.[4][8]

There are currently five auxiliary police forces in Singapore:[9]

Aetos Auxiliary Police Force (part of Aetos Security Management)
Certis CISCO Auxiliary Police Force (part of Certis Group)
Installations Auxiliary Police Force
Pulau Bukom Auxiliary Police Force
SATS Auxiliary Police Force (part of SATS Security Services)
In 2017, some of the APFs are looking to recruit Taiwanese nationals due to problems in recruiting and retaining Singaporeans and Malaysians alike.[10] Some were deployed to work at land checkpoints alongside Singaporeans in 2018.[11]

According to reports from Radio Taiwan International, some Taiwanese nationals refuse to continue working due to the stress in their assigned job posts.[12]

South Korea
In South Korea, Auxiliary Police (AP) have a military-like structure, in that it consists of volunteers selected among eligible males (aged 18–35) who have not yet fulfilled the nation's obligatory military duty and the service in the Auxiliary Police is accepted as an equivalent of the military duty. The length of service for the auxiliary policemen is 21 months, which is identical to that of ROK Army enlistments. Also, within the Auxiliary Police rank, there exists four sub-ranks similar to the four enlisted ranks in the ROK Army: Private Constable (이경; Igyeong), Private Constable First Class (일경; Ilgyeong), Corporal Constable (상경; Sanggyeong), and Sergeant Constable (수경; Sugyeong).

When enlisted, volunteers first go through a four-week basic military training at Korea Army Training Center under administration of Ministry of National Defense. The recruits are then handed over to the Ministry of Public Administration and Security for later administration, and are given a three-week police training before being deployed to various police units (that are each no bigger than the size of a company) throughout the country. Depending on their assignment, the Auxiliary Policemen may assist the national police with a wide array of police works, such as riot policing, traffic control, crowd control, surveillance and patrol. Upon completion of their service, Auxiliary Policemen are discharged with a Sergeant rank in the ROK Army Reserve (except in cases of demotion).[13]

Sri Lanka
The Sri Lanka Reserve Police was an auxiliary police that supported the Sri Lanka Police until it was disbanded in 2006 with its personal transferred to the Sri Lanka Police.[14] However, as of 2008, a Community Police, also known as Civil Committees has been established around the country (mostly in urban areas) to increase public safety, following a series of bombings and attacks on buses and trains[15] by suspected Tamil Tigers.[16][17]

Sweden

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The Swedish Auxiliary Police, Beredskapspolisen, was created in 1986 with the purpose to aid the regular police, primarily as a pool of trained manpower in special situations such as larger disturbances of the peace, major black-outs and power failures and natural disasters. The Swedish police force was increased in size from around 2006 and the Swedish Auxiliary Police were disbanded on 1 October 2012 as being no longer needed. At the time of its disbandment it had 1,500 officers.[18]

The Auxiliary Police were organised with at least one section per län. Each section consisted of two or more troops and each troop consisted of three eight-man squads. All leadership positions were filled by experienced police officers from the regular police force who had undergone leadership training. The auxiliary police officers were recruited exclusively among people who had completed their military service but since 1 January 2008 military service was no longer a requirement.

The uniforms were similar to the regular police with the exception of the name Beredskapspolis instead of Polis. The auxiliary police did not initially carry pistols, but only used the Carl Gustav M/45 which was also used by the regular police in special situations. Later, this weapon was replaced by a police version of the Army's Ak 5 - the CGA5P. Later, the auxiliary police was, when needed, armed only with the standard Swedish police pistol the SIG Sauer.

United Kingdom
See also: Special Constabulary
The Special Constabulary is the part-time volunteer section of a statutory police force in the United Kingdom or some Crown dependencies. Its officers are known as special constables or informally as specials. Specials have opportunities to be promoted to supervisory ranks (such as sergeant and inspector), however they are limited to the office of constable and as such do not receive additional police powers if promoted to the rank of inspector. Special promotions are merely administrative and do not reflect the equivalent regular rank.

Special Constables are permitted to carry all equipment utilised by their full-time counterparts - including a baton, PAVA or CS spray and handcuffs. Special Constables, however, aren't permitted to train in the use of Tasers or take up firearms roles. They are, sometimes, allowed to join other specialist units such as Roads Policing Units.

The Police Service of Northern Ireland, the only routinely armed force in the UK, does not have a Special Constabulary. It does, however, have a Reserve programme. Reserve Constables are paid for their part-time work and are permitted to carry their personal protection weapon (PPW) on and off-duty, like their regular counterparts.

United States

Sayreville, New Jersey auxiliary police car

Nassau County, New York auxiliary police car
The U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that, as of 2013, there were more than 29,000 unpaid reserve (auxiliary) officers in the United States, and about 32% of local police departments had a reserve officer program.[19] Larger cities are generally more likely to have a reserve program than smaller cities; 62% of police departments that patrol areas with a population of over 1 million have a police reserve program, while only 26% of the smallest departments (serving areas with a population lower than 2,500) do.[19]

In late 2010, an opinion by Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan affirmed that state law requires auxiliary police in Illinois (numbering about 1,000 auxiliary police officers and sheriff's deputies statewide) to be state-certified officers.[20] After the opinion was issued, the Illinois Police Reserves (which for decades had provided auxiliary police services, such as crowd control, in a number of suburban Chicago municipalities) ended training of new volunteers and its relationship with the suburb governments because its volunteers were not state-certified. However, in 2014, the organization resumed recruiting and doing unsanctioned training, which caught the attention of authorities "investigating non-government, legally unrecognized reserve police organizations" viewed as potentially deceptive.[21] The Chicago-based watchdog group Better Government Association has criticized the practice of maintaining uncertified auxiliary police officers in Illinois and nationwide; writing, following a joint investigation in 2019 with WMAQ-TV (NBC5 Investigates): "Most of the time, this army of under-trained cops works without incident in low-risk tasks such as directing traffic or standing the rope line at parades. But the practice has also been plagued by nepotism, politics, and questionable policing."[22] The group pointed to a number of cases of misconduct by Illinois auxiliary officers over the previous decades, including some incidents that had led to towns settling legal claims brought against them due to auxiliary officers' misconduct.[22] In 2015, a volunteer reserve deputy in Oklahoma fatally shot Eric Harris, an unarmed black man; the reserve deputy was convicted of manslaughter.[22]

The New York City Police Department's Auxiliary Police consists of about 4,500 unarmed volunteer auxiliary officers who conduct foot patrols, traffic-control duty, and other activities.[23] In a 1991 decision, the New York Court of Appeals held that the "fellow-officer rule" (a rule allowing a police officer "to rely on a communication from another police officer and to act upon it in making an arrest") applied to auxiliary officers.[24]

Historical auxiliary police units
Germany
Federal Republic of Germany
Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve
East Germany
Freiwilliger Helfer der Grenztruppen
Freiwilliger Helfer der Volkspolizei
Nazi Germany
Hilfspolizei
Jewish Ghetto Police
Poland
Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej
Spain
Guardia Civil Auxiliar (operative between 1982 and 1993)
Somaten (under 1939 and 1976)
United Kingdom
Royal Ulster Constabulary Reserve,
Ulster Special Constabulary,
Black and Tans,
Auxiliary Division
See also
Aetos Security Management, Singapore
Certis Group, Singapore
Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Reserves, Los Angeles
Police Service of Northern Ireland Reserve
SATS Security Services, Singapore
State Police of Crawford and Erie Counties
New Mexico Mounted Patrol
References
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
www.tv3.com.my/beritatv3/berita_terkini/PDRM_Cadang_Polis_Bantuan_Dinaik_Taraf.html[permanent dead link]
"Politi.no - Politireserven". Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
"Staff Departments". Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
"Search Results Details".
"New police warrant cards to prevent imposters".
"News@Home". Archived from the original on 17 June 2007.
"Auxiliary Police Forces". Supplementary Legislation No. 992 of 12 May 1961.
"Long hours, thankless job: Singapore's security sector struggles to secure talent".
"Taiwanese auxiliary police officers to be deployed at land checkpoints: Shanmugam".
"這行飯不好吃 新加坡部分台籍輔警求去".
ap.police.go.kr/sub/intro/intro_01.jsp[permanent dead link]
"News.lk". Retrieved 3 December 2016.
"Railway bomb suspect was a quiet neighbour who kept odd hours". Retrieved 3 December 2016.
25 civil committees to be set up islandwide, by Jayampathy Jayasinghe, sundayobserver Archived 1 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Sri Lanka Security News | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers Archived 8 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
"Report: Auxiliary police to be abolished". Radio Sweden. 14 September 2011.
Brian A. Reaves, NCJ 248677: Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices, U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics (May 2015).
Matthew Walberg (22 April 2013). "Use of auxiliary officers at issue in Illinois". Chicago Tribune.
Chuck Goudie & Barb Markoff, Illinois Police Reserves: An 'appearance of authority', WLS-TV (March 16, 2020).
Jared Rutecki & Brett McNeil, Auxiliary Officers Pose Risks in Illinois Towns, Better Government Association/WMAQ-TV (April 17, 2019).
Michael Wilson, Playing Police Officers, With a Car as Part of the Costume, New York Times (March 13, 2015).
People v. Rosario, 78 N.Y.2d 583, 585 N.E.2d 766, 578 N.Y.S.2d 454 (1991).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Auxiliary police.
Canada
RCMP Auxiliary
Ontario Provincial Police Auxiliary
Toronto Police Auxiliary
Halton Regional Police Auxiliary Unit
Canadian Auxiliary/Reserve Constables Forum
Hong Kong
Website of Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force
Hungary
OPSZ - Nationwide Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Hungary
BPSZ - Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Budapest
Matrix Police Auxiliary Police Organization of Hungary
Polgárőrség Szentendre (Auxiliary Police of Szentendre) - Civil Self Defense Organization of Szentendre City, Hungary
Rádió P a polgárőr rádió-The voice of the Hungarian auxiliary police
United States
[https://www.schenectadycounty.com/content/schenectady-county-auxiliary-police
Eastchester
PoliceReserveOfficer.com
Baltimore County Auxiliary Police
Chesterfield County Virginia Auxiliary Police
Florida Highway Patrol Auxiliary
Hazel Park, Michigan Auxiliary Police
Nassau County Auxiliary Police
NYPD Auxiliary Police
Sayreville, NJ Auxiliary Police
Somerville, Mass Auxiliary Police Department
University of Maryland Police Auxiliary
Walnut Creek, California Police Reserves
Winthrop Auxiliary Police Department
Reserve Police Officers Association (RPOA)
New York State Association of Auxiliary Police
Sweden
Beredskapspolisföreningen (Swedish Auxiliary Police Association)
Official homepage of the Swedish Auxiliary Police
vte
Types of law enforcement agencies
Police
Airport policeAuxiliary policeCampus policeCantonal policeCapitol policeCathedral constableCompany policeConservation officerCounty policeFire policeHighway patrolMilitary policeMunicipal policePark policePolice tacticalPostal policePrivate policeRailroad policeRegional policeRegimental policeReligious policeRiot policeSecret policeSecurity policeSpecial policeState policeTransit policeWater police
Related
Anti-corruption agencyBorder guardCity guardCoast guardCriminal investigation agencyCustoms serviceGendarmeriePrison officerProtective security unitsSheriff
Categories: Auxiliary police unitsLaw enforcement units
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