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Greenwich Village From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City. For the village in upstate New York, see Greenwich (village), New York. For other localities with the name "Greenwich", see Greenwich (disambiguation). Greenwich Village Neighborhood of Manhattan Skyline of Greenwich Village Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Location in New York City Coordinates: 40.734°N 74.002°WCoordinates: 40.734°N 74.002°W Country United States State New York City New York City Borough Manhattan Named for Groenwijck (Green District) Area[1] • Total 0.75 km2 (0.289 sq mi) Population [1] • Total 22,785 • Density 30,000/km2 (79,000/sq mi) Demonym(s) Villager ZIP Codes 10003 (east), 10011 (north), 10012 (south), 10014 (west)[2] Area codes 212, 332, 646, and 917 Greenwich Village Historic District U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. Historic district NYC Landmark 453-461 Sixth Avenue.jpg 453–461 Sixth Avenue in the Historic District Greenwich Village is located in ManhattanGreenwich Village Show map of Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Location Boundaries: north: W 14th St; south: Houston St; west: Hudson River; east: Broadway Coordinates 40.73389°N 74.00111°W Architectural style various NRHP reference # 79001604[3] Significant dates Added to NRHP June 19, 1979 Designated NYCL initial district: April 29, 1969 extension: May 2, 2006 second extension: June 22, 2010 Greenwich Village (/'gr?n?t?/ GREN-itch, /'gr?n-/ GRIN-, /-?d?/ -?ij)[4] often referred to by locals as simply "the Village", is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. In the 20th century, Greenwich Village was known as an artists' haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement, and the East Coast birthplace of both the Beat and '60s counterculture movements. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village (meaning "Green District"), was Anglicized to Greenwich.[5] Two of New York's private colleges, New York University (NYU) and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village.[7][8]
Greenwich Village has undergone extensive gentrification and commercialization;[9] the four ZIP codes that constitute the Village – 10011, 10012, 10003, and 10014 – were all ranked among the ten most expensive in the United States by median housing price in 2014, according to Forbes,[10] with residential property sale prices in the West Village neighborhood typically exceeding US$2,100 per square foot ($23,000/m2) in 2017.[11]
Contents 1 Geography 1.1 Boundaries 1.2 Grid plan 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 Reputation as urban bohemia 2.3 Postwar 2.4 Preservation 2.4.1 Rezoned areas 2.4.2 NYU dispute 3 Demographics 4 Transportation 5 Points of interest 6 Education 7 Notable residents 8 In popular culture 8.1 Comics 8.2 Film 8.3 Games 8.4 Literature 8.5 Music 8.6 Television 8.7 Theater 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 External links Geography Boundaries
MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village The neighborhood is bordered by Broadway to the east, the North River (part of the Hudson River) to the west, Houston Street to the south, and 14th Street to the north,[citation needed] and roughly centered on Washington Square Park and New York University. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo and Hudson Square to the south, and Chelsea and Union Square to the north. The East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and has never been considered a part of Greenwich Village.[12] The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village; the dividing line of its eastern border is debated. Some[who?] believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. Others[who?] say the West Village starts one avenue further east at Sixth Avenue, where the east-west streets in the city's grid plan start to orient themselves on an angle to the traditionally perpendicular grid plan occupying most of Manhattan. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street.[citation needed] Greenwich Village is located in New York's 10th congressional district, New York's 25th State Senate district, New York's 66th State Assembly district, and New York City Council's 3rd district.
Into the early 20th century, Greenwich Village was distinguished from the upper-class neighborhood of Washington Square—based on the major landmark of Washington Square Park[13][14] or Empire Ward[15] in the 19th century.
Encyclopædia Britannica's 1956 article on "New York (City)" states (under the subheading "Greenwich Village") that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on this border.
Grid plan
The intersection of West 4th and West 12th Streets
Street signs at intersection of West 10th and West 4th Streets As Greenwich Village was once a rural, isolated hamlet to the north of the 17th century European settlement on Manhattan Island, its street layout is more organic than the planned grid pattern of the 19th century grid plan (based on the Commissioners' Plan of 1811). Greenwich Village was allowed to keep the 18th century street pattern of what is now called the West Village: areas that were already built up when the plan was implemented, west of what is now Greenwich Avenue and Sixth Avenue, resulted in a neighborhood whose streets are dramatically different, in layout, from the ordered structure of the newer parts of Manhattan.[16]
Many of the neighborhood's streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the historic character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid.[16] When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the existing street plan, and many older, smaller streets had to be demolished.[16]
Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered. While some of the formerly named streets (including Factory, Herring and Amity Streets) are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood.[16] For example, West 4th Street runs east-west across most of Manhattan, but runs north-south in Greenwich Village, causing it to intersect with West 10th, 11th, and 12th Streets before ending at West 13th Street.[16]
A large section of Greenwich Village, made up of more than 50 northern and western blocks in the area up to 14th Street, is part of a Historic District established by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The District's convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Luke's Place, and no farther east than Washington Square East or University Place.[17] Redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation.
Most of the buildings of Greenwich Village are mid-rise apartments, 19th century row houses, and the occasional one-family walk-up, a sharp contrast to the high-rise landscape in Midtown and Downtown Manhattan.
History Early years
Map of old Greenwich Village. A section of Bernard Ratzer's map of New York and its suburbs, made ca. 1766 for Henry Moore, Royal Governor of New York, when Greenwich was more than two miles (3 km) from the city. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, as Sapokanikan ("tobacco field"). The land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck ("North district", equivalent to Northwich/Northwick). In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres (0.81 km2) here at his "Farm in the Woods".[18] The English conquered the Dutch settlement of New Netherland in 1664, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet separate from the larger New York City to the south on land that would eventually become the Financial District. In 1644, the eleven Dutch African settlers were freed after the first black legal protest in America. All received parcels of land what is now Greenwich Village.[19]
The earliest known reference to the village's name as "Greenwich" dates back to 1696, in the will of Yellis Mandeville of Greenwich; however, the village was not mentioned in the city records until 1713.[20] Sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. His house, which survived until the Civil War era, overlooked the North River from a bluff; its site on the block bounded by Perry and Charles Streets, Bleecker and West 4th Streets,[21] can still be recognized by its mid-19th century rowhouses inserted into a neighborhood still retaining many houses of the 1830–37 boom.
From 1797[22] until 1829,[23] the bucolic village of Greenwich was the location of New York State's first penitentiary, Newgate Prison, on the Hudson River at what is now West 10th Street,[22] near the Christopher Street pier.[24] The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall.[25] Although the intention of its first warden, Quaker prison reformer Thomas Eddy, was to provide a rational and humanitarian place for retribution and rehabilitation, the prison soon became an overcrowded and pestilent place, subject to frequent riots by the prisoners which damaged the buildings and killed some inmates.[22] By 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day.[26] Since the prison was north of New York City, being sentenced to Newgate became known as being "sent up the river", an expression which carried over when it was replaced by the new Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York.[24]
The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, at 77 Bedford Street (built 1799, much altered and enlarged 1836, third story 1928).[27] When the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road (now Christopher Street) that led from Greenwich Lane (now Greenwich Avenue) down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a yellow fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village, and afterwards many stayed. The future site of Washington Square was a potter's field from 1797 to 1823 when up to 20,000 of New York's poor were buried here, and still remain. The handsome Greek revival rowhouses on the north side of Washington Square were built about 1832, establishing the fashion of Washington Square and lower Fifth Avenue for decades to come. Well into the 19th century, the district of Washington Square was considered separate from Greenwich Village.
Reputation as urban bohemia Further information: LGBTQ culture in New York City
Gay Street at the corner of Waverly Place Greenwich Village historically was known as an important landmark on the map of American bohemian culture in the early and mid-20th century. The neighborhood was known for its colorful, artistic residents and the alternative culture they propagated. Due in part to the progressive attitudes of many of its residents, the Village was a focal point of new movements and ideas, whether political, artistic, or cultural. This tradition as an enclave of avant-garde and alternative culture was established during the 19th century and continued into the 20th century, when small presses, art galleries, and experimental theater thrived.
The Tenth Street Studio Building was situated at 51 West 10th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, the building was commissioned by James Boorman Johnston[c] and designed by Richard Morris Hunt. Its innovative design soon represented a national architectural prototype, and featured a domed central gallery, from which interconnected rooms radiated. Hunt's studio within the building housed the first architectural school in the United States. Soon after its completion in 1857, the building helped to make Greenwich Village central to the arts in New York City, drawing artists from all over the country to work, exhibit, and sell their art. In its initial years Winslow Homer took a studio there,[29] as did Edward Lamson Henry, and many of the artists of the Hudson River School, including Frederic Church and Albert Bierstadt.[30]
Whitney Museum of American Art's original location, at 8–12 West 8th Street, between Fifth Avenue and MacDougal Street; currently home to the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. From the late 19th century until the present, the Hotel Albert has served as a cultural icon of Greenwich Village. Opened during the 1880s and originally located at 11th Street and University Place, called the Hotel St. Stephan and then after 1902, called the Hotel Albert while under the ownership of William Ryder, it served as a meeting place, restaurant and dwelling for several important artists and writers from the late 19th century well into the 20th century. After 1902, the owner's brother Albert Pinkham Ryder lived and painted there. Some other noted guests who lived there include: Augustus St. Gaudens, Robert Louis Stevenson, Mark Twain, Hart Crane, Walt Whitman, Anaïs Nin, Thomas Wolfe, Robert Lowell, Horton Foote, Salvador Dalí, Philip Guston, Jackson Pollock, and Andy Warhol.[31][32] During the golden age of bohemianism, Greenwich Village became famous for such eccentrics as Joe Gould (profiled at length by Joseph Mitchell) and Maxwell Bodenheim, dancer Isadora Duncan, writer William Faulkner, and playwright Eugene O'Neill. Political rebellion also made its home here, whether serious (John Reed) or frivolous (Marcel Duchamp and friends set off balloons from atop Washington Square Arch, proclaiming the founding of "The Independent Republic of Greenwich Village" on January 24, 1917).[33][34]
The Cherry Lane Theatre is located in Greenwich Village.
The annual Greenwich Village Halloween Parade is the world's largest Halloween parade. In 1924, the Cherry Lane Theatre was established. Located at 38 Commerce Street, it is New York City's oldest continuously running Off-Broadway theater. A landmark in Greenwich Village's cultural landscape, it was built as a farm silo in 1817, and also served as a tobacco warehouse and box factory before Edna St. Vincent Millay and other members of the Provincetown Players converted the structure into a theatre they christened the Cherry Lane Playhouse, which opened on March 24, 1924, with the play The Man Who Ate the Popomack. During the 1940s The Living Theatre, Theatre of the Absurd, and the Downtown Theater movement all took root there, and it developed a reputation as a showcase for aspiring playwrights and emerging voices.
In one of the many Manhattan properties that Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney and her husband owned, Gertrude Whitney established the Whitney Studio Club at 8 West 8th Street in 1914, as a facility where young artists could exhibit their works. By the 1930s it had evolved into her greatest legacy, the Whitney Museum of American Art, on the site of today's New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. The Whitney was founded in 1931, as an answer to the Museum of Modern Art, founded 1928, and its collection of mostly European modernism and its neglect of American Art. Gertrude Whitney decided to put the time and money into the museum after the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art turned down her offer to contribute her twenty-five-year collection of modern art works.[35] In 1936, the renowned Abstract Expressionist artist and teacher Hans Hofmann moved his art school from East 57th Street to 52 West 9th Street. In 1938, Hofmann moved again to a more permanent home at 52 West 8th Street. The school remained active until 1958, when Hofmann retired from teaching.[36]
On January 8, 1947, stevedore Andy Hintz was fatally shot by hitmen John M. Dunn, Andrew Sheridan and Danny Gentile in front of his apartment. Before he died on January 29, he told his wife that "Johnny Dunn shot me."[37] The three gunmen were immediately arrested. Sheridan and Dunn were executed.[38]
The Village hosted the nation's first racially integrated nightclub,[39] when Café Society was opened in 1938 at 1 Sheridan Square[40] by Barney Josephson. Café Society showcased African American talent and was intended to be an American version of the political cabarets that Josephson had seen in Europe before World War I. Notable performers there included: Pearl Bailey, Count Basie, Nat King Cole, John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Ella Fitzgerald, Coleman Hawkins, Billie Holiday, Lena Horne, Burl Ives, Lead Belly, Anita O'Day, Charlie Parker, Les Paul and Mary Ford, Paul Robeson, Kay Starr, Art Tatum, Sarah Vaughan, Dinah Washington, Josh White, Teddy Wilson, Lester Young, and the Weavers, who also in Christmas 1949, played at the Village Vanguard.
The annual Greenwich Village Halloween Parade, initiated in 1974 by Greenwich Village puppeteer and mask maker Ralph Lee, is the world's largest Halloween parade and America's only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million in-person spectators, and a worldwide television audience of over 100 million.[41]
Postwar A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags. The Stonewall Inn, a designated U.S. National Historic Landmark and National Monument, as the site of the June 1969 Stonewall riots and the cradle of the modern gay rights movement.[42][43][44] Greenwich Village again became important to the Bohemian scene during the 1950s, when the Beat Generation focused their energies there. Fleeing from what they saw as oppressive social conformity, a loose collection of writers, poets, artists, and students (later known as the Beats) and the Beatniks, moved to Greenwich Village, and to North Beach in San Francisco, in many ways creating the U.S. East Coast and West Coast predecessors, respectively, to the East Village-Haight Ashbury hippie scene of the next decade. The Village (and surrounding New York City) would later play central roles in the writings of, among others, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, James Baldwin, Truman Capote, Marianne Moore, Maya Angelou, Rod McKuen, and Dylan Thomas, who collapsed at the Chelsea Hotel and died at St. Vincents Hospital at 170 West 12th Street, in the Village after drinking at the White Horse Tavern on November 5, 1953.
Off-Off-Broadway began in Greenwich Village in 1958 as a reaction to Off Broadway, and a "complete rejection of commercial theatre".[45] Among the first venues for what would soon be called "Off-Off-Broadway" (a term supposedly coined by critic Jerry Tallmer of the Village Voice) were coffeehouses in Greenwich Village, in particular, the Caffe Cino at 31 Cornelia Street, operated by the eccentric Joe Cino, who early on took a liking to actors and playwrights and agreed to let them stage plays there without bothering to read the plays first, or to even find out much about the content. Also integral to the rise of Off-Off-Broadway were Ellen Stewart at La MaMa, originally located at 321 E. 9th Street, and Al Carmines at the Judson Poets' Theater, located at Judson Memorial Church on the south side of Washington Square Park.
Blue Note Jazz Club The Village had a cutting-edge cabaret and music scene. The Village Gate, the Village Vanguard, and The Blue Note (since 1981), regularly hosted some of the biggest names in jazz. Greenwich Village also played a major role in the development of the folk music scene of the 1960s. Music clubs included Gerde's Folk City, The Bitter End, Cafe Au Go Go, Cafe Wha?, The Gaslight Cafe and The Bottom Line. Three of the four members of the Mamas & the Papas met there. Guitarist and folk singer Dave Van Ronk lived there for many years. Village resident and cultural icon Bob Dylan by the mid-60s had become one of the world's foremost popular songwriters, and often developments in Greenwich Village would influence the simultaneously occurring folk rock movement in San Francisco and elsewhere, and vice versa. Dozens of other cultural and popular icons got their start in the Village's nightclub, theater, and coffeehouse scene during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s, including Jimi Hendrix, Barbra Streisand, Peter, Paul, and Mary, Bette Midler, the Lovin' Spoonful, Simon & Garfunkel, Liza Minnelli, Jackson Browne, James Taylor, Eric Andersen, Joan Baez, the Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem, the Velvet Underground, the Kingston Trio, Carly Simon, Richie Havens, Maria Muldaur, Tom Paxton, Janis Ian, Phil Ochs, Joni Mitchell, Laura Nyro, and Nina Simone. The Greenwich Village of the 1950s and 1960s was at the center of Jane Jacobs's book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, which defended it and similar communities, while criticizing common urban renewal policies of the time.
Founded by New York-based artist Mercedes Matter and her students, the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture is an art school formed in the mid-1960s in the Village. Officially opened September 23, 1964, the school is still active, at 8 W. 8th Street, the site of the original Whitney Museum of American Art.[46]
Greenwich Village was home to a safe house used by the radical anti-war movement known as the Weather Underground. On March 6, 1970, their safehouse was destroyed when an explosive device they were constructing was accidentally detonated, killing three of their members (Ted Gold, Terry Robbins, and Diana Oughton).
The Village has been a center for movements that challenged the wider American culture, for example, its role in the gay liberation movement. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations by members of the gay community against a police raid that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the Stonewall Inn, 53 Christopher Street. Considered together, the demonstrations are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the gay liberation movement and the modern fight for LGBT rights in the United States.[47][48] On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn was the first landmark in New York City to be recognized by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on the basis of its status in LGBT history,[49] and on June 24, 2016, the Stonewall National Monument was named the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement.[50] Greenwich Village contains the world's oldest gay and lesbian bookstore, Oscar Wilde Bookshop, founded in 1967, while The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center – best known as simply "The Center" – has occupied the former Food & Maritime Trades High School at 208 West 13th Street since 1984. In 2006, the Village was the scene of an assault involving seven lesbians and a straight man that sparked appreciable media attention, with strong statements defending both sides of the case.
Preservation
The Washington Square Arch, an unofficial icon of Greenwich Village and nearby New York University Since end of the twentieth century, many artists and local historians have mourned the fact that the bohemian days of Greenwich Village are long gone, because of the extraordinarily high housing costs in the neighborhood.[51] The artists fled to other New York City neighborhoods including SoHo, Tribeca, Dumbo Williamsburg, and Long Island City. Nevertheless, residents of Greenwich Village still possess a strong community identity and are proud of their neighborhood's unique history and fame, and its well-known liberal live-and-let-live attitudes.[51]
Historically, local residents and preservation groups have been concerned about development in the Village and have fought to preserve its architectural and historic integrity. In the 1960s, Margot Gayle led a group of citizens to preserve the Jefferson Market Courthouse (later reused as Jefferson Market Library)[52] while other citizen groups fought to keep traffic out of Washington Square Park,[53] and Jane Jacobs, using the Village as an example of a vibrant urban community, advocated to keep it that way.
Since then, preservation has been a part of the Village ethos. Shortly after the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) was established in 1965, it acted to protect parts of Greenwich Village, designating the small Charlton-King-Vandam Historic District in 1966, which contains the city's largest concentration of row houses in the Federal style, as well as a significant concentration of Greek Revival houses, and the even smaller MacDougal-Sullivan Gardens Historic District in 1967, a group of 22 houses sharing a common back garden, built in the Greek Revival style and later renovated with Colonial Revival façades. In 1969, the LPC designated the Greenwich Village Historic District — for four decades, the city's largest — despite preservationists' advocacy for the entire neighborhood to be designated an historic district. Advocates continued to pursue their goal of additional designation, spurred in particular by the increased pace of development in the 1990s.
Rezoned areas
Jefferson Market Library, once a courthouse, now serves as a branch of the New York Public Library. The Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation (GVSHP), a nonprofit organization dedicated to the architectural and cultural character and heritage of the neighborhood, successfully proposed new districts and individual landmarks to the LPC. Those include:[54]
Gansevoort Market Historic District was the first new historic district in Greenwich Village in 34 years. The 112 buildings on 11 blocks protect the city's distinctive Meatpacking District with its cobblestone streets, warehouses and rowhouses. About 70 percent of the area proposed by GVSHP in 2000 was designated a historic district by the LPC in 2003, while the entire area was listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places in 2007.[55][56] Weehawken Street Historic District, designated in 2006, is a 14-building, three-block district near the Hudson River centering on tiny Weehawken Street and containing an array of architecture including a sailors' hotel, former stables, and a wooden house.[57] Greenwich Village Historic District Extension I, designated in 2006, brought 46 more buildings on three blocks into the district, thus protecting warehouses, a former public school and police station, and early 19th century rowhouses. Both the Weehawken Street Historic District and the Greenwich Village Historic District Extension I were designated by the LPC in response to the larger proposal for a Far West Village Historic District submitted by GVSHP in 2004.[57] Greenwich Village Historic District Extension II, designated in 2010, embracing 225 buildings on 12 blocks, contains 19th century houses, 19th and 20th century tenements, and a variety of cultural landmarks.[58] South Village Historic District, designated in 2013, covers 235 buildings on 13 blocks, representing the largest single expansion of landmark protections in Greenwich Village since 1969. It includes well-preserved and renovated 19th century houses, colorful tenements, and a variety of sites important to the area's rich immigrant, artistic, and Italian-American history, as well as several low-rise, historically significant New York University buildings on Washington Square South.[59] The Landmarks Preservation Commission designated as landmarks several individual sites proposed by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, including the former Bell Telephone Labs Complex (1861–1933), now Westbeth Artists' Housing, designated in 2011;[60] the Silver Towers/University Village Complex (1967), designed by I.M. Pei and including the Picasso sculpture "Portrait of Sylvette," designated in 2008;[61] and three early 19th-century federal houses at 127, 129 and 131 MacDougal Street.
Several contextual rezonings were enacted in Greenwich Village in recent years to limit the size and height of allowable new development in the neighborhood, and to encourage the preservation of existing buildings. The following were proposed by the GVSHP and passed by the City Planning Commission:
Far West Village Rezoning, approved in 2005, was the first downzoning in Manhattan in many years, putting in place new height caps, thus ending construction of high-rise waterfront towers in much of the Village and encouraging the reuse of existing buildings.[62] Washington and Greenwich Street Rezoning, approved in 2010, was passed in near-record time to protect six blocks from out-of-scale hotel development and maintain the low-rise character.[63] NYU dispute New York University and Greenwich Village preservationists have been embroiled in a conflict over campus expansion versus preservation of the scale and Bohemian character of the Village.[64]
As one press critic put it in 2013, "For decades, New York University has waged architectural war on Greenwich Village."[65] Recent examples of the university clashing with the community, often led by the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, include the destruction of the 85 West Third Street house where Edgar Allan Poe lived from 1844–5, which NYU promised to rebuild using original materials, but then claimed not to have enough bricks to do so; the construction of the 26-story Founders Hall dorm behind the façade of demolished St. Ann's Church at 120 East Twelfth Street, which advocates protested as being out of scale for the low-rise area, and received assurances from NYU, which then built all 26 stories anyway;[66] and the demolition in 2009 of the Provincetown Playhouse and Apartments, over protests.[67]
In 2008, as part of a multi-stakeholder Community Task Force on NYU Development, the university agreed to a set of "Planning Principles."[68] Yet advocates did not find NYU to follow the principles in practice, culminating in a successful lawsuit against the university's "NYU 2031" plan for expansion.[69]
Demographics Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of the West Village neighborhood tabulation area, which includes Greenwich Village, was 66,880, a change of -1,603 (-2.4%) from the 68483 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 583.47 acres (236.12 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 114.6 inhabitants per acre (73,300/sq mi; 28,300/km2).[70]
The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 80.9% (54,100) White, 2% (1,353) African American, 0.1% (50) Native American, 8.2% (5,453) Asian, 0% (20) Pacific Islander, 0.4% (236) from other races, and 2.4% (1,614) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.1% (4,054) of the population.[71]
Transportation Greenwich Village is served by the IND Eighth Avenue Line (A, ?C, and ?E trains), the IND Sixth Avenue Line (B, ?D, ?F, and ?M trains), the BMT Canarsie Line (L train), and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1, ?2, and ?3 trains) of the New York City Subway. The 14th Street/Sixth Avenue, 14th Street/Eighth Avenue, West Fourth Street–Washington Square, and Christopher Street–Sheridan Square stations are in the neighborhood.[72] Local New York City Bus routes, operated by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, include the M55, M7, M11, M14, and M20.[73] On the PATH, the Christopher Street, Ninth Street, and 14th Street stations are in Greenwich Village.
Points of interest Greenwich Village includes several collegiate institutions. Since the 1830s, New York University (NYU) has had a campus there. In 1973 NYU moved its campus in the University Heights section of the West Bronx to Greenwich Village. In 1976 Yeshiva University established the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law in the northern part of Greenwich Village. In the 1980s Hebrew Union College was built in Greenwich Village. The New School, with its Parsons The New School for Design, a division of The New School, and the School's Graduate School expanded in the 2000s, with the renovated, award-winning design of the Sheila C. Johnson Design Center at 66 Fifth Avenue on 13th Street. The Cooper Union is located in Greenwich Village, at Astor Place, near St. Mark's Place on the border of the East Village. Pratt Institute established its latest Manhattan campus in an adaptively reused Brunner & Tryon-designed loft building on 14th Street, east of Seventh Avenue. The university campus building expansion was followed by a gentrification process in the 1980s.
Christopher Park, part of the Stonewall National Monument[74] The historic Washington Square Park is the center and heart of the neighborhood. Additionally, the Village has several other, smaller parks: Christopher, Father Fagan, Minetta Triangle, Petrosino Square, Little Red Square, and Time Landscape. There are also city playgrounds, including DeSalvio Playground, Minetta, Thompson Street, Bleecker Street, Downing Street, Mercer Street, Cpl. John A. Seravelli, and William Passannante Ballfield. Perhaps the most famous, though, is "The Cage", officially known as the West Fourth Street Courts. Sitting atop the West Fourth Street – Washington Square subway station (A?, B?, C?, D?, E?, F?, and M trains) at Sixth Avenue, the courts are easily accessible to basketball and American handball players from all over New York. The Cage has become one of the most important tournament sites for the citywide "Streetball" amateur basketball tournament. Since 1975, New York University's art collection has been housed at the Grey Art Gallery bordering Washington Square Park, at 100 Washington Square East. The Grey Art Gallery is notable for its museum-quality exhibitions of contemporary art.
The Village has a bustling performing arts scene. It is home to many Off Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway theaters; for instance, Blue Man Group has taken up residence in the Astor Place Theater. The Village Gate (until 1992), the Village Vanguard and The Blue Note are still presenting some of the biggest names in jazz on a regular basis. Other music clubs include The Bitter End, and Lion's Den. The village has its own orchestra aptly named the Greenwich Village Orchestra. Comedy clubs dot the Village as well, including Comedy Cellar, where many American stand-up comedians got their start.
Several publications have offices in the Village, most notably the citywide newsweekly The Village Voice, and the monthly magazines Fortune and American Heritage. The National Audubon Society, having relocated its national headquarters from a mansion in Carnegie Hill to a restored and very green, former industrial building in NoHo, relocated to smaller but even greener LEED certified digs at 225 Varick Street,[75] on Houston Street near the Film Forum.
Education Greenwich Village residents are zoned to two elementary schools: PS 3, Melser Charrette School, and PS 41, Greenwich Village School. Residents are zoned to Baruch Middle School 104. Residents apply to various New York City high schools. Greenwich Village High School was a private high school formerly located in the area, but later moved to SoHo.[76][77][78]
Greenwich Village is home to New York University, which owns large sections of the area and most of the buildings around Washington Square Park.[7][8] To the north is the campus of The New School, which is housed in several buildings that are considered historical landmarks because of their innovative architecture.[79] New School's Sheila Johnson Design Center doubles as a public art gallery.[80] Cooper Union has been located in the East Village since its founding in 1859.[81][82]
Notable residents
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Greenwich Village" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Main category: People from Greenwich Village Greenwich Village has long been a popular neighborhood for numerous artists and other notable people. Past and present notable residents include:
Robert De Niro
Robert Downey Jr.
Hank Greenberg
Emma Stone Edward Albee (1928–2016), playwright[83][83] Alec Baldwin (born 1958), actor[84][85] Richard Barone, musician, producer[86] Brie Bella (born 1986), wrestler[citation needed] Nate Berkus (born 1971), interior designer[87] Matthew Broderick (born 1962), actor[85][88] Barbara Pierce Bush (born 1981), daughter of former U.S. President George W. Bush[89] Francesco Carrozzini (born 1982), film director and photographer[90] Jessica Chastain (born 1977), actress[85] Francesco Clemente (born 1952) contemporary artist[90] Jacob Cohen (1923–1983), statistician and psychologist[91] Anderson Cooper (born 1967), CNN anchor[85][92] Hugh Dancy (born 1975), actor[93] Claire Danes (born 1979), actress[93] Robert De Niro (born 1943), actor[94] Brian De Palma (born 1940), screenwriter[85] Floyd Dell (1887–1969), novelist, playwright, poet and managing editor of The Masses[95] Leonardo DiCaprio (born 1974), actor[85] Robert Downey Jr. (born 1965), actor and singer[96] Steve Earle (born 1955), musician[97] Crystal Eastman (1881–1928), lawyer and leader in the fight for woman's suffrage[98] Maurice Evans (1901–1989), British actor noted for his interpretations of Shakespearean characters[83] Andrew Garfield (born 1983), actor [99][better source needed] Hank Greenberg (1911–1986), Hall of Fame baseball player[100] John P. Hammond (born 1942), blues singer and guitarist[90] Jerry Herman (born 1931), composer and lyricist[101] Marc Jacobs (born 1963), fashion designer[102] Annie Leibovitz (born 1949), photographer[85] Arthur MacArthur IV (born 1938), musician, son of General Douglas MacArthur[103] Bob Melvin (born 1961), Major League Baseball player and manager Edna St. Vincent Millay, poet and playwright[104] Julianne Moore (born 1960), actress[105] Nickolas Muray (born Miklós Mandl; 1892–1965), Hungarian-born American photographer and Olympic fencer[106] Bebe Neuwirth (born 1958), actress[107] Edward Norton (born 1969), actor and filmmaker[108] Rosie O'Donnell, actress and comedian[85] Mary-Kate Olsen, actress and fashion designer[85] Mary-Louise Parker, actress[85] Sarah Jessica Parker (born 1965), actress[85] Sean Parker (born 1979), entrepreneur[85] Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), poet and novelist[109] Leontyne Price (born 1927), soprano[110] Daniel Radcliffe (born 1989), actor[111] Gilda Radner (1946–1989), actress and comedian[85] Rachael Ray, television personality and cook[85] Julia Roberts (born 1967), actress[85] Susan Sarandon (born 1946), actress[85] John Sebastian (born 1944), musician[112] Amy Sedaris (born 1961), actress[113] James Spader, actor[114] Pat Steir (born 1938), painter and printmaker[90] Emma Stone (born 1988), actress[115] Uma Thurman (born 1970), actress[89][116] Marisa Tomei (born 1964), actress[117] Calvin Trillin (born 1935), feature writer for The New Yorker magazine.[118] Liv Tyler (born 1977), actress[119] Edgard Varèse (1883–1965), French-born composer [90] Anna Wintour (born 1949), editor-in-chief of Vogue magazine[90] In popular culture Comics In the DC Comics universe, Wonder Woman lived in the "Village" in New York City (never called by its full name, but clearly depicted as Greenwich Village) during the late 1960s and early 1970s, when she had lost most of her superpowers. Madame Xanadu lived on Chrystie Street, described alternately as being in "Greenwich Village" and the "East Village." In When Harry Met Sally, Sally drops Harry off in front of the Washington Square Arch after they share a drive from University of Chicago. In the Marvel Comics universe, Master of the Mystic Arts and Sorcerer Supreme, Doctor Strange, lives in a brownstone mansion in Greenwich Village. Doctor Strange's Sanctum Sanctorum is located at 177A Bleecker Street. In Akimi Yoshida's Banana Fish sequel/side story, Garden of Light, Eiji Okumura is stated to live in Greenwich Village as an accomplished photographer. Film In Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window (1954) James Stewart's character lives in a Greenwich Village apartment.[120] In Wonderful Town (1953), the Sherwood sisters leave 1935 Columbus, Ohio, for Greenwich Village to pursue their dreams of becoming a writer (Ruth) and an actress (Eileen). Their apartment was said to be on Christopher Street, though the actual apartment of author Ruth McKenney and her sister Eileen McKenney was at 14 Gay Street. In Funny Face (1957), Jo Stockton (Audrey Hepburn) works at a bookstore called Embryo Concepts in the Village, where she is discovered by Dick Avery (Fred Astaire).[121] In Wait Until Dark (1967), Susy Hendrix (Audrey Hepburn) lives at 4 St. Luke's Place.[122] Next Stop, Greenwich Village (1976) chronicles the story of a young Jewish boy in 1953 who moves to the Village, looking to break into acting. The Pope of Greenwich Village (1984) centers on a maître d' (Mickey Rourke) in the Italian section of the Village. Big Daddy (1999), Adam Sandler and Cole/Dylan Sprouse's characters live in a Greenwich Village apartment. Chinese Coffee (2000), an independent film by Al Pacino, which features Pacino and Jerry Orbach, is set in Greenwich Village in 1982. The Collector of Bedford Street (2002) is a documentary set in Greenwich village. It is about the neighborhood block association on Bedford street setting up a trust fund for a mentally disabled man named Larry Selman.[123] In I Am Legend (2007) Will Smith's character lives in Washington Square. Greenwich Village is the setting for the restaurant 22 Bleecker in the Catherine Zeta-Jones, Aaron Eckhart and Abigail Breslin movie No Reservations (2007). In Wanderlust (2012) the characters played by Paul Rudd and Jennifer Aniston live in a New York City apartment located in the West Village. The Coen brothers' Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) depicts the Village in the early 1960s, focusing on the emerging folk scene.[124] In Avengers: Infinity War, Greenwich Village is located right outside of the New York Sanctum, Games Greenwich Village is a playable multiplayer map in the Freedom Fighters (2003) video game. Literature In her non-fiction, Jane Jacobs frequently cites Greenwich Village as an example of a vibrant urban community, most notably in her 1961 book The Death and Life of Great American Cities.[125] Frank and April Wheeler of the novel Revolutionary Road, and the film of the same name, used to share an apartment on Bethune Street in the West Village prior to the events of the story.[126] O. Henry's short story, "The Last Leaf", is set in Greenwich Village. The anti-hero of the book Mother Night by author Kurt Vonnegut, and the film of the same name, Howard W. Campbell Jr., resides in Greenwich Village after World War II and prior to his arrest by the Israelis.[127] In Lesley M. M. Blume's children's novel, Cornelia and the Audacious Escapades of the Somerset Sisters, the main characters reside in Greenwich Village.[128] The suggestion of moving to the Village shocks newlywed New York aristocrat Jamie "Rick" Ricklehouse in Nora Johnson's 1985 novel Tender Offer. The implication is telling of the Village's reputation in the New York of the 1960s before mass gentrification when it was perceived as lowly and beneath upper class society.[129] Music The cover photo for The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan (1963) of Dylan and his then-girlfriend Suze Rotolo was taken on Jones Street near West 4th Street in Greenwich Village, near their apartment.[130] In an interview with Jann Wenner, John Lennon said: "I should have been born in New York, I should have been born in the Village, that's where I belong."[131] Buddy Holly and his wife Maria Elena Santiago lived in Apartment 4H of the Brevoort Apartments, at 11 Fifth Avenue in Greenwich Village. Here he recorded the series of acoustic songs, including "Crying, Waiting, Hoping" and "What to Do," known as the "Apartment Tapes," which were released after his death.[132] Television
90 Bedford Street, used for establishing shot in Friends The ABC sitcom Barney Miller (1975–82) was set at the fictional 12th precinct NYPD station in Greenwich Village. The NBC sitcom Friends (1994–2004) is set in the Village. Central Perk was supposedly on Mercer or Houston Street, down the block from the Angelika Film Center;[d] and Phoebe lived at 5 Morton Street.[e] The building in the exterior shot of Chandler, Joey, Rachel, and Monica's apartment building is at the corner of Grove and Bedford Streets in the West Village.[133] One of the show's working titles was Once Upon a Time in the West Village. The Village features prominently throughout the six seasons of Mad Men. In Season 1, Don Draper is having an affair with artist Midge Daniels, who lives in the Village. In Season 4, Don moves to an apartment on Waverly Place and Sixth Avenue (specified, for example, in "Public Relations"). And in Season 6, Betty Francis goes to Greenwich Village looking for a family friend, in "The Doorway", and Joan Harris and her girlfriend Kate go on a night on the town that culminates at the Electric Circus, in "To Have and to Hold".[134][135] On Sex and the City (1998–2004), exterior shots of Carrie Bradshaw's apartment building are of 66 Perry Street, even though her address is given as on the Upper East Side.[citation needed] The NBC Sitcom The Cosby Show (1984–92) made several references to the Village during its run, and the townhouse used for exterior shots, though purportedly set in Brooklyn for purposes of the show, is actually located at 10 St. Luke's Place.[136] The Real World: Back to New York, the 2001 season of the MTV reality television series The Real World, was filmed in the Village.[137] Village Barn (1948–50), the first country music show on network television (NBC) originated from a nightclub of the same name in the basement of 52 West 8th Street. Greenwich Village is the setting for Disney's Wizards of Waverly Place and Girl Meets World. Theater The play Bell, Book and Candle is partly set in Greenwich Village. See also flag New York City portal List of New York City Landmarks National Register of Historic Places listings in New York County, New York Cedar Tavern Gay Street, Manhattan Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation The Church of the Ascension Village Care of New York Village People West Village The Market NYC Notes During the period of Dutch control over the area, the Village was called Noortwyck ("Northern District", because of its location north of the original settlement on Manhattan Island). (The Dutch colony was seized by Great Britain in 1664.) Dutch colonist Yellis Mandeville, who moved to the Village in the 1670s, called it Groenwijck after the settlement on Long Island, where he previously lived.[6] The eleven freed blacks were Paul d'Angola, Big Manuel, Little Manuel, Manuel de Gerrit de Rens, Simon Congo, Anthony Portuguese. Gracia, Peter Santome, John Francisco, Little Anthony and John Fort Orange.[19] James Boorman Johnston (1822–1887) was a son of the prominent Scottish-born New York merchant John Johnston, in partnership with James Boorman (1783–1866) as Boorman & Johnston, developers of Washington Square North, and a founder of New York University; a group portrait of the Johnston Children 1831, is at the Museum of the City of New York[28] The Angelika Film Center was said to be "up the block" from Central Perk in "The One Where Ross Hugs Rachel", the sixth season's second episode, placing the coffee house on Mercer Street or Houston. This address was given "The One With Joey's New Brain", episode 7–15. 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"And as a longtime Greenwich Village resident, Barone has certainly been just as active: He's maintained a presence as a community advocate, contributed valuable effort to a local nonprofit, and recently took on a professorship at New York University." Hainey, Michael. "Nate Berkus and Jeremiah Brent Share Their New York City Apartment and Daughter Poppy’s Nursery; In Greenwich Village, star designers Nate Berkus and Jeremiah Brent—and their daughter, Poppy—settle in to family life in spirited style", Architectural Digest, September 30, 2015. Accessed June 21, 2016. Marino, Vivian. "Sarah Jessica Parker’s House Sells for $18.25 Million", The New York Times, July 3, 2015. Accessed June 21, 2016. 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Accessed November 3, 2016. "In 1949 Evans purchased No. 50 West 10th, starting its tradition as the home to celebrated theatrical names. When Evans sold the house in May 1965 for $120,000, it was the illustrious playwright Edward Albee who moved in.... Only three years later Albee sold the house to composer and lyricist Jerry Herman for $210,000." "Secure Location". New York Post. December 3, 2009. Nye, James. "Hermits strike it rich! How unemployed man, 73, was paid $17MILLION to leave rent-controlled Manhattan apartment", Daily Mail, March 2, 2014. Accessed December 19, 2016. "The third was registered as David Jordan, but the Zeckendorf brothers were shocked to discover that his real name was Arthur MacArthur IV – the son of World War II General and 'American Caesar', Douglas MacArthur.... The gifted musician was paid $650,000 to leave the Mayflower and moved to Greenwich Village – where he remains to this day." Gray, Christopher (November 10, 1996). 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If movie star Edward Norton never hears another mention of the West Side stadium, it'll be too soon. At Wednesday night's Friends of the High Line summer benefit, the West Village resident voiced his disdain.... Brick from Poe's Last Manhattan Residence Archived August 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Museum of Edgar Allen Poe. Accessed November 3, 2016. "This brick was one of 700 salvaged from Poe's Greenwich Village home after the building was demolished by New York University." Finn, Terri Lowen. "Leontyne Price Returning", The New York Times, September 13, 1981. Accessed December 19, 2016. "On a recent morning at her Federal Era home in Greenwich Village, Miss Price agreed to share some of her thoughts on the satisfactions – and pitfalls – of a vocal career, and her plans for the future." Rovzar, Chris (October 15, 2009). "Harry Potter Buys Historic West Village Townhouse". Daily Intelligence. New York. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Bronson, Fred (2003). The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits (5th ed.). United States: Billboard Books. p. 443. ISBN 978-0823076772. Ohrstrom, Lysandra. "Amy Sedaris Stays In West Village, Buys $1.3 M. Co-Op", New York Observer, July 23, 2008. Accessed November 3, 2016. Itzkoff, Dave. "James Spader Prepares for Avengers: Age of Ultron", The New York Times, April 22, 2015. Accessed November 3, 2016. "One overcast spring afternoon, James Spader was lurking in plain sight, standing on the stoop of the Greenwich Village townhouse where he lives, wearing a sport coat, a fedora and a bright purple scarf, smoking a cigarette and talking on a cellphone with the producers of his NBC series, The Blacklist." Carter, Terry (January 1, 2018). "30 Stars Who Are Turning 30 in 2018". PopSugar. Retrieved February 18, 2018. "Uma Thurman's stalker arrested", London Evening Standard, December 1, 2010. Accessed December 19, 2016. "During his 2008 trial, Jordan – who had been found outside the star's home in Greenwich Village, New York – said he would have left the Pulp Fiction beauty alone if he knew his behaviour was scaring her." Hogan, Michael. "Marisa Tomei: 'I'm a leading actress caught in a supporting actress vortex,'" The Guardian, June 25, 2017. Accessed January 19, 2018. "Tomei is speaking from her apartment in Greenwich Village ('Not to be confused with Greenwich, London or Greenwich, Connecticut,' she helpfully points out)." Farmer, Ann. "35 Lucky, and Hungry, Diners Eat and Walk With Calvin Trillin", The New York Times, October 5, 2008. Accessed December 19, 2016. "The tour stems from the Sunday strolls he would take with his wife, Alice, and their two daughters. Starting from their home in Greenwich Village and ending in Chinatown, they would stop to sample some of the city's best ethnic dishes at various Old World and hole-in-the-wall establishments." "rentenna's NYC Celebrity Map". New York Observer. January 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Itzkoff, Dave. "ARTSBEAT; Judge Clears Disturbia In Infringement Suit", The New York Times, September 23, 2010. Accessed November 3, 2016. "No matter what James Stewart thought he saw from his wheelchair perched perilously close to the window overlooking his Greenwich Village courtyard in Rear Window, a federal judge said she did not see enough similarities between that 1954 Alfred Hitchcock thriller and the 2007 film Disturbia to rule that it infringed on the copyright of the earlier movie." La Ferla, Ruth. "Downbeat Never Looked So Good", The New York Times, August 17, 2006. Accessed November 3, 2016. "Looking lithe if slightly owlish, Audrey Hepburn made a fetching bookstore-clerk-turned-model in Funny Face, the action of that 1957 film whisking her from grotty Greenwich Village to the Left Bank of Paris." Whitty, Stephen. "Family Viewing: Wait Until Dark", ArtiSyndicate, February 22, 2014. Accessed November 3, 2016. "Wait Until Dark 1967: Directed by Terence Young. With Audrey Hepburn, Alan Arkin.... Once upon a time: Susy, the 'world's champion blind lady,' is alone in her chic Greenwich Village apartment when the doorbell rings." "The Collector of Bedford Street". Welcome Change Productions. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Helmore, Edward. "Why Inside Llewyn Davis doesn't get inside the Village; The Coen Brothers movie is immersed in the folk scene of the early 60s in Greenwich Village, where boho survivors still recall the glory days – and lament a few of the film's flaws", The Guardian, January 25, 2014. Accessed October 27, 2016. Rodwin, Lloyd. "Neighbors Are Needed", The New York Times, November 5, 1961. Accessed October 27, 2016. Waldman, Adelle. "Blaming the 'Burbs", The New Republic, December 22, 2008. Accessed October 27, 2016. Hunter, Stephen. "Deception rules 'Mother Night' Review: Nolte, Arkin are great in a big film that doesn't act like the small-budget movie it is.", The Baltimore Sun, November 8, 1996. Accessed October 27, 2016. Cornelia and the Audacious Escapades of the Somerset Sisters, Publishers Weekly. Accessed October 27, 2016. "This promising first novel introduces memorable 11-year-old Cornelia S. Englehart, who lives in Greenwich Village with her "very famous concert pianist" mother, Lucille Englehart." Johnson, Nora (1985). Tender Offer. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 98. ISBN 0-671-55666-5. Carlson, Jen "NYC Album Art: The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan" Archived May 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Gothamist, April 18, 2006, accessed August 11, 2011. "Where I Should Have Been Born". NY Daily Quote. October 9, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2018. Bunyan, Patrick. All Around the Town: Amazing Manhattan Facts and Curiosities. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-8232-3174-7. Retrieved December 18, 2010. "Filming locations for Friends". Movielocationsguide.com. Retrieved September 21, 2010. Matt Zoller Seitz (April 22, 2013). "Mad Men Recap: The Electric Circus". Vulture. Alex Ross (April 21, 2013). "The Rest is Noise: Electric Circus, Electric Ear". The New Yorker. Gordon, William A. (June 1, 2000). Shot On This Site: A Traveler's Guide to the Places and Locations Used to Film Famous Movies and T V Shows. New York: Citadel Press. p. 210. ISBN 0-806-51647-X. Retrieved April 16, 2018. "Hudson Street Loft". Realworldhouses.com. Retrieved September 21, 2010. Sources Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999), Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-195-11634-8 Joyce Gold, From Trout Stream to Bohemia: a walking guide to Greenwich Village history, 1988. Greenwich Village, by Anna Alice Chapin, 1919, from Project Gutenberg External links Greenwich Village at Wikipedia's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Travel guide from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation Village Voice Online guide for "The Village" Official Tourist map (controversially showing Greenwich Village to include the East Village Greenwich Village Historic District – map from the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission Greenwich Village Trip Advisor Greenwich Village Live controllable webcam Lower East Side Preservation Initiative Unofficial community website
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 16, 2019 15:36:15 GMT 1
The Secret History of the Foot Clan 5,880PAGES ON THIS WIKI Edit Comments0 YOU'RE NOT ON NICKTOONS ANYMORE! Some TMNT stuff really isn't for little kids. TMNT SHotFC Cover of the trade paperback Originally published as a four-issue mini-series and later collected into a trade paperback with additional material, including character design sketches. The story tells the history of the Foot Clan and its current leader Oroku Saki, also known as The Shredder .
Story: Mateus Santolouco
Script: Mateus Santolouco & Erik Burnham
Art: Mateus Santolouco
Colors:
Letters: Shawn Lee
Editor: Bobby Curnow
Contents[show] Part One TMNT SHotFC 1A Issue 1 Cover by Mateus Santolouco The story is split between present day New York City and flashbacks to Feudal Japan during the Muromachi period. April, Casey and the turtles (hiding in the rafters high above) attend a lecture by a Dr. Miller, an expert on the history of the Foot Clan. He details the history of the Yuu Clan, ruled by Daimyo Ashikaga Yuu, a candidate to become Shogun of all Japan. There was a member of the Yuu Clan, Takeshi Tatsuo, who was the greatest and most feared swordsman who had ever lived. His skill was so great, that even Daimyo Ashikaga feared him, and so he sent Tatsuo into the mountains to patrol for bandits, where a legion of the Daimyo's men were waiting to ambush and kill him. Tatsuo's skill was great, but the men were too great in number. Although he managed to slay every last one of his attackers, he was mortally wounded, his right leg completely severed. As Tatsuo lay there dying, however, a mysterious stranger brought him to a hidden temple in the mountains, where he was given powerful medicine. The medicine was so powerful that when Tatsuo awoke, his leg was completely regrown, only missing the skin. Everyone assumed Tatsuo slain, but Daimyo Ashikaga feared the worst when Tatsuo's body was not found amongst the remains of the men sent to kill him. Eventually, Ashikaga was found slain in his own bed. Dr. Miller explains that he learned all this from the Ashi No Himitsu - a book detailing the secret history of the Foot Clan, which he found in the very temple Takeshi Tatsuo was restored. The book provided information on how the Foot Clan influenced the politics of its day, recipes for medicinal salves, and even tales of the black magic used by the clan. Dr. Miller discovered that the book was authored by Takeshi Tatsuo, years after his supposed death. Dr. Miller deduced that Tatsuo had formed the Foot Clan from the remnants of the Yuu Clan after killing Daimyo Ashikaga. Furthermore, he learned that the source of the Foot Clan's power was its alliance with a witch, Kitsune, who served the powerful Tetsu Oni, the Iron Demon. The clan became extremely ruthless, carrying out atrocities in the name of the Oni, including burning villages to the ground and slaughtering women and children. Many members of the clan, led by Oroku Maji and Masato, disagreed with the path the clan was taking and were becoming fed up with its brutal tactics. One night as the clan was carrying out the Iron Demon's orders, Maji and Masato had their suspicions confirmed, seeing the witch Kitsune using magic. They formulated a plan to take down Takeshi Tatsuo and restore their clan's honor. Once a month during the full moon, Takeshi Tatsuo isolated himself in his quarters while Kitsune left with an empty satchel, returning two days later with it full. Maji spies on Tatsuo during the next full moon, witnessing Kitsune give Tatsuo, now an old man, the elixir she received from the Iron Demon, restoring his youth. The next month, Maji staged a surprise attack, interrupting Tatsuo before he could ingest the magic elixir. A battle ensues, and Oroku Maji slays Takeshi Tatsuo. Kitsune warns Maji, claiming he does not know the consequences of what he has done. She curses him, stating that his downfall will come from his own house. The honor of the Foot Clan had been restored.
In the present day, April, Casey and turtles decide to ask Dr. Miller for further information on the Foot Clan, after consulting with Master Splinter. As Dr. Miller leaves the lecture, Oroku Karai, posing as a private collector's assistant, approaches him about getting his appraisal on another part of the Ashi No Himitsu. Karai reports back to the Shredder that she spoke with Dr. Miller as instructed. She asks why they are allowing Dr. Miller to live, when all the information he has on the Foot could harm them. Shredder says that his plan is to force Dr. Miller to find more information on the Foot Clan for him.
In Feudal Japan, Kitsune approaches the shrine of the Iron Demon, beseeching him to aid her. She states that she cannot provide him with what he requires at that time, but she would repay him in the future. The Iron Demon steps forth, revealing himself to be an Utrom.
Part Two TMNT SHotFC 2A Issue 2 Cover by Mateus Santolouco Present day: April, Casey and the turtles sit in April's van as April and Casey try to plan how to ask Dr. Miller about the Ashi No Himitsu. Leonoardo spots Dr. Miller entering a limousine with Karai and they decide to follow them. Karai realizes they're being followed (by April's bright yellow Volkswagen van) and a high speed chase ensues. The chase transforms into a battle, with Foot ninja leaping from the limo onto April's van, where Leonardo and Raphael fight them off. Karai disables April's van with an arrow to the tire, but not before the turtles plant a tracking device on Dr. Miller. Dr. Miller is brought to one of the Foot's hideouts where Shredder reveals himself to be the leader of the Foot Clan, and demonstrates his sincerity in hiring the doctor for his expertise. Feudal Japan: a young Oroku Saki is being tested by a monk to determine who he was in his previous life. Saki passes over the objects laid on the blanket until they land on the Ashi No Himitsu, immediately recognizing it as his own creation, revealing him to be the reincarnation of Takeshi Tatsuo. Oroku Maji is initially highly distressed by this, but the monk encourages him to look at it as an opportunity to end a cycle of negative karma.
Over a decade later, a feast is being held to celebrate a successful contract carried out by the clan; Oroku Saki and Master Masato's son Hamato Yoshi are honored as heroes. Yoshi leaves his wife Tang Shen unattended for a moment while he speaks with Master Masato. Saki makes an unwelcome advance towards Tang Shen, provoking her to slap him. Saki is poised to strike Tang Shen but is taken down by Yoshi. Before they can battle further Master Masato breaks them up. Masters Oroku Maji and Hamato Masato speak to Saki and Yoshi, telling them they need to cooperate more, as they are both being promoted to chunins. Upon learning that he is not the only one being promoted to chunin, Saki storms out. Saki and Yoshi speak. Saki reveals his frustration due to his father's reluctance to recognize his greatness. Yoshi advises him to meditate on his anger. As he meditates later on, the witch Kitsune reveals herself to him in the form of a three- tailed fox. She leads him to the hidden location of the Ashi No Himitsu, so that Saki may know his true legacy as the founder of the Foot Clan.
Present day: Raphael makes fun of Donatello's screenname as Donatello changes the flat on April's van. The turtles find the location of the Foot and Dr. Miller using their tracking device and decide to infiltrate. Upon entering the building, a fight breaks out. As the Foot Clan fights the turtles, Shredder has Alopex stand guard over Dr. Miller. Shredder enters the battle, claiming it at his destiny to conquer all his foes.
Part Three TMNT SHotFC 3A Issue 3 Cover by Mateus Santolouco Feudal Japan: Oroku Maji realizes that Saki has learned the truth about himself and found the Ashi No Himitsu, which could be used to return the Foot Clan to its dark ways. Maji learns that Saki has left for the mountains with the Ashi No Himitsu and sends men to persuade Saki to return. Although the men were instructed not to kill Saki, one overzealous soldier ignores the order and scars Saki's eye. Saki slays his attackers easily. Kitsune appears before him. Present day: Splinter and the turtles fight Foot soldiers, led by Karai. April and Casey slip away
to find Dr. Miller, but are forced to flee from Alopex and a large number of Foot soldiers. Donatello and Michelangelo distract Alopex and the Foot while April and Casey lead Dr. Miller away.
Feudal Japan: Kitsune aids Saki in accessing the memories of his previous life as Takeshi Tatsuo. Saki and Kitsune plot to once again enlist the aid of the Iron Demon, the Utrom, in retaking the Foot Clan.
Present day: the turtles begin to make their escape after getting Dr. Miller to April's van. Dr. Miller, April, Casey and the turtles (minus Raphael, who is holding off Alopex) flee the scene. Alopex tosses Raphael aside and pursues the van. Raphael borrows a bystander's motorcycle and takes off after her, disabling her with a well-thrown motorcycle helmet. Inside the van, Splinter informs Dr. Miller that the Shredder is actually Oroku Saki, the founder of the Foot Clan reincarnated. Dr. Miller reads part of the Ashi No Himitsu to them. They learn that the Shredder is the Dragon Warrior, a person with the ability to be reborn whole.
Feudal Japan: Oroku Maji sits drinking tea late one night. Out of the shadows his son Saki appears, dropping Master Masato's corpse at his feet. Saki declares that he knows the truth about the past, and that he has also glimpsed the future of the clan. He then slays Oroku Maji.
Part Four TMNT SHotFC 4A Issue 4 Cover by Mateus Santolouco Feudal Japan: Oroku Saki holds a funeral for his father's honor, the rest of the clan unaware that is was he who killed him. With Master Masato "missing" (Saki kept hidden the death of Masato), all the chunin voted Saki to be the next Jonin, ruler of the clan. Saki declares he will restore the honor of the Foot Clan. Present day: April, Casey, Splinter and the turtles bring Dr. Miller to the Skara Brae, a pub owned by the father of Casey's friend Angel. Dr. Miller is expressing his reluctance to believe in reincarnation. Michelangelo likens it to playing video games: one can play as many different characters in an endless number of games, but still remain the same person controlling the game. Casey looks out the window to see a car pull up, and the Shredder step out, along with Karai and Alopex. Splinter, remembering a strategy used by Saki in the past, warns the group to defend the rear entrance, where sure enough Foot ninja enter moments later. Dr. Miller, finally realizing that everything he's learned that day is true decides to grab the Ashi No Himitsu and bring it outside to the Shredder, but he is stopped by a mean right hook to the face courtesy of April. He flees outside and pledges his services to the Shredder. Splinter instructs the others to leave and take the book with them, then steps outside to face the Shredder. The two battle briefly, until Shredder realizes Splinter is covering the others' escape. Leonardo and Raphael hold off Karai and Alopex while Casey, April, Donatello and Michelangelo leave with the book. April calls the police to the bar to force the Foot to flee.
A few days later, the group is at the turtles' home reading the Ashi No Himitsu. They discover how Oroku Saki managed to live for so long: by drinking a specially prepared potion and hibernating until awakened by one of his descendents. After reading the book, they destroy it.
At the Foot's headquarters, the Shredder expresses his displeasure over the loss of the Ashi No Himitsu to Karai and Dr. Miller. The Shredder offers Dr. Miller an ultimatum: find the secret resting place of Kitsune and be granted immortality, or fail and be killed.
Feudal Japan: Oroku Saki and Kitsune stand before the shrine to the Iron Demon, the interdimensional portal the Utrom uses to travel. Kitsune says she has found the key to permanent immortality, and all it requires is more of the Utrom's elixir. The Utrom steps through the portal with a canister of mutagen, and is then ambushed by a group of Foot soldiers shooting flaming arrows. Having acquired what they need, Saki and Kitsune make the final arrangements for their master plan. Saki drinks a highly potent preparation of the Utrom's mutagen and commits hara-kiri (ritual suicide), and his body is then put in a casket and submerged in pure mutagen. Saki died, but his spirit was bound to his body, and over the years his body and spirit were strengthened by the mutagen. Finally, one day his descendent Karai woke him with a blood offering, completing Saki's transformation into the Dragon Warrior. Saki is then ready to rule the land seen in Kitsune's vision - New York City.
History The New York City Foot Clan shares its history with its counterpart from the Mirage continuity, from which MNT Gaiden branches its alternate universe.
They were originally simply the New York branch of the Foot Clan. Oroku Saki, also known as "the Shredder" and originally a subordinate of Karai, was appointed leader of this branch. But Saki rebelled against Karai's authority, and the New York branch became independent of Karai's authority, from then on sharing no power structure with the main Foot Clan based in Japan. After Saki's death at the hands of Leonardo Hamato, this original renegade branch disintegrated as Saki's Foot Elites fought amongst themselves for control of the organization. These feuding factions themselves collapsed in the City at War incident, when Karai's Foot Clan and three mutant turtle brothers of the Hamato Clan joined forces to purge the remaining Foot Elites.
One Foot Elite, Eikichi Gotoh, secretly survived, and he gathered surviving renegade Foot Ninja into a shadow of the former branch. For years, they were aware of the Hamato-Jones Family's secret, but generally left them alone. This changed after the best-selling author Mikael Buonarotti (the pen name of Michelangelo Hamato) published On the Trails of Purple Dragons, which published many details still damaging to Eikichi's organization.
In a sequence of events beginning in Chapter 11: A Prelude to..., Eikichi Gotoh marked Michelangelo Hamato for death, and began to target the Hamato-Jones Family directly. They kidnapped Shadow Jones and her friend Davianna Wallace to lure out Michelangelo directly, but were soon defeated by the combined force of the three Hamato brothers and Casey Jones. Then Karai's Foot Clan secretly intervened and captured Eikichi.
In Chapter 23: Following the Leader, Eikichi escaped Karai's custody and again regathered surviving renegade Foot.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 16, 2019 22:29:40 GMT 1
2020 Summer Olympics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Tokyo 2020" redirects here. For the Paralympics, see 2020 Summer Paralympics. Games of the XXXII Olympiad An O-like shape, decorated with a complex checkered design and featuring a 12-pointed star in the center negative space, sits atop the words "Tokyo 2020". The Olympic rings are placed underneath. Host city Tokyo, Japan Motto Discover Tomorrow (Japanese: ?) Nations 207 (expected) Athletes 11,091 (expected) Events 339 in 33 sports (50 disciplines) Opening 24 July Closing 9 August Stadium New National Stadium Summer ? Rio 2016 Paris 2024 ? Winter ? Pyeongchang 2018 Beijing 2022 ? Olympic rings Part of a series on 2020 Summer Olympics[show] The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: Hepburn: Dai Sanjuni-kai Orinpikku Kyogi Taikai)[1] and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013.[2] These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, as well as further mixed events. Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games' programme to augment the permanent "core" Olympic events, these Games will see karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts, and the return of baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer programme after 2008). Contents 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Development and preparation 3 Venues and infrastructure 3.1 Heritage Zone 3.2 Tokyo Bay Zone 3.3 Outlying Venues 3.4 Football venues 3.5 Non-competition venues 4 Tickets 5 The Games 5.1 Sports 5.1.1 New sports 5.2 Participating Countries 5.3 Calendar 5.3.1 Event scheduling 6 Marketing 6.1 Emblem 6.2 Mascot 6.3 Video games 6.4 anime 7 Sponsors 8 Concerns and controversies 8.1 IAAF bribery claims 8.2 Logo plagiarism 9 Broadcasting 10 References 11 External links Bidding process Further information: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn. Host city election The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority. 2020 Summer Olympics host city election[3][dead link] City NOC name Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo Japan 42 — 60 Istanbul Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid Spain 26 45 — Development and preparation The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new railway line is planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station, cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; the line would cost 400 billion yen and would be funded primarily by private investors. But East Japan Railway Company (East JR) is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport.[4] Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken-O Expressway, and to refurbish other major expressways in the area.[5] There are also plans to extend the Yurikamome automated transit line from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station, passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the Yurikamome would still not have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own.[6] The Organizing Committee is headed by former Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori.[7] Olympic and Paralympic Minister Shunichi Suzuki is overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government.[8] Japan has traditionally used Olympic events to showcase new technology. Telecom company NTT DoCoMo signed a deal with Finland's Nokia to provide 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics.[9][10] Venues and infrastructure The Tokyo Big Sight Conference Tower would be used as the IBC-MPC Complex. View of the Rainbow Bridge from Odaiba Marine Park It was confirmed in February 2012 that the Olympic Stadium in Tokyo would be demolished and reconstructed, and receive a £1 billion upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics.[11] As a result, a design competition for the new stadium was launched. In November 2012, the Japan Sport Council announced that out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects was awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000.[12] However, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the New National Stadium would be scrapped and rebid on amid public discontent over the stadium's building costs. In Autumn 2015 a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as winning project of new stadium design competition which decreased the capacity to between 60,000–80,000 depending by event[13] Twenty-eight of the thirty-three competition venues in Tokyo are within 8 kilometres (4.97 miles) of the Olympic Village. Eleven new venues are to be constructed.[14] It was reported in September 2016 that a review panel said that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could quadruple from the original estimate, and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs, including moving venues outside Tokyo.[15] Heritage Zone Seven venues for nine sports will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. Yokohama Stadium – Baseball Venue Events Capacity Status Olympic Stadium Opening and closing ceremonies 60,102 Under construction Athletics Football (women's final 7 August) Yoyogi National Gymnasium Handball 13,291 Existing Ryogoku Kokugikan Boxing 11,098 Existing Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Table tennis 10,000 Existing Nippon Budokan Judo 14,471 Existing Karate Tokyo International Forum Weightlifting 5,012 Existing Imperial Palace Garden Athletics (marathon, race walk) 5,000 seated, unlimited standing room along route Temporary Musashinonomori Park[16] Road cycling (start road races) Temporary Tokyo Bay Zone Ambox current red.svg This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018) 13 venues for 15 sports will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba and the surrounding artificial islands. Venue Events Capacity Status Kasai Rinkai Park Canoeing (slalom) 8,000 Under construction Oi Seaside Park Field hockey 15,000 Under construction[17] Olympic Aquatics Centre Aquatics (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming) 15,000 Under construction Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Water polo[18] 3,635 Existing Yumenoshima Park Archery 7,000 Under construction[19] Ariake Arena Volleyball 15,000 Under construction Olympic BMX Course BMX cycling 6,000 Under construction Skateboarding Olympic Gymnastic Centre Gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, trampoline) 12,000 Temporary Ariake Coliseum Tennis 20,000 (10,000 centre court; 5,000 court 1, 3,000 court 2, 8x250 match courts) Existing, Renovated Odaiba Marine Park Triathlon 5,000 seated, unlimited standing room along route Existing with temporary stands Aquatics (marathon swimming) Shiokaze Park Beach volleyball 12,000 Temporary Central Breakwater Equestrian (eventing) 20,000 Existing with temporary infrastructure Rowing Canoeing (sprint) Aomi Urban Sports Venue 3x3 basketball 5,000 Temporary Sport climbing Outlying Venues Ambox current red.svg This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2018) Twelve venues for 16 sports will be situated farther than 8 kilometres (5 mi) from the Olympic Village. Venue Events Capacity Status Camp Asaka Shooting Existing, renovated Musashino Forest Sports Plaza Modern pentathlon (fencing) 10,000 Ready, built for the games Badminton[20] Ajinomoto Stadium Football 49,970[21] Existing Modern pentathlon (excluding fencing) Rugby sevens Saitama Super Arena Basketball 22,000[22] Existing Enoshima Sailing 10,000[23] Existing with temporary stands Surfing Makuhari Messe Fencing 6,000 Existing with temporary stands Taekwondo Wrestling 8,000[24] Baji Koen Equestrian (dressage, jumping)[25] Existing with temporary stands Kasumigaseki Country Club Golf 30,000[26][27] Existing with temporary stands Izu Velodrome Track cycling 5,000[28] Existing, expanded Izu Mountain Bike Course Mountain biking[29] Yokohama Stadium Baseball 30,000[30] Existing Softball Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium Baseball (opening match) 30,000 Existing, renovated Softball (opening match) [31] Fuji International Speedway Road cycling (finish road races and time trial) Existing Football venues The Sapporo Dome in Sapporo International Stadium Yokohama, Yokohama; 70,000 (M/W preliminaries, women's quarterfinal and semifinal, men's quarterfinal and final, 10 matches) Saitama Stadium, Saitama; 62,000 (M/W preliminaries and quarterfinal, semifinal and 3rd place, 11 matches) Miyagi Stadium, Sendai; 48,000 (M/W preliminaries and quarterfinal, 10 matches) Tokyo Stadium; 49,000 (M/W opening round of preliminaries only, 4 matches) Kashima Soccer Stadium, Ibaraki; 42,000 (M/W preliminaries and M/W quarterfinal, semifinal, women's 3rd place, 10 matches) Sapporo Dome, Sapporo; 42,000 (M/W preliminaries, 10 matches) National Stadium, Tokyo; 60,000 (women's final only, FIFA could want to move this match to same venue than men's final in Yokohama) [32] Non-competition venues Venue Events Imperial Hotel, Tokyo IOC Harumi Futo Olympic Village Tokyo Big Sight Media Press Center International Broadcast Center Tickets The opening ceremony tickets will range from 12,000 to 300,000 yen, with a maximum price of 130,000 yen for the finals of athletics.[33] The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen. 50% of the tickets will be sold for 8,000 yen or less. A symbolic ticket price of 2,020 yen will be for families, groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school programme. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet.[34] International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party, such as a travel agent.[35] The Games Sports See also: Olympic sports The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them "more youthful, more urban" and to "include more women".[36][37] The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3-on-3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Aquatics Diving (8) Swimming (37) Synchronized swimming (2) Water polo (2) Archery (5) Athletics (48) Badminton (5) Baseball/Softball Baseball (1) Softball (1) Basketball Basketball (2) 3x3 basketball (2) Boxing (13) Canoeing Slalom (4) Sprint (12) Cycling BMX freestyle (2) BMX racing (2) Mountain biking (2) Road cycling(4) Track cycling(12) Equestrian Dressage (2) Eventing (2) Jumping (2) Fencing (12) Field hockey (2) Football (2) Golf (2) Gymnastics Artistic (14) Rhythmic (2) Trampoline (2) Handball (2) Judo (15) Karate Kata (2) Kumite (6) Modern pentathlon (2) Rowing (14) Rugby sevens (2) Sailing (10) Shooting (15) Skateboarding (4) Sport climbing (2) Surfing (2) Table tennis (5) Taekwondo (8) Tennis (5) Triathlon (3) Volleyball Volleyball (2) Beach volleyball (2) Weightlifting (14) Wrestling Freestyle (12) Greco-Roman (6) New sports As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Olympics, with the remit of dropping one sport and thus retaining 25 "core" sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games. This move would bring the total number of sports to 27, one less than the requirement of 28 for the 2020 Olympics programme, thus leaving a single vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports as well as the sport that had been dropped from the 2012 Olympics programme. On 12 February 2013, IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the "core" programme for the 2020 Games; this was a surprising decision considering that wrestling is one of the oldest Olympic sports, having been included since the ancient Olympic Games and included in the original programme for the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the absence of women's events in the sport.[38][39][40] Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration. On 29 May 2013, it was announced that three sports had made the final shortlist: baseball/softball, squash and wrestling.[41] The other five sports were excluded from consideration at this point: karate, roller sports, sport climbing, wakeboarding, and wushu.[42] On 8 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session, the IOC selected wrestling to be included in the Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024. Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively.[43] Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme. This rule is designed so that sports popular in the host country can be added to the programme to improve local interest.[44] As a result of these changes, a new shortlist of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[45] On 28 September 2015, organisers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[46] The five proposed sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and will be included in the sports programme for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[47][48] Participating Countries Argentina Australia Austria Belgium Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary India Ireland Israel Italy Japan (host) Kuwait Malaysia Netherlands New Zealand North Korea Norway Peru Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Chinese Taipei Turkey Ukraine United States Uzbekistan Calendar The 2020 schedule by session was approved by the IOC Executive Board on 18 July 2018, with the exception of swimming, diving, and synchronized swimming. A more detailed schedule by event is expected to be available in the spring of 2019.[49][50] All times and dates use Japan Standard Time (UTC+9) OC Opening ceremony ? Event competitions 1 Gold medal events CC Closing ceremony July/August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri 1 Sat 2 Sun 3 Mon 4 Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Events Olympic Rings Icon.svg Ceremonies OC CC N/A Archery ? 1 1 1 ? ? ? 1 1 5 Athletics pictogram.svg Athletics ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 48 Badminton pictogram.svg Badminton ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 5 Baseball pictogram.svg Baseball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 Basketball Basketball pictogram.svg Basketball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 4 3x3 basketball pictogram.svg 3x3 Basketball ? ? ? ? 2 Boxing pictogram.svg Boxing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 13 Canoeing Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg Slalom ? 1 1 ? 1 1 16 Canoeing (flatwater) pictogram.svg Sprint ? 4 ? 4 ? 4 Cycling Cycling (road) pictogram.svg Road cycling 1 1 2 22 Cycling (track) pictogram.svg Track cycling ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Cycling (BMX) pictogram.svg BMX ? 2 ? 2 Cycling (mountain biking) pictogram.svg Mountain biking 1 1 Diving pictogram.svg Diving 1 1 1 1 ? ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 ? 1 8 Equestrian pictogram.svg Equestrian ? ? 1 1 ? ? ? 2 ? 1 ? 1 6 Fencing pictogram.svg Fencing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 12 Field hockey pictogram.svg Field hockey ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 2 Football pictogram.svg Football ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 2 Golf pictogram.svg Golf ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? 1 2 Gymnastics Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg Artistic ? ? 1 1 1 1 ? ? ? 18 Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg Rhythmic ? 1 1 Gymnastics (trampoline) pictogram.svg Trampolining 1 1 Handball pictogram.svg Handball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 2 Judo pictogram.svg Judo ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 15 Karate pictogram.svg Karate ? ? ? 8 Modern pentathlon pictogram.svg Modern pentathlon ? 1 1 2 Rowing pictogram.svg Rowing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 14 Rugby Sevens pictogram.svg Rugby sevens ? ? 1 ? ? 1 2 Sailing pictogram.svg Sailing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 10 Shooting pictogram.svg Shooting ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 15 Skateboarding pictogram.svg Skateboarding 1 1 1 1 4 Softball pictogram.svg Softball ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 Climbing pictogram.svg Sport climbing ? ? 1 1 2 Surfing pictogram.svg Surfing ? ? ? 2 2 Swimming pictogram.svg Swimming ? 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 1 1 37 Synchronized swimming pictogram.svg Synchronized swimming ? ? 1 ? 1 2 Table tennis pictogram.svg Table tennis ? ? 1 ? ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? 1 1 5 Taekwondo pictogram.svg Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8 Tennis pictogram.svg Tennis ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 3 5 Triathlon pictogram.svg Triathlon 1 1 1 3 Volleyball Volleyball (beach) pictogram.svg Beach volleyball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 4 Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg Volleyball ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 Water polo pictogram.svg Water polo ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1 1 2 Weightlifting pictogram.svg Weightlifting ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 14 Wrestling pictogram.svg Wrestling ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 18 Daily medal events 339 Cumulative total 339 July/August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri 1 Sat 2 Sun 3 Mon 4 Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Total events Event scheduling Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, swimming finals will be held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas (such as NBC). Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Olympic events in the country.[51][52] Marketing Emblem The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest,[53] it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[54] The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre.[55] Mascot Miraitowa (left), the Olympic mascot, and Someity (right), the Paralympic mascot Main article: Miraitowa and Someity The Tokyo 2020 Organising Committee began accepting submissions for the official mascots of the Games from 1 to 14 August 2017. A total of 2,042 entries were received.[56] Three shortlisted entries were unveiled at the Kakezuka Elementary School on 7 December 2017. A poll was then conducted between 11 December 2017 and 22 February 2018 to choose the winning entry, with each participating elementary school class allocated one vote.[57][58] The results were announced on 28 February 2018. The winning entry was candidate pair A, created by Ryo Taniguchi, which received 109,041 votes, followed by Kana Yano's pair B with 61,423 votes and Sanae Akimoto's pair C with 35,291 votes. Miraitowa is a figure with blue checkered patterns inspired by the Games' official logo, which has old-fashioned charm and new innovation combined with a special power of instant teleportation. Both Miraitowa and Someity were named by the Organising Committee on 22 July 2018.[59] Video games Sega will hold the rights to develop video games based on the 2020 Summer Olympics.[60] anime there will be some anime Character’s that will be part of front of the merchandise and will the ambassador's the list of anime Character’s will be yo Jibanyan from Yo-kai Watch son goku from Dragon Ball Monkey D. Luffy from one piece naruto uzumaki from naruto Asahina Mirai "cure miracle" and Riko Izayoi "cure magical" from Pretty Cure Usagi Tsukino "Sailor Moon" from sailor moon Shinnosuke Nohara from Crayon Shin-chan Astro Boy (character) (or in japan Mighty Atom) from Astro Boy [61] Sponsors As of 2015 total sponsorship for the 2020 Games reached approximately $1.3 billion, setting an Olympics record (the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing attracted $1.2 billion).[62] Concerns and controversies IAAF bribery claims In January 2016, the second part of a World Anti-Doping Agency commission report into corruption included a footnote detailing a conversation between Khalil Diack, son of former International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) president Lamine Diack, and Turkish officials heading up the Istanbul bid team.[63] A transcript of the conversation cited in the report suggested that a "sponsorship" payment of between US$4 million and 5 million had been made by the Japanese bid team "either to the Diamond League or IAAF".[63] The footnote claimed that because Istanbul did not make such a payment, the bid lost the support of Lamine Diack. The WADA declined to investigate the claims because it was, according to its independent commission, outside the agency's remit.[63] In July and October 2013 (prior to and after being awarded the Games), Tokyo made two bank payments totalling SG$2.8 million to a Singapore-based company known as Black Tidings. The company is tied to Papa Massata Diack, a son of Lamine Diack who worked as a marketing consultant for the IAAF, and is being pursued by French authorities under allegations of bribery, corruption, and money laundering.[64] Black Tidings is held by Ian Tan Tong Han, a consultant to Athletics Management and Services—which manages the IAAF's commercial rights, and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu. Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team.[64][65][66] Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services, but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential. Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter. Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo's organizing committee.[64][66] The IOC established a team to investigate these matters, and will closely follow the French investigation.[67] Logo plagiarism The original logos of the 2020 Summer Olympics (top left) and Paralympics (top right) and the logo of the Théâtre de Liège (bottom). The initial design for the official emblems of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 July 2015. The logo resembled a stylized "T"; a red circle in the top-right corner represented a beating heart, the flag of Japan, and an "inclusive world in which everyone accepts each other", and a dark grey column in the centre represented diversity.[68] The Paralympic emblem was an inverted version of the pattern made to resemble an equal sign.[69] Shortly after the unveiling, Belgian graphics designer Olivier Debie accused the organizing committee of plagiarizing a logo he had designed for the Théâtre de Liège, which aside from the circle, consisted of nearly identical shapes. Tokyo's organizing committee denied that the emblem design was plagiarized, arguing that the design had gone through "long, extensive and international" intellectual property examinations before it was cleared for use.[70][71] Debie filed a lawsuit against the IOC to prevent use of the infringing logo.[55] The emblem's designer, Kenjiro Sano, defended the design, stating that he had never seen the Liège logo, while TOCOG released an early sketch of the design that emphasized a stylized "T" and did not resemble the Liège logo.[55] However, Sano was found to have had a history of plagiarism, with others alleging his early design plagiarized work of Jan Tschichold, that he used a photo without permission in promotional materials for the emblem, along with other past cases. On 1 September 2015, following an emergency meeting of TOCOG, Governor of Tokyo Yoichi Masuzoe announced that they had decided to scrap Sano's two logos. The committee met on 2 September 2015 to decide how to approach another new logo design.[55] On 24 November 2015, an Emblems Selection Committee was established to organize an open call for design proposals, open to Japanese residents over the age of 18, with a deadline set for 7 December 2015. The winner would receive ¥1 million and tickets to the opening ceremonies of both the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.[53][72][73] On 8 April 2016, a new shortlist of four pairs of designs for the Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled by the Emblems Selection Committee; the Committee's selection—with influence from a public poll, was presented to TOCOG on 25 April 2016 for final approval.[72] Broadcasting Main article: List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television, with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Olympics.[74][75] In the United States, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[76] In Europe, this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Discovery Communications, which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe, excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games, and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024.[77] Discovery will sub-license coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are fully owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Discovery holds exclusive pay television rights to these Games.[78][79][80] References (French: Jeux de la XXXIIème olympiade) "Olympics 2020: Tokyo wins race to host Games". BBC Sport. 7 September 2013. "2020 Olympics Vote Total Box". Associated Press. Miami Herald. 7 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013. JR? ?? on YouTube "??· ?". . 10 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. " ???1000?? ??". . 10 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. PST (24 January 2014). "Mori heads Tokyo 2020 organizing committee". Sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 4 February 2014. "Toshiaki Endo appointed Olympics minister". The Japan Times. "Nokia, NTT DoCoMo prepare for 5G ahead of Tokyo Olympics launch". 2 March 2015 – via Reuters. "Nokia wins 5G business with Japan's NTT DoCoMo - FierceWireless". www.fiercewireless.com. Himmer, Alastair (5 February 2012). "Rugby-Tokyo stadium set for billion dollar facelift". Reuters. Retrieved 17 September 2017. "Notice". Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Himmer, Alastair (17 July 2015). "Japan rips up 2020 Olympic stadium plans to start anew". news.yahoo.com. AFP. Retrieved 17 July 2015. "Tokyo 2020 candidature file – section 8 – Sports and Venues" (PDF). Tokyo 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. "Tokyo panel: Olympic cost could expand fourfold". NHK. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016. [1] "Seaside Park Hockey Stadium". Bureau of Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 Preparation. Retrieved 17 September 2018. Originally to be held at Water Polo Arena in Koto, Tokyo; venue moved in June 2015. " ??26? · ". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. "Dream Island Archery Field". Bureau of Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 Preparation. Retrieved 17 September 2018. Badminton originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena; venue moved in June 2015. " ??26? · ". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. Rugby sevens originally to be held at National Olympic Stadium; venue moved in June 2015. " ??26? · ". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. Originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena; proposal for venue change to Saitama Super Arena in late 2014 was confirmed in March 2015 by the IOC. "IOC supports Tokyo's plans to relocate Olympic venues". The Japan Times. 19 November 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2015. "Moving 2020 hoops to Saitama latest blow for game". The Japan Times. 3 March 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015. Originally to be held at Wakasu Olympic Marina; venue moved in June 2015. " ??26? · ". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. All three events originally to be held at Tokyo Big Sight; venue moved in June 2015. " ??26? · ". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. "Change to Tokyo 2020 equestrian venue approved". inside.fei.org. 28 February 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016. "Olympic Venues"., Beall, Joel (20 March 2017). "2020 Olympic golf course changes policy, allows women full membership". Wilson, Stephen (10 December 2015). "IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics". japantoday.com. Retrieved 10 December 2015. "IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics". japantimes.co.jp. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016. " ?… ??". "Fukushima Prefecture to Host Tokyo 2020 Baseball & Softball Matches, Showcasing the Power of Sport to Support Recovery|The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games". The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Retrieved 2017-03-30. "Olympic sport football". tokyo2020.jp. 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016. [2] "Tickets for Olympic Games / Tokyo Olympic Japan 2020". "How To Buy Tokyo Olympic Tickets". TrulyTokyo. "3-on-3 basketball officially added to Tokyo Olympics". CBC Sports. Retrieved 9 June 2017. "Tokyo 2020: Mixed-gender events added to Olympic Games". BBC Sport. Retrieved 9 June 2017. Hamilton, Tracee (2013-09-08). "Wrestling, IOC make right moves in getting sport back on 2020 Olympics program". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-03-16. Longman, Jeré (2013-02-12). "Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-16. "Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games". BBC Sport. IOC: Baseball/softball, squash and wrestling make cut for IOC Session vote in Buenos Aires "Wrestling, baseball/softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut". "Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games". IOC. 8 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013. "Olympic Agenda 2020 Recommendations" (PDF). IOC. Retrieved 23 June 2015. "Baseball, softball among 8 sports proposed for 2020 Games". ESPN.com. "Olympics: Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports". BBC Sport. Retrieved 29 March 2016. "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". Olympic.org. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-08-03. "You're in! Baseball/softball, 4 other sports make Tokyo cut". USA Today. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-08-18. Tokyo 2020 Unveils Action-Packed Olympic Competition Schedule Olympic Competition Schedule "FINA back holding swimming finals in morning at Tokyo 2020 Olympics". Inside the Games. Retrieved 2018-07-25. "Tokyo 2020 swimming finals set for prime-time in United States as agreement reached to hold morning medal races". Inside the Games. Retrieved 2018-09-24. "Tokyo 2020 Emblems Committee relax competition rules ahead of search for new logo". InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 26 October 2015. "Checkered pattern by artist Tokolo chosen as logo for 2020 Tokyo Olympics". Japan Times. Retrieved 25 April 2016. "Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo scrapped after allegations of plagiarism". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 September 2015. "Tokyo 2020 Games Mascots". Retrieved 7 September 2017. "2020 Tokyo Olympic organizers begin soliciting mascot ideas". The Japan Times. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2017. "Tokyo 2020 lets children choose mascots from 3 finalists". NBC Sports. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2018. "10th Meeting of the Mascot Selection Panel" (Press release). Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. 30 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018. Makuch, Eddie (27 October 2016). "Sega Making Video Games for 2020 Summer Olympics". GameSpot. Retrieved 8 July 2018. www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2017-02-07/anime-characters-for-tokyo-olympic-merchandise-revealed/.111762 animenewsnetwork Retrieved 8 February 2017 Fukase, Atsuko (15 April 2015). "2020 Tokyo Olympics Attract Record Sponsorship". The Wall Street Journal Japan Real Time. Retrieved 16 April 2015. "Tokyo Olympics 2020: French prosecutors probe '$2m payment'". BBC News. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016. "Tokyo Olympics: Japan to 'fully cooperate' with suspicious payments inquiry". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Life bans for three athletics figures over alleged doping cover-up". BBC Sport. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Tokyo 2020 Olympic bid leader refuses to reveal Black Tidings details". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 June 2016. "IOC concerned at suspect payments made by Tokyo 2020 bid team". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Tokyo 2020 unveils official emblem with five years to go". Olympic.org. Retrieved 27 July 2015. "Tokyo 2020 launches emblems for the Olympic and Paralympic Games". IPC. Retrieved 28 July 2015. "Tokyo Olympic Games logo embroiled in plagiarism row". The Guardian. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. "Tokyo Olympics emblem said to look similar to Belgian theater logo". The Japan Times. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015. "Japan unveils final four candidates for Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo". Japan Times. 8 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016. "Tokyo Games organizers decide to scrap Sano emblem". NHK World. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015. Vincent, James (2016-08-26). "Sony and Panasonic target 8K TVs for 2020 Olympics". The Verge. Retrieved 2017-07-21. "Exclusive: Lost market share prompts Sony-Panasonic TV tech alliance". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017. McCarthy, Michael (7 June 2011). "NBC wins U.S. TV rights to four Olympic Games through 2020". USA Today. "Russian state broadcasters commit to PyeongChang coverage". Retrieved 2018-02-06. "Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through '24". Sports Business Journal. Retrieved 1 July 2015. "BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 June 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Summer Olympics. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020. Tokyo 2020 Tokyo 2020 (IOC) Japanese Olympic Committee Preceded by Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympic Games Tokyo XXXII Olympiad (2020) Succeeded by Paris vte Olympic Games vte Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics vte Events at the 2020 Summer Olympics vte Qualification for the 2020 Summer Olympics vte Venues of the 2020 Summer Olympics Olympic Rings.svgOlympics portalPortal-puzzle.svg2020s portalFlag of Japan.svgJapan portalPrefSymbol-Tokyo.svgTokyo portal Categories: 2020 Summer Olympics2020 in Japanese sport2020 in multi-sport events2020s in TokyoOlympic Games in JapanScheduled multi-sport eventsSports competitions in TokyoSummer Olympics by yearJuly 2020 sports eventsAugust 2020 sports events Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Languages ? 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Post by Fredrik on Jul 16, 2019 22:35:21 GMT 1
2020 Summer Olympics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Tokyo 2020" redirects here. For the Paralympics, see 2020 Summer Paralympics. Games of the XXXII Olympiad 2020 Summer Olympics logo new.svg Host city Tokyo, Japan Motto Discover Tomorrow Nations 206 (expected) Athletes 11,091 (expected) Events 339 in 33 sports (50 disciplines) Opening 24 July Closing 9 August Stadium New National Stadium Summer ← Rio 2016 Paris 2024 → Winter ← PyeongChang 2018 Beijing 2022 → Olympic rings Part of a series on 2020 Summer Olympics[show] The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会 Hepburn: Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai)[1] and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is an upcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020 in Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 7 September 2013.[2] These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, the first city in Asia to host the Olympics twice, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China. These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, as well as further mixed events. Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games' programme to augment the permanent "core" Olympic events, these Games will see karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts, and the return of baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer program after 2008). Contents 1 Bidding process 1.1 Host city election 2 Development and preparation 2.1 Venues and infrastructure 2.1.1 Heritage Zone 2.1.2 Tokyo Bay Zone 2.1.3 Outlying venues 2.1.4 Football venues 2.1.5 Non-competition venues 2.2 Security 2.3 Volunteers 2.4 Medals 2.5 Torch 2.6 Ticketing 3 The Games 3.1 Sports 3.1.1 New sports 3.2 Test events 3.3 Participating National Olympic Committees 3.3.1 Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee 4 Calendar 4.1 Event scheduling 5 Marketing 6 Concerns and controversies 6.1 IAAF bribery claims 6.2 Logo plagiarism 6.3 Fukushima radiation 7 Broadcasting 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Bidding process Further information: Bids for the 2020 Summer Olympics Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn. Host city election The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority. 2020 Summer Olympics host city election[3] City NOC name Round 1 Runoff Round 2 Tokyo Japan 42 — 60 Istanbul Turkey 26 49 36 Madrid Spain 26 45 — Development and preparation View of the Rainbow Bridge from Odaiba Marine Park The Sapporo Dome in Sapporo Yokohama Stadium – Baseball The Tokyo Metropolitan Government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new railway line is planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station, cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; the line would cost 400 billion yen and would be funded primarily by private investors, but East Japan Railway Company (East JR) is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport.[4] Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken-Ō Expressway, and to refurbish other major expressways in the area.[5] There are also plans to extend the Yurikamome automated transit line from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station, passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the Yurikamome would still not have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own.[6] The Organizing Committee is headed by former Prime Minister Yoshirō Mori.[7] Olympic and Paralympic Minister Shun'ichi Suzuki is overseeing the preparations on behalf of the Japanese government.[8] Venues and infrastructure It was confirmed in February 2012 that the National Stadium in Tokyo, which was the central venue for the 1964 Summer Olympics, would be demolished and reconstructed. The project would receive a 100 billion yen upgrade for the 2019 Rugby World Cup as well as the 2020 Olympics.[9] A design competition for the New National Stadium was launched, and the Japan Sport Council announced in November 2012 that, out of 46 finalists, Zaha Hadid Architects had been awarded the design for the new stadium. Plans included dismantling the original stadium, and expanding the capacity from 50,000 to a modern Olympic capacity of about 80,000.[10] Demolition of the old stadium was completed in May 2015, but Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announced in July 2015 that plans to build the new stadium would be scrapped amid public discontent over the inflated building costs, and a second competition was launched to find an alternative design. In Autumn 2015, a new design by Kengo Kuma was approved as the winning project. Kuma's design decreased the stadium's capacity, allowing it to be interchangeable between 60,000 and 80,000 depending on the event, much like the Stade de France.[11] As a result of the changes, the New National Stadium will not be completed in time for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, as originally planned. In September 2016, a review panel stated that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could increase to four times the original estimate; a major overhaul of the current plan was therefore proposed in order to reduce costs, including moving venues outside the city of Tokyo.[12] In October 2018, the Board of Audit issued a report stating that the total cost of the venues could exceed US$25 billion.[13] Of the 33 competition venues in Tokyo, 28 are within 8 kilometres (4.97 miles) of the Olympic Village. Eleven new venues are to be constructed.[14] Heritage Zone Seven venues for nine sports will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics. Venue Events Capacity Status New National Stadium Opening and closing ceremonies 60,102 Under construction Athletics Football (finals) Yoyogi National Gymnasium Handball 13,291 Existing Ryōgoku Kokugikan Boxing 11,098 Existing Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium Table tennis 10,000 Existing Nippon Budokan Judo 14,471 Existing Karate Tokyo International Forum Weightlifting 5,012 Existing Imperial Palace Gardens Athletics (marathon, race walk) 5,000 seated, unlimited standing room along route Temporary Musashinomori Park[15] Road cycling (start road races) Temporary Tokyo Bay Zone There will be 13 venues for 15 sports located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba and the surrounding artificial islands. Venue Events Capacity Status Kasai Rinkai Park Canoeing (slalom) 8,000 Ready, built for the games Oi Hockey Stadium Field hockey 15,000 Under construction[16] Olympic Aquatics Centre Aquatics (swimming, diving, synchronized swimming) 15,000 Under construction Tokyo Tatsumi International Swimming Center Water polo[17] 3,635 Existing Yumenoshima Park Archery 7,000 Under construction[18] Ariake Arena Volleyball 15,000 Under construction Olympic BMX Course BMX cycling 6,000 Under construction Skateboarding Olympic Gymnastic Centre Gymnastics (artistic, rhythmic, trampoline) 10,000 Temporary Ariake Coliseum Tennis 20,000 = 10,000 centre court; 5,000 court 1; 3,000 court 2; 2,000 match courts (8x250) Existing, renovated Odaiba Marine Park Triathlon 5,000 seated, unlimited standing room along route Existing with temporary stands Aquatics (marathon swimming) Shiokaze Park Beach volleyball 12,000 Temporary Central Breakwater Equestrian (eventing) 20,000 Existing with temporary infrastructure Rowing Canoeing (sprint) Aomi Urban Sports Venue 3x3 basketball 5,000 Temporary Sport climbing Outlying venues Twelve venues for 16 sports will be situated farther than 8 kilometres (5 miles) from the Olympic Village. Venue Events Capacity Status Camp Asaka Shooting Existing, renovated Musashino Forest Sports Plaza Modern pentathlon (fencing) 10,000 Ready, built for the games Badminton[19] Ajinomoto Stadium Football 49,970[20] Existing Modern pentathlon (excluding fencing) Rugby sevens Saitama Super Arena Basketball 22,000[21] Existing Enoshima Sailing 10,000[22] Existing with temporary stands Makuhari Messe Fencing 6,000 Existing with temporary stands Taekwondo Wrestling 8,000[23] Baji Koen Equestrian (dressage, jumping)[24] Existing with temporary stands Kasumigaseki Country Club Golf 30,000[25][26] Existing with temporary stands Izu Velodrome Track cycling 5,000[27] Existing, expanded Izu Mountain Bike Course Mountain biking[28] Yokohama Stadium Baseball 30,000[29] Existing Softball Fukushima Azuma Baseball Stadium Baseball (opening match) 30,000 Existing, renovated Softball (opening match) [30] Fuji International Speedway Road cycling (finish road races, time trial) Existing Football venues Venue Location Events Matches Capacity Status International Stadium Yokohama[31] Yokohama Men's and Women's preliminaries and quarter-final, Women's semi-final, Men's final 10 70,000 Existing Tokyo Stadium Tokyo Men's and Women's opening round of preliminaries only 4 49,000 Existing Saitama Stadium Saitama Men's and Women's preliminaries and quarter-final, Men's semi-final and 3rd place play-off 11 62,000 Existing Miyagi Stadium Sendai Men's and Women's preliminaries and quarter-final 10 49,000 Existing Kashima Soccer Stadium Kashima Men's and Women's preliminaries, quarter-final and semi-final, Women's 3rd place play-off 10 40,728 Existing Sapporo Dome Sapporo Men's and Women's preliminaries 10 42,000 Existing New National Stadium Tokyo Women's final 2 60,012 Under construction Non-competition venues The Tokyo Big Sight Conference Tower will be used as the IBC/MPC complex Venue Events Imperial Hotel, Tokyo IOC Harumi Futo Olympic Village Tokyo Big Sight Media Press Center (MPC) International Broadcast Center (IBC) Security In December 2018, the Japanese government chose to ban drones from flying over venues being used for the Olympic and Paralympic Games. A ban was also imposed for the 2019 Rugby World Cup.[32] Volunteers Applications for volunteering at the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were accepted from 26 September 2018. By 18 January 2019, a total of 204,680 applications had been received by the organising committee.[33] Interviews to select the requisite number of volunteers began in February 2019 and training will take place in October 2019.[34] The volunteers at the venues will be known as "Field Cast" and the volunteers in the city will be known as "City Cast"; these names were chosen from a shortlist of four from an original 149 pairs of names. The other shortlisted names were "Shining Blue" & "Shining Blue Tokyo", "Games Anchor" & "City Anchor", and "Games Force" & "City Force". The names were chosen by the people who had applied to be volunteers at the Games.[35] Medals In February 2017, the Tokyo Organizing Committee announced an electronics recycling program in partnership with Japan Environmental Sanitation Center and NTT docomo, soliciting donations of electronics (such as mobile phones) to be reclaimed as materials for the medals. Aiming to collect 8 tonnes of metals to produce the medals for the Olympic and Paralympic Games, collection boxes were deployed at public locations and NTT docomo retail shops that April.[36][37] A design competition for the medals launched in December 2017.[38] In May 2018, the organizing committee reported that they had obtained half the required 2,700 kilograms of bronze, but that they were struggling to obtain the required amount of silver: although silver and bronze medals purely utilize their respective materials, IOC requirements mandate that gold medals utilize silver as a base.[39] The collection of bronze was completed in November 2018, with the remainder estimated to be complete by March 2019.[40] Torch Aluminium taken from temporary housing in Fukushima was used to make the torches for the Olympic Flame. More than 10,000 pieces of aluminium were used and organizers contacted local authorities to see which houses were no longer being used. The torch relay will arrive in Japan and begin its journey across the country at Fukushima on 26 March 2020.[41] The relay's slogan is "Hope lights our way" and is sponsored by Coca-Cola, Toyota, NTT and Nippon Life.[42][43][44] In December 2018, it was announced that cauldrons would be placed in the Olympic Stadium and on the waterfront near the Yume-no-Ohashi bridge. After the opening ceremony the flame would be transferred to the waterfront, with the stadium cauldron extinguished until the closing ceremony; with organizers stating that it was difficult to keep the cauldron in the stadium.[45] The torch and the torch relay logo was unveiled on 19 March 2019, the torch is based on an idea of a Japanese cherry blossom sakura flower in gold and sakura color, made from recycled aluminium shaped using the same process as used to create bullet trains. The torch was designed by Tokujin Yoshioka. The torch relay logo was unveiled the same day, The three rectangular shapes that make up the Tokyo 2020 Games emblems have been redesigned to resemble the flame of a torch, and express the dynamic movement of a flame. The design also incorporates the fuki bokashi technique for colour gradation often used in traditional Japanese ukiyoe painting to further imbue the emblem with a Japanese aesthetic.[46] Ticketing The opening ceremony tickets will range from 12,000 to 300,000 yen, with a maximum price of 130,000 yen for the finals of athletics.[47] The average price of all the Olympic tickets is 7,700 yen. 50% of the tickets will be sold for 8,000 yen or less. A symbolic ticket price of 2,020 yen will be for families, groups resident in Japan and in conjunction with a school programme. Tickets will be sold through 40,000 shops in Japan and by mail order to Japanese addresses through the Internet.[48] International guests will need to visit Japan during the sales period or arrange for tickets through a third party, such as a travel agent.[49] The Games Sports See also: Olympic sports The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The president of the IOC, Thomas Bach, stated that the goal for the Tokyo Games was to make them more "youthful" and "urban", and to increase the number of female participants.[50][51] The games will feature 339 events in 33 different sports, encompassing 50 disciplines. Alongside the five new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be fifteen new events within existing sports, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. In the list below, the number of events in each discipline is noted in parentheses. Aquatics Artistic swimming (2) Diving (8) Swimming (37) Water polo (2) Archery (5) Athletics (48) Badminton (5) Baseball (1) Softball (1) Basketball Basketball (2) 3x3 basketball (2) Boxing (13) Canoeing Slalom (4) Sprint (12) Cycling BMX freestyle (2) BMX racing (2) Mountain biking (2) Road cycling (4) Track cycling (12) Equestrian Dressage (2) Eventing (2) Jumping (2) Fencing (12) Field hockey (2) Football (2) Golf (2) Gymnastics Artistic (14) Rhythmic (2) Trampoline (2) Handball (2) Judo (15) Karate Kata (2) Kumite (6) Modern pentathlon (2) Rowing (14) Rugby sevens (2) Sailing (10) Shooting (15) Skateboarding (4) Sport climbing (2) Surfing (2) Table tennis (5) Taekwondo (8) Tennis (5) Triathlon (3) Volleyball Volleyball (2) Beach volleyball (2) Weightlifting (14) Wrestling Freestyle (12) Greco-Roman (6) New sports As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics remain "relevant to sports fans of all generations", the IOC assessed the 26 sports contested at the 2012 Olympics, with the remit of dropping one sport and thus retaining 25 "core" sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games. This move would bring the total number of sports to 27, one less than the requirement of 28 for the 2020 Olympics programme, thus leaving a single vacancy which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports as well as the sport that had been dropped from the 2012 Olympics programme. On 12 February 2013, IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the "core" programme for the 2020 Games; this was a surprising decision considering that wrestling is one of the oldest Olympic sports, having been included since the ancient Olympic Games and included in the original programme for the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the decision was based on the shortage of well-known talent and the absence of women's events in the sport.[52][53][54] Wrestling was duly added to the shortlist of applicants for inclusion in the 2020 Games, alongside the seven new sports that were put forward for consideration. On 29 May 2013, it was announced that three sports had made the final shortlist: baseball/softball, squash and wrestling.[55] The other five sports were excluded from consideration at this point: karate, roller sports, sport climbing, wakeboarding, and wushu.[56] On 8 September 2013, at the 125th IOC Session, the IOC selected wrestling to be included in the Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024. Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively.[57] Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an "event-based" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme. This rule is designed so that sports popular in the host country can be added to the programme to improve local interest.[58] As a result of these changes, a new shortlist of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[59] On 28 September 2015, organisers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[60] The five proposed sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and will be included in the sports programme for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[61][62] Test events There will be 56 test events before the Olympic and Paralympic Games; they will be contested between June 2019 and June 2020, and will be completed before the start of the 2020 Summer Games. Several of the events are existing championships, but some will be newly created to serve as test events for the Olympics.[63][64] It was announced in February 2019 that the test events would be under the banner "Ready, Steady, Tokyo." The Tokyo Organising Committee is responsible for 22 of the test events, with the remaining events to be arranged by national and international organisations. The first test event is World Sailing's World Cup Series held at Enoshima, and the last event is set to be the Tokyo Challenge Track Meet in May 2020.[65] Participating National Olympic Committees Team numbers (as of 15 July 2019). Participating countries (as of 15 July 2019). Blue = Participating for the first time. Green = Have previously participated. Yellow circle is host city (Tokyo) As of 15 July 2019, the following 94 NOCs are qualified. Participating National Olympic Committees Algeria (2) Angola (14) Argentina (17) Australia (34) Austria (6) Bahamas (5) Bangladesh (1) Barbados (2) Belarus (6) Belgium (3) Bosnia and Herzegovina (2) Botswana (2) Brazil (37) British Virgin Islands (1) Bulgaria (8) Burkina Faso (1) Burundi (2) Canada (32) Cayman Islands (1) Chile (2) China (54) Colombia (6) Croatia (13) Cuba (1) Cyprus (3) Czech Republic (7) Denmark (26) Djibouti (1) Ecuador (1) Egypt (3) Eritrea (2) Estonia (2) Fiji (12) Finland (4) France (67) Georgia (1) Germany (47) Ghana (2) Great Britain (77) Greece (13) Grenada (2) Guatemala (3) Hong Kong (1) Hungary (6) India (11) Indonesia (3) Iran (2) Ireland (5) Israel (9) Italy (28) Jamaica (6) Japan (283) (host nation) Kazakhstan (5) Kuwait (2) Latvia (3) Liberia (1) Liechtenstein (1) Lithuania (6) Luxembourg (2) Malaysia (5) Mexico (13) Moldova (3) Mongolia (2) Namibia (1) Netherlands (35) New Zealand (56) Niger (1) North Korea (2) Norway (11) Peru (2) Poland (28) Portugal (8) Qatar (1) Romania (22) Russia (48) Rwanda (1) Serbia (20) Slovakia (3) Slovenia (3) South Africa (14) South Korea (16) Spain (46) Sweden (41) Switzerland (10) Chinese Taipei (8) Tanzania (2) Thailand (4) Trinidad and Tobago (5) Turkey (7) Ukraine (15) United States (120) Uzbekistan (2) Venezuela (1) Zambia (1) Number of athletes by National Olympic Committee As of 15 July 2019: IOC Country Athletes JPN Japan 283 Calendar The 2020 schedule by session was approved by the IOC Executive Board on 18 July 2018, with the exception of swimming, diving, and synchronized swimming. A more detailed schedule by event has been released on 16 April 2019, still omitting a detailed schedule for the boxing events.[66][67] All times and dates use Japan Standard Time (UTC+9) OC Opening ceremony ● Event competitions 1 Gold medal events EG Exhibition gala CC Closing ceremony July/August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri 1 Sat 2 Sun 3 Mon 4 Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Events Olympic Rings Icon.svg Ceremonies OC CC N/A Archery ● 1 1 1 ● ● ● 1 1 5 Athletics pictogram.svg Athletics 2 3 5 5 6 5 7 7 7 1 48 Badminton pictogram.svg Badminton ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 1 2 5 Baseball pictogram.svg Baseball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Basketball Basketball pictogram.svg Basketball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 4 3x3 basketball pictogram.svg 3x3 Basketball ● ● ● ● 2 Boxing pictogram.svg Boxing ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 13 13 Canoeing Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg Slalom ● 1 1 ● 1 1 16 Canoeing (flatwater) pictogram.svg Sprint ● 4 ● 4 ● 4 Cycling Cycling (road) pictogram.svg Road cycling 1 1 2 22 Cycling (track) pictogram.svg Track cycling 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 Cycling (BMX) pictogram.svg BMX ● 2 ● 2 Cycling (mountain biking) pictogram.svg Mountain biking 1 1 Diving pictogram.svg Diving 1 1 1 1 ● ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 ● 1 8 Equestrian pictogram.svg Equestrian ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● 2 ● 1 ● 1 6 Fencing pictogram.svg Fencing 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 12 Field hockey pictogram.svg Field hockey ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Football pictogram.svg Football ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Golf pictogram.svg Golf ● ● ● 1 ● ● ● 1 2 Gymnastics Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg Artistic ● ● 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 EG 18 Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg Rhythmic ● 1 1 Gymnastics (trampoline) pictogram.svg Trampolining 1 1 Handball pictogram.svg Handball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Judo pictogram.svg Judo 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 15 Karate pictogram.svg Karate 3 3 2 8 Modern pentathlon pictogram.svg Modern pentathlon ● 1 1 2 Rowing pictogram.svg Rowing ● ● ● ● 2 4 4 4 14 Rugby Sevens pictogram.svg Rugby sevens ● ● 1 ● ● 1 2 Sailing pictogram.svg Sailing ● ● ● ● ● ● 2 2 2 2 2 10 Shooting pictogram.svg Shooting 2 2 2 2 ● 2 1 2 ● 2 15 Skateboarding pictogram.svg Skateboarding 1 1 1 1 4 Softball pictogram.svg Softball ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Climbing pictogram.svg Sport climbing ● ● 1 1 2 Surfing pictogram.svg Surfing ● ● ● 2 2 Swimming pictogram.svg Swimming ● 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 5 1 1 37 Synchronized swimming pictogram.svg Synchronized swimming ● ● 1 ● 1 2 Table tennis pictogram.svg Table tennis ● ● 1 ● ● 1 1 ● ● ● ● 1 1 5 Taekwondo pictogram.svg Taekwondo 2 2 2 2 8 Tennis pictogram.svg Tennis ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 3 5 Triathlon pictogram.svg Triathlon 1 1 1 3 Volleyball Volleyball (beach) pictogram.svg Beach volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 4 Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg Volleyball ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 Water polo pictogram.svg Water polo ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1 1 2 Weightlifting pictogram.svg Weightlifting 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 14 Wrestling pictogram.svg Wrestling ● 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 Daily medal events 11 18 21 22 23 17 22 19 26 22 22 16 27 21 30 22 339 Cumulative total 11 29 50 72 95 112 134 153 179 201 223 239 266 287 317 339 July/August 22 Wed 23 Thu 24 Fri 25 Sat 26 Sun 27 Mon 28 Tue 29 Wed 30 Thu 31 Fri 1 Sat 2 Sun 3 Mon 4 Tue 5 Wed 6 Thu 7 Fri 8 Sat 9 Sun Total events Event scheduling Per the historical precedent of swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and figure skating at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, swimming finals will be held in the morning to allow live primetime broadcasts in the Americas (due to the substantial fees NBC has paid for rights to the Olympics, the IOC has allowed NBC to have influence on event scheduling to maximize U.S. television ratings when possible; NBC agreed to a $7.75 billion contract extension on 7 May 2014, to air the Olympics through the 2032 games,[68] and is also one of the major sources of revenue for the IOC).[69] Japanese broadcasters were said to have criticized the decision, as swimming is one of the most popular Olympic events in the country.[70][71] Marketing Main article: 2020 Summer Olympics marketing Concerns and controversies IAAF bribery claims In January 2016, the second part of a World Anti-Doping Agency commission report into corruption included a footnote detailing a conversation between Khalil Diack, son of former International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) president Lamine Diack, and Turkish officials heading up the Istanbul bid team.[72] A transcript of the conversation cited in the report suggested that a "sponsorship" payment of between US$4 million and 5 million had been made by the Japanese bid team "either to the Diamond League or IAAF".[72] The footnote claimed that because Istanbul did not make such a payment, the bid lost the support of Lamine Diack. The WADA declined to investigate the claims because it was, according to its independent commission, outside the agency's remit.[72] In July and October 2013 (prior to and after being awarded the Games), Tokyo made two bank payments totalling SG$2.8 million to a Singapore-based company known as Black Tidings. The company is tied to Papa Massata Diack, a son of Lamine Diack who worked as a marketing consultant for the IAAF, and is being pursued by French authorities under allegations of bribery, corruption, and money laundering.[73] Black Tidings is held by Ian Tan Tong Han, a consultant to Athletics Management and Services—which manages the IAAF's commercial rights, and has business relationships with Japanese firm Dentsu. Black Tidings has also been connected to a doping scandal involving the Russian athletics team.[73][74][75] Japanese Olympic Committee and Tokyo 2020 board member Tsunekazu Takeda stated that the payments were for consulting services, but refused to discuss the matter further because it was confidential. Toshiaki Endo called on Takeda to publicly discuss the matter. Massata denied that he had received any money from Tokyo's organizing committee.[73][75] The IOC established a team to investigate these matters, and will closely follow the French investigation.[76] In January 2019, a source revealed that Takeda was being formally investigated over alleged corruption.[77] On 19 March 2019, Takeda resigned from the JOC.[78] Logo plagiarism The original logos of the 2020 Summer Olympics (top left) and Paralympics (top right) and the logo of the Théâtre de Liège (bottom). The initial design for the official emblems of the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 July 2015. The logo resembled a stylized "T": a red circle in the top-right corner representing a beating heart, the flag of Japan, and an "inclusive world in which everyone accepts each other"; and a dark grey column in the centre representing diversity.[79] The Paralympic emblem was an inverted version of the pattern made to resemble an equal sign.[80] Shortly after the unveiling, Belgian graphics designer Olivier Debie accused the organizing committee of plagiarizing a logo he had designed for the Théâtre de Liège, which aside from the circle, consisted of nearly identical shapes. Tokyo's organizing committee denied that the emblem design was plagiarized, arguing that the design had gone through "long, extensive and international" intellectual property examinations before it was cleared for use.[81][82] Debie filed a lawsuit against the IOC to prevent use of the infringing logo.[83] The emblem's designer, Kenjirō Sano, defended the design, stating that he had never seen the Liège logo, while TOCOG released an early sketch of the design that emphasized a stylized "T" and did not resemble the Liège logo.[83] However, Sano was found to have had a history of plagiarism, with others alleging his early design plagiarized work of Jan Tschichold, that he used a photo without permission in promotional materials for the emblem, along with other past cases. On 1 September 2015, following an emergency meeting of TOCOG, Governor of Tokyo Yōichi Masuzoe announced that they had decided to scrap Sano's two logos. The committee met on 2 September 2015 to decide how to approach another new logo design.[83] On 24 November 2015, an Emblems Selection Committee was established to organize an open call for design proposals, open to Japanese residents over the age of 18, with a deadline set for 7 December 2015. The winner would receive ¥1 million and tickets to the opening ceremonies of both the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics.[84][85][86] On 8 April 2016, a new shortlist of four pairs of designs for the Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled by the Emblems Selection Committee; the Committee's selection—with influence from a public poll—was presented to TOCOG on 25 April 2016 for final approval.[85] The new emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest, the emblem takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to "express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan".[87] Fukushima radiation In relation to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, which resulted in multiple nuclear meltdowns and an official Level 7 disaster, officials from W.H.O. and the United Nations have determined that the risks of dangerous exposure are minimal.[88] Nevertheless, scientists and citizens alike remain skeptical.[89] Former nuclear industry executive and whistleblower Dr. Arnold Gundersen and his institute, Fairewinds Associates, tested for the presence of radioactive dust on land scheduled to be used for particular upcoming Olympic events, including men's baseball, women's softball, and the traditional Olympic torch run.[90] He found that there were amounts present up to 20 times higher than allowable amounts,[91] as determined by the National Academy of Sciences' "linear, no-threshold" model.[92] Broadcasting Main article: List of 2020 Summer Olympics broadcasters Sony and Panasonic are partnering with NHK to develop broadcasting standards for 8K resolution television, with a goal to release 8K television sets in time for the 2020 Olympics.[93][94] Italian broadcaster RAI announced an intent to deploy 8K broadcasting for the Games.[95] In the United States, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[96] In Europe, this will be the first Summer Olympics under the IOC's exclusive pan-European rights deal with Eurosport, which began at the 2018 Winter Olympics and run through 2024. The rights for the 2020 Games cover almost all of Europe, excluding France due to an existing rights deal that will expire following these Games in favour of Eurosport, and Russia due to a pre-existing deal with a marketer through 2024.[97] Eurosport will sub-license coverage to free-to-air networks in each territory and other Discovery Inc.-owned channels. In the United Kingdom, these will be the last Games whose rights are primarily owned by the BBC, although as a condition of a sub-licensing agreement that will carry into the 2022 and 2024 Games, Eurosport holds exclusive pay television rights.[98][99][100] Telecom company NTT Docomo signed a deal with Finland's Nokia to provide 5G-ready baseband networks in Japan in time for the Olympics.[101][102] Notes See also Idaten (TV series) References (French: Jeux de la XXXIIème olympiade) "Olympics 2020: Tokyo wins race to host Games". BBC Sport. 7 September 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2018. Wilson, Stephen (8 September 2013). "Results of the IOC vote to host the 2020 Summer Olympics". Austin American-Statesman. Associated Press. Retrieved 11 December 2018. JR東日本、東京五輪を前に都心部と羽田空港結ぶ新路線整備を on YouTube "羽田・成田発着を拡大、五輪へインフラ整備急ぐ". 日本経済新聞. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. "五輪で東京に1000万人 過密都市ゆえの課題多く". 日本経済新聞. 10 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. PST (24 January 2014). "Mori heads Tokyo 2020 organizing committee". Sports.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014. "List of Ministers (The Cabinet) | Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet". japan.kantei.go.jp. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018. Himmer, Alastair (5 February 2012). "Rugby-Tokyo stadium set for billion dollar facelift". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2017. "Notice". Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Himmer, Alastair (17 July 2015). "Japan rips up 2020 Olympic stadium plans to start anew". news.yahoo.com. AFP. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015. "Tokyo panel: Olympic cost could expand fourfold". NHK. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016. "Tokyo 2020 costs skyrocket to US$25 billion". Retrieved 4 November 2018. "Tokyo 2020 candidature file – section 8 – Sports and Venues" (PDF). Tokyo 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018. "Seaside Park Hockey Stadium". Bureau of Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 Preparation. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018. Originally to be held at Water Polo Arena in Koto, Tokyo; venue moved in June 2015. "東京五輪、26競技の会場決定 自転車・サッカー除き". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. "Dream Island Archery Field". Bureau of Olympic and Paralympic Games Tokyo 2020 Preparation. Archived from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018. Badminton originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena; venue moved in June 2015. "東京五輪、26競技の会場決定 自転車・サッカー除き". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. Rugby sevens originally to be held at National Olympic Stadium; venue moved in June 2015. "東京五輪、26競技の会場決定 自転車・サッカー除き". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. Originally to be held at Youth Plaza Arena; proposal for venue change to Saitama Super Arena in late 2014 was confirmed in March 2015 by the IOC. "IOC supports Tokyo's plans to relocate Olympic venues". The Japan Times. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015. "Moving 2020 hoops to Saitama latest blow for game". The Japan Times. 3 March 2015. Archived from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015. Originally to be held at Wakasu Olympic Marina; venue moved in June 2015. "東京五輪、26競技の会場決定 自転車・サッカー除き". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. All three events originally to be held at Tokyo Big Sight; venue moved in June 2015. "東京五輪、26競技の会場決定 自転車・サッカー除き". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 9 June 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015. "Change to Tokyo 2020 equestrian venue approved". inside.fei.org. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016. "Olympic Venues". Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017., Beall, Joel (20 March 2017). "2020 Olympic golf course changes policy, allows women full membership". Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017. Wilson, Stephen (10 December 2015). "IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics". japantoday.com. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015. "IOC approves switch of cycling venues for Tokyo Olympics". japantimes.co.jp. 9 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016. "横浜スタジアム会場案...東京五輪に野球など追加". "Fukushima Prefecture to Host Tokyo 2020 Baseball & Softball Matches, Showcasing the Power of Sport to Support Recovery|The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games". The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017. "Olympic sport football". tokyo2020.jp. 21 November 2016. Archived from the original on 21 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016. Diamond, James (25 December 2018). "Japanese Government announce ban on drones near venues during Tokyo 2020". insidethegames.biz. "More than 200,000 Applications Received for Tokyo 2020 Volunteer Programme". Tokyo 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2019. "Tokyo 2020: 180,000 apply to be volunteers". IPC. "Volunteer names unveiled for Tokyo 2020". IOC. 30 January 2019. Palmer, Dan (1 February 2017). "Tokyo 2020 urge public to help create recycled medals". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 10 February 2019. "Project to recycle old mobile phones for Olympic medals gets off to slow start". The Japan Times. 2 January 2018. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018. Etchells, Daniel (22 December 2017). "Tokyo 2020 launches Olympic and Paralympic medal design competition". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 10 February 2019. "Japan struggles for silver for Tokyo 2020 medals". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Pavitt, Michael (25 November 2018). "Bach donates to project recycling metals for Tokyo 2020 medals". insidethegames.biz. Retrieved 10 February 2019. Gillen, Nancy (4 January 2019). "Recycled aluminium from temporary housing in Fukushima to be used for Tokyo 2020 Olympic Torches". insidethegames.biz. Palmer, Dan (30 November 2018). "Toyota become presenting partner of Tokyo 2020 Torch Relay". insidethegames.biz. Palmer, Dan (19 March 2019). "Tokyo 2020 sign-up two presenting partners for Olympic Torch Relay". insidethegames.biz. Palmer, Dan (10 April 2018). "Tokyo 2020 unveil "Hope Lights Our Way" slogan for Torch Relay". insidethegames.biz. Rowbottom, Mike (18 December 2018). "Tokyo 2020 confirms it will use Olympic flame cauldrons in stadium and on the waterfront". insidethegames.biz. Etchells, Daniel (20 March 2019). "Tokyo 2020 unveils Olympic Torch and Torch Relay emblem and ambassadors". insidethegames.biz. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018. "Tickets for Olympic Games / Tokyo Olympic Japan 2020". Archived from the original on 31 August 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016. "How To Buy Tokyo Olympic Tickets". TrulyTokyo. Archived from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2018. "3-on-3 basketball officially added to Tokyo Olympics". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017. "Tokyo 2020: Mixed-gender events added to Olympic Games". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017. Hamilton, Tracee (8 September 2013). "Wrestling, IOC make right moves in getting sport back on 2020 Olympics program". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018. Longman, Jeré (12 February 2013). "Olympics Moves to Drop Wrestling in 2020". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2018. "Wrestling to be dropped from 2020 Olympic Games". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2018. IOC: Baseball/softball, squash and wrestling make cut for IOC Session vote in Buenos Aires Archived 7 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine "Wrestling, baseball/softball and squash shortlisted by IOC for 2020 as five fail to make cut". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. "Wrestling added to Olympic programme for 2020 and 2024 Games". IOC. 8 September 2013. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2013. "Olympic Agenda 2020 Recommendations" (PDF). IOC. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015. "Baseball, softball among 8 sports proposed for 2020 Games". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015. "Olympics: Skateboarding & surfing among possible Tokyo 2020 sports". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016. "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020". Olympic.org. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016. "You're in! Baseball/softball, 4 other sports make Tokyo cut". USA Today. 3 August 2016. Archived from the original on 16 October 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2016. "Tokyo 2020 Test Events". Tokyo 2020. 3 January 2019. "Tokyo 2020: Test event schedule announced". IPC. 2 October 2018. "Tokyo 2020 unveils its Olympic test event schedule". IOC. 30 January 2019. Tokyo 2020 Unveils Action-Packed Olympic Competition Schedule Olympic Competition Schedule "Olympics on NBC through 2032". USA Today. Gannett Company. 7 May 2014. "Fewer Russians Could Be a Windfall for U.S. Olympic Business". The New York Times. 7 December 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2018. "FINA back holding swimming finals in morning at Tokyo 2020 Olympics". insidethegames.biz. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 25 July 2018. "Tokyo 2020 swimming finals set for prime-time in United States as agreement reached to hold morning medal races". insidethegames.biz. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 24 September 2018. "Tokyo Olympics 2020: French prosecutors probe '$2m payment'". BBC News. 12 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016. "Tokyo Olympics: Japan to 'fully cooperate' with suspicious payments inquiry". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Life bans for three athletics figures over alleged doping cover-up". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Tokyo 2020 Olympic bid leader refuses to reveal Black Tidings details". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016. "IOC concerned at suspect payments made by Tokyo 2020 bid team". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. "Tokyo 2020 Games: Japan Olympics chief 'investigated in French corruption probe'". 11 January 2019. Wharton, David. "Embattled head of Japan's Olympic committee resigns ahead of 2020 Summer Games". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 March 2019. "Tokyo 2020 unveils official emblem with five years to go". Olympic.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015. "Tokyo 2020 launches emblems for the Olympic and Paralympic Games". IPC. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015. "Tokyo Olympic Games logo embroiled in plagiarism row". The Guardian. 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 3 August 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2015. "Tokyo Olympics emblem said to look similar to Belgian theater logo". The Japan Times. 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015. "Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo scrapped after allegations of plagiarism". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015. "Tokyo 2020 Emblems Committee relax competition rules ahead of search for new logo". insidethegames.biz. Archived from the original on 10 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. "Japan unveils final four candidates for Tokyo 2020 Olympics logo". Japan Times. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2016. "Tokyo Games organizers decide to scrap Sano emblem". NHK World. 1 September 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015. "Checkered pattern by artist Tokolo chosen as logo for 2020 Tokyo Olympics". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016. "WHO | Health risk assessment from the nuclear accident after the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami, based on a preliminary dose estimation". WHO. Retrieved 29 June 2019. "The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster and the Tokyo Olympics | The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus". apjjf.org. Retrieved 29 June 2019. "Atomic Balm Part 2: The Run For Your Life Tokyo Olympics". Nuclear Energy, Reactor and Radiation Facts. Retrieved 29 June 2019. "Atomic Balm Part 2: The Run For Your Life Tokyo Olympics". Nuclear Energy, Reactor and Radiation Facts. Retrieved 29 June 2019. Domenici, Pete (June 2000). "Radiation Standards" (PDF). United States General Accounting Office. Vincent, James (26 August 2016). "Sony and Panasonic target 8K TVs for 2020 Olympics". The Verge. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017. "Exclusive: Lost market share prompts Sony-Panasonic TV tech alliance". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2017. Strauss, Will. "Italy's Rai to start 8K broadcasts in time for 2020 Tokyo Olympics". SVG Europe. Retrieved 8 March 2019. McCarthy, Michael (7 June 2011). "NBC wins U.S. TV rights to four Olympic Games through 2020". USA Today. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. 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External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2020 Summer Olympics. Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games 2020. 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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 16:45:48 GMT 1
Purple Dragons (2003 TV series) 5,887PAGES ON THIS WIKI Edit Comments0 23 Hun and the Purple Dragons The Purple Dragons (or Purple Dragon Gang) are a fictional New York street gang, in several of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles continuities.
Contents[show] History The Purple Dragon Gang is from the Lower East Side in New York City. They often are led by Hun and have some connection to the Shredder, though not always. They are particularly known for their salient transition icon, the image of a purple dragon, which they wear as either a tattoo or on their clothes. They mostly commit robberies and threaten people.
In the 2003 animated series and in its derived movie Turtles Forever the Purple Dragons have a long-lasting appearance. In the 2003 series, the Purple Dragons, along with the Foot Clan, one of the two powerful factions in New York that serve Oroku Saki (the Shredder). Just like in their precursors the Dragons are a simple, though very numerically strong street gang. The gang is led by Hun, The Utrom Shredder's right-hand man. Because of Hun's loyalty to the Shredder, they work in conjunction with the Foot Clan, and do the jobs in which the skills of the Foot Ninja are not needed.
In order to join the Purple Dragons, candidates would have to commit several crimes with gang members. After that, the prospects have to battle other candidates in an elimination match. If they did well enough, they would be given the tattoo and become a full member.[1]
The Purple Dragons have been around for a while.
From the first season, the Purple Dragons were fairly regular enemies of the Turtles after they foiled the attempted theft with the use of an armored car and eventually became friends with Casey Jones. In the series Hun and the Dragons were also the hated enemies of Casey Jones and the reason why Casey Jones finally reached for vigilantism. When Casey Jones was a kid, his father's shop was burned down by the Purple Dragons when Casey's dad refused to pay protection money.[2] Despite being threatened not to, his father (Arnold Casey Jones Sr.) later went to the police over it. It is implied that he was killed for doing so
When the Purple Dragons, the Foot and the Mob, went to war to take over the Shredder's territory, Hun led the former.
Initially, the Purple Dragons spent their existence with thefts, bag snatching and protection rackets. In the aftermath of the Utrom Shredder's exile by the Utroms, Hun began to strengthen the Purple Dragons, developing them from just a street gang to an country-wide professional organized crime syndicate. They began to steal illegal goods, particularly high-tech Triceratons and Federation weaponry from the government, but accidentally brought a mutant, Finn. Hun also broke his previous connection with the Foot Clan to spread their influence in the city.
The Lost Episodes When the Tengu Shredder turned New York City into a demonic capital, the Purple Dragons were holed up in their stronghold. They joined forces with the Turtles, EPF, and the Justice Force to stop the Shredder.
Fast Forward The Purple Dragons appear in the episodes Clash of the Turtle Titans and The Journal.
Back to the Sewer A year later, there has been word that the Shredder is coming back, so Hun has the Purple Dragons locate the Ring of Yin to grant him the power to stand up against the Shredder. They get the wrong one and the right one gets on April O'Neil. Hun captured her to extract it but she turns into a monster and flies off.
A territorial war with the Foot broke out. Hun struck an alliance with Baxter Stockman to develop weapons and hack into the Foot database to find treasure troves to rob.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 20:29:00 GMT 1
GAMES MOVIES TV VIDEO WIKIS Search START A WIKI
TurtlePedia TurtlePedia 11,842 PAGES ADD NEW PAGE BROWSE RULES AND GUIDELINES EXPLORE FORUM in: Lists of episodes, 2003 TV series episodes List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) episodes English EDIT COMMENTS (1) SHARE This is a list of all episodes of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles series that started in 2003. The episodes are listed by season and year.
Contents[show] Season 1: 2003 # Season Code Title Original Airdate 1 S01E01 "Things Change" February 8, 2003 2 S01E02 "A Better Mousetrap" February 15, 2003 3 S01E03 "Attack of the Mousers" February 22, 2003 4 S01E04 "Meet Casey Jones" March 1, 2003 5 S01E05 "Nano" March 8, 2003 6 S01E06 "Darkness on the Edge of Town" March 15, 2003 7 S01E07 "The Way of Invisibility" March 22, 2003 8 S01E08 "Fallen Angel" March 29, 2003 9 S01E09 "Garbageman" April 5, 2003 10 S01E10 "The Shredder Strikes, Part 1" April 12, 2003 11 S01E11 "The Shredder Strikes, Part 2" April 19, 2003 12 S01E12 "The Unconvincing Turtle Titan" May 3, 2003 13 S01E13 "Notes from the Underground, Part 1" May 10, 2003 14 S01E14 "Notes from the Underground, Part 2" May 17, 2003 15 S01E15 "Notes from the Underground, Part 3" May 24, 2003 16 S01E16 "The King" May 31, 2003 17 S01E17 "The Shredder Strikes Back, Part 1" June 7, 2003 18 S01E18 "The Shredder Strikes Back, Part 2" June 14, 2003 19 S01E19 "Tales of Leo" September 13, 2003 20 S01E20 "The Monster Hunter" September 20, 2003 21 S01E21 "Return to New York, Part 1" September 27, 2003 22 S01E22 "Return to New York, Part 2" October 4, 2003 23 S01E23 "Return to New York, Part 3" October 11, 2003 24 S01E24 "Lone Raph and Cub" October 18, 2003 25 S01E25 "The Search for Splinter, Part 1" October 25, 2003 26 S01E26 "The Search for Splinter, Part 2" November 1, 2003 Season 2: 2003-2004 # Season Code Title Original Airdate 27 S02E01 "Turtles in Space, Part 1: The Fugitoid" November 8, 2003 28 S02E02 "Turtles in Space, Part 2: The Trouble with Triceratons" November 15, 2003 29 S02E03 "Turtles in Space, Part 3: The Big House" November 22, 2003 30 S02E04 "Turtles in Space, Part 4: The Arena" November 29, 2003 31 S02E05 "Turtles in Space, Part 5: Triceraton Wars" December 6, 2003 32 S02E06 "Secret Origins, Part 1" January 17, 2004 33 S02E07 "Secret Origins, Part 2" January 24, 2004 34 S02E08 "Secret Origins, Part 3" January 31, 2004 35 S02E09 "Reflections" February 7, 2004 36 S02E10 "The Ultimate Ninja" February 14, 2004 37 S02E11 "The Return of Nano" February 21, 2004 38 S02E12 "What a Croc" February 28, 2004 39 S02E13 "Return to the Underground" March 6, 2004 40 S02E14 "City at War, Part 1" March 13, 2004 41 S02E15 "City at War, Part 2" March 20, 2004 42 S02E16 "City at War, Part 3" March 27, 2004 43 S02E17 "Junklantis" April 3, 2004 44 S02E18 "The Golden Puck" April 10, 2004 45 S02E19 "Rogue in the House, Part 1" April 17, 2004 46 S02E20 "Rogue in the House, Part 2" April 24, 2004 47 S02E21 "April's Artifact" May 1, 2004 48 S02E22 "Return of the Justice Force" May 8, 2004 49 S02E23 "The Big Brawl, Part 1" May 15, 2004 50 S02E24 "The Big Brawl, Part 2" September 18, 2004 51 S02E25 "The Big Brawl, Part 3" September 25, 2004 52 S02E26 "The Big Brawl, Part 4" October 2, 2004 Season 3: 2004-2005 # Season Code Title Original Airdate 53 S03E01 "The Christmas Aliens" December 25, 2004 54 S03E02 "Space Invaders, Part 1" October 9, 2004 55 S03E03 "Space Invaders, Part 2" October 16, 2004 56 S03E04 "Space Invaders, Part 3" October 23, 2004 57 S03E05 "Worlds Collide, Part 1" October 30, 2004 58 S03E06 "Worlds Collide, Part 2" November 6, 2004 59 S03E07 "Worlds Collide, Part 3" November 13, 2004 60 S03E08 "Touch and Go" November 20, 2004 61 S03E09 "Hunted" November 27, 2004 62 S03E10 "H.A.T.E." December 4, 2004 63 S03E11 "Nobody's Fool" December 11, 2004 64 S03E12 "New Blood" January 22, 2005 65 S03E13 "The Lesson" December 18, 2004 53 S03E14 "The Darkness Within" January 29, 2005 67 S03E15 "Mission of Gravity" February 5, 2005 68 S03E16 "The Entity Below" February 12, 2005 69 S03E17 "Time Travails" February 19, 2005 70 S03E18 "Hun on the Run" February 26, 2005 71 S03E19 "Reality Check" March 5, 2005 72 S03E20 "Across the Universe" March 12, 2005 73 S03E21 "Same As It Never Was" March 19, 2005 74 S03E22 "The Real World, Part 1" March 26, 2005 75 S03E23 "The Real World, Part 2" April 2, 2005 76 S03E24 "Bishop's Gambit" April 9, 2005 77 S03E25 "Exodus, Part 1" April 16, 2005 78 S03E26 "Exodus, Part 2" April 23, 2005 Season 4: 2005-2006 # Season Code Title Original Airdate 79 S04E01 "Cousin Sid" September 10, 2005 80 S04E02 "The People's Choice" September 17, 2005 81 S04E03 "Sons of the Silent Age" October 1, 2005 82 S04E04 "Dragon's Brew" October 8, 2005 83 S04E05 "I, Monster" October 15, 2005 84 S04E06 "Grudge Match" October 22, 2005 85 S04E07 "A Wing and a Prayer" September 24, 2005 86 S04E08 "Bad Day" November 5, 2005 87 S04E09 "Aliens Among Us" November 12, 2005 88 S04E10 "Dragons Rising" November 19, 2005 89 S04E11 "Still Nobody" November 26, 2005 90 S04E12 "All Hallows Thieves" October 29, 2005 91 S04E13 "Samurai Tourist" December 3, 2005 92 S04E14 "The Ancient One" December 10, 2005 93 S04E15 "Scion of the Shredder" February 4, 2006 94 S04E16 "Prodigal Son" February 11, 2006 95 S04E17 "Outbreak" February 18, 2006 96 S04E18 "The Trouble with Augie" February 25, 2006 97 S04E19 "Insane in the Membrane" October 14, 2006 (UK) August 2, 2015 (US) 98 S04E20 "Return of Savanti, Part 1" March 11, 2006 99 S04E21 "Return of Savanti, Part 2" March 18, 2006 100 S04E22 "A Tale of Master Yoshi" March 4, 2006 101 S04E23 "Adventures in Turtle Sitting" March 25, 2006 102 S04E24 "Good Genes, Part 1" April 1, 2006 103 S04E25 "Good Genes, Part 2" April 8, 2006 104 S04E26 "Ninja Tribunal" April 15, 2006 Season 5: (The Lost Episodes) 2006-2008 Season five was named on the official Ninja Turtles site as the "Ninja Tribunal" Season. 4KidsTV called it the The Lost Episodes when they aired it on TV in the US.
# Season Code Title Original Airdate 105 S05E01 "Lap of the Gods" August 7, 2006 (on demand) February 16 2008 (TV) 106 S05E02 "Demons and Dragons" August 7, 2006 (on demand) February 23 2008 (TV) 107 S05E03 "Legend of the 5 Dragons" August 7, 2006 (on demand) March 1, 2008 (TV) 108 S05E04 "More Worlds Than One" August 7, 2006 (on demand) March 8, 2008 (TV) 109 S05E05 "Beginning of the End" September 20, 2006 (on demand) March 15, 2008 (TV) 110 S05E06 "Nightmares Recycled" Never completed [1] 111 S05E07 "Membership Drive" March 24, 2007 112 S05E08 "New World Order, Part 1" March 29, 2008 113 S05E09 "New World Order, Part 2" April 5, 2008 114 S05E10 "Fathers & Sons" April 13, 2008 115 S05E11 "Past and Present" April 20, 2008 116 S05E12 "Enter the Dragons, Part 1" April 27, 2008 117 S05E13 "Enter the Dragons, Part 2" May 4, 2008 Season 6 (Fast Forward): 2006-2007 # Season Code Title Original Airdate 118 S06E01 "Future Shellshock" July 29, 2006 119 S06E02 "Obsolete" August 5, 2006 120 S06E03 "Home Invasion" August 12, 2006 121 S06E04 "Headlock Prime" September 30, 2006 122 S06E05 "Playtime's Over" October 7, 2006 123 S06E06 "Bishop to Knight" October 14, 2006 124 S06E07 "Night of Sh'Okanabo" October 21, 2006 125 S06E08 "Clash of the Turtle Titans" October 28, 2006 126 S06E09 "Fly Me to the Moon" November 4, 2006 127 S06E10 "Invasion of the Bodyjacker" November 11, 2006 128 S06E11 "The Freaks Come Out at Night" November 25, 2006 129 S06E12 "Bad Blood" December 2, 2006 130 S06E13 "The Journal" December 9, 2006 131 S06E14 "The Gaminator" December 16, 2006 132 S06E15 "Graduation Day: Class of 2105" March 24, 2007 133 S06E16 "Timing is Everything" March 31, 2007 134 S06E17 "Enter the Jammerhead" April 7, 2007 135 S06E18 "Milk Run" April 14, 2007 136 S06E19 "The Fall of Darius Dun" April 21, 2007 137 S06E20 "Turtle X-Tinction" April 28, 2007 138 S06E21 "Race for Glory!" September 8, 2007 139 S06E22 "Head of State" September 15, 2007 140 S06E23 "DNA is Thicker than Water" October 6, 2007 141 S06E24 "The Cosmic Completist" October 13, 2007 142 S06E25 "The Day of Awakening" October 20, 2007 143 S06E26 "Zixxth Sense" October 27, 2007 Season X (Fast Forward Season 2): Never Aired or Finished # Season Code Title Original Airdate 144 S07(2)E01 "Master Fighter 2105" Never completed 145 S07(2)E02 "Something Wicked" Never completed 146 S07(2)E03 "Bounty Huntin'" Never completed 147 S07(2)E04 "Turtles Turtles Everywhere" Never completed 148 S07(2)E05 "Law and Disorder" Never completed 149 S07(2)E06 "The Devil and Dr. Stockman" Never completed 150 S07(2)E07 "The Incredible Shrinking Serling" Never completed 151 S07(2)E08 "Space Usagi" Never completed 152 S07(2)E09 "City under Siege" Never completed 153 S07(2)E10 "Homeward Bound" Never completed Season 7 (Back to the Sewer): 2008-2009 # Season Code Title Original Airdate 144 S07E01 "Tempus Fugit" September 13, 2008 145 S07E02 "Karate Schooled" September 20, 2008 146 S07E03 "Something Wicked" September 27, 2008 147 S07E04 "The Engagement Ring" October 4, 2008 148 S07E05 "Hacking Stockman" October 18, 2008 149 S07E06 "Incredible Shrinking Serling" October 25, 2008 150 S07E07 "Identity Crisis" November 1, 2008 151 S07E08 "Web Wranglers" November 8, 2008 152 S07E09 "SuperQuest" November 15, 2008 153 S07E10 "Virtual Reality Check" November 22, 2008 154 S07E11 "City Under Siege" November 29, 2008 155 S07E12 "Super Power Struggle" February 21, 2009 156 S07E13 "Wedding Bells and Bytes" February 28, 2009 SP-1 S07ESP-1 "Mayhem From Mutant Island" March 27, 2010 Movie # Season Code Title Original Airdate 01 S07E14-S07E16 "Turtles Forever" November 21, 2009 See also List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987) episodes List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Next Mutation episodes List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012) episodes References ↑ Nightmares Recycled at The Official TMNT website on Internet Archive Categories: Lists of episodes 2003 TV series episodes Languages: Deutsch Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 20:31:41 GMT 1
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TurtlePedia TurtlePedia 11,842 PAGES ADD NEW PAGE BROWSE RULES AND GUIDELINES EXPLORE FORUM in: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series), Television shows Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) English EDIT COMMENTS (22) SHARE 2003logo TMNT 2003 TV series Logo
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TV Series 2003-2009) is an animated television series mainly set in New York City. It became the first reboot of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The first episode aired on February 8, 2003 and ended on November 21, 2009, and it marked Fox reviving the franchise as a Saturday morning series. They were helped by 4Kids Entertainment. It was part of 4Kids TV (formerly known as the Fox Box) and also aired on series Network. The 2003 series was produced by 4Kids Entertainment and Mirage Studios, which owned a third of the rights to the show, and animated by Dong Woo Animation. The series migrated to The CW4Kids in its final season after 4Kids's contract with Fox ended. Viacom (parent company of Nickelodeon) now owns the rights of this series and any future Turtles series, barring the future sale of the property. In 2003, a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the "FoxBox" (later renamed "4Kids TV") programming block. It later moved to "The CW4Kids" block. The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios,[19] and Mirage owned one-third of the rights to the series. Mirage's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics, creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon, but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children.
This series lasted until 2009, ending with a feature-length television movie titled Turtles Forever, which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series. 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series, until September 2010, when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons. 93teenage mutant TMNT (2003) opening TMNT (2003) opening
The theme of 2003 version
Like its predecessor series, the show proved to be popular with both audiences and critics, million viewers 4Kids website. The series is regarded as the most faithful Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series to date with the fans.
Contents[show] The WB Proposal The series was announced in May 2002, series was produced by 4Kids Entertainment, and Mirage Studios, which co-owned rights to the show, and animated by Dong Woo Animation. The series migrated to The CW4Kids in its final season after 4Kids's contract with Fox ended. After buying the TMNT franchise in mid-October 2009, Nickelodeon now owns the rights to the 2003 series.
Before creating the current 2003 series, Mirage pitched an idea for a different series to Warner Bros. The series would be aired either on The WB or Cartoon Network. The style of the art from the proposal was more comical than the current show's style. Ultimately, Warner Bros. passed on the show, making way for the 2003 show on Fox. However Cartoon Network would also end up airing earlier episodes of the show.[1]
Early artwork shows the Turtles, Splinter, April O'Neil, and Casey Jones as the show's heroes. Among the villains are the Shredder, Baxter Stockman, and the Triceratons.
Overview In the 2003 TV series, the four Turtles' personalities are in some ways different from the 1987 TV series in an attempt to follow the Mirage Comics versions of the characters more closely. All the characters are more complex individuals and the Turtles also have a stronger family bond. The tone is also somewhat more serious with a greater emphasis on action, but still remains lighthearted and less violent enough to be considered appropriate for younger audiences. The show does not feature nearly as much slapstick comedy or heavy puns as its animated predecessor. The 2003 series also features stories with magical powers, usually absent from the earlier animated incarnation. Michelangelo is now the wise guy of the group. He is funny, cocky, lazy, and likes to pull pranks on his brothers. Raphael is bit more grumpy (sometimes explosive). However he more of a tough talking, no nonsense at times, and has a soft spot when he interacts with kids. Leonardo is still the no nonsense leader he is. When he fails he would go very hard on himself. He could sometimes go on drastic measures and can lose his temper even harder than Raphael would. Donatello is still very intelligent but he is quieter than before. His inventions have better technology than ever before.
The series covers a large scope of the Turtles' adventures taking them from the sewers, to the streets of New York City and April O'Neil's apartment, to the woodlands of rural New England, to outer space, alternate realities, to Japan, to the past and to the future, through cyberspace and ultimately back home once more. The first several seasons focus on the Turtles' battles against the Shredder and the Foot as well as the Purple Dragons, while the later seasons branch out to include other antagonists. Thus, making the stories more character-based than the series that came before it. The fourth season of the series it`s darker tone season than previous seasons. The season went through dramatic changes. The last two seasons of the series are lighter in tone and less violent than previous ones, with a greater emphasis on jokes.
Characters Main Characters Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Splinter April O'Neil Casey Jones Allies Ancient One Cody Jones Hamato Yoshi Serling Starlee Hambrath Ninja Tribunal Kon-Shisho Juto-Shisho Chikara-Shisho Hisomi-Shisho Ninja Tribunal Acolytes Faraji Ngala Adam McKay Joi Reynard Tora Yoshida Angel Guardians Justice Force: Silver Sentry Zippy Lad Stainless Steel Steve Joey Lastic Ananda Metal Head Chrysalis Tsunami Nobody Raptarr Nanobot Underground Monsters Quarry Stonebiter Razorfist T.C.R.I.: Utroms: Krang Mortu Council of Three Professor Honeycutt/Fugitoid Professor Traximus Inuwashi Gunjin Zog Leatherhead Augustus O'Neil Robyn O'Neil Mrs. Jones Miyamoto Usagi Gennosuke Tomoe Ame Noriyuki Super Turtles Graviturtle Shellectro Blobboid Griddex Daimyo Lord Simultaneous Renet Jhanna Godman Falcon Villains Foot Clan: Ch'rell/Oroku Saki/The Shredder Mutant Shredder Clones: Shiva Shredder Claw Shredder Mini Shredder Feudal Shredder Feudal Foot Ninja Omega Shredder Karai, The Shredder II Tall Karai aide Short Karai aide Hun Touch and Go Purple Dragons John Dragon Face Two Ton Sid Jones Standard Foot Ninja Foot Tech Ninja Foot Elite Guard Foot Mechs Tengu Shredder Foot Mystics: Fire Mystic Water Mystic Wind Mystic Earth Mystic Metal Mystic Baxter Stockman Mousers Turtlebot Dr. Chaplin Amazonian Blade Bots Cyber Shredder Cyber Foot Ninja Master Khan Earth Protection Force Agent Bishop Garbageman Dr. Malignus Abigail Finn Mr. Marlin Entity Underground Monsters Underground Spider Monster Underground Insectoid Monster Underground Scorpion Monster Underground Cyclops Monster Giant Wasps Giant Wasp Queen Federation General Blanque Triceraton Republic Prime Leader Zanramon Commander Mozar Drako Ultimate Ninja Dark Ninja Assassins Ultimate Drako Kluh Moriah Sliver Mephos Harry the Pickpocket Brotherhood King of Thieves Savanti Romero Dr. Dome Domeoids Rat King Darius Dun Dark Turtles: Dark Leo Dark Don Dark Raph Dark Mike Sh'Okanabo Viral Triple Threat Jammerhead Street Phantoms Torbin Zixx Organic Mousers Aramzedo Triceraton Rebels Boss Zukko Metal Klawz Spider Bytez Seasons Breakdown During the show's run, the format was changed several times. The original run of the first four seasons kept the Turtles in their native New York facing the Utrom Shredder, the Federation/Triceratons, and Bishop. After the fourth season the show received its first major format change in the "Ninja Tribunal" season.
"Ninja Tribunal" season
This season focused on a new threat presented by another version of the Shredder said to be the original legendary villain Oroku Saki from feudal Japan. The Turtles were then asked by the Ninja Tribunal (a group of warriors who seek to combat the ancient, "Tengu" Shredder) to train alongside several human warriors to become strong enough to battle the Shredder. This involved the Turtles gaining new weapons, learning how to channel their chi into powerful projectiles, and finding their inner animal spirit. This season marked the end of the use of the original character designs and format.
Fast Forward season
This season featured a brand new direction as well as a completely redesigned look and feel. The season focused on the Turtles being transported 100 years into the future where they meet and befriend Cody Jones, a teenage descendant of April and Casey's. Cody runs a successful and influential technology company and is its sole heir. The newly formatted show saw a brighter tone than its predecessor, and focused on shorter story lines. Some of the previous shows characters did return, however, including Bishop and Baxter Stockman.
Back To The Sewer season
This season was the last of the show's run. It featured yet another redesign for the entire cast and brought the Turtles back into present day New York. The season did feature some returning characters from the Fast Forward season. The main villain for the Turtles as they battle in a cybernetic reality is a cybernetic version of the Shredder, known as the Cyber Shredder.
Turtles Forever Turtles Forever is a 2009 TV movie featuring the Turtles and effectively brings an end to the 2003 series. The movie features the revamped character designs from the Back to the Sewer season but without pupils. The story centers around the Turtles encountering their 1987 animated counterparts who were accidentally transported to the 2003 Turtles' universe. Both sets of Turtles face off against the villains from both series in an attempt to prevent the Utrom Shredder from destroying all of time and space.
Episodes Main article: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) episodes Season Ep # First Airdate Last Airdate Season 1 26 February 8, 2003 November 1, 2003 Season 2 26 November 8, 2003 October 2, 2004 Season 3 26 October 9, 2004 April 23, 2005 Season 4 26 September 10, 2005 April 15, 2006 Season 5 (The Lost Episodes) 12 February 9, 2008 May 3, 2008 Season 6 (Fast Forward) 26 July 29, 2006 October 27, 2007 Season 7 (Back to the Sewer) 13 September 13, 2008 February 28, 2009
Coloring The series first five seasons draws heavily from the the original comics. The coloring of various characters is different in the 2003 series. Splinter is now gray rather than brown and his robes are brown instead of burgundy. April now has long, red hair instead of short, brown hair. Each of the Turtles has a unique skin color; in the original series, they all had the same skin color. In the 2003 series, Leonardo is a basic Kelly Green (much like the 1987 original), Raphael is dark green, Michelangelo is dark teal, and Donatello is a yellowish olive-green. This is also different from the toyline, which has kept the same skin tones. The Turtles' weapons now have the handles wrapped in each turtle's bandana color, unlike the 1987 series, in which the weapons were all wrapped in white. The turtles' bands on their elbows, knees, and wrists are now brown, instead of their favorite colors like in the 1987 series. The belts have also been changed; they have a knot instead of a monogrammed belt buckle.
Fan Reactions The culminating story lines and story arcs were unexpected changes. The direction of the storyline, revealing a new origin for the Shredder, was a result of Peter Laird's input. This decision sparked a lot of controversy among fans.
The 2003 series received negative criticism from fans of the 1987 series. Popular criticisms include less likable characters and a less exciting theme song. The video games based on the 2003 series have also received similar criticism. However, fans of the comic books have enjoyed the series because of its similarity to the Mirage comics, the increased character development, more consistent animation, daring plot twists, and consistent story arc.
During the fourth season, the show's theme song was slightly altered. The basic music remained, but the tempo was increased. The lyrics were altered to include a description of each turtle as well as identify the new villain, since the Shredder had been defeated. Also, the line "Watch out for Shredder!" was changed to "We shredded Shredder!" The line was changed back when Karai took up the mantle of the Shredder.
Reception The series was met with critical acclaim throughout its first five seasons, and is regarded as the most faithful Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series to date. Currently holding a 7.7/10 on IMDb and an 8.8/10 on TV.com. The praise went towards the storytelling, character development, background musics, animation and appeal to all ages.
4Kids was known for its controversial history of censoring anime, but the series was a most popular and critically for trying to follow the dark and gritty tone of the original Mirage comics. However, due to 4Kids having to keep their ratings under PG, the last two seasons of series, Fast Forward and Back to the Sewer, received mixed to negative reviews from critics and fans.
Several of the characters introduced in the series would later appear in subsequent publications of the TMNT franchise. Hun was introduced into the Mirage Comics with the issue Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 2 #56 in March 2009, and also appears as a recurring figure in the IDW comic series and in the 2012 animated series, as does Agent Bishop. Angel, Ch'rell, Darius Dun and the Street Phantoms would also be featured in the IDW comics, and the Triceraton Mozar as an antagonist during season 4 of the 2012 series.
Fifth Season and Fast Forward After the fourth season, the 2003 series shifted to a new story line called "Fast Forward." The Turtles are transported to the year 2105 by an accident caused by Cody Jones, the great grandson of Casey Jones and April O'Neil. The series premiered on July 29, 2006.
Originally, the fifth season was supposed to air and it was going to continue the Ninja Tribunal story arc and thirteen episodes were completed. They were shelved in favor of Fast Forward, but were made available through 4Kids' on demand channel on August 9, 2006.
Syndication Following the October 2009 buyout of the franchise by Viacom/Nickelodeon, it was announced that 4Kids had the rights to broadcast the series up until August 31, 2010. Following this date, Nickelodeon is given full broadcast rights. The show is currently airing on Nicktoons.
See also Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward TMNT: Back to the Sewer List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) episodes List of Ninja Tribunal episodes References ↑ WB Proposal at The Official TMNT Web Site (archived) External links Theme Song Lyrics at The Official TMNT Web Site (archived) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) at TV.com Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) at the Internet Movie Database Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) at the Big series DataBase Start a Discussion Discussions about Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)
Have the turtles pupils and irises of their eyes in the TMNT 2003 tv series? 5 messages
MagicTrev Vicky 95 wrote: Their pupils are visible in season 7 of the 2k3 sh... 3 years ago
MagicTrev Also, I personally think the turtles looked really weird in TMNT 2003 with pupils. 3 years ago See more discussions > Categories: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) Television shows Languages: Deutsch Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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EXPLORE GAMES MOVIES TV WIKIS FOLLOW US OVERVIEW About Careers Press Contact Terms of Use Privacy Policy Global Sitemap Local Sitemap COMMUNITY Community Central Support WAM Score Help Can't find a community you love? Create your own and start something epic. START A WIKI THE FANDOM APP Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat ADVERTISE Media Kit Contact TMNTPedia is a FANDOM TV Community. How the Twilight fandom saved a small townXMenRebootMCU FutureGOT Quiz
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 20:32:17 GMT 1
GAMES MOVIES TV VIDEO WIKIS Search START A WIKI
TurtlePedia TurtlePedia 11,842 PAGES ADD NEW PAGE BROWSE RULES AND GUIDELINES EXPLORE FORUM in: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series), Television shows Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) English EDIT COMMENTS (22) SHARE 2003logo TMNT 2003 TV series Logo
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TV Series 2003-2009) is an animated television series mainly set in New York City. It became the first reboot of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. The first episode aired on February 8, 2003 and ended on November 21, 2009, and it marked Fox reviving the franchise as a Saturday morning series. They were helped by 4Kids Entertainment. It was part of 4Kids TV (formerly known as the Fox Box) and also aired on series Network. The 2003 series was produced by 4Kids Entertainment and Mirage Studios, which owned a third of the rights to the show, and animated by Dong Woo Animation. The series migrated to The CW4Kids in its final season after 4Kids's contract with Fox ended. Viacom (parent company of Nickelodeon) now owns the rights of this series and any future Turtles series, barring the future sale of the property. In 2003, a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the "FoxBox" (later renamed "4Kids TV") programming block. It later moved to "The CW4Kids" block. The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios,[19] and Mirage owned one-third of the rights to the series. Mirage's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics, creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon, but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children.
This series lasted until 2009, ending with a feature-length television movie titled Turtles Forever, which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series. 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series, until September 2010, when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons. 93teenage mutant TMNT (2003) opening TMNT (2003) opening
The theme of 2003 version
Like its predecessor series, the show proved to be popular with both audiences and critics, million viewers 4Kids website. The series is regarded as the most faithful Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series to date with the fans.
Contents[show] The WB Proposal The series was announced in May 2002, series was produced by 4Kids Entertainment, and Mirage Studios, which co-owned rights to the show, and animated by Dong Woo Animation. The series migrated to The CW4Kids in its final season after 4Kids's contract with Fox ended. After buying the TMNT franchise in mid-October 2009, Nickelodeon now owns the rights to the 2003 series.
Before creating the current 2003 series, Mirage pitched an idea for a different series to Warner Bros. The series would be aired either on The WB or Cartoon Network. The style of the art from the proposal was more comical than the current show's style. Ultimately, Warner Bros. passed on the show, making way for the 2003 show on Fox. However Cartoon Network would also end up airing earlier episodes of the show.[1]
Early artwork shows the Turtles, Splinter, April O'Neil, and Casey Jones as the show's heroes. Among the villains are the Shredder, Baxter Stockman, and the Triceratons.
Overview In the 2003 TV series, the four Turtles' personalities are in some ways different from the 1987 TV series in an attempt to follow the Mirage Comics versions of the characters more closely. All the characters are more complex individuals and the Turtles also have a stronger family bond. The tone is also somewhat more serious with a greater emphasis on action, but still remains lighthearted and less violent enough to be considered appropriate for younger audiences. The show does not feature nearly as much slapstick comedy or heavy puns as its animated predecessor. The 2003 series also features stories with magical powers, usually absent from the earlier animated incarnation. Michelangelo is now the wise guy of the group. He is funny, cocky, lazy, and likes to pull pranks on his brothers. Raphael is bit more grumpy (sometimes explosive). However he more of a tough talking, no nonsense at times, and has a soft spot when he interacts with kids. Leonardo is still the no nonsense leader he is. When he fails he would go very hard on himself. He could sometimes go on drastic measures and can lose his temper even harder than Raphael would. Donatello is still very intelligent but he is quieter than before. His inventions have better technology than ever before.
The series covers a large scope of the Turtles' adventures taking them from the sewers, to the streets of New York City and April O'Neil's apartment, to the woodlands of rural New England, to outer space, alternate realities, to Japan, to the past and to the future, through cyberspace and ultimately back home once more. The first several seasons focus on the Turtles' battles against the Shredder and the Foot as well as the Purple Dragons, while the later seasons branch out to include other antagonists. Thus, making the stories more character-based than the series that came before it. The fourth season of the series it`s darker tone season than previous seasons. The season went through dramatic changes. The last two seasons of the series are lighter in tone and less violent than previous ones, with a greater emphasis on jokes.
Characters Main Characters Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo Donatello Michelangelo Raphael Splinter April O'Neil Casey Jones Allies Ancient One Cody Jones Hamato Yoshi Serling Starlee Hambrath Ninja Tribunal Kon-Shisho Juto-Shisho Chikara-Shisho Hisomi-Shisho Ninja Tribunal Acolytes Faraji Ngala Adam McKay Joi Reynard Tora Yoshida Angel Guardians Justice Force: Silver Sentry Zippy Lad Stainless Steel Steve Joey Lastic Ananda Metal Head Chrysalis Tsunami Nobody Raptarr Nanobot Underground Monsters Quarry Stonebiter Razorfist T.C.R.I.: Utroms: Krang Mortu Council of Three Professor Honeycutt/Fugitoid Professor Traximus Inuwashi Gunjin Zog Leatherhead Augustus O'Neil Robyn O'Neil Mrs. Jones Miyamoto Usagi Gennosuke Tomoe Ame Noriyuki Super Turtles Graviturtle Shellectro Blobboid Griddex Daimyo Lord Simultaneous Renet Jhanna Godman Falcon Villains Foot Clan: Ch'rell/Oroku Saki/The Shredder Mutant Shredder Clones: Shiva Shredder Claw Shredder Mini Shredder Feudal Shredder Feudal Foot Ninja Omega Shredder Karai, The Shredder II Tall Karai aide Short Karai aide Hun Touch and Go Purple Dragons John Dragon Face Two Ton Sid Jones Standard Foot Ninja Foot Tech Ninja Foot Elite Guard Foot Mechs Tengu Shredder Foot Mystics: Fire Mystic Water Mystic Wind Mystic Earth Mystic Metal Mystic Baxter Stockman Mousers Turtlebot Dr. Chaplin Amazonian Blade Bots Cyber Shredder Cyber Foot Ninja Master Khan Earth Protection Force Agent Bishop Garbageman Dr. Malignus Abigail Finn Mr. Marlin Entity Underground Monsters Underground Spider Monster Underground Insectoid Monster Underground Scorpion Monster Underground Cyclops Monster Giant Wasps Giant Wasp Queen Federation General Blanque Triceraton Republic Prime Leader Zanramon Commander Mozar Drako Ultimate Ninja Dark Ninja Assassins Ultimate Drako Kluh Moriah Sliver Mephos Harry the Pickpocket Brotherhood King of Thieves Savanti Romero Dr. Dome Domeoids Rat King Darius Dun Dark Turtles: Dark Leo Dark Don Dark Raph Dark Mike Sh'Okanabo Viral Triple Threat Jammerhead Street Phantoms Torbin Zixx Organic Mousers Aramzedo Triceraton Rebels Boss Zukko Metal Klawz Spider Bytez Seasons Breakdown During the show's run, the format was changed several times. The original run of the first four seasons kept the Turtles in their native New York facing the Utrom Shredder, the Federation/Triceratons, and Bishop. After the fourth season the show received its first major format change in the "Ninja Tribunal" season.
"Ninja Tribunal" season
This season focused on a new threat presented by another version of the Shredder said to be the original legendary villain Oroku Saki from feudal Japan. The Turtles were then asked by the Ninja Tribunal (a group of warriors who seek to combat the ancient, "Tengu" Shredder) to train alongside several human warriors to become strong enough to battle the Shredder. This involved the Turtles gaining new weapons, learning how to channel their chi into powerful projectiles, and finding their inner animal spirit. This season marked the end of the use of the original character designs and format.
Fast Forward season
This season featured a brand new direction as well as a completely redesigned look and feel. The season focused on the Turtles being transported 100 years into the future where they meet and befriend Cody Jones, a teenage descendant of April and Casey's. Cody runs a successful and influential technology company and is its sole heir. The newly formatted show saw a brighter tone than its predecessor, and focused on shorter story lines. Some of the previous shows characters did return, however, including Bishop and Baxter Stockman.
Back To The Sewer season
This season was the last of the show's run. It featured yet another redesign for the entire cast and brought the Turtles back into present day New York. The season did feature some returning characters from the Fast Forward season. The main villain for the Turtles as they battle in a cybernetic reality is a cybernetic version of the Shredder, known as the Cyber Shredder.
Turtles Forever Turtles Forever is a 2009 TV movie featuring the Turtles and effectively brings an end to the 2003 series. The movie features the revamped character designs from the Back to the Sewer season but without pupils. The story centers around the Turtles encountering their 1987 animated counterparts who were accidentally transported to the 2003 Turtles' universe. Both sets of Turtles face off against the villains from both series in an attempt to prevent the Utrom Shredder from destroying all of time and space.
Episodes Main article: List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) episodes Season Ep # First Airdate Last Airdate Season 1 26 February 8, 2003 November 1, 2003 Season 2 26 November 8, 2003 October 2, 2004 Season 3 26 October 9, 2004 April 23, 2005 Season 4 26 September 10, 2005 April 15, 2006 Season 5 (The Lost Episodes) 12 February 9, 2008 May 3, 2008 Season 6 (Fast Forward) 26 July 29, 2006 October 27, 2007 Season 7 (Back to the Sewer) 13 September 13, 2008 February 28, 2009
Coloring The series first five seasons draws heavily from the the original comics. The coloring of various characters is different in the 2003 series. Splinter is now gray rather than brown and his robes are brown instead of burgundy. April now has long, red hair instead of short, brown hair. Each of the Turtles has a unique skin color; in the original series, they all had the same skin color. In the 2003 series, Leonardo is a basic Kelly Green (much like the 1987 original), Raphael is dark green, Michelangelo is dark teal, and Donatello is a yellowish olive-green. This is also different from the toyline, which has kept the same skin tones. The Turtles' weapons now have the handles wrapped in each turtle's bandana color, unlike the 1987 series, in which the weapons were all wrapped in white. The turtles' bands on their elbows, knees, and wrists are now brown, instead of their favorite colors like in the 1987 series. The belts have also been changed; they have a knot instead of a monogrammed belt buckle.
Fan Reactions The culminating story lines and story arcs were unexpected changes. The direction of the storyline, revealing a new origin for the Shredder, was a result of Peter Laird's input. This decision sparked a lot of controversy among fans.
The 2003 series received negative criticism from fans of the 1987 series. Popular criticisms include less likable characters and a less exciting theme song. The video games based on the 2003 series have also received similar criticism. However, fans of the comic books have enjoyed the series because of its similarity to the Mirage comics, the increased character development, more consistent animation, daring plot twists, and consistent story arc.
During the fourth season, the show's theme song was slightly altered. The basic music remained, but the tempo was increased. The lyrics were altered to include a description of each turtle as well as identify the new villain, since the Shredder had been defeated. Also, the line "Watch out for Shredder!" was changed to "We shredded Shredder!" The line was changed back when Karai took up the mantle of the Shredder.
Reception The series was met with critical acclaim throughout its first five seasons, and is regarded as the most faithful Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles animated series to date. Currently holding a 7.7/10 on IMDb and an 8.8/10 on TV.com. The praise went towards the storytelling, character development, background musics, animation and appeal to all ages.
4Kids was known for its controversial history of censoring anime, but the series was a most popular and critically for trying to follow the dark and gritty tone of the original Mirage comics. However, due to 4Kids having to keep their ratings under PG, the last two seasons of series, Fast Forward and Back to the Sewer, received mixed to negative reviews from critics and fans.
Several of the characters introduced in the series would later appear in subsequent publications of the TMNT franchise. Hun was introduced into the Mirage Comics with the issue Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Volume 2 #56 in March 2009, and also appears as a recurring figure in the IDW comic series and in the 2012 animated series, as does Agent Bishop. Angel, Ch'rell, Darius Dun and the Street Phantoms would also be featured in the IDW comics, and the Triceraton Mozar as an antagonist during season 4 of the 2012 series.
Fifth Season and Fast Forward After the fourth season, the 2003 series shifted to a new story line called "Fast Forward." The Turtles are transported to the year 2105 by an accident caused by Cody Jones, the great grandson of Casey Jones and April O'Neil. The series premiered on July 29, 2006.
Originally, the fifth season was supposed to air and it was going to continue the Ninja Tribunal story arc and thirteen episodes were completed. They were shelved in favor of Fast Forward, but were made available through 4Kids' on demand channel on August 9, 2006.
Syndication Following the October 2009 buyout of the franchise by Viacom/Nickelodeon, it was announced that 4Kids had the rights to broadcast the series up until August 31, 2010. Following this date, Nickelodeon is given full broadcast rights. The show is currently airing on Nicktoons.
See also Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward TMNT: Back to the Sewer List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) episodes List of Ninja Tribunal episodes References ↑ WB Proposal at The Official TMNT Web Site (archived) External links Theme Song Lyrics at The Official TMNT Web Site (archived) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) at TV.com Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) at the Internet Movie Database Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003) at the Big series DataBase Start a Discussion Discussions about Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)
Have the turtles pupils and irises of their eyes in the TMNT 2003 tv series? 5 messages
MagicTrev Vicky 95 wrote: Their pupils are visible in season 7 of the 2k3 sh... 3 years ago
MagicTrev Also, I personally think the turtles looked really weird in TMNT 2003 with pupils. 3 years ago See more discussions > Categories: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) Television shows Languages: Deutsch Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 22:49:17 GMT 1
Hamato Splinter (2003 TV series) EDIT COMMENTS (1) SHARE Season 1-5Season 6Season 7 128174-124439-master-splinter
Hamato Splinter Biographical information Home Osaka, Japan (Former) Tokyo, Japan (Former) New York City Earth the Sewer April's apartment Jones Family farmhouse
Ethnicity Japanese
Nickname(s) Sensei
Weapon(s) of choice Walking Cane Sword of Tengu (2003 Series) Ninja Tek Walking Stick
Occupation Ninja master Hamato Yoshi's pet rat
Affiliation TMNT
Physical description Species Mutant Rat
Gender Male
Weight 90 lbs.
Out of universe information Era(s) 2003 TV series, Fast Forward, Back to the Sewer, Turtles Forever
First appearance Things Change
Voiced by Darren Dunstan
Teachers and Students Teacher(s) Hamato Yoshi
Student(s) Leonardo Raphael Donatello Michelangelo Cody Jones April O'Neil
[Source] Master Hamato Splinter is the adoptive father of Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello, and Michelangelo. He raised them and taught them in the art of Ninjutsu. He is portrayed as a dark gray rat in monk's robes and is stated to weigh 90 lbs. Contents[show] Personality Splinter is a wise and loving father, treating the turtles as his own sons but not hesitating to scold them when necessary. He does his best to look out for them and would gladly give his life to protect them. In an alternate future where the Shredder takes over the world, that is exactly what he did. This overprotective streak made him reluctant to allow them to enter the Battle Nexus competition; in fact he never even told his sons about it and they only found out because they followed him. However Splinter also shows great faith in his sons, believing them to be fully capable ninjas and even showing enough confidence in their abilities to allow them to face the deadly Shredder on multiple occasions, although during the majority of their encounters, he is there to support and protect them in any way that he can.
Splinter has a vengeful streak as shown by his determination to avenge Hamato Yoshi's murder. He speaks very highly of Yoshi, even thinking of him as a father figure despite the species differences and the fact that Splinter wasn't fully sentient until after Yoshi's death. He is one of the very few characters who challenges the Ninja Tribunal, whom he partially blames for Yoshi's death. Indeed Splinter shows blatant contempt for the Tribunal, believing them to be heartless and no better than the demon Shredder. However, after the demon Shredder is destroyed, the Tribunal explained that if Yoshi never died, he would never have existed and neither would the turtles.
Even before his mutation, Splinter showed a remarkable level of intelligence for a rat, being able to mimic Master Yoshi's movements and understand the principles of ninjitsu enough to retain and teach them to his sons. Despite Splinter's intelligence however, he has great difficulty using mechanical equipment, being unsure of how to answer a Shell Cell or control the Battleshell remotely.
Splinter is a very honorable person and is therefore disgusted by dishonor and cowardice. He is capable of fighting on par with the Shredder and also shows a great deal of cunning and resourcefulness in combat, such as when he tricked the Shredder into bringing a water tower down on himself. Despite his age, Splinter also shows amazing speed, strength and skill in combat. His simple walking stick is his signature weapon as he believes that in the hands of a true ninjitsu master, any weapon could be deadly.
In addition to his exceptional skill in physical combat, Splinter is by no means lacking in other aspects of ninjitsu. He was able to penetrate the illusion created by the Foot Mystics and he and his sons defeated them by using meditation. Splinter's keen sense of observation is assisted by his strong sense of smell. Even when his opponents are invisible, he can still pick up their scent and get at least a vague idea of where they are.
History Splinter started his life as an ordinary rat in Japan who found his way into a home owned by the Ancient One. When he was discovered, his life was spared by Tang Shen, the Ancient One's adopted daughter, who took him as a pet. As in previous versions, Tang Shen became tragically caught up between Hamato Yoshi and a jealous rival, this time Yukio Mashimi, a childhood friend of Yoshi's. The two of them eventually joined the Utroms and became Guardians. But Mashimi's jealousy of Yoshi, both for his advancement as a Guardian, and the love of Tang Shen, led him to murder Shen and betray the Utroms' location to The Shredder. Yoshi killed Mashimi in revenge and went to America with the Utroms, taking Tang Shen's pet with him, and giving him the name Splinter. Later, Yoshi would be tracked down and killed by The Shredder, who tried to force him to reveal the Utroms' location. In this continuity, it was Hun that Splinter scratched as his master Yoshi was attacked, and not Shredder.
Soon after he found the turtles and were mutated by a mutagen created by the Utroms. He decides to raise them as his own and then proceeded to train them in the way of ninjutsu. When they were older, Splinter named the four turtles, from a battered book he fished out of the storm drain containing the names of Renaissance artists, which he named the Turtles after.
During the turtles infancy he gather Yoshi's remains and took the turtles to Japan to bury them near the home of the Ancient One, he informed him about Yoshi's fate, blaming the Tribunal for refusing to help. The turtles claim to have seen a Bone Demon, but was unable to see him. The next day the babies try to convince him that they see him, although he still couldn't him, he sensed his presence, so they followed the Ancient One to the Tribunal Monastery and followed the demon to the artifacts. The demon enraged by their meddling grabs the elders to kill them both. The turtles overcame their fear and broke the amulet that renders him invisible allowing the masters to defeat him. The Tribunal thanks them and senses how special the turtles are, but erases their memories of their trip, but allowed Splinter to remember, they opened a portal back to his burrow and they all went home.
Splinter repeatedly warned the turtles to never go to the surface for any reason. They disobeyed him and were secretly teaching a young boy to deal with bullies while trying to hide it. Splinter noticed how guilty they looked trying to hide their secret, but ignores it. One night he caught them topside and scolds them for teaching when they were not ready too and punished them for disobeying him.
Seasons 1-4 He continued to train the Turtles in every way they could, for preparation for evil the four did not fully understand until "The Shredder Strikes Part 1" in which the TMNT learned of the Shredder's evil and hatred and how he killed Splinter's master, Yoshi. The Turtles then continued to fight the Shredder to stop the spread of evil across New York and the world. Splinter Thinking Splinter
Ninja Tribunal Splinter appears most of the time alongside the Ancient One expressing his deepest concern for the safety of his sons and for the harsh teaching methods of the Ninja Tribunal when they enlisted them to fight Tengu Shredder. He has nightmares of his sons dying in battle and was grief-stricken when it appeared to come true. To his relief, his sons were merely knocked out and defeated the Tengu Shredder.
Fast Forward Splinter has been seen in the Fast Forward season continuously teaching his sons' and Cody Jones the ancient ways of Ninjutsu and despite how old fashioned he's shown to be in previous seasons, he too adjusted to living in the year 2105 fighting off any evil that came his way alongside his sons and Cody.
Back to the Sewer 3458187323 8338bf192a o Splinter did not make much of a physical appearance in Back to the Sewer, however he did appear as small data fragments scattered across Cyberspace thanks to Viral and the only times he was every physically shown was during the first episode of BTTS called Tempus Fugit when he was first scattered into a million data pieces and the last episode called "Wedding Bells and Bytes" when he was returned to the real world and attended April and Casey's wedding ceremony which was abruptly interrupted by the appearance of "Cyber Shredder".
Though he did appear in a few flash backs. Splinter is shown to love his sons very much.
Splinter's design was also revamped to make him look more like his design in TMNT where he now sports a Japanese goatee.
Quotes Splinter: "We have never revealed ourselves to the other world. You have placed us all in great danger. " Splinter: "As you grow older, you will learn there are many ways to do the right thing. But there is no going back. I'm afraid we find ourselves at your mercy." Splinter: "Where there is life. There is hope." Splinter: "Do not lead with your shoulders Donatello." Splinter: "Hmm, we will call this place... "Home." Splinter: "Yes, but remember, one must also make time to explore the landskape within." Splinter "Ah, my son. So angry. Rage is a monster that will destroy you from within. Raphael, a true warrior finds balance in all things." Splinter: "It is dangerous for you to go about openly in the world above. You cannot simply walk amongst the humans. They will not accept who and what you are. It is as the great sage and warrior Kenji Hashimura once said, "Why walk when you can ride?" Splinter: "My sons, If you are to become true ninja you must work harder. Your path in life will not be an easy one. The outside world will not be a friendly place for you. You four are different in ways the surface dwellers would never understand. To survive, you must master these skills I teach you. Ninjitsu powers of stealth and secrecy. You must become kage; shadow warriors. And you must never be discovered by the outside world." Splinter: "Pain is a blinding force Leonardo physical and emotional. Splinter: "Rage is a monster that will destroy you from within Raphael." Splinter: "Look with your heart Michaelangelo and not your eyes." Splinter: "Remember, to be a true ninja you must become one with the shadows. Darkness gives the ninja power, while light reveals the ninja's presence." Splinter: "He serves no great purpose. He fights no great evil. He is great evil." Splinter: "There is nothing more restful for a ninja then regular training." Splinter: "Our bodies need rest to heal... And that includes your mouths." Splinter: "Remember my sons even the mighty oak bends before the raging storm winds. Splinter: "Life moves as the wheel of destiny turn night to day." Splinter: "A creative mind must be balanced by a disciplined body. Splinter: "Only be focusing on our inner strength can we overcome our enemy." Splinter: "Sometimes is best to sit still and answers will come." Splinter: "In the hands of true ninjutsu master anything can be a weapon." Splinter: "A weapon is only as good as the arm that wields it." Splinter: "How many times did a told you not to sneak out to the surface?" Splinter: "It is not the student place to say when a lesson is learned. The sudden place is to listen and learn." Splinter: "Old wounds are slow to heal." Splinter: "We Must learn stillness and alertness for they are the only defense against the unexpected." Splinter: "A ninja's greatest strength is patience." Splinter: "The more one learns the less one knows." Splinter: "Attacking a wounded soldier. You have no honor." Splinter: "These who become obsessed are often their worst enemy." Splinter: "Let your mind become pool of stillness. Break the surface explore the deeps for that is where the true wonders lies. Splinter: "A wise ninja does not seek out an enemy who he does not fully understand." Splinter: "The two greatest weapons at the ninja disposal are placement and surprise." Splinter: "Sometimes the past is a mirror in which we can see the reflection of what danger the future holds." Splinter: "Donatello, your Battle Shell is a marvel of engineering. A true testament to your incredible mechanical skills. And I never want to see it in our home again." Splinter: "I hate to put either one of you at risk, but only a fool ignores fate and the strange gifts it offers" Splinter: "Miss O'Neil, teaching them the ancient art of Ninjitsu was hard enough. I'm afraid even I cannot work miracles." Splinter: "You should never have tried to face The Shredder alone. He is too powerful." Splinter: "Master Yoshi kept his honor to the end. A true warrior, and a true Guardian."
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 23:27:16 GMT 1
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TurtlePedia TurtlePedia 11,847 PAGES ADD NEW PAGE BROWSE RULES AND GUIDELINES EXPLORE FORUM in: Unfinished, Male characters, 2003 TV series characters, and 18 more Donatello Splinterson (2003 TV series) English EDIT COMMENTS (6) SHARE Circle-style-warning This article or section is incomplete. Some information regarding this topic has not been added. Please help TurtlePedia by finishing this article. Seasons 1-5MonsterChi EnhancedDragon FormFast ForwardBTTSFoot ClanTurtles Forever 3186654165 d90bb9085d o
Donatello Biographical information Home New York City Earth Sewer April's Apartment Jones Farm
Aliases Donatello Splinterson
Nickname(s) Don Donny
Date of birth 1987 (mutation year)
Abilities Mastery of Ninjutsu High Logic Genius Level Intellect Durability Acrobatics Semi-aquatic Adaptations Master Bō Stick Fighter Chemical and Mechanical Engineering Computer Specialist Driving
Weapon(s) of choice Bo Staff Triceraton Blasters Byakko (Lost Episodes) Ninja Tek Staff (Fast Forward)
Occupation Ninja Acolyte O'Neil Tech Engineer (future)
Affiliation TMNT Ninja Tribunal Acolytes Foot Clan (BTTS)
Physical description Species Mutant Turtle
Gender Male
Height 5'6"
Weight 188 lbs
Hair color None
Bandana color Purple Black (Foot)
Eye color Black Brown (BTTS) Red (Foot)
Out of universe information Era(s) 2003 TV series, Fast Forward, Back to the Sewer, Turtles Forever
First appearance Things Change
Created by Kevin Eastman Peter Laird
Voiced by Sam Riegel
Teachers and Students [Source] The 2003 TV series incarnation of Donatello is voiced by Sam Riegel. Known as "Don" is the smartest and most technologically-adept turtle. His personality is still the traditional techno turtle like most incarnations but unlike most of the Donatello incarnations, he is the most passive and rarely took aggression slightly. His trademark bo once again his primary weapons, but he has used other weapons such as laser guns and those of his brothers.
Contents[show] Physical Appearance Don is mutated turtle with a purple mask and brown paddings on his knees, elbows and wrists. His skin color is olive green throughout all 7 seasons of the 2003 series.
Personality Although in this incarnation Don is still the brains of the bunch, he’s pacifistic. Sometimes he is a little witty but he doesn’t annoy his brothers. Like in the Mirage comics, Donatello has a complex personality in the 2003 animated series. Several episodes concentrate on him, as well as his emotional and intellectual struggles. As in his other incarnations, Donatello is very book smart, a skilled technician and has a tendency to think things through. Even more pacifistic than his other incarnations, Donatello shows a greater interest in technology than his ninjutsu training.
During his first Battle Nexus Tournament, despite being a very gifted ninja, he lost in the first round of the competition. Even so, Donatello will defend his brothers at any cost, and he frequently assists the team in many ways through the technology he develops, mostly vehicles and communication devices. Like Leonardo, Donatello does his best to prepare for any situation. For instance during the Turtles' infiltration of the Shredder's tower, where Don carried all the equipment and gadgets they would need.
Don is the calmest out of all his brothers. He is gentle, very peaceful, and doesn‘t really lose his temper. Sometimes he can be a little witty which doesn’t bother his brothers, but overall he is a gentle turtle who is well liked by all of his brothers never engaging in major confrontations with them. He rarely fights with them but he doesn’t argue with them. In fact, Donatello was the one to reunite his alternate-dimension brothers against the Utrom Shredder in the episode Same As It Never Was.
Leatherhead considers Don to be one of the most gentle-natured people he's ever met. In the fourth season, he was infected by a monster, and in the episode Adventures in Turtle-Sitting, he mutates into a monster himself (which happened to Raphael in the Mirage Comics). When he mutates into a monster, he loses his gentle personality and becomes violent and aggressive. However he does show signs of calming down whenever Master Splinter talks to him and is eventually returned to normal thanks to Baxter Stockman's cure.
Biography Childhood Don was an ordinary baby turtle along with his brothers, until they were exposed to a mutagen that originated from the TCRI building. Since then Splinter trained them in ninjitsu and raised them as his own children.
When he was a little older, he went to Japan with Splinter and his brothers to bury Hamato Yoshi's remains near the home of the Ancient One. While there they encountered a Bone Demon that wore an amulet that blinds the wise, but the Turtle Tots were able to see him and helped Splinter and the Ancient One defeat him. Afterwards the Ninja Tribunal erased their memories of the trip and were taken home.
Seasons 1-4 Insert details here.
Ninja Tribunal Donatello became one of the Ninja Tribunal Acolytes along with his brothers. He was the first ninja shown to focus his spiritual energy through his Amulet of the Acolyte. This is perhaps due to the fact that the Acolytes training began with studying in a library, where Don enthusiastically absorbed knowledge of the secret arts. His spiritual avatar is that of a dragon.
Fast Forward A time window malfunction (that turned it into a time machine) caused Donnie, his brothers, and Master Splinter to be "fast-forwarded" to 2105, hence the show's name Fast Forward. Donatello was one of two Turtles, alongside Michelangelo, that adapted best to the new lifestyle of the future. He was extremely interested in the new technology and quickly bonded with Cody Jones. Using his ideas, Cody had made many new, high-tech turtle weapons and vehicles. In the episode The Journal, which features the Turtles going back to their own time, he uses his knowledge of the future to build new gadgets such as a fusion generator.
Most of the episodes in this season is mostly centered around him due to the plot goals of them returning to their own time as well as adapting to future technology of 2105.
Back To The Sewer After a long time, Cody and Don were able to finish repairing the time portal and were finally able to back to their own time. Unfortunately, Viral took over Serling and sent them jumping around time until Donny managed to repair Serling enough to create another time portal to their own time. But Viral took control of Serling again and was about to blast the Turtles, but Splinter took the blast.
Donatello was devastated by the loss of his teacher and father, and for some time was obsessive with gathering up all of Splinter's bits in order to restore him; constantly blaming himself for the incident. After some time when Don was faced with the choice of saving his brothers or gathering more of Splinter's bits, he realized that he should be there for his brothers more often. In the episode Web Wranglers, Raphael has stated that Don has an IQ of 637 - a likely highly inflated stat. It should be noted that Don was the one who killed (with help from Splinter) the Cyber Shredder by blasting him with the same energy beam Viral shot at Splinter at the beginning of the season. After that, he witnesses Casey and April getting married.
This season mostly focused on his goals and progress of bringing Master Splinter back to reality from cyberspace as well as him destroying the Cyber Shredder. Thus making him the main character of this season overall.
Turtles Forever In Turtles Forever, he helps his counterpart 1988 Donatello build a dimensional portal stick that they used to get to the "1988 universe", and re-modify it to track the Utrom Shredder's trail towards Turtle Prime.
Skills, Powers, and Abilities Ninjutsu Intelligence Strength Speed Agility Stamina Dragon Transformation Weapons Bo Staff Blasters Ninja Tech Staff Relationships Family Leonardo Insert details here.
Raphael Insert details here.
Michelangelo Insert details here.
Master Splinter Insert details here.
Trivia Like his brothers, Donatello is a practitioner of Qi Gong, as shown in Turtles in Space - Part 3: The Big House. His favorite book is "A Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking. Favorite music is: Classical, "Classic" Rock, the Roches. Favorite food is Pizza and Sushi. Gallery Donatello (2003 TV series)/Gallery Donatello (2003 TV series)/Animations Categories: Unfinished Male characters 2003 TV series characters Fast Forward characters Back to the Sewer characters Turtles Forever characters Battle Nexus contestants Mutants (2003 TV series) Dragons Mutant Monday Ninja Scientists Ninja Tribunal Acolytes Kanabo Foot Clan (2003 TV series) Children Mole people Secondary mutants Animal-born mutants Former pets Mutant turtles Languages: Deutsch Polski Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 23:56:04 GMT 1
Kyokushin Grading and Belts Colored belts have their origin in Judo, as does the training 'gi', or more correctly in Japanese, 'dōgi' or 'Keikogi'. In Kyokushin the order of the belts varies in some breakaway groups, but according to the Honbu of Oyama, the kyu ranks and belt colors are as follows:
Kyokushin Karate Belt Order White Mukyu Orange 10th Kyu Orange with one blue stripe 9th Kyu Blue 8th Kyu Blue with one green stripe 7th Kyu Yellow 6th Kyu Yellow with one orange stripe 5th Kyu Green 4th Kyu Green with one brown stripe 3rd Kyu Brown 2nd Kyu Brown with one black stripe 1st Kyu Black with one gold stripe Shodan (初段:しょだん) Black with two gold stripes Nidan (二段:にだん) Black with three gold stripes Sandan (三段:さんだん) Black with four gold stripes Yondan (四段:よんだん) Black with five gold stripes Godan (五段:ごだん) Black with six gold stripes Rokudan (六段:ろくだん) Black with seven gold stripes Shichidan (七段:しちだん) Black with eight gold stripes Hachidan (八段:はちだん) Black with nine gold stripes Kyūdan (九段:きゅうだん) Black with ten gold stripes Jūdan (十段:じゅうだん)
Each colored belt had two levels, the second being represented by a stripe at the ends of the belt. The white belt however, does not represent any level and is only meant to hold the 'gi' in place. As such, the white belt is used by practitioners who are not yet graded. The belt system under Mas Oyama followed this order since the 1960s with the exception of the yellow (red) belt, which was incorporated only in the last year of his life, replacing the earlier used white belt with one and two red stripes for the same kyu grades.
Whilst some groups also use red belts for high dan grades, it is not the norm and Oyama himself did not follow this practice in his dojo or organization, always wearing a wholly black belt himself.
There are many ideas of how the belt colors in the martial arts came to be, some more romantic than others. One quaint tale says that students of a karate school would be given a white belt. The students' belts would gradually become stained darker from use and eventually a person who was of a high standard and who had trained for a long time would then have a black/brown/dirt colored belt. This is an inspiring way to encourage students to train harder, and might have its basis in truth since martial arts practitioners as a general rule don't wash their belts after training. However, no evidence exists of this, so there is no hard and fast rule according to the Japanese and romantic notions of the belt containing the training spirit and hard toil of years of training are generally invented in the West. The tradition of only sparingly washing the belt is more likely based on the more practical reason that belts tend to lose their color if washed too often.
Perhaps the most widely read and respected interpretation of the fundamental psychological
requirements of each level is found in the book, The Budo Karate of Sosai Masutatsu Oyama, written by former interpreter to Sosai Masutatsu Oyama, Cameron Quinn. Kyokushin karate has a belt grading system similar to other martial arts. The requirements of each level vary from country to country, some far stricter and more demanding than others. For example, in some countries in Europe, the grading for each level requires the student to complete the entire requirements for each level up to the rank being tested. So the student attempting first degree black belt will do all the Orange belt requirements, THEN all the blue belt requirements (including repeating the orange belt requirements) and so on. The free fighting (kumite) requirements for first degree black belt also ranges from ten rounds to forty rounds, depending on the region, usually at a very high level of contact and with no protective gear other than a groin guard and mouth guard. It is not so much the number of fights but the intensity of the effort that defines the grading. Some areas don't even have formal gradings per se, instead presenting the student with their new rank in training after the instructor feels that he/she has reached that level and is capable of all the requirements.
The belt assigned to each student upon commencing training is a white belt. With each successful grading attempt the student is awarded a kyu ranking, and either a stripe on his current belt or a new belt colour altogether. Grading, or promotion tests, include calisthenic and aerobic training, kihon (basics), ido geiko (moving basics), goshinjitsu (self defence), sanbon and ippon kumite (three and one step sparring), (prescribed series of movements/forms, sometimes described as a form of moving meditation), tameshiwari (board, tile or brick breaking) and kumite (contact free fighting). Achieving a 1st dan black belt, or shodan, can take anywhere from four but often six to ten years of training. A belt may be awarded only by a teacher after a grading, some lower grades, e.g., yellow stripe or yellow, can be assessed in a local dojo by an instructor, after 2 or 3 grades, you will have to wait until a "grading" usually only performed approximately 4 times a year or at martial arts camps where there are shodan and above gradings, and 50 man kumite also are performed on rare occasions. At the highest ranks (6th dan and above) tests are performed by international committee, or, as is more common in the post-Mas Oyama era, presented honorarily. Nobody can achieve a 10th degree black belt for this was a special honor created only for the Sosai (Oyama).
Each belt has a different number of fights required for the rank sparring for grading starts at white belt. Of all aspects, it is the strong and spirited contact kumite that most defines the Kyokushin style, and it is this aspect that has always brought the style the most respect. The one thing that usually defined the Kyokushin black belt was the spirit, strength and courage of the kumite.
The number of rounds required may increase or decrease after Shodan, again depending on the region. 40 rounds of hard contact sparring is required as part of a grading or as part of a special training requirement, is no easy feat and involves non-stop fighting of one and a half hours or more. It is a test of fortitude as well as skill.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 23:56:32 GMT 1
Kyokushin Grading and Belts Colored belts have their origin in Judo, as does the training 'gi', or more correctly in Japanese, 'dōgi' or 'Keikogi'. In Kyokushin the order of the belts varies in some breakaway groups, but according to the Honbu of Oyama, the kyu ranks and belt colors are as follows:
Kyokushin Karate Belt Order White Mukyu Orange 10th Kyu Orange with one blue stripe 9th Kyu Blue 8th Kyu Blue with one green stripe 7th Kyu Yellow 6th Kyu Yellow with one orange stripe 5th Kyu Green 4th Kyu Green with one brown stripe 3rd Kyu Brown 2nd Kyu Brown with one black stripe 1st Kyu Black with one gold stripe Shodan (初段:しょだん) Black with two gold stripes Nidan (二段:にだん) Black with three gold stripes Sandan (三段:さんだん) Black with four gold stripes Yondan (四段:よんだん) Black with five gold stripes Godan (五段:ごだん) Black with six gold stripes Rokudan (六段:ろくだん) Black with seven gold stripes Shichidan (七段:しちだん) Black with eight gold stripes Hachidan (八段:はちだん) Black with nine gold stripes Kyūdan (九段:きゅうだん) Black with ten gold stripes Jūdan (十段:じゅうだん)
Each colored belt had two levels, the second being represented by a stripe at the ends of the belt. The white belt however, does not represent any level and is only meant to hold the 'gi' in place. As such, the white belt is used by practitioners who are not yet graded. The belt system under Mas Oyama followed this order since the 1960s with the exception of the yellow (red) belt, which was incorporated only in the last year of his life, replacing the earlier used white belt with one and two red stripes for the same kyu grades.
Whilst some groups also use red belts for high dan grades, it is not the norm and Oyama himself did not follow this practice in his dojo or organization, always wearing a wholly black belt himself.
There are many ideas of how the belt colors in the martial arts came to be, some more romantic than others. One quaint tale says that students of a karate school would be given a white belt. The students' belts would gradually become stained darker from use and eventually a person who was of a high standard and who had trained for a long time would then have a black/brown/dirt colored belt. This is an inspiring way to encourage students to train harder, and might have its basis in truth since martial arts practitioners as a general rule don't wash their belts after training. However, no evidence exists of this, so there is no hard and fast rule according to the Japanese and romantic notions of the belt containing the training spirit and hard toil of years of training are generally invented in the West. The tradition of only sparingly washing the belt is more likely based on the more practical reason that belts tend to lose their color if washed too often.
Perhaps the most widely read and respected interpretation of the fundamental psychological
requirements of each level is found in the book, The Budo Karate of Sosai Masutatsu Oyama, written by former interpreter to Sosai Masutatsu Oyama, Cameron Quinn. Kyokushin karate has a belt grading system similar to other martial arts. The requirements of each level vary from country to country, some far stricter and more demanding than others. For example, in some countries in Europe, the grading for each level requires the student to complete the entire requirements for each level up to the rank being tested. So the student attempting first degree black belt will do all the Orange belt requirements, THEN all the blue belt requirements (including repeating the orange belt requirements) and so on. The free fighting (kumite) requirements for first degree black belt also ranges from ten rounds to forty rounds, depending on the region, usually at a very high level of contact and with no protective gear other than a groin guard and mouth guard. It is not so much the number of fights but the intensity of the effort that defines the grading. Some areas don't even have formal gradings per se, instead presenting the student with their new rank in training after the instructor feels that he/she has reached that level and is capable of all the requirements.
The belt assigned to each student upon commencing training is a white belt. With each successful grading attempt the student is awarded a kyu ranking, and either a stripe on his current belt or a new belt colour altogether. Grading, or promotion tests, include calisthenic and aerobic training, kihon (basics), ido geiko (moving basics), goshinjitsu (self defence), sanbon and ippon kumite (three and one step sparring), (prescribed series of movements/forms, sometimes described as a form of moving meditation), tameshiwari (board, tile or brick breaking) and kumite (contact free fighting). Achieving a 1st dan black belt, or shodan, can take anywhere from four but often six to ten years of training. A belt may be awarded only by a teacher after a grading, some lower grades, e.g., yellow stripe or yellow, can be assessed in a local dojo by an instructor, after 2 or 3 grades, you will have to wait until a "grading" usually only performed approximately 4 times a year or at martial arts camps where there are shodan and above gradings, and 50 man kumite also are performed on rare occasions. At the highest ranks (6th dan and above) tests are performed by international committee, or, as is more common in the post-Mas Oyama era, presented honorarily. Nobody can achieve a 10th degree black belt for this was a special honor created only for the Sosai (Oyama).
Each belt has a different number of fights required for the rank sparring for grading starts at white belt. Of all aspects, it is the strong and spirited contact kumite that most defines the Kyokushin style, and it is this aspect that has always brought the style the most respect. The one thing that usually defined the Kyokushin black belt was the spirit, strength and courage of the kumite.
The number of rounds required may increase or decrease after Shodan, again depending on the region. 40 rounds of hard contact sparring is required as part of a grading or as part of a special training requirement, is no easy feat and involves non-stop fighting of one and a half hours or more. It is a test of fortitude as well as skill.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 23:57:26 GMT 1
The Bronx From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Bronx" redirects here. For other uses, see Bronx (disambiguation). The Bronx Bronx County Borough of New York City County of New York State Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. To the right of the current stadium is the site of its predecessor. Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. To the right of the current stadium is the site of its predecessor. Flag of The Bronx Flag Official seal of The Bronx Seal Motto(s): Ne cede malis – "Yield Not To Evil" (lit. "Yield Not to Evil Things") Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map outlining The Bronx The Bronx is located in New YorkThe BronxThe Bronx Location within the State of New York Show map of New York Show map of the US Show map of North America Show map of Earth Show all Coordinates: 40°50'14?N 73°53'10?WCoordinates: 40°50'14?N 73°53'10?W Country United States State New York County Bronx (coterminous) City New York City Borough created 1898 (County in 1914) Named for Jonas Bronck Government • Type Borough of New York City • Borough President Rubén Díaz Jr. (D) – (Borough of the Bronx) • District Attorney Darcel Clark – (Bronx County) Area • Total 57 sq mi (150 km2) • Land 42 sq mi (110 km2) • Water 15 sq mi (40 km2) 27% Highest elevation 280 ft (90 m) Population (2017) • Total 1,471,160[1] • Density 35,027.6/sq mi (13,524.2/km2) Time zone UTC-05:00 (Eastern) • Summer (DST) UTC-04:00 (EDT) ZIP Code prefix 104 Area codes 718/347/929, 917 Website bronxboropres.nyc.gov The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; northeast and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.[2] The Bronx has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,471,160 in 2017.[1] Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density.[2] It is the only borough predominantly on the U.S. mainland. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west, and a flatter eastern section. East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattan's Fifth Avenue. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.[3] Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914.[4] About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,[5] including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the borough's north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land deliberately reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan. The name "Bronx" originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639.[6][7][8] The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany, and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the southern United States.[9] This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of Latin music, hip hop and rock. The Bronx contains the poorest congressional district in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income, and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park, and Country Club.[10][11][12] The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today.[13] Contents 1 Etymology and naming 1.1 Early names 1.2 Use of definite article 2 History 2.1 Before 1914 2.2 After 1914 2.3 Revitalization 3 Geography 3.1 Location and physical features 3.2 Parks and open space 3.3 Neighborhoods 3.4 Adjacent counties 4 Transportation 4.1 Roads and streets 4.2 Mass transit 5 Demographics 5.1 Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration 5.2 Population and housing 5.3 Individual and household income 6 Government and politics 6.1 Local government 6.2 Representatives in the U.S. Congress 6.3 Votes for other offices 7 Economy 7.1 Shopping districts 8 Education 8.1 Educational attainment 8.2 High schools 8.3 Colleges and universities 9 Culture and institutions 9.1 Founding of hip-hop 9.2 Sports 9.3 Off-Off-Broadway 9.4 Arts 9.5 Maritime heritage 9.6 Community celebrations 9.7 Press and broadcasting 9.8 Gangs 10 In popular culture 10.1 Film and television 10.2 In literature 10.3 In songs 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 Further reading 13 External links New York City's five boroughsvte Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate (2017)[14] square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,664,727 22.83 59.13 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,471,160 42.10 109.04 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,648,771 70.82 183.42 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,358,582 108.53 281.09 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 479,458 58.37 151.18 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,622,698 302.64 783.83 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,849,399 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources: [15] and see individual borough articles Etymology and naming Early names Map of the Bronx in 1867 The Bronx was called Rananchqua[16] by the native Siwanoy[17] band of Lenape (also known historically as the Delawares), while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.[18] It was divided by the Aquahung River. The origin of the person of Jonas Bronck (c.?1600–43) is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639.[8][19][20][21][22][23] Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx and built a farm named "Emmanus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in Mott Haven.[24] He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the Bronx [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.[19] The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.[25] Use of definite article The Bronx is referred to with the definite article as "The Bronx", both legally[26] and colloquially.[27] The County of Bronx does not place "The" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses (the city and state mailing-address format is simply "Bronx, NY").[28] The region was apparently named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx" created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.[29][30] Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.[31] The capitalization of The Bronx's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in official references to the borough. It would be capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.[32] However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Lloyd Ultan, a Bronx County Historical Society historian, and the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, a Bronx-based organization. These people say that the definite article is part of the proper name.[33][34] In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in The Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island.'"[34] History See also: Timeline of the Bronx European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County, but it was ceded to New York County in two major parts (West Bronx, 1874 and East Bronx, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the Lenape's Lenapehoking territory inhabited by Siwanoy of the Wappinger Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands. Before 1914 See also: List of former municipalities in New York City The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor.[35] The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them into building a free bridge across the Harlem River.[36] After the American Revolutionary War, the King's Bridge toll was abolished.[37][35] The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns in Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of Morrisania was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge was established within the former borders of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn. Among famous settlers in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author Willa Cather, tobacco merchant Pierre Lorillard, and inventor Jordan L. Mott, who established Mott Haven to house the workers at his iron works.[38] The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.[39][40] The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham.[3][39][41][42][43] The nautical community of City Island voted to join the city in 1896. On January 1, 1898, the consolidated City of New York was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct boroughs. (At the same time, the Bronx's territory moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already contained Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.) On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in the past decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.[39][44] Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914 (the same day that John P. Mitchel started work as Mayor of New York City).[4] Marble Hill, Manhattan was now connected to the Bronx, but it did not become part of that county by a historical accident due to changes in waterways. After 1914 The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[45] New York City expands Grand Concourse and 161st Street as it appeared around 1900 The Simpson Street (IRT White Plains Road) elevated station' was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004, reference #04001027. The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, small farms supplying the city markets, but it grew into a railroad suburb in the late 19th century. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.[45] The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center of piano manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.[46] At the end of World War I, the Bronx hosted the rather small 1918 World's Fair at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.[3][47] The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish, and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),[48] while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.[49] Decline Bootleggers and gangs were active in the Bronx during Prohibition (1920–33). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken. Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began to relocate from the southwestern neighborhoods of the borough. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largely Puerto Rican) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of Co-op City, built with the intent of housing middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today are located in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough. From the early 1960s to the early 1980s, the quality of life declined sharply for many Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that Robert Moses' Cross Bronx Expressway destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in Robert Caro's biography The Power Broker.[50] Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of high-rise housing projects, particularly in the South Bronx.[51] Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as mortgage loans or insurance policies—a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.[52][53] There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[54] In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area.[55] The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.[56] Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to fire and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the South Bronx was considered one of the most blighted urban areas in the country, with a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by multi-unit housing.[56] Revitalization four-story houses along a city street Row houses on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has seen an increase in revitalization in recent years. Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"[57][58] and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons[59][60][61] began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.[62] The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ?5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.[63][64][65][66] In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.[67] In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."[68] The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.[69] In addition, there is a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.[70] Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx.[71] New developments are underway. The Bronx General Post Office[72][73] on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.[74] The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center.[75] Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.[76] Geography Main article: Geography of New York City Location of The Bronx (red) within New York City (remainder white) Aerial view of The Bronx from the east at night Location and physical features The New York Times 1896 map of parks and transit in the newly annexed Bronx. Marble Hill is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. Parks are light green, Woodlawn Cemetery medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built Jerome Park Reservoir light blue, St. John's College (now Fordham University) in violet, and the city limits of the newly expanded New York in red.[77] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.[78] The Bronx is the only part of New York City that is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland.[79] Its bedrock is primarily Fordham gneiss, a high-grade heavily banded metamorphic rock containing significant amounts of pink feldspar.[80] Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation of Inwood marble there as well as in Inwood, Manhattan and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic area codes and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.) The Bronx River flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely freshwater river in New York City.[81] A smaller river, the Hutchinson River (named after the religious leader Anne Hutchinson, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into Eastchester Bay. The Bronx also includes several small islands in the East River and Long Island Sound, such as City Island and Hart Island. Rikers Island in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx. See also: List of smaller islands in New York City The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School.[82] The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throggs Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).[83] Parks and open space See also: Category:Parks in the Bronx Sample of Bronx open spaces and parks Acquired Name acres mi2 hectares 1863 Woodlawn Cemetery 400 0.6 162 1888 Pelham Bay Park 2,764 4.3 1,119 Van Cortlandt Park 1,146 1.8 464 Bronx Park 718 1.1 291 Crotona Park 128 0.2 52 St. Mary's Park 35 0.05 14 1890 Jerome Park Reservoir 94 0.15 38 1897 St. James Park 11 0.02 4.6 1899 Macombs Dam Park † 28 0.04 12 1909 Henry Hudson Park 9 0.01 4 1937 Ferry Point Park 414 0.65 168 Soundview Park 196 0.31 79 1962 Wave Hill 21 0.03 8.5 Land area of the Bronx in 2000 26,897 42.0 10,885 Water area 9,855 15.4 3,988 Total area[78] 36,752 57.4 14,873 † closed in 2007 to build a new park & Yankee Stadium[84] Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States as of 2006 (after Manhattan and Brooklyn),[2] 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one-fifth of the Bronx's area, and one-quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.[5] The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to John Mullaly. Woodlawn Cemetery, one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the Bronx River near Yonkers. It opened in 1863, at a time when the Bronx was still considered a rural area. The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the third-largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers.[85] Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.[86] Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack.[87] Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.[88] The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.[89] Some of the acquired land was set aside for the Grand Concourse and Pelham Parkway, the first of a series of boulevards and parkways (thoroughfares lined with trees, vegetation and greenery). Later projects included the Bronx River Parkway, which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, Mosholu Parkway and the Henry Hudson Parkway. Northern tip of Hunter Island in Pelham Bay Park In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a water filtration plant under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the Bronx River's banks and restoring them to a natural state.[90] Neighborhoods This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: List of Bronx neighborhoods, Bronx Community Board, and Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. In 2006, Manny Fernandez of The New York Times wrote, According to a Department of City Planning map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. The map publisher Hagstrom identifies 69. The borough president, Adolfo Carrión Jr., says 61. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the borough's community boards, names 68. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, lists 44. [91]
Notable Bronx neighborhoods include the South Bronx; Little Italy on Arthur Avenue in the Belmont section; and Riverdale.
East Bronx Main article: East Bronx (Bronx Community Boards 9 [south central], 10 [east], 11 [east central] and 12 [north central] )[92]
The neighborhood of Co-op City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world. East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border.
Neighborhoods include: Clason's Point, Harding Park, Soundview, Castle Hill, Parkchester (Board 9); Throggs Neck, Country Club, City Island, Pelham Bay, Edgewater Park, Co-op City (Board 10); Westchester Square, Van Nest, Pelham Parkway, Morris Park (Board 11); Williamsbridge, Eastchester, Baychester, Edenwald and Wakefield (Board 12).
City Island and Hart Island Main articles: City Island, Bronx and Hart Island, New York
A sunken boat off the shore of City Island (Bronx Community Board 10)
City Island is located east of Pelham Bay Park in Long Island Sound and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.[93] City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to Rodman's Neck on the mainland by the City Island Bridge.
East of City Island is Hart Island, which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's potter's field for unclaimed bodies.[94]
West Bronx Main article: West Bronx
Grand Concourse at East 165th Street (Bronx Community Boards 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest)
The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston.[95] It includes New York City's third-largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.
Northwestern Bronx (Bronx Community Boards 7 [between the Bronx and Harlem Rivers] and 8 [facing the Hudson River] – plus part of Board 12)
Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford, Bedford Park, Norwood, Kingsbridge Heights (Board 7), Kingsbridge, Riverdale (Board 8), and Woodlawn (Board 12). (Marble Hill, Manhattan is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community Board 8.)
South Bronx Main article: South Bronx (Bronx Community Boards 1 to 6 plus part of Board 7—progressing northwards, Boards 2, 3 and 6 border the Bronx River from its mouth to Bronx Park, while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the Harlem River)
Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s, Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.
Neighborhoods include: The Hub (a retail district at Third Avenue and East 149th Street), Port Morris, Mott Haven (Board 1), Melrose (Board 1 & Board 3), Morrisania, East Morrisania [also known as Crotona Park East] (Board 3), Hunts Point, Longwood (Board 2), Highbridge, Concourse (Board 4), West Farms, Belmont, East Tremont (Board 6), Tremont, Morris Heights (Board 5), University Heights. (Board 5 & Board 7).
Adjacent counties The Bronx adjoins:[96]
Westchester County – north Nassau County, New York – southeast (across the East River) Queens County, New York (Queens) – south (across the East River) New York County, New York (Manhattan) – southwest Bergen County, New Jersey – west (across the Hudson River) Transportation See also: Transportation in New York City Roads and streets
Bronx–Whitestone Bridge Surface streets The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.
The East Bronx is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only the Wakefield neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield.
Three major north-south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: Third Avenue, Park Avenue, and Broadway. Other major north-south roads include the Grand Concourse, Jerome Avenue, Sedgwick Avenue, Webster Avenue, and White Plains Road. Major east-west thoroughfares include Mosholu Parkway, Gun Hill Road, Fordham Road, Pelham Parkway, and Tremont Avenue.
Most east-west streets are prefixed with either East or West, to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which uses Fifth Avenue as the dividing line).[97]
The historic Boston Post Road, part of the long pre-revolutionary road connecting Boston with other northeastern cities, runs east-west in some places, and sometimes northeast-southwest.
Mosholu and Pelham Parkways, with Bronx Park between them, Van Cortlandt Park to the west and Pelham Bay Park to the east, are also linked by bridle paths.
As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.[98]
Highways Several major limited access highways traverse the Bronx. These include:
the Bronx River Parkway the Bruckner Expressway (I-278/I-95) the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95/I-295) the New England Thruway (I-95) the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY-9A) the Hutchinson River Parkway the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87) Bridges and tunnels
An aerial view of the Throgs Neck Bridge Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to Queens. These are, from west to east:
To Manhattan: the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, the Henry Hudson Bridge, the Broadway Bridge, the University Heights Bridge, the Washington Bridge, the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, the High Bridge, the Concourse Tunnel, the Macombs Dam Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, the 149th Street Tunnel, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the Park Avenue Bridge, the Lexington Avenue Tunnel, the Third Avenue Bridge (southbound traffic only), and the Willis Avenue Bridge (northbound traffic only).
To both Manhattan and Queens: the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, formerly known as the Triborough Bridge.
To Queens: the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge and the Throgs Neck Bridge.
Mass transit
Middletown Road subway station on the 6 and <6>? trains
NYC Transit bus operating on the Bx40 route in University Heights The Bronx is served by seven New York City Subway services along six physical lines, with 70 stations in the Bronx:[99]
IND Concourse Line (B and ?D trains) IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1 train) IRT Dyre Avenue Line (5 train) IRT Jerome Avenue Line (4 train) IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>? trains) IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ?5 trains) There are also many MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes in the Bronx. This includes local and express routes as well as Bee-Line Bus System routes.[100]
Two Metro-North Railroad commuter rail lines (the Harlem Line and the Hudson Line) serve 11 stations in the Bronx. (Marble Hill, between the Spuyten Duyvil and University Heights stations, is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland.) In addition, trains serving the New Haven Line stop at Fordham Plaza. As part of Penn Station Access, the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve Hunts Point, Parkchester, Morris Park, and Co-op City.[101]
In 2018, NYC Ferry's Soundview line opened, connecting the Soundview landing in Clason Point Park to three East River locations in Manhattan. The ferry is operated by Hornblower Cruises.[102]
Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Bronx Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration See also: List of people from the Bronx 2013 estimates According to a 2013 Census Bureau estimate,[103] 45.8% of the Bronx's population was white, 43.3% was black or African American, 4.2% Asian, 3.0% American Indian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, and 3.3% of two or more races. In addition, 54.6% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race.
The Census Bureau considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity.[104] The borough's most populous racial group, white, declined from 98.3% in 1940 to 45.8% in 2013.[103]
31.7% of the population were foreign born and another 8.9% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parents. 55.6% spoke a language other than English at home and 16.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[105]
Approximately 44.3% of the population over the age of five spoke only English at home, which is roughly 570,000 people. The majority (55.7%) of the population spoke a language other than English at home. Over 580,600 people (45.2% of the population) spoke Spanish at home.[106][107]
2010 Census Historical population Census Pop. %± 1790 1,781 — 1800 1,755 -1.5% 1810 2,267 29.2% 1820 2,782 22.7% 1830 3,023 8.7% 1840 5,346 76.8% 1850 8,032 50.2% 1860 23,593 193.7% 1870 37,393 58.5% 1880 51,980 39.0% 1890 88,908 71.0% 1900 200,507 125.5% 1910 430,980 114.9% 1920 732,016 69.8% 1930 1,265,258 72.8% 1940 1,394,711 10.2% 1950 1,451,277 4.1% 1960 1,424,815 -1.8% 1970 1,471,701 3.3% 1980 1,168,972 -20.6% 1990 1,203,789 3.0% 2000 1,332,650 10.7% 2010 1,385,108 3.9% Est. 2017 1,471,160 [1] 6.2% Sources: 1790–1990;[108] According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.[109] A Garifuna-speaking community from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home.[110]
2009 Community Survey According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980.[111] Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively.
The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a Hispanic majority, many of whom are Puerto Ricans and Dominicans.[citation needed]
At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as "Sub-Saharan African" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.[citation needed]
Native Americans are a very small minority in the borough. Only some 5,560 individuals (out of the borough's 1.4 million people) are Native American, which is equal to just 0.4% of the population. In addition, roughly 2,500 people are Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin.[citation needed]
In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese.[citation needed]
Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.[citation needed]
Older estimates The Census of 1930 counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).[112]
Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000 1930 United States Census[112] 2000 United States Census[113] Total population of the Bronx 1,265,258 Total population of the Bronx 1,332,650 All born abroad or overseas ‡ 524,410 39.4% Puerto Rico 126,649 9.5% Foreign-born Whites 477,342 37.7% All foreign-born 385,827 29.0% White persons born in Russia 135,210 10.7% Dominican Republic 124,032 9.3% White persons born in Italy 67,732 5.4% Jamaica 51,120 3.8% White persons born in Poland 55,969 4.4% Mexico 20,962 1.6% White persons born in Germany 43,349 3.4% Guyana 14,868 1.1% White persons born in the Irish Free State † 34,538 2.7% Ecuador 14,800 1.1% Other foreign birthplaces of Whites 140,544 11.1% Other foreign birthplaces 160,045 12.0% † the 26 counties now within the Republic of Ireland ‡ beyond the 50 states & District of Columbia Population and housing
Poverty concentrations within the Bronx, by Census Tract At the 2010 Census, there were, 1,385,108 people living in Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000. As of the United States Census[114] of 2000, there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. The population density was 31,709.3 inhabitants per square mile (12,242.2/km²). There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 per square mile (4,507.4/km²).[114] Recent Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.[115]
There were 463,212 households out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.[114]
The age distribution of the population in the Bronx was as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.[114]
Individual and household income Ambox current red.svg This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017) The 1999 median income for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median income for a family was $30,682. Males had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.
From 2015 Census data, the median income for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299. Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, the median income for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.[116]
Government and politics Local government Main article: Government of New York City Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the Bronx has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx.
Borough Presidents of the Bronx Name Party Term † Louis F. Haffen Democratic 1898 – Aug. 1909 John F. Murray Democratic Aug. 1909–1910 Cyrus C. Miller Democratic 1910–1914 Douglas Mathewson Republican- Fusion 1914–1918 Henry Bruckner Democratic 1918–1934 James J. Lyons Democratic 1934–1962 Joseph F. Periconi Republican- Liberal 1962–1966 Herman Badillo Democratic 1966–1970 Robert Abrams Democratic 1970–1979 Stanley Simon Democratic 1979 – April 1987 Fernando Ferrer Democratic April 1987 – 2002 Adolfo Carrión, Jr. Democratic 2002 – March 2009 Ruben Diaz, Jr. Democratic May 2009 – † Terms begin and end in January where the month is not specified. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[117]
Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations.
Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,[118][119] became Borough President on May 1.
All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of the Democratic Party (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new Yankee Stadium.
Since its separation from New York County on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system[4] and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Darcel D. Clark has been the Bronx County District Attorney since 2016. Her predecessor was Robert T. Johnson, was the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.
Eight members of the New York City Council represent districts wholly within the Bronx (11–18), while a ninth represents a Manhattan district (8) that also includes a small area of the Bronx. One of those members, Joel Rivera (District 15), has been the Council's Majority Leader since 2002. In 2008, all of them were Democrats.
The Bronx also has twelve Community Boards, appointed bodies that field complaints and advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions. (They are listed at Bronx Community Boards).
Representatives in the U.S. Congress Candidates winning non-judicial elections in the Bronx since 2004 Year Office Winner of the Bronx † (failed to win overall contest) Bronx % Over- all % Borough-wide votes 2004 U.S. President & V.P. † John Kerry–John Edwards, D-WF 81.8% 48.3% 2005 Mayor of New York † Fernando Ferrer, D 59.8% 39.0% Public Advocate Betsy Gotbaum, D 93.8% 90.0% City Comptroller William C. Thompson, Jr., D-WF 95.5% 92.6% Borough President Adolfo Carrión, Jr., D 83.8% 2006 U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, D-WF-Independence 89.5% 67.0% Governor & Lt Gov. Eliot Spitzer–David Paterson, D-WF-Indpce 88.8% 69.0% State Comptroller Alan G. Hevesi, D-WF-Independence 84.5% 56.8% NY Attorney-General Andrew M. Cuomo, D-Working Families 82.6% 58.3% 2007 Bronx Dist. Attorney Robert T. Johnson, D-R-Conservative 100–% 2008 Democratic Pres. † Hillary Clinton 61.2% 48.0% Republican Pres. John McCain 54.4% 46.6% U.S. President & V.P. Barack Obama–Joe Biden, D-WF 87.8% 52.9% 2009 Borough President Ruben Diaz, Jr., Bronx Unity 86.3% Individual legislative districts 2005 New York City Council Council District 8 Melissa Mark Viverito, D-WF 100.% 100.% Council District 11 G. Oliver Koppell, D 81.1% Council District 12 Larry B. Seabrook, D 87.2% Council District 13 James Vacca, D 64.4% Council District 14 María Baez, D 94.7% Council District 15 Joel Rivera, D (majority leader) 91.0% Council District 16 Helen D. Foster, D-R-Working Families 98.6% Council District 17 María Del Carmen Arroyo, D-Indep'ce 98.3% Council District 18 Annabel Palma, D-WF 89.1% 2006 U.S. House of Representatives Cong. District 7 Joseph Crowley, D-WF 84.9% 84.0% Cong. District 16 José E. Serrano, D-WF 95.3% Cong. District 17 Eliot L. Engel, D-WF 89.3% 76.4% New York State Senate Senate District 28 José M. Serrano, D-WF 100.% 100.% Senate District 31 Eric T. Schneiderman, D-WF 88.8% 92.3% Senate District 32 Rubén Díaz, D 92.5% Senate District 33 Efraín González, Jr., D 96.9% Senate District 34 Jeffrey D. Klein, D-WF 64.8% 61.2% Senate District 36 Ruth H. Thompson, D-WF 95.4% 95.4% New York State Assembly Assembly District 76 Peter M. Rivera, D-WF 91.8% Assembly District 77 Aurelia Greene, D-WF 94.9% Assembly District 78 José Rivera, D 89.7% Assembly District 79 Michael A. Benjamin, D 95.1% Assembly District 80 Naomi Rivera, D 74.6% Assembly District 81 Jeffrey Dinowitz, D-WF 95.1% Assembly District 82 Michael R. Benedetto, D-WF 81.4% Assembly District 83 Carl E. Heastie, D-WF 94.1% Assembly District 84 Carmen E. Arroyo, D 92.7% Assembly District 85 Rubén Díaz, Jr., D 94.8% Assembly District 86 Luís M. Diaz, D 94.6% D = Democratic Party; R = Republican Party; WF = Working Families Party; Indpce = Independence Party of New York In 2018, four Democrats represented all of the Bronx in the United States House of Representatives.[120]
Adriano Espaillat (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 13th congressional district, which includes the northwest Bronx neighborhoods of Norwood, Bedford Park and Kingsbridge, as well as upper Manhattan.[120] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 14th congressional district, which includes the East Bronx neighborhoods of Co-op City, Pelham Bay, Morris Park, Pelham Parkway, Parkchester, Castle Hill and Throgs Neck, as well as the Rikers Island jail complex and parts of northwest Queens.[120] José E. Serrano (first elected in March 1990) represents New York's 16th congressional district, which includes neighborhoods in the South Bronx.[120] Eliot Engel (first elected in 1988) represents New York's 17th congressional district which includes the northwest Bronx neighborhoods of Bedford Park, Spuyten Duyvil, and Riverdale as well as parts of Westchester and Rockland counties.[120] National Journal's neutral rating system placed all of their voting records in 2005 and 2006 somewhere between very liberal and extremely liberal.[11][12]
11 out of 150 members of the New York State Assembly (the lower house of the state legislature) represent districts wholly within the Bronx. Six State Senators out of 62 represent Bronx districts, half of them wholly within the County, and half straddling other counties. All these legislators are Democrats who won between 65% and 100% of their districts' vote in 2006.[121]
Votes for other offices In the 2004 presidential election, Senator John Kerry received 81.8% of the vote in the Bronx (79.8% on the Democratic line plus 2% on the Working Families Party's line) while President George W. Bush received 16.3% (15.5% Republican plus 0.85% Conservative).
In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama improved on Kerry's showing, and took 88.7% of the vote in the Bronx to Republican John McCain's 10.9%.
In 2005, the Democratic former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer won 59.8% of the borough's vote against 38.8% (35.3% Republican, 3.5% Independence Party) for Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who carried every other borough in his winning campaign for re-election.
In 2006, successfully reelected Senator Hillary Clinton won 89.5% of the Bronx's vote (82.8% Dem. + 4.1% Working Families + 2.6% Independence) against Yonkers ex-Mayor John Spencer's 9.6% (8.2% Republican + 1.4% Cons.), while Eliot Spitzer won 88.8% of the Borough's vote (82.1% Dem. + 4.1% Working Families + 2.5% Independence Party) in winning the Governorship against John Faso, who received 9.7% of the Bronx's vote (8.2% Republican + 1.5% Cons.)[122]
In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.[123]
After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican Presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning Republican Warren G. Harding in 1920, but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successor Calvin Coolidge in 1924 (Coolidge 79,562; John W. Davis, Dem., 72,834; Robert La Follette, 62,202 equally divided between the Progressive and Socialist lines).
Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.)[124]
The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).[125] The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.[126]
The Bronx County vote for President and Mayor since 1952 President and Vice President of the United States Mayor of the City of New York Year Republican, Conservative & Independence Democratic, Liberal & Working Families Won the Bronx Elected President Year Candidate carrying the Bronx Elected Mayor 2016 9.5% 37,797 88.5% 353,646 Hillary Clinton Donald Trump 2017 Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families 2012 8.1% 29,967 91.5% 339,211 Barack Obama Barack Obama 2013 Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families 2008 10.9% 41,683 88.7% 338,261 Barack Obama Barack Obama 2009 William C. Thompson, Jr, D-Working Families Michael Bloomberg, R–Indep'ce/Jobs & Educ'n 2004 16.3% 56,701 81.8% 283,994 John Kerry George W. Bush 2005 Fernando Ferrer, D Mike Bloomberg, R/Lib-Indep'ce 2000 11.8% 36,245 86.3% 265,801 Al Gore George W. Bush 2001 Mark Green, D-Working Families Michael Bloomberg, R-Independence 1996 10.5% 30,435 85.8% 248,276 Bill Clinton Bill Clinton 1997 Ruth Messinger, D Rudolph Giuliani, R-Liberal 1992 20.7% 63,310 73.7% 225,038 Bill Clinton Bill Clinton 1993 David Dinkins, D Rudolph Giuliani, R-Liberal 1988 25.5% 76,043 73.2% 218,245 Michael Dukakis George H. W. Bush 1989 David Dinkins, D David Dinkins, D 1984 32.8% 109,308 66.9% 223,112 Walter Mondale Ronald Reagan 1985 Edward Koch, D-Indep. Edward Koch, D-Independent 1980 30.7% 86,843' 64.0% 181,090 Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan 1981 Edward Koch, D-R Edward Koch, D-R 1976 28.7% 96,842 70.8% 238,786 Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter 1977 Edward Koch, D Edward Koch, D 1972 44.6% 196,756 55.2% 243,345 George McGovern Richard Nixon 1973 Abraham Beame, D Abraham Beame, D 1968 32.0% 142,314 62.4% 277,385 Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon 1969 Mario Procaccino, D-Nonpartisan-Civil Svce Ind. John V. Lindsay, Liberal 1964 25.2% 135,780 74.7% 403,014 Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson 1965 Abraham Beame, D-Civil Service Fusion John Lindsay, R-Liberal-Independent Citizens 1960 31.8% 182,393 67.9% 389,818 John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy 1961 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Brotherhood Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Brotherhood 1956 42.8% 256,909 57.2% 343,656 Adlai Stevenson II Dwight D. Eisenhower 1957 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Fusion Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Fusion 1952 37.3% 241,898 60.6% 309,482 Adlai Stevenson II Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D Republican and Democratic columns for Presidential elections also include their candidates' votes on other lines, such as the New York State Right to Life Party and the Working Families Party. For details of votes and parties in a particular election, click the year or see New York City mayoral elections. Presidential elections results[127] Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 9.5% 37,797 88.5% 353,646 2.0% 8,079 2012 8.1% 29,967 91.5% 339,211 0.5% 1,760 2008 10.9% 41,683 88.7% 338,261 0.4% 1,378 2004 16.5% 56,701 82.8% 283,994 0.7% 2,284 2000 11.8% 36,245 86.3% 265,801 2.0% 6,017 1996 10.5% 30,435 85.8% 248,276 3.7% 10,639 1992 20.7% 63,310 73.7% 225,038 5.6% 17,112 1988 25.5% 76,043 73.2% 218,245 1.3% 3,793 1984 32.8% 109,308 66.9% 223,112 0.4% 1,263 1980 30.7% 86,843 64.0% 181,090 5.3% 14,914 1976 28.7% 96,842 70.8% 238,786 0.5% 1,763 1972 44.6% 196,754 55.2% 243,345 0.2% 1,075 1968 32.0% 142,314 62.4% 277,385 5.6% 24,818 1964 25.2% 135,780 74.7% 403,014 0.2% 800 1960 31.8% 182,393 67.9% 389,818 0.4% 2,071 1956 42.8% 257,382 57.2% 343,823 0.0% 0 1952 37.3% 241,898 60.6% 392,477 2.1% 13,420 1948 27.8% 173,044 54.2% 337,129 18.0% 112,182 1944 31.8% 211,158 67.7% 450,525 0.5% 3,352 1940 31.8% 198,293 67.1% 418,931 1.1% 6,980 1936 17.6% 93,151 79.4% 419,625 3.0% 16,042 1932 19.2% 76,587 70.4% 281,330 10.5% 42,002 1928 28.7% 98,636 67.7% 232,766 3.7% 12,545 1924 36.7% 79,583 33.6% 72,840 29.6% 64,234 1920 56.6% 106,050 24.4% 45,741 19.0% 35,538 1916 42.6% 40,938 49.8% 47,870 7.7% 7,396 Economy See also: Economy of New York City Shopping malls and markets in the Bronx include:
Bay Plaza Shopping Center Bronx Terminal Market Hunts Point Cooperative Market Shopping districts
The Hub on Third Avenue
Renovated Prow Building, part of the original Bronx Terminal Market
An aerial view of the Bronx, Harlem River, Harlem, Hudson River, and George Washington Bridge
Morris Heights, a Bronx neighborhood of over 45,000
Street scene on Fordham Road, a major street in the Bronx Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include Fordham Road, Bay Plaza in Co-op City, The Hub, the Riverdale/Kingsbridge shopping center, and Bruckner Boulevard. Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, White Plains Road, Jerome Avenue, Southern Boulevard, and Broadway. The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market contains several big-box stores, which opened in 2009 south of Yankee Stadium.
There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.[128] It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven.[129] The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.[130] It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.[131] The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.
The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design.[132]
Education See also: Education in New York City, List of public elementary schools in New York City, and Category:Charter schools in New York (state) Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).[133] There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.
A small portion of land that is between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with a total of 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the way the county boundaries were established; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go to Pelham Union Free School District schools, including Pelham Memorial High School, since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.[134]
Educational attainment In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)[135]
High schools See also: List of high schools in New York City § Bronx
The Bronx High School of Science In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx residents enrolled in high school attended public schools.[133]
Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.
High schools linked to the Catholic Church include: Saint Raymond's Academy for Girls, All Hallows High School, Fordham Preparatory School, Monsignor Scanlan High School, St. Raymond High School for Boys, Cardinal Hayes High School, Cardinal Spellman High School, The Academy of Mount Saint Ursula, Aquinas High School, Preston High School, St. Catharine Academy, Mount Saint Michael Academy, and St. Barnabas High School.
The SAR Academy and SAR High School are Modern Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva coeducational day schools in Riverdale, with roots in Manhattan's Lower East Side.
In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools.
Fordham University's Keating Hall Colleges and universities See also: List of colleges and universities in New York City In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.[133]
Several colleges and universities are located in the Bronx.
Fordham University was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by the Diocese of New York as the first Catholic institution of higher education in the northeast. It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces its Jesuit heritage. The 85-acre (340,000 m2) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are located in Manhattan and Westchester County).[86]
Three campuses of the City University of New York are in the Bronx: Hostos Community College, Bronx Community College (occupying the former University Heights Campus of New York University)[136] and Herbert H. Lehman College (formerly the uptown campus of Hunter College), which offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees.
The College of Mount Saint Vincent is a Catholic liberal arts college in Riverdale under the direction of the Sisters of Charity of New York. Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to the Academy for Jewish Religion, a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school.
Manhattan College is a Catholic college in Riverdale which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, part of the Montefiore Medical Center, is in Morris Park.
Two colleges based in Westchester County have Bronx campuses. The Catholic and nearly all-female College of New Rochelle maintains satellite campuses at Co-op City and in The Hub. The coeducational and non-sectarian Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, founded by the Catholic Sisters of Mercy in 1950, has a campus near Westchester Square.
By contrast, the private, proprietary Monroe College, focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 but now has a campus in New Rochelle (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's Fordham neighborhood.[137]
The State University of New York Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (Throggs Neck)—at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx—is the national leader in maritime education and houses the Maritime Industry Museum. (Directly across Long Island Sound is Kings Point, Long Island, home of the United States Merchant Marine Academy and the American Merchant Marine Museum.) As of 2017, graduates from the university earned an average annual salary of $144,000, the highest of any university graduates in the United States.[138]
Culture and institutions See also: Culture of New York City; Music of New York City; List of people from the Bronx; and List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York
The Bronx Zoo is the largest zoo in New York City, and among the largest in the country.
The Bronx's P.L.A.Y.E.R.S. Club Steppers performing at the 2007 Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival in Brooklyn. (Note the T-shirts' inscription "I ? BX" [Bronx], echoing the ubiquitous slogan "I ? NY" ).[139][140] Author Edgar Allan Poe spent the last years of his life (1846 to 1849) in the Bronx at Poe Cottage, now located at Kingsbridge Road and the Grand Concourse. A small wooden farmhouse built around 1812, the cottage once commanded unobstructed vistas over the rolling Bronx hills to the shores of Long Island.[141] Poe moved there to get away from the Manhattan city air and crowding in hope that the then rural area would be beneficial for his wife's tuberculosis. It was in the Bronx that Poe wrote one of his most famous works, Annabel Lee.[142]
More than a century later, the Bronx would evolve from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop as documented in the award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale."[143] Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room.[144][145] The 2016 Netflix series The Get Down is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.[146] Ten years earlier, the Bronx Opera had been founded.
Founding of hip-hop On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was a D.J. and M.C. at a party in the recreation room of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx adjacent to the Cross Bronx Expressway.[147] While it was not the actual "Birthplace of Hip Hop" – the genre developed slowly in several places in the 1970s – it was verified to be the place where one of the pivotal and formative events occurred.[147] Specifically:
[Cool Herc] extended an instrumental beat (mixing or scratching) to let people dance longer (B-boying) and began MC'ing (rapping) during the extended breakdancing. ... [This] helped lay the foundation for a cultural revolution.
—?History Detectives[147] Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx disc jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Cory Gunz.[148]
Hush Hip Hop Tours, a tour company founded in 2002 by local licensed sightseeing tour guide Debra Harris,[149] has established a sightseeing tour of the Bronx showcasing the locations that helped shape hip hop culture, and features some of the pioneers of hip hop as tour guides. The Bronx's recognition as an important center of African-American culture has led Fordham University to establish the Bronx African-American History Project (BAAHP).[150]
Sports
New Yankee Stadium at 161st and River Avenue The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees, nicknamed "the Bronx Bombers", of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Thurman Munson, Don Mattingly, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera.
The original stadium was the scene of Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech in 1939, Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, Roger Maris' record breaking 61st home run in 1961, and Reggie Jackson's 3 home runs to clinch Game 6 of the 1977 World Series. The Stadium was the former home of the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1956 to 1973.
The original Yankee Stadium closed in 2008 to make way for a new Yankee Stadium in which the team started play in 2009. It is located north-northeast of the 1923 Yankee Stadium, on the former site of Macombs Dam Park. The current Yankee Stadium is also the home of New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who began play in 2015.
Off-Off-Broadway Main article: Off-Off-Broadway The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.
Arts The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance, founded in 1998 by Arthur Aviles and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender, and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The Academy was formerly in the American Bank Note Company Building before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.[151]
The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.
The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "Heinrich Heine Memorial", better known as the Lorelei Fountain. After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.[152] In 1899, the memorial by Ernst Gustav Herter was placed in Joyce Kilmer Park, near the Yankee Stadium. In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.
Maritime heritage The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum.[153] In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row"[154] due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,[155] a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.[156]
Community celebrations "Bronx Week," traditionally held in May, originated as a one-day celebration. Initiated by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball," was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame."[157]
Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.[158] Hunts Point hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.[159] Edgewater Park hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.[160] There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.[161] Albanian Independence Day is also observed.[162]
There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.[163][164][165]
Press and broadcasting The Bronx is home to several local newspapers and radio and television studios.
Newspapers The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News,[166] Parkchester News, City News, The Norwood News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press[167] (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)
The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, The Bronx Home News, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into the New York Post in 1948. It became a special section of the Post, sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view.
Radio and television One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters is WFUV, a National Public Radio-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting from Fordham University's Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna is atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore Medical Center.
The City of New York has an official television station run by NYC Media and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.[168]
Gangs The Bronx is the home of many gangs, including:
Dominicans Don't Play - formed around 1990, it primarily targets high school students and second-generation immigrants to join their gang, and make most of their money from robberies and drug deals.[169] Trinitarios - also formed around 1990, a spin-off of Dominicans Don't Play, mostly involved with drug, sex, and weapons trafficking[170][171] Latin Kings - a nationwide gang whose Bronx chapter began in 1986, involved with gun and drug trafficking, extortion, credit card fraud, and auto theft as their sources of income[169] Ñetas - a gang that was started in 1979 in Puerto Rico. The organization began as a prison gang which gave members protection while serving their prison sentences. It eventually transformed into a drug trafficking gang.[169] St. James Boys[172] 194 Crew - a drug trafficking gang[173][better source needed] Sureños - made up of first- and second-generation Mexican-Americans, mainly involved in small-scale crime and gang warfare[174][better source needed] In popular culture Film and television See also: List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City Mid-20th century Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life[175] was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.
The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "Bronx cheer", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by New York Yankees fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on the Spike Jones and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942 Disney animated film of the same name), repeatedly lambasting Adolf Hitler with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"[176]
As a symbolism Some movies have also used the term Bronx for comic effect, such as "Bronx", the character on the Disney animated series Gargoyles.
Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a The New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.[177] A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning[178] is in production[179] in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.
The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film Wolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in Queens, substituting as the Bronx. Rumble in the Bronx, filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant.
As a setting Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.
Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and "A Kind of Alaska", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter,[180] were also based on Sacks' book.
Gus Van Sant's 2000 Finding Forrester was quickly billed "Good Will Hunting in the Hood." Sean Connery is in the title role of a reclusive old man who 50 years earlier wrote a single novel that garnered the Pulitzer Prize. He meets 16-year-old Jamal, portrayed by Rob Brown, a gifted basketball player and aspiring writer from the Bronx, and becomes his mentor. The movie includes stock footage of Bronx housing projects from 1990, as well as some other scenes shot in Manhattan and Brooklyn.
The 2012 documentary "South Bronx United" features the Mott Haven neighborhood and its conflict over the online grocery delivery service Fresh Direct's move of their trucking facility from Long Island City to the South Bronx.
In literature See also: List of books set in New York City Books The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near Arthur Avenue and Tremont Avenue.[181] In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),[182] a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980),[183] an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.
By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987)[184] portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, The New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."[185]
Don DeLillo's Underworld (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the decline of the area from the 1950s onwards. John Patrick Shanley's "Savage in Limbo" is set in a 1980s Bronx bar called 'Scales' where the frustrated characters feel they are unable to move.
Poetry In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest couplets:
The Bronx No Thonx Ogden Nash, The New Yorker, 1931
Nash repented 33 years after his calumny, penning in 1964 the following prose poem to the Dean of Bronx Community College:
I can't seem to escape the sins of my smart-alec youth; Here are my amends. I wrote those lines, "The Bronx? No thonx"; I shudder to confess them. Now I'm an older, wiser man I cry, "The Bronx? God bless them!"[68]
In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published Bronx Trilogy—consisting of the shoe shine parlor poems et al, concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx, and from the banks of brook avenue. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. DeWitt Clinton High School, St. Mary's Park, and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.[186]
Nash's couplet "The Bronx No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough, edited by Llyod Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from Allen Ginsberg's Kaddish, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as Sandra María Esteves, Milton Kessler, Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and Terence Wynch.[187]
"Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.[188][189]
Bronx Memoir Project Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1 is a published anthology by the Bronx Council on the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx residents and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past.[190] The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the Bronx Council on the Arts and other cultural institutions, including The Bronx Documentary Center, The Bronx Library Center, the (Edgar Allan) Poe Park Visitor Center, Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.[191][192] The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.[191]
In songs The theme song to the 1960s U.S. television comedy series Car 54, Where Are You? begins "There's a holdup in the Bronx". The song "New York, New York" from the 1944 musical comedy and 1949 film, On the Town explains that "The Bronx is up and the Battery's down." "Manhattan" by Rodgers and Hart for the 1925 musical The Garrick Gaieties declares "We'll have Manhattan,/The Bronx and Staten/Island too./It's lovely going through/the zoo." In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995),[193] only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), William LeBaron, Victor Jacobi; "Bronx Express" (1922), Henry Creamer and Henry Creamer; "The Tremont Avenue Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), Jerry Livingston, Mark David; "I Love the New York Yankees" (1987), Paula Lindstrom. The following songs also mention the Bronx (see also list of songs about New York City):
"Bronx Season" by Cardi B on her 2017 album Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2 "Alfie from the Bronx" (1983) by the Toy Dolls "Back to the Bronx" by 2 Live Crew "Boogie Down Bronx" by Man Parrish[194] "Bronx" by Kurtis Blow "The Bronx" by Regina Spektor "Bronx Backyard" by The Johnny Seven Band "Bronx Bombers" by Grandmaster Flash "The Bronx Is Beautiful" by Robert Klein "Bronx Keeps Creating It" by Fat Joe "Bronx Tale" by Fat Joe "Bronx War Stories" by A.I.G. "BX Warrior" by Tim Dog "BX We Invented Hip-Hop" by Tim Dog "Cousin in the Bronx" by Kaiser Chiefs "Cross Bronx Expressway" by Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz "Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)" by Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz "From BX" by Tim Dog "Ha Ya Doin? Yankees" – The Haya Doin'? Boys "Here Come the Yankees", by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman "Jenny from the Block" by Jennifer Lopez featuring Styles P & Jadakiss "On The Streets Of the Bronx" by The Moonglows "Our Lady of the Bronx" by Black 47 "Rockin' the Bronx" by Black 47 "School of Hard Knocks" by Swizz Beatz and Drag-On "South Bronx" by Boogie Down Productions "Lost in the Flood" by Bruce Springsteen "Bulls In the Bronx" by Pierce the Veil See also The Bronx portal flag New York City portal flag New York portal Bronx Borough Hall Bronx court system delays Joseph P. Day, early land auctioneer List of people from the Bronx National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx General:
List of counties in New York References Notes This data was as of 2006. By May 25, 2014, English Wikipedia listed 58. Not Clark Kent (producer). Citations "QuickFacts Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2018. New York State Department of Health, Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010, retrieved on August 8, 2015. Lloyd Ultann, Bronx Borough Historian, "History of the Bronx River," Paper presented to the Bronx River Alliance, November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This 2½ hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the Bronx River. On the start of business for Bronx County: Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day. The New York Times, January 3, 1914 (PDF retrieved on June 26, 2008): "Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..." "Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..." "There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed." "Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments." Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of Associated Press (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 Archived May 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Wylie, Jonathon (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University of Kentucky Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam. * "Jonas Bronx". Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012. van Laer, A. J. F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164. JSTOR 1836219. "... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...". Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. ... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)... Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161. Braver (1998) "datatables". www.frac.org. Retrieved 2018-10-23. The Almanac of American Politics 2008, edited by Michael Barone with Richard E. Cohen and Grant Ujifusa, National Journal Group, Washington, D.C., 2008 ISBN 978-0-89234-117-7 (paperback) or ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0 (hardback), chapter on New York state U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003, Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000 See the "Historical Populations" table in History above and its sources. "Current Population Estimates: NYC". NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017. QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York; New York County (Manhattan Borough), New York; Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; Richmond County (Staten Island Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 11, 2018. "Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York Public Library. Retrieved March 15, 2008. The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland. "Harding Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 15, 2008. Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0. Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836219. JSTOR 1836219. ... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ... Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. …many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)... "The first Bronxite". The Advocate. Bronx County Bar Association. 24: 59. 1977. It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany. Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. [1] which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands. "The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective". Bronxmall.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman". uiuc.edu. See, for example, New York City Administrative Code §2–202 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. See, for example, references on the New York City website "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as the) to improve automated scanning of addresses. Clarke, Erin "What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'", NY1, June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016. Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", Journal of the North Central Name Society, Fall 1987. Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to William F. Buckley Jr. in "Notes & Asides", National Review, January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008. "3. Capitalization Rules" (PDF). gpo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29. Retrieved July 26, 2016. "Why The Bronx?". The New York Times. May 9, 1993. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2016. Slattery, Denis. "Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 27, 2016. "Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources" (PDF). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 30, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2017. "Dyckman House – History". fordham.edu. Stephen Jenkins (1912). The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017. For Jordan L. Mott: John Thomas Scharf (1886). History of Westchester County: New York, Including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which Have Been Annexed to New York City. L. E. Preston & Company. pp. 830–832. Troxell Freedley, Edwin; Young, Edward (1868). A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860...: Comprising Annals of the Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful Arts, with a Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of Each Decennial Census. E. Young. pp. 576–578. Thorne, Kathryn Ford (1993). Long, John H., ed. New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Simon & Schuster. pp. 33, 118–133. ISBN 0-13-051962-6. New York. Laws of New York. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928. Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale 1995 New York. Laws of New York. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948. Peck, Richard. "In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On", The New York Times, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895. New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352. Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998) "Piano Workers May Strike" (PDF). The New York Times. August 29, 1919. Retrieved January 25, 2011. Christopher Gray, "Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..." The New York Times, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992, retrieved on July 2, 2008 The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 494, citing the American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the Synagogue Council of America Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx, by Seymour J. Perlin, Ed.D. (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1974; ISBN 0-394-72024-5 "American Realities". American Realities. Roderick Wallace: "A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage,' contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx." Environmental Research, October 1988, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33, and "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx", Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813—abstracts retrieved on July 5, 2008 from PubMed. One sentence in the abstract of the 1990 article reads, "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability." Issues such as redlining, hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked the Puerto Rican activists known as the Young Lords. The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as the Black Panthers, to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to ¡Palante Siempre Palante! The Young Lords a "P.O.V." (Point of View) documentary on the Public Broadcasting Service. For an example of this argument, as well as of several other theses mentioned here, see "When the Bronx was burning" City-data forum (blog), 2007, where rubygreta writes: {{quote|Rent control destroyed the Bronx, especially starting in the 1960s and 1970s, when oil prices rose through the roof, and heavily subsidized Coop City opened in the East Bronx. Essentially, tenants never moved out of their apartments because they had below-market rents thanks to rent control. The apartments deteriorated and common areas deteriorated because the landlords had no cash-flow. And no cash flow meant that they could not get mortgages for major repairs such as boilers, roofs and window replacement. "Arson for Hate and Profit". Time. October 31, 1977. Retrieved March 14, 2008. Gonzalez (2004) PERSPECTIVES: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs, The New York Times, January 7, 1990 Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan Housing Policy Debate • Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999. NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies Sustainability in Action 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008 David Gonzalez, Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force, The New York Times, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008 Meera Subramanian, Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Portfolio, November 8, 2005, New York University Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008 Powell, Michael (July 27, 2011). "How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground". City Room. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study, New York Daily News, Monday, September 10, 2007 Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. June 15, 2007. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12. New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx December 11, 2007 On June 30, 2005, there were 129 Federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more-densely-populated area). U.S. Census Bureau, City and County Data Book, 2007 Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services For 1997 and 2007, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Summary of Deposits; summary tables Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008. Smalls, F. Romall (July 20, 1997). "The Bronx Is Named an 'All-America' City". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Williams, Timothy (June 27, 2006). "Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2008. Topousis, Tom (July 23, 2007). "Bx is Booming". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2008. Kaysen, Rhonda (September 17, 2015). "The South Bronx Beckons". The New York Times. Slattery, Denis (September 15, 2014). "The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels". New York Daily News. "NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." United States Postal Service. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009. "Post Office Location – BRONX GPO." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5, 2009. Anthony, Madeline (March 18–24, 2016). "Bronx GPO conversion to retail space in motion". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 28. "Residents fear gentrification around Ice Center". News 12: The Bronx. February 17, 2016. Wirsing, Robert (February 12, 2016). "Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site". Bronx Times Reporter. FUTURE OF NEW WARDS; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing. The New York Times, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15 (The subheadlines continue "Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City – Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Botanical and Zoological Gardens. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants.") This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." Eldredge, Niles & Horenstein, Sidney (2014). Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 42, n1. ISBN 978-0-520-27015-2. Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010. Bronx High Point and Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008 at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008 Waterfront Development Initiative Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008 Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment On-site construction begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park, Press Release, November 1, 2007, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation retrieved on July 19, 2008 "Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017. In September 2008, Fordham University and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the Bronx Zoo, will begin a joint program leading to a Master of Science degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12). Jerome Park (New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 12, 2008). Crotona Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008 Article on the Bronx by Gary Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995 – see Further reading for bibliographic details) Bronx Parks for the 21st Century Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx. As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines by Manny Fernandez, The New York Times, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008 Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from Bronx Community Boards at the Bronx Mall web-site, and New York: a City of Neighborhoods Archived September 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of City Planning, both retrieved on August 5, 2008 Fischler, Marcelle Sussman (September 13, 2015). "City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Walshe, Sadhbh (June 3, 2015). "'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., by the FPOA, September 17, 2006 Areas touching Bronx County, MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps", WNET, February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off." Bronx factsheet, Tri-State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018. "Bronx Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018. "MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved". Welcome2TheBronx. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018. Roccio, Patrick (August 17–23, 2018). "SV Ferry Launched". BronxTimesReporter. "Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". census.gov. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. "Photos: Bronx Residents on Obama". Newsweek. January 17, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2011. "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012. "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012. (1) Population 1790–1960: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1966, page 452, citing estimates of the Department of Health, City of New York. (2) Population 1790–1990: Article on "population" by Nathan Kantrowitz in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), citing the United States Census Bureau N.B., Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Census population from the counties whose land is now partly occupied by Bronx County. (3) Population 1920–1990: Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990, Compiled and edited by Richard L. Forstall, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, United States Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233, March 27, 1995, retrieved July 4, 2008. "Bronx County, New York". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2013. "New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012. Historical Census Browser Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2008. Quick Tables QT-P15 and QT-P22, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. "Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2013. 2016 U.S. Census, "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF retrieved, October 26, 2018 Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006 Trymaine Lee, "Bronx Voters Elect Díaz as New Borough President", The New York Times, New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009 The Board of Elections in the City of New York, Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009 Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009 "New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018. New York State Board of Elections: 2006 Results Page, retrieved on July 23, 2008. Board of Elections in the City of New York election results, retrieved on July 8, 2008. Board of Elections in the City of New York Summary of Election Results (1999–2008), retrieved on July 21, 2008. The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 & 1957; Our Campaigns (New York Counties Bronx President History); The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), article on "government and politics" (The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough) To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017. The Hub Archived January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Bronx Neighborhood Histories Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Bronx Hub revival gathers steam Archived November 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. "Michael Sorkin Studio". Michael Sorkin Studio. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. "Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides" QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved August 22, 2008 Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2012. () U.S. Census Bureau, County and City Data Book:2007, Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Monroe College history (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008. Gary M. Stern (March 16, 2017). "The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017. "2007 Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival". July 29, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2017. "Photograph album of the 2007 Festival". Flickr.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017. "Edgar Allan Poe Cottage". Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2006. Stamp, Jimmy (January 28, 2014). "When Edgar Allan Poe Needed to Get Away, He Went to the Bronx". Smithsonian Magazine. The Bronx on IMDb David Gonzalez, "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?", The New York Times, May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 Jennifer Lee, "Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop", The New York Times, January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008 "The Get Down review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York" by Sam Wollaston, The Guardian, August 15, 2016 Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop", History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at PBS official website. Accessed February 24, 2009. Kugelberg, Johan, ed. (2007). Born in the Bronx: A Visual Record of the Early Days of Hip Hop. New York: Rizzoli New York. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7893-1540-3. Jody Rosen (February 12, 2006). "A Rolling Shout-Out to Hip-Hop History". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2009. "Bronx African American History Project". "About". BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Christopher Gray, "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine", The New York Times, May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008. Archived on July 12, 2012. See also Public Art in the Bronx: Joyce Kilmer Park, from Lehman College Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Maritime Industry Museum, retrieved on August 21, 2008 Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. "Harlem River Community Rowing". Harlem River Community Rowing. [2] "Bronx River Art Center :: Welcome". bronxriverart.org. Mitchell, Alex (May 11, 2018). "Top Bronx Week events set for May 19–20 weekend". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 42. "Ferragosto festival brings lively celebration of Italian culture". News12:The Bronx. September 10, 2017. Slattery, Denis (June 19, 2014). "There's something fishy going on in the Bronx". The New York Daily News. Wirsing, Robert (November 24, 2017). "Edgewater Park Hosts Annual Ragamuffin Parade". The Bronx Times. Rocchio, Patrick (November 11, 2017). "Plethora of Bronx Veterans Day events on Nov. 11th". Bronx Times. Samuels, Tanyanika (November 27, 2012). "In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule". "Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride". News12:The Bronx. July 30, 2017. Rocchio, Patrick (October 6, 2017). "Bronx Columbus Parade steps off on Sunday". Bronx Times. "Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck". Bronx Buzz NYC. March 12, 2018. bxnews.net Archived June 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. "(some) About Us". Inner City Press. Retrieved November 7, 2012. Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed AIFF format) from Bronx Music Vol.1, an out-of-press compact disc of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. Archived August 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. nypost.com/2007/10/28/gangs-of-new-york/ patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/trinitarios-long-history-gang-tied-bronx-stabbing www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/ny-metro-gang-violence-the-bronx-trinitarios-20180627-story.html www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/nyregion/02murder.html www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/28-members-bronx-drug-trafficking-crew-charged-manhattan-federal-court-distributing narratively.com/echoes-of-the-mexican-mafia-in-the-bronx/ Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59". Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. David Hinkley, "Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942." New York Daily News, "March 3, 2004.http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html[permanent dead link] Mahler, Jonathan (2005). Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-312-42430-2. "Bronx Burning (2008)". IMDb.com. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2017. "Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations". E-News Update. Bronx Council on the Arts. January 2006. (ISBN 0-573-12129-X) Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood. New York: Harper Colophon, 1983. The Threepenny Review, Volume 109, Spring 2007 Avery Corman, The Old Neighborhood, Simon & Schuster, 1980; ISBN 0-671-41475-5 Tom Wolfe, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1987 (hardback) ISBN 978-0-374-11535-7, Picador Books 2008 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-312-42757-3 Anne Barnard, Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames, The New York Times, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 "From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez". Kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Ultan, Lloyd; Unger, Barbara (2006). Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough. Rivergate Regionals Collection. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3862-4. Retrieved August 2, 2017. Tokarczyk, M.M. (2016). Bronx Migrations. Cherry Castle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-692-73765-1. Retrieved January 11, 2018. Daniels, Jim (December 2016). "Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md" (PDF). Journal of Working-Class Studies. 1 (1). "A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 24, 2016. "Writing to Heal in the Bronx". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2016. "Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY". www.americantowns.com. Retrieved January 24, 2016. The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), pages 1091–1095 "Man Parrish Featuring Freeze Force – Boogie Down (Bronx)". Discogs. Further reading See also: Bibliography of the history of the Bronx General:
Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999) Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. 1996. "CCRP in the South Bronx." Planners' Casebook, Winter. Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir." Barricade Books (2014) Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59. Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24. de Kadt, Maarten. The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History. The History Press (2011) DiBrino, Nicholas. The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family (1977) Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 ISBN 0-231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99 Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works. Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition McNamara, John History In Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (1993) ISBN 0-941980-16-2 McNamara, John McNamara's Old Bronx (1989) ISBN 0-941980-25-1 Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91. Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180. Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia Twomey, Bill and Casey, Thomas Images of America Series: Northwest Bronx (2011) Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Throggs Neck Memories (1993) Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Images of America Series: Throggs Neck-Pelham Bay (1998) Twomey, Bill and Moussot, Peter. Throggs Neck (1983), pictorial Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: East Bronx (1999) Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: South Bronx (2002) Twomey, Bill. The Bronx in Bits and Pieces (2007) Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994) Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the Innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history Bronx history:
Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999) Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9. Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition Fitzpatrick Benedict. The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927 (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 pp. 0–231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99 Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900", Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18. Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works. Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium by David Gonzales, The New York Times, published and retrieved on September 19, 2008 Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91. Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180. Purnell, Brian (2009). "Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973)". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 47–78. Purnell, Brian; LaBennett, Oneka (2009). "The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 7–23. Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994) Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history External links The Bronx at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Bronx Borough President's Office Bronx County at Curlie Newspapers:
The Bronx Times Reporter The Bronx Times Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press The Hunts Point Express The Mott Haven Herald Norwood News The Riverdale Press Associations:
The Bronx River Alliance Bronx Council for Environmental Quality Throggs Neck Merchant Association The Bronx Market The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation Bronx County, NY Website History:
City Island Nautical Museum East Bronx History Forum Kingsbridge Historical Society Museum of Bronx History The Bronx County Historical Society The Bronx: A Swedish Connection Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918, retrieved on July 24, 2008 Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City Places adjacent to The Bronx Links to related articles Categories: The BronxBoroughs of New York CityCounty seats in New York (state)Populated coastal places in New York (state)Populated places established in 18981898 establishments in New York (state) Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 18, 2019 23:59:38 GMT 1
The Bronx From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Bronx" redirects here. For other uses, see Bronx (disambiguation). The Bronx Bronx County Borough of New York City County of New York State Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. To the right of the current stadium is the site of its predecessor. Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. To the right of the current stadium is the site of its predecessor. Flag of The Bronx Flag Official seal of The Bronx Seal Motto(s): Ne cede malis – "Yield Not To Evil" (lit. "Yield Not to Evil Things") Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map outlining The Bronx The Bronx is located in New YorkThe BronxThe Bronx Location within the State of New York Show map of New York Show map of the US Show map of North America Show map of Earth Show all Coordinates: 40°50'14?N 73°53'10?WCoordinates: 40°50'14?N 73°53'10?W Country United States State New York County Bronx (coterminous) City New York City Borough created 1898 (County in 1914) Named for Jonas Bronck Government • Type Borough of New York City • Borough President Rubén Díaz Jr. (D) – (Borough of the Bronx) • District Attorney Darcel Clark – (Bronx County) Area • Total 57 sq mi (150 km2) • Land 42 sq mi (110 km2) • Water 15 sq mi (40 km2) 27% Highest elevation 280 ft (90 m) Population (2017) • Total 1,471,160[1] • Density 35,027.6/sq mi (13,524.2/km2) Time zone UTC-05:00 (Eastern) • Summer (DST) UTC-04:00 (EDT) ZIP Code prefix 104 Area codes 718/347/929, 917 Website bronxboropres.nyc.gov The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; northeast and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.[2] The Bronx has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,471,160 in 2017.[1] Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density.[2] It is the only borough predominantly on the U.S. mainland. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west, and a flatter eastern section. East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattan's Fifth Avenue. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.[3] Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914.[4] About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,[5] including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the borough's north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land deliberately reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan. The name "Bronx" originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639.[6][7][8] The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany, and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the southern United States.[9] This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of Latin music, hip hop and rock. The Bronx contains the poorest congressional district in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income, and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park, and Country Club.[10][11][12] The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today.[13] Contents 1 Etymology and naming 1.1 Early names 1.2 Use of definite article 2 History 2.1 Before 1914 2.2 After 1914 2.3 Revitalization 3 Geography 3.1 Location and physical features 3.2 Parks and open space 3.3 Neighborhoods 3.4 Adjacent counties 4 Transportation 4.1 Roads and streets 4.2 Mass transit 5 Demographics 5.1 Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration 5.2 Population and housing 5.3 Individual and household income 6 Government and politics 6.1 Local government 6.2 Representatives in the U.S. Congress 6.3 Votes for other offices 7 Economy 7.1 Shopping districts 8 Education 8.1 Educational attainment 8.2 High schools 8.3 Colleges and universities 9 Culture and institutions 9.1 Founding of hip-hop 9.2 Sports 9.3 Off-Off-Broadway 9.4 Arts 9.5 Maritime heritage 9.6 Community celebrations 9.7 Press and broadcasting 9.8 Gangs 10 In popular culture 10.1 Film and television 10.2 In literature 10.3 In songs 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 Further reading 13 External links New York City's five boroughsvte Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate (2017)[14] square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,664,727 22.83 59.13 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,471,160 42.10 109.04 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,648,771 70.82 183.42 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,358,582 108.53 281.09 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 479,458 58.37 151.18 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,622,698 302.64 783.83 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,849,399 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources: [15] and see individual borough articles Etymology and naming Early names Map of the Bronx in 1867 The Bronx was called Rananchqua[16] by the native Siwanoy[17] band of Lenape (also known historically as the Delawares), while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.[18] It was divided by the Aquahung River. The origin of the person of Jonas Bronck (c.?1600–43) is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639.[8][19][20][21][22][23] Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx and built a farm named "Emmanus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in Mott Haven.[24] He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the Bronx [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.[19] The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.[25] Use of definite article The Bronx is referred to with the definite article as "The Bronx", both legally[26] and colloquially.[27] The County of Bronx does not place "The" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses (the city and state mailing-address format is simply "Bronx, NY").[28] The region was apparently named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx" created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.[29][30] Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.[31] The capitalization of The Bronx's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in official references to the borough. It would be capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.[32] However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Lloyd Ultan, a Bronx County Historical Society historian, and the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, a Bronx-based organization. These people say that the definite article is part of the proper name.[33][34] In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in The Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island.'"[34] History See also: Timeline of the Bronx European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County, but it was ceded to New York County in two major parts (West Bronx, 1874 and East Bronx, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the Lenape's Lenapehoking territory inhabited by Siwanoy of the Wappinger Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands. Before 1914 See also: List of former municipalities in New York City The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor.[35] The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them into building a free bridge across the Harlem River.[36] After the American Revolutionary War, the King's Bridge toll was abolished.[37][35] The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns in Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of Morrisania was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge was established within the former borders of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn. Among famous settlers in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author Willa Cather, tobacco merchant Pierre Lorillard, and inventor Jordan L. Mott, who established Mott Haven to house the workers at his iron works.[38] The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.[39][40] The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham.[3][39][41][42][43] The nautical community of City Island voted to join the city in 1896. On January 1, 1898, the consolidated City of New York was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct boroughs. (At the same time, the Bronx's territory moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already contained Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.) On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in the past decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.[39][44] Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914 (the same day that John P. Mitchel started work as Mayor of New York City).[4] Marble Hill, Manhattan was now connected to the Bronx, but it did not become part of that county by a historical accident due to changes in waterways. After 1914 The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[45] New York City expands Grand Concourse and 161st Street as it appeared around 1900 The Simpson Street (IRT White Plains Road) elevated station' was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004, reference #04001027. The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, small farms supplying the city markets, but it grew into a railroad suburb in the late 19th century. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.[45] The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center of piano manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.[46] At the end of World War I, the Bronx hosted the rather small 1918 World's Fair at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.[3][47] The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish, and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),[48] while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.[49] Decline Bootleggers and gangs were active in the Bronx during Prohibition (1920–33). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken. Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began to relocate from the southwestern neighborhoods of the borough. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largely Puerto Rican) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of Co-op City, built with the intent of housing middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today are located in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough. From the early 1960s to the early 1980s, the quality of life declined sharply for many Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that Robert Moses' Cross Bronx Expressway destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in Robert Caro's biography The Power Broker.[50] Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of high-rise housing projects, particularly in the South Bronx.[51] Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as mortgage loans or insurance policies—a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.[52][53] There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[54] In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area.[55] The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.[56] Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to fire and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the South Bronx was considered one of the most blighted urban areas in the country, with a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by multi-unit housing.[56] Revitalization four-story houses along a city street Row houses on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has seen an increase in revitalization in recent years. Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"[57][58] and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons[59][60][61] began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.[62] The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ?5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.[63][64][65][66] In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.[67] In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."[68] The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.[69] In addition, there is a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.[70] Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx.[71] New developments are underway. The Bronx General Post Office[72][73] on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.[74] The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center.[75] Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.[76] Geography Main article: Geography of New York City Location of The Bronx (red) within New York City (remainder white) Aerial view of The Bronx from the east at night Location and physical features The New York Times 1896 map of parks and transit in the newly annexed Bronx. Marble Hill is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. Parks are light green, Woodlawn Cemetery medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built Jerome Park Reservoir light blue, St. John's College (now Fordham University) in violet, and the city limits of the newly expanded New York in red.[77] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.[78] The Bronx is the only part of New York City that is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland.[79] Its bedrock is primarily Fordham gneiss, a high-grade heavily banded metamorphic rock containing significant amounts of pink feldspar.[80] Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation of Inwood marble there as well as in Inwood, Manhattan and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County. The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic area codes and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.) The Bronx River flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely freshwater river in New York City.[81] A smaller river, the Hutchinson River (named after the religious leader Anne Hutchinson, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into Eastchester Bay. The Bronx also includes several small islands in the East River and Long Island Sound, such as City Island and Hart Island. Rikers Island in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx. See also: List of smaller islands in New York City The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School.[82] The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throggs Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).[83] Parks and open space See also: Category:Parks in the Bronx Sample of Bronx open spaces and parks Acquired Name acres mi2 hectares 1863 Woodlawn Cemetery 400 0.6 162 1888 Pelham Bay Park 2,764 4.3 1,119 Van Cortlandt Park 1,146 1.8 464 Bronx Park 718 1.1 291 Crotona Park 128 0.2 52 St. Mary's Park 35 0.05 14 1890 Jerome Park Reservoir 94 0.15 38 1897 St. James Park 11 0.02 4.6 1899 Macombs Dam Park † 28 0.04 12 1909 Henry Hudson Park 9 0.01 4 1937 Ferry Point Park 414 0.65 168 Soundview Park 196 0.31 79 1962 Wave Hill 21 0.03 8.5 Land area of the Bronx in 2000 26,897 42.0 10,885 Water area 9,855 15.4 3,988 Total area[78] 36,752 57.4 14,873 † closed in 2007 to build a new park & Yankee Stadium[84] Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States as of 2006 (after Manhattan and Brooklyn),[2] 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one-fifth of the Bronx's area, and one-quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.[5] The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to John Mullaly. Woodlawn Cemetery, one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the Bronx River near Yonkers. It opened in 1863, at a time when the Bronx was still considered a rural area. The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the third-largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers.[85] Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.[86] Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack.[87] Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.[88] The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.[89] Some of the acquired land was set aside for the Grand Concourse and Pelham Parkway, the first of a series of boulevards and parkways (thoroughfares lined with trees, vegetation and greenery). Later projects included the Bronx River Parkway, which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, Mosholu Parkway and the Henry Hudson Parkway. Northern tip of Hunter Island in Pelham Bay Park In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a water filtration plant under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the Bronx River's banks and restoring them to a natural state.[90] Neighborhoods This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) See also: List of Bronx neighborhoods, Bronx Community Board, and Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. In 2006, Manny Fernandez of The New York Times wrote, According to a Department of City Planning map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. The map publisher Hagstrom identifies 69. The borough president, Adolfo Carrión Jr., says 61. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the borough's community boards, names 68. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, lists 44. [91]
Notable Bronx neighborhoods include the South Bronx; Little Italy on Arthur Avenue in the Belmont section; and Riverdale.
East Bronx Main article: East Bronx (Bronx Community Boards 9 [south central], 10 [east], 11 [east central] and 12 [north central] )[92]
The neighborhood of Co-op City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world. East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border.
Neighborhoods include: Clason's Point, Harding Park, Soundview, Castle Hill, Parkchester (Board 9); Throggs Neck, Country Club, City Island, Pelham Bay, Edgewater Park, Co-op City (Board 10); Westchester Square, Van Nest, Pelham Parkway, Morris Park (Board 11); Williamsbridge, Eastchester, Baychester, Edenwald and Wakefield (Board 12).
City Island and Hart Island Main articles: City Island, Bronx and Hart Island, New York
A sunken boat off the shore of City Island (Bronx Community Board 10)
City Island is located east of Pelham Bay Park in Long Island Sound and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.[93] City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to Rodman's Neck on the mainland by the City Island Bridge.
East of City Island is Hart Island, which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's potter's field for unclaimed bodies.[94]
West Bronx Main article: West Bronx
Grand Concourse at East 165th Street (Bronx Community Boards 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest)
The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston.[95] It includes New York City's third-largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.
Northwestern Bronx (Bronx Community Boards 7 [between the Bronx and Harlem Rivers] and 8 [facing the Hudson River] – plus part of Board 12)
Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford, Bedford Park, Norwood, Kingsbridge Heights (Board 7), Kingsbridge, Riverdale (Board 8), and Woodlawn (Board 12). (Marble Hill, Manhattan is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community Board 8.)
South Bronx Main article: South Bronx (Bronx Community Boards 1 to 6 plus part of Board 7—progressing northwards, Boards 2, 3 and 6 border the Bronx River from its mouth to Bronx Park, while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the Harlem River)
Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s, Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.
Neighborhoods include: The Hub (a retail district at Third Avenue and East 149th Street), Port Morris, Mott Haven (Board 1), Melrose (Board 1 & Board 3), Morrisania, East Morrisania [also known as Crotona Park East] (Board 3), Hunts Point, Longwood (Board 2), Highbridge, Concourse (Board 4), West Farms, Belmont, East Tremont (Board 6), Tremont, Morris Heights (Board 5), University Heights. (Board 5 & Board 7).
Adjacent counties The Bronx adjoins:[96]
Westchester County – north Nassau County, New York – southeast (across the East River) Queens County, New York (Queens) – south (across the East River) New York County, New York (Manhattan) – southwest Bergen County, New Jersey – west (across the Hudson River) Transportation See also: Transportation in New York City Roads and streets
Bronx–Whitestone Bridge Surface streets The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.
The East Bronx is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only the Wakefield neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield.
Three major north-south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: Third Avenue, Park Avenue, and Broadway. Other major north-south roads include the Grand Concourse, Jerome Avenue, Sedgwick Avenue, Webster Avenue, and White Plains Road. Major east-west thoroughfares include Mosholu Parkway, Gun Hill Road, Fordham Road, Pelham Parkway, and Tremont Avenue.
Most east-west streets are prefixed with either East or West, to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which uses Fifth Avenue as the dividing line).[97]
The historic Boston Post Road, part of the long pre-revolutionary road connecting Boston with other northeastern cities, runs east-west in some places, and sometimes northeast-southwest.
Mosholu and Pelham Parkways, with Bronx Park between them, Van Cortlandt Park to the west and Pelham Bay Park to the east, are also linked by bridle paths.
As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.[98]
Highways Several major limited access highways traverse the Bronx. These include:
the Bronx River Parkway the Bruckner Expressway (I-278/I-95) the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95/I-295) the New England Thruway (I-95) the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY-9A) the Hutchinson River Parkway the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87) Bridges and tunnels
An aerial view of the Throgs Neck Bridge Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to Queens. These are, from west to east:
To Manhattan: the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, the Henry Hudson Bridge, the Broadway Bridge, the University Heights Bridge, the Washington Bridge, the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, the High Bridge, the Concourse Tunnel, the Macombs Dam Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, the 149th Street Tunnel, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the Park Avenue Bridge, the Lexington Avenue Tunnel, the Third Avenue Bridge (southbound traffic only), and the Willis Avenue Bridge (northbound traffic only).
To both Manhattan and Queens: the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, formerly known as the Triborough Bridge.
To Queens: the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge and the Throgs Neck Bridge.
Mass transit
Middletown Road subway station on the 6 and <6>? trains
NYC Transit bus operating on the Bx40 route in University Heights The Bronx is served by seven New York City Subway services along six physical lines, with 70 stations in the Bronx:[99]
IND Concourse Line (B and ?D trains) IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1 train) IRT Dyre Avenue Line (5 train) IRT Jerome Avenue Line (4 train) IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>? trains) IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ?5 trains) There are also many MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes in the Bronx. This includes local and express routes as well as Bee-Line Bus System routes.[100]
Two Metro-North Railroad commuter rail lines (the Harlem Line and the Hudson Line) serve 11 stations in the Bronx. (Marble Hill, between the Spuyten Duyvil and University Heights stations, is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland.) In addition, trains serving the New Haven Line stop at Fordham Plaza. As part of Penn Station Access, the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve Hunts Point, Parkchester, Morris Park, and Co-op City.[101]
In 2018, NYC Ferry's Soundview line opened, connecting the Soundview landing in Clason Point Park to three East River locations in Manhattan. The ferry is operated by Hornblower Cruises.[102]
Demographics Main article: Demographics of the Bronx Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration See also: List of people from the Bronx 2013 estimates According to a 2013 Census Bureau estimate,[103] 45.8% of the Bronx's population was white, 43.3% was black or African American, 4.2% Asian, 3.0% American Indian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, and 3.3% of two or more races. In addition, 54.6% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race.
The Census Bureau considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity.[104] The borough's most populous racial group, white, declined from 98.3% in 1940 to 45.8% in 2013.[103]
31.7% of the population were foreign born and another 8.9% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parents. 55.6% spoke a language other than English at home and 16.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[105]
Approximately 44.3% of the population over the age of five spoke only English at home, which is roughly 570,000 people. The majority (55.7%) of the population spoke a language other than English at home. Over 580,600 people (45.2% of the population) spoke Spanish at home.[106][107]
2010 Census Historical population Census Pop. %± 1790 1,781 — 1800 1,755 -1.5% 1810 2,267 29.2% 1820 2,782 22.7% 1830 3,023 8.7% 1840 5,346 76.8% 1850 8,032 50.2% 1860 23,593 193.7% 1870 37,393 58.5% 1880 51,980 39.0% 1890 88,908 71.0% 1900 200,507 125.5% 1910 430,980 114.9% 1920 732,016 69.8% 1930 1,265,258 72.8% 1940 1,394,711 10.2% 1950 1,451,277 4.1% 1960 1,424,815 -1.8% 1970 1,471,701 3.3% 1980 1,168,972 -20.6% 1990 1,203,789 3.0% 2000 1,332,650 10.7% 2010 1,385,108 3.9% Est. 2017 1,471,160 [1] 6.2% Sources: 1790–1990;[108] According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic).
As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.[109] A Garifuna-speaking community from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home.[110]
2009 Community Survey According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980.[111] Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively.
The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a Hispanic majority, many of whom are Puerto Ricans and Dominicans.[citation needed]
At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as "Sub-Saharan African" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.[citation needed]
Native Americans are a very small minority in the borough. Only some 5,560 individuals (out of the borough's 1.4 million people) are Native American, which is equal to just 0.4% of the population. In addition, roughly 2,500 people are Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin.[citation needed]
In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese.[citation needed]
Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.[citation needed]
Older estimates The Census of 1930 counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).[112]
Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000 1930 United States Census[112] 2000 United States Census[113] Total population of the Bronx 1,265,258 Total population of the Bronx 1,332,650 All born abroad or overseas ‡ 524,410 39.4% Puerto Rico 126,649 9.5% Foreign-born Whites 477,342 37.7% All foreign-born 385,827 29.0% White persons born in Russia 135,210 10.7% Dominican Republic 124,032 9.3% White persons born in Italy 67,732 5.4% Jamaica 51,120 3.8% White persons born in Poland 55,969 4.4% Mexico 20,962 1.6% White persons born in Germany 43,349 3.4% Guyana 14,868 1.1% White persons born in the Irish Free State † 34,538 2.7% Ecuador 14,800 1.1% Other foreign birthplaces of Whites 140,544 11.1% Other foreign birthplaces 160,045 12.0% † the 26 counties now within the Republic of Ireland ‡ beyond the 50 states & District of Columbia Population and housing
Poverty concentrations within the Bronx, by Census Tract At the 2010 Census, there were, 1,385,108 people living in Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000. As of the United States Census[114] of 2000, there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. The population density was 31,709.3 inhabitants per square mile (12,242.2/km²). There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 per square mile (4,507.4/km²).[114] Recent Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.[115]
There were 463,212 households out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.[114]
The age distribution of the population in the Bronx was as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.[114]
Individual and household income Ambox current red.svg This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017) The 1999 median income for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median income for a family was $30,682. Males had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.
From 2015 Census data, the median income for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299. Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, the median income for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.[116]
Government and politics Local government Main article: Government of New York City Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the Bronx has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx.
Borough Presidents of the Bronx Name Party Term † Louis F. Haffen Democratic 1898 – Aug. 1909 John F. Murray Democratic Aug. 1909–1910 Cyrus C. Miller Democratic 1910–1914 Douglas Mathewson Republican- Fusion 1914–1918 Henry Bruckner Democratic 1918–1934 James J. Lyons Democratic 1934–1962 Joseph F. Periconi Republican- Liberal 1962–1966 Herman Badillo Democratic 1966–1970 Robert Abrams Democratic 1970–1979 Stanley Simon Democratic 1979 – April 1987 Fernando Ferrer Democratic April 1987 – 2002 Adolfo Carrión, Jr. Democratic 2002 – March 2009 Ruben Diaz, Jr. Democratic May 2009 – † Terms begin and end in January where the month is not specified. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[117]
Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations.
Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,[118][119] became Borough President on May 1.
All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of the Democratic Party (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new Yankee Stadium.
Since its separation from New York County on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system[4] and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Darcel D. Clark has been the Bronx County District Attorney since 2016. Her predecessor was Robert T. Johnson, was the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.
Eight members of the New York City Council represent districts wholly within the Bronx (11–18), while a ninth represents a Manhattan district (8) that also includes a small area of the Bronx. One of those members, Joel Rivera (District 15), has been the Council's Majority Leader since 2002. In 2008, all of them were Democrats.
The Bronx also has twelve Community Boards, appointed bodies that field complaints and advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions. (They are listed at Bronx Community Boards).
Representatives in the U.S. Congress Candidates winning non-judicial elections in the Bronx since 2004 Year Office Winner of the Bronx † (failed to win overall contest) Bronx % Over- all % Borough-wide votes 2004 U.S. President & V.P. † John Kerry–John Edwards, D-WF 81.8% 48.3% 2005 Mayor of New York † Fernando Ferrer, D 59.8% 39.0% Public Advocate Betsy Gotbaum, D 93.8% 90.0% City Comptroller William C. Thompson, Jr., D-WF 95.5% 92.6% Borough President Adolfo Carrión, Jr., D 83.8% 2006 U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, D-WF-Independence 89.5% 67.0% Governor & Lt Gov. Eliot Spitzer–David Paterson, D-WF-Indpce 88.8% 69.0% State Comptroller Alan G. Hevesi, D-WF-Independence 84.5% 56.8% NY Attorney-General Andrew M. Cuomo, D-Working Families 82.6% 58.3% 2007 Bronx Dist. Attorney Robert T. Johnson, D-R-Conservative 100–% 2008 Democratic Pres. † Hillary Clinton 61.2% 48.0% Republican Pres. John McCain 54.4% 46.6% U.S. President & V.P. Barack Obama–Joe Biden, D-WF 87.8% 52.9% 2009 Borough President Ruben Diaz, Jr., Bronx Unity 86.3% Individual legislative districts 2005 New York City Council Council District 8 Melissa Mark Viverito, D-WF 100.% 100.% Council District 11 G. Oliver Koppell, D 81.1% Council District 12 Larry B. Seabrook, D 87.2% Council District 13 James Vacca, D 64.4% Council District 14 María Baez, D 94.7% Council District 15 Joel Rivera, D (majority leader) 91.0% Council District 16 Helen D. Foster, D-R-Working Families 98.6% Council District 17 María Del Carmen Arroyo, D-Indep'ce 98.3% Council District 18 Annabel Palma, D-WF 89.1% 2006 U.S. House of Representatives Cong. District 7 Joseph Crowley, D-WF 84.9% 84.0% Cong. District 16 José E. Serrano, D-WF 95.3% Cong. District 17 Eliot L. Engel, D-WF 89.3% 76.4% New York State Senate Senate District 28 José M. Serrano, D-WF 100.% 100.% Senate District 31 Eric T. Schneiderman, D-WF 88.8% 92.3% Senate District 32 Rubén Díaz, D 92.5% Senate District 33 Efraín González, Jr., D 96.9% Senate District 34 Jeffrey D. Klein, D-WF 64.8% 61.2% Senate District 36 Ruth H. Thompson, D-WF 95.4% 95.4% New York State Assembly Assembly District 76 Peter M. Rivera, D-WF 91.8% Assembly District 77 Aurelia Greene, D-WF 94.9% Assembly District 78 José Rivera, D 89.7% Assembly District 79 Michael A. Benjamin, D 95.1% Assembly District 80 Naomi Rivera, D 74.6% Assembly District 81 Jeffrey Dinowitz, D-WF 95.1% Assembly District 82 Michael R. Benedetto, D-WF 81.4% Assembly District 83 Carl E. Heastie, D-WF 94.1% Assembly District 84 Carmen E. Arroyo, D 92.7% Assembly District 85 Rubén Díaz, Jr., D 94.8% Assembly District 86 Luís M. Diaz, D 94.6% D = Democratic Party; R = Republican Party; WF = Working Families Party; Indpce = Independence Party of New York In 2018, four Democrats represented all of the Bronx in the United States House of Representatives.[120]
Adriano Espaillat (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 13th congressional district, which includes the northwest Bronx neighborhoods of Norwood, Bedford Park and Kingsbridge, as well as upper Manhattan.[120] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 14th congressional district, which includes the East Bronx neighborhoods of Co-op City, Pelham Bay, Morris Park, Pelham Parkway, Parkchester, Castle Hill and Throgs Neck, as well as the Rikers Island jail complex and parts of northwest Queens.[120] José E. Serrano (first elected in March 1990) represents New York's 16th congressional district, which includes neighborhoods in the South Bronx.[120] Eliot Engel (first elected in 1988) represents New York's 17th congressional district which includes the northwest Bronx neighborhoods of Bedford Park, Spuyten Duyvil, and Riverdale as well as parts of Westchester and Rockland counties.[120] National Journal's neutral rating system placed all of their voting records in 2005 and 2006 somewhere between very liberal and extremely liberal.[11][12]
11 out of 150 members of the New York State Assembly (the lower house of the state legislature) represent districts wholly within the Bronx. Six State Senators out of 62 represent Bronx districts, half of them wholly within the County, and half straddling other counties. All these legislators are Democrats who won between 65% and 100% of their districts' vote in 2006.[121]
Votes for other offices In the 2004 presidential election, Senator John Kerry received 81.8% of the vote in the Bronx (79.8% on the Democratic line plus 2% on the Working Families Party's line) while President George W. Bush received 16.3% (15.5% Republican plus 0.85% Conservative).
In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama improved on Kerry's showing, and took 88.7% of the vote in the Bronx to Republican John McCain's 10.9%.
In 2005, the Democratic former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer won 59.8% of the borough's vote against 38.8% (35.3% Republican, 3.5% Independence Party) for Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who carried every other borough in his winning campaign for re-election.
In 2006, successfully reelected Senator Hillary Clinton won 89.5% of the Bronx's vote (82.8% Dem. + 4.1% Working Families + 2.6% Independence) against Yonkers ex-Mayor John Spencer's 9.6% (8.2% Republican + 1.4% Cons.), while Eliot Spitzer won 88.8% of the Borough's vote (82.1% Dem. + 4.1% Working Families + 2.5% Independence Party) in winning the Governorship against John Faso, who received 9.7% of the Bronx's vote (8.2% Republican + 1.5% Cons.)[122]
In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.[123]
After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican Presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning Republican Warren G. Harding in 1920, but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successor Calvin Coolidge in 1924 (Coolidge 79,562; John W. Davis, Dem., 72,834; Robert La Follette, 62,202 equally divided between the Progressive and Socialist lines).
Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.)[124]
The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).[125] The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.[126]
The Bronx County vote for President and Mayor since 1952 President and Vice President of the United States Mayor of the City of New York Year Republican, Conservative & Independence Democratic, Liberal & Working Families Won the Bronx Elected President Year Candidate carrying the Bronx Elected Mayor 2016 9.5% 37,797 88.5% 353,646 Hillary Clinton Donald Trump 2017 Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families 2012 8.1% 29,967 91.5% 339,211 Barack Obama Barack Obama 2013 Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families Bill de Blasio, D-Working Families 2008 10.9% 41,683 88.7% 338,261 Barack Obama Barack Obama 2009 William C. Thompson, Jr, D-Working Families Michael Bloomberg, R–Indep'ce/Jobs & Educ'n 2004 16.3% 56,701 81.8% 283,994 John Kerry George W. Bush 2005 Fernando Ferrer, D Mike Bloomberg, R/Lib-Indep'ce 2000 11.8% 36,245 86.3% 265,801 Al Gore George W. Bush 2001 Mark Green, D-Working Families Michael Bloomberg, R-Independence 1996 10.5% 30,435 85.8% 248,276 Bill Clinton Bill Clinton 1997 Ruth Messinger, D Rudolph Giuliani, R-Liberal 1992 20.7% 63,310 73.7% 225,038 Bill Clinton Bill Clinton 1993 David Dinkins, D Rudolph Giuliani, R-Liberal 1988 25.5% 76,043 73.2% 218,245 Michael Dukakis George H. W. Bush 1989 David Dinkins, D David Dinkins, D 1984 32.8% 109,308 66.9% 223,112 Walter Mondale Ronald Reagan 1985 Edward Koch, D-Indep. Edward Koch, D-Independent 1980 30.7% 86,843' 64.0% 181,090 Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan 1981 Edward Koch, D-R Edward Koch, D-R 1976 28.7% 96,842 70.8% 238,786 Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter 1977 Edward Koch, D Edward Koch, D 1972 44.6% 196,756 55.2% 243,345 George McGovern Richard Nixon 1973 Abraham Beame, D Abraham Beame, D 1968 32.0% 142,314 62.4% 277,385 Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon 1969 Mario Procaccino, D-Nonpartisan-Civil Svce Ind. John V. Lindsay, Liberal 1964 25.2% 135,780 74.7% 403,014 Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson 1965 Abraham Beame, D-Civil Service Fusion John Lindsay, R-Liberal-Independent Citizens 1960 31.8% 182,393 67.9% 389,818 John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy 1961 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Brotherhood Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Brotherhood 1956 42.8% 256,909 57.2% 343,656 Adlai Stevenson II Dwight D. Eisenhower 1957 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Fusion Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D-Liberal-Fusion 1952 37.3% 241,898 60.6% 309,482 Adlai Stevenson II Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D Republican and Democratic columns for Presidential elections also include their candidates' votes on other lines, such as the New York State Right to Life Party and the Working Families Party. For details of votes and parties in a particular election, click the year or see New York City mayoral elections. Presidential elections results[127] Year Republican Democratic Third parties 2016 9.5% 37,797 88.5% 353,646 2.0% 8,079 2012 8.1% 29,967 91.5% 339,211 0.5% 1,760 2008 10.9% 41,683 88.7% 338,261 0.4% 1,378 2004 16.5% 56,701 82.8% 283,994 0.7% 2,284 2000 11.8% 36,245 86.3% 265,801 2.0% 6,017 1996 10.5% 30,435 85.8% 248,276 3.7% 10,639 1992 20.7% 63,310 73.7% 225,038 5.6% 17,112 1988 25.5% 76,043 73.2% 218,245 1.3% 3,793 1984 32.8% 109,308 66.9% 223,112 0.4% 1,263 1980 30.7% 86,843 64.0% 181,090 5.3% 14,914 1976 28.7% 96,842 70.8% 238,786 0.5% 1,763 1972 44.6% 196,754 55.2% 243,345 0.2% 1,075 1968 32.0% 142,314 62.4% 277,385 5.6% 24,818 1964 25.2% 135,780 74.7% 403,014 0.2% 800 1960 31.8% 182,393 67.9% 389,818 0.4% 2,071 1956 42.8% 257,382 57.2% 343,823 0.0% 0 1952 37.3% 241,898 60.6% 392,477 2.1% 13,420 1948 27.8% 173,044 54.2% 337,129 18.0% 112,182 1944 31.8% 211,158 67.7% 450,525 0.5% 3,352 1940 31.8% 198,293 67.1% 418,931 1.1% 6,980 1936 17.6% 93,151 79.4% 419,625 3.0% 16,042 1932 19.2% 76,587 70.4% 281,330 10.5% 42,002 1928 28.7% 98,636 67.7% 232,766 3.7% 12,545 1924 36.7% 79,583 33.6% 72,840 29.6% 64,234 1920 56.6% 106,050 24.4% 45,741 19.0% 35,538 1916 42.6% 40,938 49.8% 47,870 7.7% 7,396 Economy See also: Economy of New York City Shopping malls and markets in the Bronx include:
Bay Plaza Shopping Center Bronx Terminal Market Hunts Point Cooperative Market Shopping districts
The Hub on Third Avenue
Renovated Prow Building, part of the original Bronx Terminal Market
An aerial view of the Bronx, Harlem River, Harlem, Hudson River, and George Washington Bridge
Morris Heights, a Bronx neighborhood of over 45,000
Street scene on Fordham Road, a major street in the Bronx Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include Fordham Road, Bay Plaza in Co-op City, The Hub, the Riverdale/Kingsbridge shopping center, and Bruckner Boulevard. Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, White Plains Road, Jerome Avenue, Southern Boulevard, and Broadway. The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market contains several big-box stores, which opened in 2009 south of Yankee Stadium.
There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.[128] It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven.[129] The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.[130] It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.[131] The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.
The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design.[132]
Education See also: Education in New York City, List of public elementary schools in New York City, and Category:Charter schools in New York (state) Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).[133] There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.
A small portion of land that is between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with a total of 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the way the county boundaries were established; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go to Pelham Union Free School District schools, including Pelham Memorial High School, since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.[134]
Educational attainment In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)[135]
High schools See also: List of high schools in New York City § Bronx
The Bronx High School of Science In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx residents enrolled in high school attended public schools.[133]
Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.
High schools linked to the Catholic Church include: Saint Raymond's Academy for Girls, All Hallows High School, Fordham Preparatory School, Monsignor Scanlan High School, St. Raymond High School for Boys, Cardinal Hayes High School, Cardinal Spellman High School, The Academy of Mount Saint Ursula, Aquinas High School, Preston High School, St. Catharine Academy, Mount Saint Michael Academy, and St. Barnabas High School.
The SAR Academy and SAR High School are Modern Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva coeducational day schools in Riverdale, with roots in Manhattan's Lower East Side.
In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools.
Fordham University's Keating Hall Colleges and universities See also: List of colleges and universities in New York City In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.[133]
Several colleges and universities are located in the Bronx.
Fordham University was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by the Diocese of New York as the first Catholic institution of higher education in the northeast. It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces its Jesuit heritage. The 85-acre (340,000 m2) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are located in Manhattan and Westchester County).[86]
Three campuses of the City University of New York are in the Bronx: Hostos Community College, Bronx Community College (occupying the former University Heights Campus of New York University)[136] and Herbert H. Lehman College (formerly the uptown campus of Hunter College), which offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees.
The College of Mount Saint Vincent is a Catholic liberal arts college in Riverdale under the direction of the Sisters of Charity of New York. Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to the Academy for Jewish Religion, a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school.
Manhattan College is a Catholic college in Riverdale which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering.
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, part of the Montefiore Medical Center, is in Morris Park.
Two colleges based in Westchester County have Bronx campuses. The Catholic and nearly all-female College of New Rochelle maintains satellite campuses at Co-op City and in The Hub. The coeducational and non-sectarian Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, founded by the Catholic Sisters of Mercy in 1950, has a campus near Westchester Square.
By contrast, the private, proprietary Monroe College, focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 but now has a campus in New Rochelle (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's Fordham neighborhood.[137]
The State University of New York Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (Throggs Neck)—at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx—is the national leader in maritime education and houses the Maritime Industry Museum. (Directly across Long Island Sound is Kings Point, Long Island, home of the United States Merchant Marine Academy and the American Merchant Marine Museum.) As of 2017, graduates from the university earned an average annual salary of $144,000, the highest of any university graduates in the United States.[138]
Culture and institutions See also: Culture of New York City; Music of New York City; List of people from the Bronx; and List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York
The Bronx Zoo is the largest zoo in New York City, and among the largest in the country.
The Bronx's P.L.A.Y.E.R.S. Club Steppers performing at the 2007 Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival in Brooklyn. (Note the T-shirts' inscription "I ? BX" [Bronx], echoing the ubiquitous slogan "I ? NY" ).[139][140] Author Edgar Allan Poe spent the last years of his life (1846 to 1849) in the Bronx at Poe Cottage, now located at Kingsbridge Road and the Grand Concourse. A small wooden farmhouse built around 1812, the cottage once commanded unobstructed vistas over the rolling Bronx hills to the shores of Long Island.[141] Poe moved there to get away from the Manhattan city air and crowding in hope that the then rural area would be beneficial for his wife's tuberculosis. It was in the Bronx that Poe wrote one of his most famous works, Annabel Lee.[142]
More than a century later, the Bronx would evolve from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop as documented in the award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale."[143] Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room.[144][145] The 2016 Netflix series The Get Down is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.[146] Ten years earlier, the Bronx Opera had been founded.
Founding of hip-hop On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was a D.J. and M.C. at a party in the recreation room of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx adjacent to the Cross Bronx Expressway.[147] While it was not the actual "Birthplace of Hip Hop" – the genre developed slowly in several places in the 1970s – it was verified to be the place where one of the pivotal and formative events occurred.[147] Specifically:
[Cool Herc] extended an instrumental beat (mixing or scratching) to let people dance longer (B-boying) and began MC'ing (rapping) during the extended breakdancing. ... [This] helped lay the foundation for a cultural revolution.
—?History Detectives[147] Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx disc jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Cory Gunz.[148]
Hush Hip Hop Tours, a tour company founded in 2002 by local licensed sightseeing tour guide Debra Harris,[149] has established a sightseeing tour of the Bronx showcasing the locations that helped shape hip hop culture, and features some of the pioneers of hip hop as tour guides. The Bronx's recognition as an important center of African-American culture has led Fordham University to establish the Bronx African-American History Project (BAAHP).[150]
Sports
New Yankee Stadium at 161st and River Avenue The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees, nicknamed "the Bronx Bombers", of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Thurman Munson, Don Mattingly, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera.
The original stadium was the scene of Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech in 1939, Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, Roger Maris' record breaking 61st home run in 1961, and Reggie Jackson's 3 home runs to clinch Game 6 of the 1977 World Series. The Stadium was the former home of the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1956 to 1973.
The original Yankee Stadium closed in 2008 to make way for a new Yankee Stadium in which the team started play in 2009. It is located north-northeast of the 1923 Yankee Stadium, on the former site of Macombs Dam Park. The current Yankee Stadium is also the home of New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who began play in 2015.
Off-Off-Broadway Main article: Off-Off-Broadway The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.
Arts The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance, founded in 1998 by Arthur Aviles and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender, and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The Academy was formerly in the American Bank Note Company Building before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.[151]
The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.
The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "Heinrich Heine Memorial", better known as the Lorelei Fountain. After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.[152] In 1899, the memorial by Ernst Gustav Herter was placed in Joyce Kilmer Park, near the Yankee Stadium. In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.
Maritime heritage The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum.[153] In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row"[154] due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,[155] a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.[156]
Community celebrations "Bronx Week," traditionally held in May, originated as a one-day celebration. Initiated by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball," was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame."[157]
Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.[158] Hunts Point hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.[159] Edgewater Park hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.[160] There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.[161] Albanian Independence Day is also observed.[162]
There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.[163][164][165]
Press and broadcasting The Bronx is home to several local newspapers and radio and television studios.
Newspapers The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News,[166] Parkchester News, City News, The Norwood News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press[167] (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)
The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, The Bronx Home News, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into the New York Post in 1948. It became a special section of the Post, sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view.
Radio and television One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters is WFUV, a National Public Radio-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting from Fordham University's Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna is atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore Medical Center.
The City of New York has an official television station run by NYC Media and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.[168]
Gangs The Bronx is the home of many gangs, including:
Dominicans Don't Play - formed around 1990, it primarily targets high school students and second-generation immigrants to join their gang, and make most of their money from robberies and drug deals.[169] Trinitarios - also formed around 1990, a spin-off of Dominicans Don't Play, mostly involved with drug, sex, and weapons trafficking[170][171] Latin Kings - a nationwide gang whose Bronx chapter began in 1986, involved with gun and drug trafficking, extortion, credit card fraud, and auto theft as their sources of income[169] Ñetas - a gang that was started in 1979 in Puerto Rico. The organization began as a prison gang which gave members protection while serving their prison sentences. It eventually transformed into a drug trafficking gang.[169] St. James Boys[172] 194 Crew - a drug trafficking gang[173][better source needed] Sureños - made up of first- and second-generation Mexican-Americans, mainly involved in small-scale crime and gang warfare[174][better source needed] In popular culture Film and television See also: List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City Mid-20th century Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life[175] was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.
The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "Bronx cheer", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by New York Yankees fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on the Spike Jones and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942 Disney animated film of the same name), repeatedly lambasting Adolf Hitler with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"[176]
As a symbolism Some movies have also used the term Bronx for comic effect, such as "Bronx", the character on the Disney animated series Gargoyles.
Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a The New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.[177] A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning[178] is in production[179] in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.
The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film Wolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in Queens, substituting as the Bronx. Rumble in the Bronx, filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant.
As a setting Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.
Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and "A Kind of Alaska", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter,[180] were also based on Sacks' book.
Gus Van Sant's 2000 Finding Forrester was quickly billed "Good Will Hunting in the Hood." Sean Connery is in the title role of a reclusive old man who 50 years earlier wrote a single novel that garnered the Pulitzer Prize. He meets 16-year-old Jamal, portrayed by Rob Brown, a gifted basketball player and aspiring writer from the Bronx, and becomes his mentor. The movie includes stock footage of Bronx housing projects from 1990, as well as some other scenes shot in Manhattan and Brooklyn.
The 2012 documentary "South Bronx United" features the Mott Haven neighborhood and its conflict over the online grocery delivery service Fresh Direct's move of their trucking facility from Long Island City to the South Bronx.
In literature See also: List of books set in New York City Books The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near Arthur Avenue and Tremont Avenue.[181] In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),[182] a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980),[183] an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.
By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987)[184] portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, The New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."[185]
Don DeLillo's Underworld (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the decline of the area from the 1950s onwards. John Patrick Shanley's "Savage in Limbo" is set in a 1980s Bronx bar called 'Scales' where the frustrated characters feel they are unable to move.
Poetry In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest couplets:
The Bronx No Thonx Ogden Nash, The New Yorker, 1931
Nash repented 33 years after his calumny, penning in 1964 the following prose poem to the Dean of Bronx Community College:
I can't seem to escape the sins of my smart-alec youth; Here are my amends. I wrote those lines, "The Bronx? No thonx"; I shudder to confess them. Now I'm an older, wiser man I cry, "The Bronx? God bless them!"[68]
In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published Bronx Trilogy—consisting of the shoe shine parlor poems et al, concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx, and from the banks of brook avenue. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. DeWitt Clinton High School, St. Mary's Park, and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.[186]
Nash's couplet "The Bronx No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough, edited by Llyod Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from Allen Ginsberg's Kaddish, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as Sandra María Esteves, Milton Kessler, Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and Terence Wynch.[187]
"Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.[188][189]
Bronx Memoir Project Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1 is a published anthology by the Bronx Council on the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx residents and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past.[190] The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the Bronx Council on the Arts and other cultural institutions, including The Bronx Documentary Center, The Bronx Library Center, the (Edgar Allan) Poe Park Visitor Center, Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.[191][192] The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.[191]
In songs The theme song to the 1960s U.S. television comedy series Car 54, Where Are You? begins "There's a holdup in the Bronx". The song "New York, New York" from the 1944 musical comedy and 1949 film, On the Town explains that "The Bronx is up and the Battery's down." "Manhattan" by Rodgers and Hart for the 1925 musical The Garrick Gaieties declares "We'll have Manhattan,/The Bronx and Staten/Island too./It's lovely going through/the zoo." In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995),[193] only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), William LeBaron, Victor Jacobi; "Bronx Express" (1922), Henry Creamer and Henry Creamer; "The Tremont Avenue Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), Jerry Livingston, Mark David; "I Love the New York Yankees" (1987), Paula Lindstrom. The following songs also mention the Bronx (see also list of songs about New York City):
"Bronx Season" by Cardi B on her 2017 album Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2 "Alfie from the Bronx" (1983) by the Toy Dolls "Back to the Bronx" by 2 Live Crew "Boogie Down Bronx" by Man Parrish[194] "Bronx" by Kurtis Blow "The Bronx" by Regina Spektor "Bronx Backyard" by The Johnny Seven Band "Bronx Bombers" by Grandmaster Flash "The Bronx Is Beautiful" by Robert Klein "Bronx Keeps Creating It" by Fat Joe "Bronx Tale" by Fat Joe "Bronx War Stories" by A.I.G. "BX Warrior" by Tim Dog "BX We Invented Hip-Hop" by Tim Dog "Cousin in the Bronx" by Kaiser Chiefs "Cross Bronx Expressway" by Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz "Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)" by Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz "From BX" by Tim Dog "Ha Ya Doin? Yankees" – The Haya Doin'? Boys "Here Come the Yankees", by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman "Jenny from the Block" by Jennifer Lopez featuring Styles P & Jadakiss "On The Streets Of the Bronx" by The Moonglows "Our Lady of the Bronx" by Black 47 "Rockin' the Bronx" by Black 47 "School of Hard Knocks" by Swizz Beatz and Drag-On "South Bronx" by Boogie Down Productions "Lost in the Flood" by Bruce Springsteen "Bulls In the Bronx" by Pierce the Veil See also The Bronx portal flag New York City portal flag New York portal Bronx Borough Hall Bronx court system delays Joseph P. Day, early land auctioneer List of people from the Bronx National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx General:
List of counties in New York References Notes This data was as of 2006. By May 25, 2014, English Wikipedia listed 58. Not Clark Kent (producer). Citations "QuickFacts Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2018. New York State Department of Health, Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010, retrieved on August 8, 2015. Lloyd Ultann, Bronx Borough Historian, "History of the Bronx River," Paper presented to the Bronx River Alliance, November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This 2½ hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the Bronx River. On the start of business for Bronx County: Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day. The New York Times, January 3, 1914 (PDF retrieved on June 26, 2008): "Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..." "Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..." "There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed." "Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments." Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of Associated Press (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 Archived May 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Wylie, Jonathon (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University of Kentucky Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam. * "Jonas Bronx". Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012. van Laer, A. J. F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164. JSTOR 1836219. "... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...". Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. ... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)... Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161. Braver (1998) "datatables". www.frac.org. Retrieved 2018-10-23. The Almanac of American Politics 2008, edited by Michael Barone with Richard E. Cohen and Grant Ujifusa, National Journal Group, Washington, D.C., 2008 ISBN 978-0-89234-117-7 (paperback) or ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0 (hardback), chapter on New York state U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003, Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000 See the "Historical Populations" table in History above and its sources. "Current Population Estimates: NYC". NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017. QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York; New York County (Manhattan Borough), New York; Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; Richmond County (Staten Island Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 11, 2018. "Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York Public Library. Retrieved March 15, 2008. The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland. "Harding Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 15, 2008. Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0. Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836219. JSTOR 1836219. ... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ... Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. …many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)... "The first Bronxite". The Advocate. Bronx County Bar Association. 24: 59. 1977. It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany. Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. [1] which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands. "The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective". Bronxmall.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016. "Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman". uiuc.edu. See, for example, New York City Administrative Code §2–202 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. See, for example, references on the New York City website "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as the) to improve automated scanning of addresses. Clarke, Erin "What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'", NY1, June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016. Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", Journal of the North Central Name Society, Fall 1987. Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to William F. Buckley Jr. in "Notes & Asides", National Review, January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008. "3. Capitalization Rules" (PDF). gpo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29. Retrieved July 26, 2016. "Why The Bronx?". The New York Times. May 9, 1993. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2016. Slattery, Denis. "Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 27, 2016. "Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources" (PDF). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 30, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2017. "Dyckman House – History". fordham.edu. Stephen Jenkins (1912). The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017. For Jordan L. Mott: John Thomas Scharf (1886). History of Westchester County: New York, Including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which Have Been Annexed to New York City. L. E. Preston & Company. pp. 830–832. Troxell Freedley, Edwin; Young, Edward (1868). A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860...: Comprising Annals of the Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful Arts, with a Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of Each Decennial Census. E. Young. pp. 576–578. Thorne, Kathryn Ford (1993). Long, John H., ed. New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Simon & Schuster. pp. 33, 118–133. ISBN 0-13-051962-6. New York. Laws of New York. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928. Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale 1995 New York. Laws of New York. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948. Peck, Richard. "In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On", The New York Times, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895. New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352. Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998) "Piano Workers May Strike" (PDF). The New York Times. August 29, 1919. Retrieved January 25, 2011. Christopher Gray, "Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..." The New York Times, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992, retrieved on July 2, 2008 The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 494, citing the American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the Synagogue Council of America Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx, by Seymour J. Perlin, Ed.D. (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1974; ISBN 0-394-72024-5 "American Realities". American Realities. Roderick Wallace: "A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage,' contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx." Environmental Research, October 1988, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33, and "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx", Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813—abstracts retrieved on July 5, 2008 from PubMed. One sentence in the abstract of the 1990 article reads, "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability." Issues such as redlining, hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked the Puerto Rican activists known as the Young Lords. The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as the Black Panthers, to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to ¡Palante Siempre Palante! The Young Lords a "P.O.V." (Point of View) documentary on the Public Broadcasting Service. For an example of this argument, as well as of several other theses mentioned here, see "When the Bronx was burning" City-data forum (blog), 2007, where rubygreta writes: {{quote|Rent control destroyed the Bronx, especially starting in the 1960s and 1970s, when oil prices rose through the roof, and heavily subsidized Coop City opened in the East Bronx. Essentially, tenants never moved out of their apartments because they had below-market rents thanks to rent control. The apartments deteriorated and common areas deteriorated because the landlords had no cash-flow. And no cash flow meant that they could not get mortgages for major repairs such as boilers, roofs and window replacement. "Arson for Hate and Profit". Time. October 31, 1977. Retrieved March 14, 2008. Gonzalez (2004) PERSPECTIVES: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs, The New York Times, January 7, 1990 Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan Housing Policy Debate • Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999. NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies Sustainability in Action 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008 David Gonzalez, Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force, The New York Times, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008 Meera Subramanian, Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Portfolio, November 8, 2005, New York University Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008 Powell, Michael (July 27, 2011). "How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground". City Room. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study, New York Daily News, Monday, September 10, 2007 Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. June 15, 2007. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12. New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx December 11, 2007 On June 30, 2005, there were 129 Federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more-densely-populated area). U.S. Census Bureau, City and County Data Book, 2007 Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services For 1997 and 2007, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Summary of Deposits; summary tables Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008. Smalls, F. Romall (July 20, 1997). "The Bronx Is Named an 'All-America' City". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2015. Williams, Timothy (June 27, 2006). "Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2008. Topousis, Tom (July 23, 2007). "Bx is Booming". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2008. Kaysen, Rhonda (September 17, 2015). "The South Bronx Beckons". The New York Times. Slattery, Denis (September 15, 2014). "The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels". New York Daily News. "NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." United States Postal Service. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009. "Post Office Location – BRONX GPO." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5, 2009. Anthony, Madeline (March 18–24, 2016). "Bronx GPO conversion to retail space in motion". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 28. "Residents fear gentrification around Ice Center". News 12: The Bronx. February 17, 2016. Wirsing, Robert (February 12, 2016). "Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site". Bronx Times Reporter. FUTURE OF NEW WARDS; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing. The New York Times, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15 (The subheadlines continue "Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City – Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Botanical and Zoological Gardens. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants.") This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." Eldredge, Niles & Horenstein, Sidney (2014). Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 42, n1. ISBN 978-0-520-27015-2. Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010. Bronx High Point and Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008 at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008 Waterfront Development Initiative Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008 Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment On-site construction begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park, Press Release, November 1, 2007, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation retrieved on July 19, 2008 "Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017. In September 2008, Fordham University and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the Bronx Zoo, will begin a joint program leading to a Master of Science degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12). Jerome Park (New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 12, 2008). Crotona Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008 Article on the Bronx by Gary Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995 – see Further reading for bibliographic details) Bronx Parks for the 21st Century Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx. As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines by Manny Fernandez, The New York Times, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008 Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from Bronx Community Boards at the Bronx Mall web-site, and New York: a City of Neighborhoods Archived September 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of City Planning, both retrieved on August 5, 2008 Fischler, Marcelle Sussman (September 13, 2015). "City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Walshe, Sadhbh (June 3, 2015). "'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2016. Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., by the FPOA, September 17, 2006 Areas touching Bronx County, MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps", WNET, February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off." Bronx factsheet, Tri-State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018. "Bronx Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018. "MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved". Welcome2TheBronx. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018. Roccio, Patrick (August 17–23, 2018). "SV Ferry Launched". BronxTimesReporter. "Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". census.gov. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. "Photos: Bronx Residents on Obama". Newsweek. January 17, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2011. "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012. "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012. "American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012. (1) Population 1790–1960: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1966, page 452, citing estimates of the Department of Health, City of New York. (2) Population 1790–1990: Article on "population" by Nathan Kantrowitz in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), citing the United States Census Bureau N.B., Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Census population from the counties whose land is now partly occupied by Bronx County. (3) Population 1920–1990: Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990, Compiled and edited by Richard L. Forstall, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, United States Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233, March 27, 1995, retrieved July 4, 2008. "Bronx County, New York". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013. Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2013. "New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012. Historical Census Browser Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2008. Quick Tables QT-P15 and QT-P22, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. "Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2013. 2016 U.S. Census, "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF retrieved, October 26, 2018 Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006 Trymaine Lee, "Bronx Voters Elect Díaz as New Borough President", The New York Times, New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009 The Board of Elections in the City of New York, Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009 Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009 "New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018. New York State Board of Elections: 2006 Results Page, retrieved on July 23, 2008. Board of Elections in the City of New York election results, retrieved on July 8, 2008. Board of Elections in the City of New York Summary of Election Results (1999–2008), retrieved on July 21, 2008. The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 & 1957; Our Campaigns (New York Counties Bronx President History); The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), article on "government and politics" (The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough) To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017. The Hub Archived January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Bronx Neighborhood Histories Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Bronx Hub revival gathers steam Archived November 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. "Michael Sorkin Studio". Michael Sorkin Studio. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009. "Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides" QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved August 22, 2008 Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2012. () U.S. Census Bureau, County and City Data Book:2007, Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014. Monroe College history (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008. Gary M. Stern (March 16, 2017). "The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017. "2007 Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival". July 29, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2017. "Photograph album of the 2007 Festival". Flickr.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017. "Edgar Allan Poe Cottage". Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2006. Stamp, Jimmy (January 28, 2014). "When Edgar Allan Poe Needed to Get Away, He Went to the Bronx". Smithsonian Magazine. The Bronx on IMDb David Gonzalez, "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?", The New York Times, May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 Jennifer Lee, "Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop", The New York Times, January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008 "The Get Down review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York" by Sam Wollaston, The Guardian, August 15, 2016 Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop", History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at PBS official website. Accessed February 24, 2009. Kugelberg, Johan, ed. (2007). Born in the Bronx: A Visual Record of the Early Days of Hip Hop. New York: Rizzoli New York. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7893-1540-3. Jody Rosen (February 12, 2006). "A Rolling Shout-Out to Hip-Hop History". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2009. "Bronx African American History Project". "About". BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Christopher Gray, "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine", The New York Times, May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008. Archived on July 12, 2012. See also Public Art in the Bronx: Joyce Kilmer Park, from Lehman College Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Maritime Industry Museum, retrieved on August 21, 2008 Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. "Harlem River Community Rowing". Harlem River Community Rowing. [2] "Bronx River Art Center :: Welcome". bronxriverart.org. Mitchell, Alex (May 11, 2018). "Top Bronx Week events set for May 19–20 weekend". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 42. "Ferragosto festival brings lively celebration of Italian culture". News12:The Bronx. September 10, 2017. Slattery, Denis (June 19, 2014). "There's something fishy going on in the Bronx". The New York Daily News. Wirsing, Robert (November 24, 2017). "Edgewater Park Hosts Annual Ragamuffin Parade". The Bronx Times. Rocchio, Patrick (November 11, 2017). "Plethora of Bronx Veterans Day events on Nov. 11th". Bronx Times. Samuels, Tanyanika (November 27, 2012). "In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule". "Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride". News12:The Bronx. July 30, 2017. Rocchio, Patrick (October 6, 2017). "Bronx Columbus Parade steps off on Sunday". Bronx Times. "Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck". Bronx Buzz NYC. March 12, 2018. bxnews.net Archived June 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. "(some) About Us". Inner City Press. Retrieved November 7, 2012. Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed AIFF format) from Bronx Music Vol.1, an out-of-press compact disc of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. Archived August 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. nypost.com/2007/10/28/gangs-of-new-york/ patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/trinitarios-long-history-gang-tied-bronx-stabbing www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/ny-metro-gang-violence-the-bronx-trinitarios-20180627-story.html www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/nyregion/02murder.html www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/28-members-bronx-drug-trafficking-crew-charged-manhattan-federal-court-distributing narratively.com/echoes-of-the-mexican-mafia-in-the-bronx/ Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59". Archived from the original on January 20, 2013. David Hinkley, "Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942." New York Daily News, "March 3, 2004.http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html[permanent dead link] Mahler, Jonathan (2005). Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-312-42430-2. "Bronx Burning (2008)". IMDb.com. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2017. "Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations". E-News Update. Bronx Council on the Arts. January 2006. (ISBN 0-573-12129-X) Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood. New York: Harper Colophon, 1983. The Threepenny Review, Volume 109, Spring 2007 Avery Corman, The Old Neighborhood, Simon & Schuster, 1980; ISBN 0-671-41475-5 Tom Wolfe, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1987 (hardback) ISBN 978-0-374-11535-7, Picador Books 2008 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-312-42757-3 Anne Barnard, Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames, The New York Times, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008 "From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez". Kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017. Ultan, Lloyd; Unger, Barbara (2006). Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough. Rivergate Regionals Collection. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3862-4. Retrieved August 2, 2017. Tokarczyk, M.M. (2016). Bronx Migrations. Cherry Castle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-692-73765-1. Retrieved January 11, 2018. Daniels, Jim (December 2016). "Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md" (PDF). Journal of Working-Class Studies. 1 (1). "A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 24, 2016. "Writing to Heal in the Bronx". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2016. "Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY". www.americantowns.com. Retrieved January 24, 2016. The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), pages 1091–1095 "Man Parrish Featuring Freeze Force – Boogie Down (Bronx)". Discogs. Further reading See also: Bibliography of the history of the Bronx General:
Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999) Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9. Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. 1996. "CCRP in the South Bronx." Planners' Casebook, Winter. Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir." Barricade Books (2014) Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59. Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24. de Kadt, Maarten. The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History. The History Press (2011) DiBrino, Nicholas. The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family (1977) Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 ISBN 0-231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99 Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works. Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition McNamara, John History In Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (1993) ISBN 0-941980-16-2 McNamara, John McNamara's Old Bronx (1989) ISBN 0-941980-25-1 Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91. Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180. Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia Twomey, Bill and Casey, Thomas Images of America Series: Northwest Bronx (2011) Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Throggs Neck Memories (1993) Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Images of America Series: Throggs Neck-Pelham Bay (1998) Twomey, Bill and Moussot, Peter. Throggs Neck (1983), pictorial Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: East Bronx (1999) Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: South Bronx (2002) Twomey, Bill. The Bronx in Bits and Pieces (2007) Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994) Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the Innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history Bronx history:
Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999) Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9. Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition Fitzpatrick Benedict. The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927 (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 pp. 0–231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99 Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900", Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18. Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works. Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium by David Gonzales, The New York Times, published and retrieved on September 19, 2008 Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91. Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180. Purnell, Brian (2009). "Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973)". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 47–78. Purnell, Brian; LaBennett, Oneka (2009). "The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 7–23. Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994) Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history External links The Bronx at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Bronx Borough President's Office Bronx County at Curlie Newspapers:
The Bronx Times Reporter The Bronx Times Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press The Hunts Point Express The Mott Haven Herald Norwood News The Riverdale Press Associations:
The Bronx River Alliance Bronx Council for Environmental Quality Throggs Neck Merchant Association The Bronx Market The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation Bronx County, NY Website History:
City Island Nautical Museum East Bronx History Forum Kingsbridge Historical Society Museum of Bronx History The Bronx County Historical Society The Bronx: A Swedish Connection Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918, retrieved on July 24, 2008 Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City Places adjacent to The Bronx Links to related articles Categories: The BronxBoroughs of New York CityCounty seats in New York (state)Populated coastal places in New York (state)Populated places established in 18981898 establishments in New York (state) Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch
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Brooklyn From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the borough in New York City. For other uses, see Brooklyn (disambiguation). Coordinates: 40°41'34?N 73°59'25?W Brooklyn Kings County Borough of New York City County of New York State Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island Flag of Brooklyn Flag Official seal of Brooklyn Seal Motto(s): Eendraght Maeckt Maght ("Unity makes strength") Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map outlining Brooklyn Brooklyn is located in New YorkBrooklynBrooklyn Location within the State of New York Show map of New York Show map of the US Show map of North America Show map of Earth Show all Coordinates: 40°37'29?N 73°57'8?W Country United States State New York County Kings (coterminous) City New York City Settled 1634 Named for Breukelen, Netherlands Government • Type Borough (New York City) • Borough President Eric Adams (D) — (Borough of Brooklyn) • District Attorney Eric Gonzalez (D) — (Kings County) Area • Total 97 sq mi (250 km2) • Land 71 sq mi (180 km2) • Water 26 sq mi (70 km2) Population (2017) • Total 2,648,771[1] • Density 37,306.6/sq mi (14,404.2/km2) • Demonym Brooklynite, Brooklyn people (plural) ZIP Code prefix 112 Area codes 718/347/929, 917 Website www.Brooklyn-USA.orgBrooklyn (/'br?kl?n/) is the most populous borough of New York City, with a census-estimated 2,648,771 residents in 2017.[1] Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it borders the borough of Queens, at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn also has several bridge connections to the boroughs of Manhattan (across the East River) and Staten Island (across the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge). Since 1896, the borough has been coterminous with Kings County, the most populous county in the U.S. state of New York and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after the county of New York (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan).[2] With a land area of 71 square miles (180 km2) and water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area, though it is the second-largest among the city's five boroughs.[3] Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U.S. after Los Angeles and Chicago. Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New York", Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as "Unity makes strength". In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant garde destination for hipsters,[4] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.[5] Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,[6][7] and of postmodern art[8] and design.[7] New York City's five boroughsvte Jurisdiction Population Land area Density Borough County Estimate (2017)[9] square miles square km persons / sq. mi persons / sq. km Manhattan New York 1,664,727 22.83 59.13 72,033 27,826 The Bronx Bronx 1,471,160 42.10 109.04 34,653 13,231 Brooklyn Kings 2,648,771 70.82 183.42 37,137 14,649 Queens Queens 2,358,582 108.53 281.09 21,460 8,354 Staten Island Richmond 479,458 58.37 151.18 8,112 3,132 City of New York 8,622,698 302.64 783.83 28,188 10,947 State of New York 19,849,399 47,214 122,284 416.4 159 Sources: [10] and see individual borough articles Contents 1 Toponymy 2 History 2.1 Colonial era 2.1.1 Six Dutch towns 2.1.2 Six townships in an English province 2.1.3 Revolutionary War 2.2 Post-colonial era 2.2.1 Urbanization 2.2.2 Civil War 2.2.3 Twin city 2.2.3.1 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn 2.3 New York City borough 3 Geography 3.1 Boroughscape 3.2 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 Census 4.2 2012 estimates 4.3 Languages 5 Neighborhoods 5.1 Community diversity 5.1.1 Jewish American 5.1.2 Chinese American 5.1.3 Caribbean and African American 5.1.4 Latino American 5.1.5 Russian and Ukrainian American 5.1.6 Polish American 5.1.7 Italian American 5.1.8 Muslim American 5.1.9 Irish American 5.1.10 Greek American 5.1.11 Same-sex couples 5.1.12 Artists-in-residence 6 Government and politics 6.1 Federal representation 7 Economy 8 Culture 8.1 Cultural venues 8.2 Media 8.2.1 Local periodicals 8.2.2 Ethnic press 8.2.3 Television 8.3 Events 9 Parks and other attractions 9.1 Sports 9.1.1 Recreational Fishing 10 Transportation 10.1 Public transport 10.2 Roadways 10.3 Waterways 11 Education 11.1 Higher education 11.1.1 Public colleges 11.1.2 Private colleges 11.1.3 Community colleges 12 Brooklyn Public Library 13 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities 14 Hospitals and healthcare 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Published 1950–present 17.2 Published until 1949 18 External links Toponymy The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen, meaning marshland. Established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663.[11] The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of Breukelen, Netherlands.[12][13] Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen.[14] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land."[15] The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning.[16][17] History Part of a series of articles on Long Island—Title.svg Topics Geography History Economy Transportation Politics People Popular culture Recreation Law enforcement Viticulture Regions Brooklyn Queens Nassau County Suffolk County Municipalities North Shore South Shore North Fork South Fork Long Island Sound Barrier islands vte New Netherland series Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn See also: Timeline of Brooklyn The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and part of the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York. The etymology of Breuckelen may be directly from the dialect word Breuckelen meaning buckle or from the Plattdeutsch Brücken meaning bridge. Colonial era Six Dutch towns The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe who are often referred to in colonial documents by a variation of the place name "Canarsie". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):[18] Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody, named for 's-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England Brooklyn Heights: as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was located along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village Brooklyn was founded in 1816. Flatlands: as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647 Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652 Nieuw Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661 A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c.?1664, from The Brooklyn Museum. The colony's capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653, later than the village of Brooklyn. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America's first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman's 1824 compilation.[19] Six townships in an English province Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766 What is Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the conquerors renamed their prize in honor of the overall English naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II of England and future king himself as King James II of England and James VII of Scotland; Brooklyn became a part of the new English and later British colony, the Province of New York. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683,[20] one of the "original twelve counties" then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slavery among the population in the "Original Thirteen Colonies" along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America.[21] Revolutionary War Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County. On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza.[22] Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was famously reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".[23] The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.[23] The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—American intelligence network, headed by Washington himself. The British set up a system of notorious prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay, where more American patriots died of intentional neglect than died in combat on all the battlefields of the American Revolutionary War, combined. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. Post-colonial era Urbanization A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c.?1819–20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum). The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) for the entire 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century. The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. In parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, a little farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems. However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854. By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.[24] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,[25] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.[26] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[27] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.[28] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957. Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York[citation needed], and under Republican leadership the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza. The city had a population of 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 at night. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars coming in from New York City. Finally in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.[29] Civil War "Any Thing for Me, if You Please?" Post Office, 1864 Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn "Red Legged Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city; President Lincoln called them into service personally, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by that of the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults on the enemy. As both a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn. Twin city Brooklyn is referred to as a twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival. Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. The USS Monitor was only the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park and into the center of the county. Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District. Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation. Borough of Brooklyn wards, 1900 Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county. Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886. Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Railroads and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. In the space of a decade, the city annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President. Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[30] Mayor Party Start year End year George Hall Democratic-Republican 1834 Jonathan Trotter Democrat 1835 1836 Jeremiah Johnson Whig 1837 1838 Cyrus P. Smith 1839 1841 Henry C. Murphy Democrat 1842 Joseph Sprague 1843 1844 Thomas G. Talmage 1845 Francis B. Stryker Whig 1846 1848 Edward Copland 1849 Samuel Smith Democrat 1850 Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852 Edward A. Lambert Democrat 1853 1854 George Hall 1855 1856 Samuel S. Powell Democrat 1857 1860 Martin Kalbfleisch 1861 1863 Alfred M. Wood Republican 1864 1865 Samuel Booth 1866 1867 Martin Kalbfleisch Democrat 1868 1871 Samuel S. Powell 1872 1873 John W. Hunter 1874 1875 Frederick A. Schroeder Republican 1876 1877 James Howell Democrat 1878 1881 Seth Low Republican 1882 1885 Daniel D. Whitney Democrat 1886 1887 Alfred C. Chapin 1888 1891 David A. Boody 1892 1893 Charles A. Schieren Republican 1894 1895 Frederick W. Wurster 1896 1897 New York City borough Further information: History of New York City (1898–1945) Brooklyn in 1897 In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened. The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haskell Green and other progressives said Yes, and eventually they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.[31] Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. The merger was called the "Great Mistake of 1898" by many newspapers of the day, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.[32] Geography Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder white) Brooklyn totals 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest in land area among the boroughs of New York City. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.[3] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn. Boroughscape The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013. Climate Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),[33] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.[34] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[35] Climate data for JFK Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[36] extremes 1948–present) Demographics Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn Brooklyn has been New York City's most populous borough since the mid-1920s. (Key: Each borough's historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island) Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1731 2,150 — 1756 2,707 +25.9% 1771 3,623 +33.8% 1786 3,966 +9.5% 1790 4,549 +14.7% 1800 5,740 +26.2% 1810 8,303 +44.7% 1820 11,187 +34.7% 1830 20,535 +83.6% 1840 47,613 +131.9% 1850 138,822 +191.6% 1860 279,122 +101.1% 1870 419,921 +50.4% 1880 599,495 +42.8% 1890 838,547 +39.9% 1900 1,166,582 +39.1% 1910 1,634,351 +40.1% 1920 2,018,356 +23.5% 1930 2,560,401 +26.9% 1940 2,698,285 +5.4% 1950 2,738,175 +1.5% 1960 2,627,319 -4.0% 1970 2,602,012 -1.0% 1980 2,230,936 -14.3% 1990 2,300,664 +3.1% 2000 2,465,326 +7.2% 2010 2,504,700 +1.6% 2017 2,648,771 +5.8% 1731–1786[40] U.S. Decennial Census[41] 1790–1960[42] 1900–1990[43] 1990–2000[44] 2010 and 2017[1] Source: U.S. Decennial Census[45] Since 2010, the population of Brooklyn was estimated by the United States Census Bureau to have increased 5.8% to 2,648,771, as of 2017 – Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,622,698; 33.7% of Long Island's population of 7,869,820; and 13.3% of New York State's population of 19,849,399.[46][47][48][49][50] Haredim Jewish ( ??) residents in Brooklyn, home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals. About 23% of the borough's population in 2011 was Jewish.[51] 2010 Census According to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.[52] Celebrating Chinese New Year in "Little Fuzhou ( )", one of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn, in Sunset Park ( ?). Brooklyn's rapidly growing Chinese American population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014.[53] In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.[54] 2012 estimates According to the 2012 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,565,635 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families living in Brooklyn.[55][56] The population density was 34,920/square mile (13,480/km²). There were 930,866 housing units at an average density of 13,180/square mile (5,090/km²). Of the 880,727 households in Brooklyn, 38.6% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households 27.8% are made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41. In Brooklyn the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Brooklyn has more women and girls, with 88.4 males for every 100 females. Brooklyn's lesbian community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs.[57] The median income for households in Brooklyn was $32,135, and the median income for a family was $36,188. Males had a median income of $34,317, which was higher than females, whose median income was $30,516. The per capita income was $16,775. About 22% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over. Racial composition 2015[58] 2010[59] 1990[60] 1950[60] 1900[60] White 49.3% 42.8% 46.9% 92.2% 98.3% —Non-Hispanic 35.9% 35.7% 40.1% n/a n/a Black or African American 34.8% 34.3% 37.9% 7.6% 1.6% Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 19.5% 19.8% 20.1% n/a n/a Asian 12.4% 10.5% 4.8% 0.1% 0.1% Languages Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.12% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.16% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.46% (148,012) Chinese, 5.31% (121,607) Russian, 3.47% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.75% (63,019) French Creole, 1.35% (31,004) Italian, 1.20% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.01% (23,207) Polish, 0.99% (22,763) French, 0.95% (21,773) Arabic, 0.85% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.70% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.54% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.88% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[61] Neighborhoods See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District Park Slope 150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, during the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.[60] The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68] Community diversity Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambience of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below: Jewish American Main article: Jews in New York City Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox Jews and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Flatbush, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish neighborhoods are Kensington, Midwood, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (home to the Chabad world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville.[69][70] Many non-Orthodox Jews are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island. Chinese American Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Homecrest. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which is known for Chinese culture. It is called "Brooklyn's Chinatown" and its Chinese population is composed in majority by Fuzhounese Americans, rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames "Fuzhou Town ( ), Brooklyn" or the "Little Fuzhou ( )" of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration. Caribbean and African American Main article: Caribbeans in New York City Brooklyn's African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to one of the largest communities of West Indians outside of the Caribbean, being rivaled only by Toronto, Miami, Montreal, and London. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are mostly Jamaicans, Guyanese and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York, and Coney Island. Latino American Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn's Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Latino, its residents having created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Panamanians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg, and East New York, while Mexicans are predominant in Sunset Park and Panamanians in Crown Heights. Russian and Ukrainian American Main article: Russian Americans in New York City Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, in more recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown in size and the area now reflects diverse aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture. Polish American Brooklyn's Polish are largely concentrated in Greenpoint, which is home to Little Poland. They are also scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn. Italian American Main article: Italians in New York City Italian Americans are mainly concentrated in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach, Gravesend, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens, where there are many Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes, and social clubs. Muslim American Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques. Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan as Church Avenue is to Bangladeshis. Jay Street Borough Hall (Downtown Brooklyn) is little Arabia. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominantly for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. There are also many Middle Eastern, particularly Yemeni, businesses, mosques, and restaurants on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue, in Boerum Hill. Irish American Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, in moderate concentrations[clarification needed] in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park, Gerritsen Beach, and Vinegar Hill. Many moved east on Long Island, to suburban and Upstate New York Counties (Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Sullivan Counties), Staten Island, and New Jersey in the mid-twentieth century. Those that stayed engendered close-knit and stable communities, representing many to the civil services (esp. in law enforcement, transportation and the FDNY) as well as the legal profession and the building and construction trades.[citation needed] Greek American Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools and cultural institutions, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough. Same-sex couples Main article: Same-sex marriage in New York Brooklyn is home to a large and growing population of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[71] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBTQ communities. Artists-in-residence Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken.[72] Government and politics See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn Brooklyn Borough Hall Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U.S. federal government, and private donors. The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.[73] Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn's current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn. The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats.[74] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of majority Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood by U.S. Representative Dan Donovan and New York State Senator Marty Golden. Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016.[75] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies. Federal representation As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney's 16.9%. In 2019, five Democrats represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough.[76] Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.[76] Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 8th congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Brighton Beach, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York, Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.[76] Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York's 9th congressional district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace.[76] Jerrold Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan.[76] Max Rose (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island.[76] Economy See also: Economy of New York City The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940 Newer buildings near East River State Park Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.[77] Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.[77] Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.[77] Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.[78] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that once employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.[79] First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The Missouri, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the Maine, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968–1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer.[80] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard. Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.[81] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.[82] As of August 2008, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.[83] Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.[84][85] The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City's entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn.[86] Culture See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway Brooklyn Botanic Garden The Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza Main article: Culture of Brooklyn Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the "typical New York accent" in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out.[87] Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.[88] Cultural venues Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum. The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens. The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's Warehouse are located on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.[89] Media Local periodicals Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post. The borough is home to the bi-weekly cultural guide The L Magazine and the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Hello Mr. is also published in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others, that are now defunct, include: BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").[90] Ethnic press Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn.[91] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them the quarterly "L'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.[citation needed] Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local paper with the Global View". Television The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough's public access channel.[citation needed] Events The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.[92] Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4).[92] The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights. The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.[93] Parks and other attractions See also: Tourism in New York City Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Astroland in Coney Island. Brooklyn Botanic Garden: located adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits. Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s, but has undergone a renaissance.[94] Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains. Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont[95] in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers. Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is located at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line. Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2).[96] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;[97] Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade. Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, a monument to American prisoners during the revolutionary war. Sports Main article: Sports in Brooklyn Barclays Center, located in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and Islanders. Brooklyn's major professional sports teams are the NBA's Brooklyn Nets and the NHL's New York Islanders. The Nets and Islanders moved into the borough in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and both play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey, while the Islanders had played in Uniondale since their inception. Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval.[98] During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.[99] Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley dodgers" played at Ebbets Field.[100] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club. After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017.[101] Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field.[102] Recreational Fishing Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is also a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay that includes the Marily Jean, Ocean Eagle, Brooklyn, Captain Dave, Midnight Star, Sea Queen and Flamingo. Species that are caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.[103][104][105] Transportation Public transport See also: Transportation in New York City About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.[106] Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact that some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include: Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center Broadway Junction DeKalb Avenue Jay Street – MetroTech Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue[107] Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,[108] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek.[109][110] Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, many of which were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.[111] New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is located near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services. In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.[112][113] The ferry opened in May 2017,[114][115] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[116] A streetcar line, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016,[117] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.[118] Roadways See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the Brooklyn Museum, cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger ca. 1903-1910 Brooklyn Museum The Marine Parkway Bridge Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background The great majority of limited-access expressways and parkways are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, the Gowanus Expressway (which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[119] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.[120] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue. Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula. Waterways Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world's largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England.[116] In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.[112][113] The ferry opened in May 2017,[121][122] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan.[116] NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11 downtown and East 34th Street in midtown. A Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area. Manhattan Bridge Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park. Education See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system. Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.[123] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is located across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6,000,000 and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.[124] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[125] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and the large number of graduates attending prestigious universities. Higher education Public colleges Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation Americans. Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The College offers programs both at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as Adult and Continuing Education classes for Central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights. CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech. SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State. Private colleges Brooklyn Law School's 1994 new classical "Fell Hall" tower, by architect Robert A. M. Stern Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for quality of students.[126] Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels. Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all. NYU Tandon Wunsch Building The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU).[127][128][129][130] St. Francis College is a Catholic college located in Brooklyn Heights and was founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, there are over 2,400 students attending the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by both Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.[131][132][133] Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph's College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg. Community colleges Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system, located in Manhattan Beach. Brooklyn Public Library The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza. As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[134] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza. There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities. Partnerships with districts of foreign cities See also: New York City § Sister cities Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990) Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[135] Besiktas, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[136] Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[137][138][139] London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom Bnei Brak, Israel Hospitals and healthcare Main article: List of hospitals in Brooklyn Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center [140] Kings County Hospital Center NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County See also Portal-puzzle.svg Brooklyn portal General links: NRHP listings in Kings County List of people from Brooklyn List of counties in New York List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn History of neighborhoods: Bedford–Stuyvesant Bushwick Canarsie Coney Island Crown Heights East Williamsburg Flatbush Gravesend Greenpoint New Utrecht Park Slope Williamsburg General history: Brooklyn Visual Heritage History of New York City List of former municipalities in New York City Timeline of Brooklyn history Flag of New York City.svgNew York City portalFlag of New York.svgNew York portal References QuickFacts for Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. 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Retrieved December 6, 2013 Program for Action maps from thejoekorner.com "Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018. Mcgeehan, Patrick (June 15, 2016). "De Blasio's $325 Million Ferry Push: Rides to 5 Boroughs, at Subway Price". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2016. "New York City's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017". NBC New York. Retrieved May 9, 2016. "NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017. Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (2017-05-01). "New York Today: Our City's New Ferry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-01. "Route Map" (PDF). NYC Ferry. 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017. "Citywide Ferry Service to Launch in June 2017, Official Says". DNAinfo New York. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016. Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 3, 2016). "Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2016. "Bushwick Expressway (I-78, unbuilt)". Nycroads.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "Cross Brooklyn Expressway (I-878, unbuilt)". Nycroads.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017. Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (May 1, 2017). "New York Today: Our City's New Ferry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 1, 2017. New York City School Reports 2006–07 "Brooklyn Technical High School". Bths.edu. Retrieved October 24, 2010. Brooklyn Tech Alumni Foundation Hall of Fame "Leiter's Law School Rankings". Leiterrankings.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "About NYU". New York University. Retrieved October 19, 2012. "Sam Pitroda to give inaugural address at NYU engineering school". Jagran Post. May 15, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2012. "8. Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) - 24/7 Wall St.: Colleges That Guarantee the Highest Salaries - Comcast.net". Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. "Schools and Colleges". New York University. Retrieved October 19, 2012. "Colleges of Many Colors". The New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2007. "America's Best Colleges List". Forbes. August 5, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2010. "Baccalaureate Colleges (North) Rankings". U.S News & World Report. 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2010. "Brooklyn Public Library". Retrieved October 24, 2010. "Gdynia: Twin Cities". Gdynia.pl. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016. "Brooklyn Borough President". Brooklyn-usa.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "BP (Borough Pres.) Markowitz joins Vienna deputy mayor to announce new "district partnership" (March 05)". Brooklyn-usa.org. March 5, 2007. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "Vienna in New York 2007 - (March 15, 2007)". Wieninternational.at. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "Brooklyn in Leopoldstadt (July 5, 2007)". Wieninternational.at. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010. "Brookdale Hospital - General Information". Archived from the original on April 13, 2015. Further reading See also: Bibliography of the history of Brooklyn Published 1950–present Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243-1258. Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427-1440. Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier Corporation, 2010) Harris, Lynn. "Park Slope: Where Is the Love?" The New York Times May 18, 2008 Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994) McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001) Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979) Trezza, Frank J. "Brooklyn Navy Yard 1966–1986, the Yard was still a Shipyard not an Industrial Park" Robbins, Michael W., ed. Brooklyn: A State of Mind. Workman Publishing, New York, 2001. Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough (transcript Verlag, 2018) Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004) Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73-96. Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014) Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636-1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013) Published until 1949 Howard, Henry Ward Beecher (1893). The Eagle and Brooklyn: the record of the progress of the Brooklyn daily eagle. Vol 1. W. Williams (1850), "Brooklyn", Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton Henry Reed Stiles (1867), A history of the city of Brooklyn, Brooklyn: Pub. by subscription "Brooklyn", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876 Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). Almanac: 1898 (2nd ed.). Brooklyn. Harrington Putnam (1899), "Brooklyn", in Lyman P. Powell, Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, OCLC 248109 Ernest Ingersoll (1906), "Greater New York: Brooklyn", Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, OCLC 29277709 Edward Hungerford (1913), "Across the East River", The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brooklyn". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Federal Writers’ Project (1940). "New York City: Brooklyn". New York: a Guide to the Empire State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press. External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Brooklyn Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn, New York City. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Brooklyn Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Brooklyn. Official website of the Brooklyn Borough President History: Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Brooklyn, various dates. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841-1902 (from the Brooklyn Public Library) Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island. (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition. by Gabriel Furman ""Becoming Wards One By One" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 4, 1894). p. 12. Society of Old Brooklynites Links to related articles Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BNF: cb14434078x (data) GND: 4224069-4 LCCN: n80040311 MusicBrainz: a71b0d32-7752-49e9-8594-2247ad6ac12c NARA: 10046368 VIAF: 262147414 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 262147414 Categories: BrooklynBoroughs of New York CityCounty seats in New York (state)Former villages in New York CityFormer towns in New York CityPopulated places established in 1634Populated coastal places in New York (state)Long Island1634 establishments in the Dutch Empire Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages ? Español Nederlands Suomi Svenska ? ?? 80 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2019, at 00:26 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 19, 2019 18:52:43 GMT 1
NARUTO Shippuden character info
*Remember to remove anything in [BRACKETS]
General Name: Akira Shikime Family Clan: Masaharu Clan Rank: 7th Kyu - Kyokushinkai Karate 10th Kyu - Inoue-Ha Shito-Ruy Level: 9 3 Shadow Ninja Rank: Soldier 1st Class Age: 30 Species: Human Gender: Male Sexual Orientation: Straight Blood Type: B+ Birthday: August 26 -88 Personality: Quiet, loner Good Trait(s): Loyal Bad Trait(s): gets wery angry and lose control Like(s): Martial Arts Dislike(s): injustice of all kinds Hobby(ies): Martial arts. computer. Fear(s): Strength(s): Weakness(es):he rather save a life then complete his mission Personal Quote: "A wise ninja does not seek out an enemy who he does not fully understand."
History: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLAN INFORMATION
CLAN HISTORY About The Shadow Ninja Clan
we are a splinter cell, a rouge part of the Foot Clan. identicall in many ways except that we are not criminals. we fight against the Foot and The Shredder. we have identical Clan Sign and gi´s
How we operates
We operates in a 4 man team. As a security, we dont know eathcothers real names. we are all given codenames Not all of us work in the fields as ninjas though. For example. lets take a look on what my duties is in the Clan. Unlike the Foot Clan, we do not comit murders, bank robberys etc. sometime we do small crimes such as destroying windows, car tires, the enemies veichles etc, to prevent their operating ability and force them to waste money.
Clan Name: The Shadow Ninja Clan Symbol:
History:
Specialty:
Status:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Eye color(s):
Looks and Appearance Body Type/Looks: Height: [Part I and Part II] Weight: [Part I and Part II] Makeup/Facepaint: [If any] Hairstyle(s): Accessories: Scent: [Not everyone has one] Scars or Tattoos: Jewelry and/or Piercings:
Relationships Parent(s): Dead Sibling(s): None Relative(s): Best Friend(s): Hiro Sakira Friend(s): Sensei(s): Student(s): Crush(es)/Spouse/Bf/Gf: Rival(s): Enemy(ies): The Foot Ninja The Purple Dragons Pet(s):[Not all ninja have pets]
Favorites
Food(s): BBQ Drink(s): Water and fanta Color(s): Red, Green and Marine Blue Season(s): Summer Time of Day: Night Weather: Dusk Flower: Animal:
Ninja Information Birth Village/City: Tokyo Current Village/City: It various between New York, Tokyo and Gothenburg Academy Graduation Age: 15 Sensei Promotion Age: Rank: Sensei Ninja Status: Active Teammates: [This isn't needed] Sensei: Nindo: Weapon(s): Sword,Shurikan,Kunai or anything - this does not matter to a ninja
NINJA STATS [*Remember not to Overpower your OC or they will be considered mary-sue*]
1 - 5: Horrible 6 - 8: Below average 9 - 10: Average 11 - 13: Above average 14 - 16: Talented 17 - 18: Gifted [This is Sannin level]
Ranks in Jutsu 1-10 ( 1 is highest ) Ninjutsu [ninja techniques]: 5 Genjutsu [illusion techniques]: 3 Taijutsu [martial arts techniques]: 6
Strength in Missions Intelligence:[Shikamaru is a 18] Wisdom [It comes with age;Jiraiya would be at least 17]: Strength [Measure of your body's muscles;Kisame would be 17-18]: Agility [How well you can move, dodge, etc.]: Dexterity [How well you can aim/form seals]: Stamina [Chakra amount;Kisame is a 18]: Constitution [How well you can take a hit;Would you be a 1 hit K.O?]: Charisma [How social you are;Naruto is a 18]: Comeliness [Your attractiveness, it has to fit with your looks above]: Chakra Control [Important for medical ninja; Tsunade is a 18]: Cooperation [How well you work with other people/comrades]: < <
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN NAME : Akira Masaharu RANK: Sensei
TEAM: 13 EYECOLOR: Green/Blue BELT COLOR: Blue WEAPON: Disguise and impersonation, Kunai Sai,Katana,Bo Staff,Kama (anything or nothing,this does not matter to a ninja) BANDANA COLOR: Red FAVORITE COLOR: Red HOBBIES: Movies, Computer FAVORITE MUSIC: Jazz NICKNAMES: Akira
FAVORITE FOOD: BBQ FAVORITE BOOK: Jurassic Park
PROFILE: I am Akira, fifth generation member os the Shadow Ninja Clan. Although we only use one or two different weapons , we are all trained in to use any kind of different weapons , I myself has Katana and Kunai as a speciality.
The Shadow is an Ninja Clan from Japan , with bases around the globe We come from everywhere ,but are seen nowhere.That is our mission.There are many ranks among the Shadows.Iam of the most common rank, that of Soldier.
MY OCCUPATION IN THE SHADOW CLAN Sensei Sakai Yoshimura - Intelligence & Recon As is says abowe, my job is to gather information about everything.
Clans
Sweden Japan USA England Germany Italy Spaoin Greece
RANKS there are 10 ranks of Soldier called KYU ranks, 10 levels of Master ranks and finaly there is the ranks of the Elite
Known Alias for AKIRA Shimomura Masaharu Takuya Yamada Hayato Komodo Hiro Masahura
MEMBERS OF THE SHADOW CLAN Kenjiro Fujihara • Chimon Gotou • Enki Ojima • Kenjiro Oka • Hiromasa Daisuke Kaneko • Shijo Higuchi • Renzo Fujihara • Kaori Sakai • Enmei Ookubo • Shoda Noda • Montaro Ringo Katou • Riku Honda • Kentaro Yoshimura • Takuya Aoyama • Chiko Tanabe • Mamoru Sugimoto • Mieko Okada • Usaku Kataoka • Hisoka Naoto Iida • Kado Nishimura • Masakazu Hayakawa • Yasuo Itou • Marise Narita • Sen Kishita • Yoshi Iwata • Kazuo Kamihara • Udo Taniguchi • Kamlyn Kouda • Teiljo Matsushita • Eryu Murakami • Joben Matsuura
OTHER INFORMATION FROM THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN DATABASE
Ranks in Martial Arts 7th Kyu in Kuokushinkai Karate
3rd Kyu ( Red belt ) in the martial art of the Shadow Clan Ninjutsu
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN NAME : Akira Masaharu RANK: Soldier LEVEL: 9
TEAM: 13 RANK: 7th Kyu - Kyokushinkai Karate 10th Kyu - Inoue-Ha Shito-Ruy EYECOLOR: Green/Blue BELT COLOR: Blue WEAPON: Disguise and impersonation, Kunai Sai,Katana,Bo Staff,Kama (anything or nothing,this does not matter to a ninja) BANDANA COLOR: Red FAVORITE COLOR: Red HOBBIES: Movies, Computer FAVORITE MUSIC: Jazz NICKNAMES: Akira
FAVORITE FOOD: BBQ FAVORITE BOOK: Jurassic Park
PROFILE: I am Akira, fifth generation member os the Shadow Ninja Clan. Although we only use one or two different weapons , we are all trained in to use any kind of different weapons , I myself has Katana and Kunai as a speciality.
The Shadow is an Ninja Clan from Japan , with bases around the globe We come from everywhere ,but are seen nowhere.That is our mission.There are many ranks among the Shadows.Iam of the most common rank, that of Soldier.
MY OCCUPATION IN THE SHADOW CLAN Sensei Sakai Yoshimura - Intelligence & Recon As is says abowe, my job is to gather information about everything.
Clans
Sweden Japan USA England Germany Italy Spaoin Greece
RANKS there are 10 ranks of Soldier called KYU ranks, 10 levels of Master ranks and finaly there is the ranks of the Elite
Known Alias for AKIRA Shimomura Masaharu Takuya Yamada Hayato Komodo Hiro Masahura
MEMBERS OF THE SHADOW CLAN Kenjiro Fujihara • Chimon Gotou • Enki Ojima • Kenjiro Oka • Hiromasa Daisuke Kaneko • Shijo Higuchi • Renzo Fujihara • Kaori Sakai • Enmei Ookubo • Shoda Noda • Montaro Ringo Katou • Riku Honda • Kentaro Yoshimura • Takuya Aoyama • Chiko Tanabe • Mamoru Sugimoto • Mieko Okada • Usaku Kataoka • Hisoka Naoto Iida • Kado Nishimura • Masakazu Hayakawa • Yasuo Itou • Marise Narita • Sen Kishita • Yoshi Iwata • Kazuo Kamihara • Udo Taniguchi • Kamlyn Kouda • Teiljo Matsushita • Eryu Murakami • Joben Matsuura
OTHER INFORMATION FROM THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN DATABASE
Ranks in Martial Arts 7th Kyu in Kuokushinkai Karate
3rd Kyu ( Red belt ) in the martial art of the Shadow Clan Ninjutsu
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ROLLSPEL
TMNT
THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN
KARAKTÄR: SENSEI AKIRA SHIKIME
06:12 2017-03-17
AKIRA SITTE I SIN LÄGENHET PÅ MANHATTAN. EN LITEN ETTA PÅ 32 KVM KANSKE INTE SÅ STORT, MEN DET TJÄNAR HANS BEHOV. NÅGOT HAN HAR LÄRT SEJ AV SIN SHIHAN Kenjiro Oka. JO,,JA SKA SHIHAN. AKIRA ÄR NÄMLIGEN EN NINJA. EN NINJA FRÅN THE SHADOWN NINJA CLAN
03:02 2017-03-20 MORGONEN AKIRA VAKNAR UPP. VID 3 TIDEN PÅ MORGONEN SOM VANLIGT. INNAN HAN ÅKER TILL SITT JOBB SÅ TRÄNAR HAN NINJUTSU I 1 TIMME
18:14 2017-07-30 FIXAT ETT BLOCK FÖR KLANEN
00:51 2018-03-12 sitter och skriver in en medlemslista på alla Ninjor över Level 4 ( 4.000.000 steg )
17:44 2018-03-12 ska snart ut och hacka
19:40 2018-03-13 UPPGRADERAR SHADOW KLANENS BACKUPSERVER TILL 4 ST INTERNA OCH EXTERNA SERVRAR
17:58 2019-07-18 har handlat idag har japan community nattpass inatt ser på tmnt och yumi i japan
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 19, 2019 21:18:05 GMT 1
NAME : RANK:
TEAM: EYECOLOR: BELT COLOR: WEAPON: BANDANA COLOR: FAVORITE COLOR: HOBBIES: FAVORITE MUSIC: NICKNAMES:
FAVORITE FOOD: FAVORITE BOOK:
PROFILE: Obviously this cannot be a "personal" profile. I am Akira, fifth generation member os the Shadow Ninja Clan. Although we only use one or two different weapons , we are all trained in to use any kind of different weapons , I myself has Katana and Kunai as a speciality.
The Shadow is an Ninja Clan from Japan , with bases around the globe . . We come from everywhere , but are seen nowhere. That is our mission. There are many ranks among the Shadows. I am of the most common rank, that of Soldier.
MY OCCUPATION IN THE SHADOW CLAN Sensei Sakai Yoshimura - Intelligence & Recon As is says abow, my job is to gather information about everything.
Clans
Sweden Japan USA England Germany Italy Spaoin Greece
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 19, 2019 22:08:17 GMT 1
This is a good article. Follow the link for more information. Himeji Castle From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Himeji Castle 姫路城 Himeji, Hyōgo, Japan Himeji castle in may 2015.jpg Himeji Castle in May 2015 after the five-year renovation of the roof and walls Himeji Castle 姫路城 is located in JapanHimeji Castle 姫路城Himeji Castle 姫路城 Coordinates 34°50′22″N 134°41′38″ECoordinates: 34°50′22″N 134°41′38″E Type Azuchi-Momoyama castle[1] Height 46.4 m (152 ft) Site information Condition Intact, restoration work for preservation recently completed[2] Site history Built 1333, 1300 (Himeyama fort/castle)[3] 1581 (expansion)[3] 1601–1609 (expansion)[3] 1617–1618 (expansion)[4][5] Built by Akamatsu Norimura (1333–1346)[3] Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1581)[3] Ikeda Terumasa (1601–1609)[3] Honda Tadamasa (1617–1618)[4] In use 1333–1868[3][6] Materials Wood, stone, plaster, tile[5] Demolished 1346 (demolished for reconstruction)[3] 1601–1609 (demolished for reconstruction)[5] Garrison information Garrison ~500 (Ikeda family, soldiers)[5] ~4,000 (Honda family, soldiers)[5] ~3,000 (Sakakibara family, soldiers)[5] ~2,200 (Sakai family, soldiers)[5] UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural: i, iv Reference 661 Inscription 1993 (17th Session) Area 107 ha Buffer zone 143 ha Himeji Castle Himeji Castle (Chinese characters).svg "Himeji Castle" in kanji Japanese name Kanji 姫路城 Transcriptions Himeji Castle (姫路城 Himeji-jō) is a hilltop Japanese castle complex situated in the city of Himeji which is located in the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan. The castle is regarded as the finest surviving example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture, comprising a network of 83 rooms with advanced defensive systems from the feudal period.[7] The castle is frequently known as Hakuro-jō or Shirasagi-jō ("White Egret Castle" or "White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight.[6][8] Himeji Castle dates to 1333, when Akamatsu Norimura built a fort on top of Himeyama hill. The fort was dismantled and rebuilt as Himeyama Castle in 1346, and then remodeled into Himeji Castle two centuries later. Himeji Castle was then significantly remodeled in 1581 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who added a three-story castle keep. In 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded the castle to Ikeda Terumasa for his help in the Battle of Sekigahara, and Ikeda completely rebuilt the castle from 1601 to 1609, expanding it into a large castle complex.[3] Several buildings were later added to the castle complex by Honda Tadamasa from 1617 to 1618.[5] For over 400 years, Himeji Castle has remained intact, even throughout the extensive bombing of Himeji in World War II, and natural disasters such as the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake.[3][2][9] Himeji Castle is the largest and most visited castle in Japan, and it was registered in 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the country.[2] The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site and five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures.[5][10] Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan's three premier castles.[11] In order to preserve the castle buildings, it underwent restoration work for several years and reopened to the public on March 27, 2015.[12] The works also removed decades of dirt and grime, restoring the formerly grey roof to its original brilliant white color. Contents 1 History 1.1 Historical recognition 2 Design details 2.1 Defences 3 Cultural impact 3.1 Lore and legend 4 Visitor statistics 5 Additional information 5.1 National treasures and sister castles 5.1.1 Matsumoto Castle 5.1.2 Inuyama Castle 5.1.3 Hikone Castle 5.1.4 Château de Chantilly 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History Himeji Castle's construction dates to 1333, when a fort was constructed on Himeyama hill by Akamatsu Norimura, the ruler of the ancient Harima Province.[3] In 1346, his son Sadanori demolished this fort and built Himeyama Castle in its place.[3][13] In 1545, the Kuroda clan was stationed here by order of the Kodera clan, and feudal ruler Kuroda Shigetaka remodeled the castle into Himeji Castle, completing the work in 1561.[3][14] In 1580, Kuroda Yoshitaka presented the castle to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and in 1581 Hideyoshi significantly remodeled the castle, building a three-story keep with an area of about 55 m2 (590 sq ft).[5][14] Following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Tokugawa Ieyasu granted Himeji Castle to his son-in-law, Ikeda Terumasa, as a reward for his help in battle.[3] Ikeda demolished the three-story keep that had been created by Hideyoshi, and completely rebuilt and expanded the castle from 1601 to 1609, adding three moats and transforming it into the castle complex that is seen today.[3][5] The expenditure of labor involved in this expansion is believed to have totaled 2.5 million man-days.[3] Ikeda died in 1613, passing the castle to his son, who also died three years later.[4] In 1617, Honda Tadamasa and his family inherited the castle, and Honda added several buildings to the castle complex, including a special tower for his daughter-in-law, Princess Sen (千姫 Senhime).[4] In the Meiji Period (1868 to 1912), many Japanese castles were destroyed.[2] Himeji Castle was abandoned in 1871 and some of the castle corridors and gates were destroyed to make room for Japanese army barracks.[5][14] The entirety of the castle complex was slated to be demolished by government policy, but it was spared by the efforts of Nakamura Shigeto, an army colonel.[5] A stone monument honoring Nakamura was placed in the castle complex within the first gate, the Hishi Gate (菱の門 Hishinomon).[5][15] Although Himeji Castle was spared, Japanese castles had become obsolete and their preservation was costly.[5] Photo of the front of the castle complex Front view of the castle complex A 1761 depiction of the castle complex A 1761 depiction of the castle complex When the han feudal system was abolished in 1871, Himeji Castle was put up for auction.[5] The castle was purchased by a Himeji resident for 23 Japanese yen (about 200,000 yen or US$2,258 today).[5] The buyer wanted to demolish the castle complex and develop the land, but the cost of destroying the castle was estimated to be too great, and it was again spared.[5] Himeji was heavily bombed in 1945, at the end of World War II, and although most of the surrounding area was burned to the ground, the castle survived intact.[7] One firebomb was dropped on the top floor of the castle but failed to explode.[16] In order to preserve the castle complex, substantial repair work was undertaken starting in 1956, with a labor expenditure of 250,000 man-days and a cost of 550 million yen.[5][14] In January 1995, the city of Himeji was substantially damaged by the Great Hanshin earthquake, but Himeji Castle again survived virtually undamaged, demonstrating remarkable earthquake resistance.[9] Even the bottle of sake placed on the altar at the top floor of the keep remained in place.[9] Photo of the "Three Country Moat" in the centre of the castle complex The "Three Country Moat" in the centre of the castle complex Historical recognition Himeji Castle was registered on 11 December 1993 as one of the first UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Japan.[5][2][7] Five structures of the castle are also designated National Treasures: The main keep (大天守 daitenshu),[17][18] northwest small keep (乾小天守 inui kotenshu),[19] west small keep (西小天守 nishi kotenshu),[20] east small keep (東小天守 higashi kotenshu),[21] and I, Ro, Ha, Ni-corridors and kitchen (イ, ロ, ハ, ニの渡櫓附台所1棟 i, ro, ha, ni no watariyagura tsuketari daidokoro 1 to).[10][22] The area within the middle moat of the castle complex is a designated Special Historic Site.[5] Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, Himeji Castle is considered one of Japan's three premier castles.[11] It is the most visited castle in Japan, receiving over 2,860,000 visitors in 2015.[3][2] Starting in April 2010, Himeji Castle underwent restoration work to preserve the castle buildings, and reopened to the public on March 27, 2015.[12] Design details Himeji Castle is the largest castle in Japan.[2] It serves as an excellent example of prototypical Japanese castle architecture, containing many of the defensive and architectural features associated with Japanese castles.[7] The curved walls of Himeji Castle are sometimes said to resemble giant fans (扇子 sensu), but the principal materials used in the structures are stone and wood.[5][6] Feudal family crests (家紋 kamon) are installed throughout the architecture of the building, signifying the various lords that inhabited the castle throughout its history.[5] A depiction of the intricate castle complex A depiction of the intricate castle complex Photo of the family crest of Ikeda Terumasa The family crest of Ikeda Terumasa[5] The Himeji Castle complex is located in the centre of Himeji, Hyōgo on top of a hill called Himeyama, which is 45.6 m (150 ft) above sea level. The castle complex comprises a network of 83 buildings such as storehouses, gates, corridors, and turrets (櫓 yagura).[5][15] Of these 83 buildings, 74 are designated as Important Cultural Assets: 11 corridors, 16 turrets, 15 gates, and 32 earthen walls.[9] The highest walls in the castle complex have a height of 26 m (85 ft).[5] Joining the castle complex is Koko-en Garden (好古園 Kōkoen), a Japanese garden created in 1992 to commemorate Himeji city's 100th anniversary.[23] From east to west, the Himeji Castle complex has a length of 950 to 1,600 m (3,120 to 5,250 ft), and from north to south, it has a length of 900 to 1,700 m (3,000 to 5,600 ft).[5] The castle complex has a circumference of 4,200 m (2.6 mi).[5] It covers an area of 233 hectares (2,330,000 m2 or 576 acres), making it roughly 50 times as large as the Tokyo Dome or 60 times as large as Koshien Stadium.[3][5][7] Photo of gun racks inside the keep Weapon racks inside the keep The main keep (大天守 daitenshu) at the center of the complex is 46.4 m (152 ft) high, standing 92 m (302 ft) above sea level. Together with the main keep, three smaller subsidiary keeps (小天守 kotenshu) form a cluster of towers.[5] Externally, the keep appears to have five floors, because the second and third floors from the top appear to be a single floor; however, it actually has six floors and a basement.[8] The basement of the main keep has an area of 385 m2 (4,140 sq ft), and its interior contains special facilities that are not seen in other castles, including lavatories, a drain board, and a kitchen corridor.[5] The main keep has two pillars, with one standing in the east and one standing in the west.[5] The east pillar, which has a base diameter of 97 cm (38 in), was originally a single fir tree, but it has since been mostly original.[5] [24] The base of the west pillar is 85 by 95 cm (33 by 37 in), and it is made of Japanese cypress.[5] During the Shōwa Restoration (1956–1964) a Japanese cypress tree with a length of 26.4 m (87 ft) was brought down from the Kiso Mountains and replaced the old pillar.[5] The tree was broken in this process, so another tree was brought down from Mount Kasagata, and the two trees were joined on the third floor.[5] The first floor of the main keep has an area of 554 m2 (5,960 sq ft) and is often called the "thousand-mat room" because it has over 330 Tatami mats.[5] The walls of the first floor have weapon racks (武具掛け bugukake) for holding matchlocks and spears, and at one point, the castle contained as many as 280 guns and 90 spears.[5][25] The second floor has an area of roughly 550 m2 (5,900 sq ft).[5] The third floor has an area of 440 m2 (4,700 sq ft) and the fourth floor has an area of 240 m2 (2,600 sq ft).[5] Both the third and fourth floors have platforms situated at the north and south windows called "stone-throwing platforms" (石打棚 ishiuchidana), where defenders could observe or throw objects at attackers.[5] They also have small enclosed rooms called "warrior hiding places" (武者隠し mushakakushi), where defenders could hide themselves and kill attackers by surprise as they entered the keep.[5] The final floor, the sixth floor, has an area of only 115 m2 (1,240 sq ft).[5] The sixth floor windows now have iron bars in place, but in the feudal period the panoramic view from the windows was unobstructed.[5] Defences Photo of defensive loopholes in one of the castle walls. Two of the loopholes are rectangle-shaped, one is triangle-shaped, and one is circle-shaped. Defensive loopholes Photo of two angled chutes or "stone drop windows" on a castle structure Angled chutes or "stone drop windows" Himeji Castle contains advanced defensive systems from the feudal period.[7] Loopholes (狭間 sama) in the shape of circles, triangles, squares, and rectangles are located throughout Himeji Castle, intended to allow defenders armed with tanegashima or archers to fire on attackers without exposing themselves.[8] Roughly 1,000 loopholes exist in the castle buildings remaining today.[5] Angled chutes called "stone drop windows" (石落窓 ishi-otoshi-mado) were also set at numerous points in the castle walls, enabling stones or boiling oil to be poured on the heads of attackers passing by underneath, and white plaster was used in the castle's construction for its resistance to fire.[26] The castle complex included three moats, one of which—the outer moat—is now buried.[6] Parts of the central moat and all of the inner moats survive.[6] The moats have an average width of 20 m (66 ft), a maximum width of 34.5 m (113 ft), and a depth of about 2.7 m (8.9 ft).[9] The Three Country Moat (三国堀 sangoku-bori) is a 2,500 m2 (27,000 sq ft) pond which exists inside the castle; one of the purposes of this moat was to store water for use in fire prevention.[5] The castle complex, particularly the Waist Quarter (腰曲輪 koshikuruwa), contains numerous warehouses that were used to store rice, salt and water in case of a siege.[5] A building known as the Salt Turret (塩櫓 shioyagura) [15] was used specifically to store salt, and it is estimated that it contained as many as 3,000 bags of salt when the castle complex was in use.[5] The castle complex also contained 33 wells within the inner moat, 13 of which remain; the deepest of these has a depth of 30 m (98 ft).[5] Photo of the large "Diamond Gate" "Diamond Gate", the first of the castle's 21 remaining gates[5] One of the castle's most important defensive elements is the confusing maze of paths leading to the castle's keep.[8] The gates, baileys, and outer walls of the complex are organized so as to confuse an approaching force, causing it to travel in a spiral pattern around the complex on its way to the keep.[8] The castle complex originally contained 84 gates, 15 of which were named according to the Japanese syllabary iroha (I, Ro, Ha, Ni, Ho, He, To, etc.).[5] At present, 21 gates from the castle complex remain intact, 13 of which are named according to the Japanese syllabary.[5] In many cases, the castle walkways even turn back on themselves, greatly inhibiting navigation.[26] For example, the straight distance from the Hishi Gate (菱の門 hishinomon)[15] to the main keep (大天守 daitenshu) is only 130 m (430 ft), but the path itself is a much longer 325 m (1,066 ft).[5] The passages are also steep and narrow, further inhibiting entry.[5] This system allowed the intruders to be watched and fired upon from the keep during their lengthy approach, but Himeji Castle was never attacked in this manner so the system remains untested.[7][8] However, even today with the route clearly marked, many visitors have trouble navigating the castle complex. Cultural impact Himeji Castle is frequently known as Hakuro-jō or Shirasagi-jō ("White Egret Castle" or "White Heron Castle") because of its brilliant white exterior and supposed resemblance to a bird taking flight.[6][8] The castle has been featured extensively in foreign and Japanese films, including the James Bond movie "You Only Live Twice" (1967), and Akira Kurosawa's Kagemusha (1980) and Ran (1985).[11] In the television miniseries Shōgun (1980) it served as a stand-in for feudal-era Osaka castle.[16] In the video games Civilization Revolution and Civilization V, Himeji Castle is available to build as a world wonder. Lore and legend Photo of Okiku's Well Okiku's Well Himeji Castle is associated with a number of local legends.[5] The well-known kaidan (or Japanese ghost story) of Banchō Sarayashiki (番町皿屋敷 "The Dish Mansion at Banchō") is set in Edo (Tokyo), but a variant called Banshū Sarayashiki (播州皿屋敷 "The Dish mansion in Harima Province") is set in Himeji Castle. There is a disputed claim that the castle is the bona fide location of the entire legend, and the alleged Okiku's Well remains in the castle to this day.[4] According to the legend, Okiku was falsely accused of losing dishes that were valuable family treasures, and then killed and thrown into the well.[5] Her ghost remained to haunt the well at night, counting dishes in a despondent tone.[5] The legend of the "Old Widow's Stone" (姥が石 Ubagaishi) is another folklore story associated with the castle.[5] According to the legend, Toyotomi Hideyoshi ran out of stones when building the original three-story keep, and an old woman heard about his trouble.[5] She gave him her hand millstone even though she needed it for her trade.[5] It was said that people who heard the story were inspired and also offered stones to Hideyoshi, speeding up construction of the castle.[5] To this day, the supposed stone can be seen covered with a wire net in the middle of one of the stone walls in the castle complex.[5] A folklore story is also associated with Sakurai Genbei, who was Ikeda Terumasa's master carpenter in the construction of the keep.[5] According to the legend, Sakurai was dissatisfied with his construction, feeling that the keep leaned a little to the southeast.[5] Eventually, he became distraught and climbed to the top of the keep, where he jumped to his death with a chisel in his mouth.[5] Visitor statistics On 14 April 2009, the total number of visits since the Showa-era restoration surpassed 40 million.[27] 1964 – 1,738,000 (Showa-era restoration work completed) 1989 – 1,197,000 1990 – 811,000 1991 – 871,000 1992 – 885,000 1993 – 1,019,000 1994 – 983,000 1995 – 695,000 1996 – 861,000 1997 – 716,000 1998 – 792,000 1999 – 713,000 2000 – 662,000 2001 – 708,000 2002 – 729,000 2003 – 814,000 2004 – 771,000 2005 – 778,000 2006 – 899,000 2007 – 1,023,000 2008 – 1,195,000 2009 – 1,561,000 2010 – 458,000 (restoration work started) 2011 – 611,000 2012 – 711,000 2013 – 881,000[28] 2014 – 919,000[28] 2015 – 2,860,000 (restoration work completed in March)[29] Additional information National treasures and sister castles Other national treasures (castles) besides Himeji Castle include Matsumoto Castle, Inuyama Castle, Matsue Castle, and Hikone Castle. The sister castle of Himeji Castle is Château de Chantilly in France.[30] Matsumoto Castle Matsumoto Castle (松本城 Matsumoto-jō) is one of Japan's oldest castles and is situated in Matsumoto, in Nagano Prefecture. The main donjon (天守閣 tenshukaku) was constructed by the Ishikawa family from 1593 to 1594 when the family was put in charge of the castle. The donjon of Matsumoto Castle is one of Japan's oldest existing five stories Tenshu. Inuyama Castle Inuyama Castle (犬山城 Inuyama-jō) is located in the southern coast of Kiso river in the city of Inuyama, in Aichi Prefecture. In 1537, Oda Nobunaga's uncle, Oda Nobuyasu strengthened the castle. Inuyama Castle is claimed to be one of Japan's oldest castles and one of the castles that managed to retain its original structure. Hikone Castle Hikone Castle (彦根城 Hikone-jō) is located in the eastern coast of Lake Biwa, in Shiga Prefecture. The castle was completed in 1622 by Ii Naokatsu, after 20 years of construction. Château de Chantilly Château de Chantilly is a sister castle of Himeji Castle, and it is said to be the most beautiful castle in France. It is located 40 kilometres north of Paris. The castle is a representation of the magnificent architectural style of the Renaissance period. The partnership between Himeji Castle and Chantilly castle began in 1989. Gallery Panoramic overview Panoramic photo of the castle grounds, with Himeji city in the background A panoramic view of the castle grounds, with Himeji city in the background Views from afar The castle's keeps and city as seen from Engyō-ji The castle complex as seen from the west Keeps and bridge as seen from the entrance A view of Keeps and the lush castle grounds below Keeps as seen from the grounds below Views from below One of the steep, narrow walkways controlling access to the castle One of the steep castle walls Himeji castle as seen from the princess quarters The keep as seen from within the inner circle (本丸 honmaru) Curved gables (千鳥破風 chidori hafu) Detail of keep Views at night Blue Himeji Castle at night 06.jpg Blue Himeji Castle at night 09.jpg Himeji castle 2009 07 18.jpg Himejijo Kangetsukai Oct09 122.JPG Himejijo Kangetsukai Oct09 198.JPG Views from above Castle walls and rooftops East tower and corridors The castle rooftops and surrounding city Part of the intricate castle complex A mythical tiger-headed fish called shachi (鯱). This motif was used atop the castle towers as a talisman for fire prevention.[8] Views from the interior A stone drop window (石落窓 ishi-otoshi-mado) A window for an archer or defender using a Matchlock An interior room with Tatami mats A hallway Castle windows Views with cherry blossoms Taken at Three Country Moats Sakura at Himeji Castle Taken at Himeji City Zoo Taken from the south Views of the restoration Temporary cover and gantry Temporary cover Different stages of applying plaster to the roof tiles. The plaster protects the roof from water ingress, and stops the tiles being dislodged by typhoon winds. Roof structure underneath the tiles View of the keep roof nearing completion, taken from the public view gallery. Views of pictures Bodhidharma. Samurai. A fish. See also Japanese architecture Japanese castle Koko-en Garden – Japanese garden joining the castle complex List of National Treasures of Japan (castles) List of reportedly haunted locations List of Special Places of Scenic Beauty, Special Historic Sites and Special Natural Monuments List of World Heritage Sites in Japan Tourism in Japan References "Himeji Castle and its surroundings". Sansen-ya. Retrieved July 6, 2010. "Himeji Castle starts its renovation in April". Official Tourism Guide for Japan Travel. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Retrieved July 1, 2010. "A hilltop white heron 400 years old". The Daily Yomiuri. Retrieved July 5, 2010. Jacqueline A., Ball (2005). Himeji Castle: Japan's Samurai Past. New York: Bearport Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 1-59716-001-6. "National Treasure Himeji Castle Guide book" (PDF). Himeji Rojyo Lions Club. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 10, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2010. Bornoff, Nicholas (2000). The National Geographic Traveler: Japan. Washington: National Geographic Society. pp. 256–257. ISBN 0-7894-5545-5. "Himeji-jo". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved July 4, 2010. Eyewitness Travel Guides: Japan. New York: Dorling Kindersley Publishing. 2000. pp. 200–203. ISBN 0-7894-5545-5. "Himeji Castle". Japan Atlas. Retrieved July 5, 2010. 国宝一覧 (in Japanese). Himeji city. Retrieved July 5, 2010. "The Three Famous Castles of Japan". Kobayashi Travel Service. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 15, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2015. Hinago, Motoo (1986). Japanese Castles. Kodansha International Ltd. and Shibundo. pp. 121–125. ISBN 0-87011-766-1. O'Grady, Daniel. "Japanese Castle Explorer – Himeji Castle". Japanese Castle Explorer. Retrieved July 11, 2010. "世界遺産姫路城 城の楽しみ方". Retrieved May 18, 2016. Lowe, Sam (May 11, 2010). "Restoring a Japanese Treasure". Best Western's Travel Blog. Retrieved July 11, 2010. "姫路城大天守". Retrieved May 18, 2016. "National Treasure, World Heritage, Himeji Castle". Retrieved May 18, 2016. "姫路城乾小天守". Retrieved May 18, 2016. "姫路城西小天守". Retrieved May 18, 2016. "姫路城東小天守". Retrieved May 18, 2016. "姫路城イ・ロ・ハ・ニの渡櫓附台所1棟". Retrieved May 18, 2016. "Kokoen Garden, Traditional Japanese Garden in Himeji City". EOK. Retrieved July 4, 2010. 姫路市史第十四巻別編姫路城. Himeji City: City of Himeji. 2001. p. 494. "Hoplology". Guillaume Morel. Retrieved July 11, 2010. Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Japanese Castles 1540–1640. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-84176-429-0. 姫路城、入場者4000万人突破 昭和の大修理から45年で Archived July 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine(共同通信2009年4月14日) "平成26年度姫路市入込客数、観光動向・イベントアンケート調査報告書 P3" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2016. Retrieved May 18, 2016. Yoshiko Yukinaga. "「姫路城来場者、日本一に。過去最多286万人」". Mainichi Shinbun. Retrieved May 13, 2016. "姫路市|ほかにもある国宝のお城・姉妹城". www.city.himeji.lg.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved October 22, 2017. Further reading Benesch, Oleg. "Castles and the Militarisation of Urban Society in Imperial Japan," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Vol. 28 (Dec. 2018), pp. 107-134. Benesch, Oleg and Ran Zwigenberg (2019). Japan's Castles: Citadels of Modernity in War and Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 375. ISBN 9781108481946. Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2013). Castles of the Samurai:Power & Beauty. USA: Kodansha. ISBN 978-1-56836-512-1. Schmorleitz, Morton S. (1974). Castles in Japan. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. pp. 123–125. ISBN 0-8048-1102-4. Motoo, Hinago (1986). Japanese Castles. Tokyo: Kodansha. ISBN 0-87011-766-1. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Himeji Castle. Official website Japan's Samurai Castles Asian Historical Architecture – Himeji Castle Japanese Castle Explorer – Himeji Castle UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Himeji Castle Japan Atlas: Himeji Castle Video The White Fortress: Himeji-jo (UNESCO video at YouTube) Himeji Castle timelapse on YouTube Discover the Himeji Castle in Japan vte World Heritage Sites in Japan Categories: 1581 establishments in JapanBuildings and structures completed in 1346Buildings and structures completed in 1581Buildings and structures completed in 1609Castles in Hyōgo PrefectureHimeji, HyōgoHonda clanHouses completed in 1618Ikeda clanImportant Cultural Properties of JapanKuroda clanMaebashi-Matsudaira clanNational Treasures of JapanOkudaira-Matsudaira clanReportedly haunted locationsSakai clanSakakibara clanSpecial Historic SitesToyotomi clanWorld Heritage Sites in Japan Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages العربية Español Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2019, at 21:17 (UTC). 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Post by Fredrik on Jul 19, 2019 22:29:09 GMT 1
Grand Central Terminal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Grand Central Station" redirects here. For other uses, see Grand Central Station (disambiguation). Grand Central Terminal Logo of Grand Central Terminal, with interlocking letters "G", "C", and "T" Metro-North Railroad terminal Exterior of the terminal building Train shed platform and tracks Central Main Concourse clock Main Concourse, facing east Clockwise from top left: 42nd Street facade; underground train shed and tracks; Main Concourse; iconic clock atop the information booth Location 89 East 42nd Street at Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Owned by NYC & Hudson River Railroad (1913–1914) New York Central (1914–1968) Penn Central (1968–1994) American Premier Underwriters (1994–2006) Midtown Trackage Ventures (2006–present) Operated by NYC & Hudson River Railroad (1913–1914) New York Central (1914–1968) New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (1913–1968) Penn Central (1968–1976) Amtrak (1971–1991) Conrail (1976–1983) Metro-North Railroad (1983–present) Line(s) Park Avenue main line Platforms 44: 43 island platforms, 1 side platform (6 tracks with Spanish solution) Tracks 67: 56 passenger tracks (30 on upper level, 26 on lower level) 43 in use for passenger service 11 sidings Connections MTA New York City Subway: "4" train ?"5" train ?"6" train "6" express train? "7" train "7" express train?? 42nd Street Shuttle trains at Grand Central–42nd Street Bus transport NYCT Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M42, M101, M102, M103, Q32 NYCT Bus, MTA Bus, Academy Bus: express services Construction Platform levels 2 Disabled access Accessible[N 1] Other information Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata Key dates Construction 1903–1913 Opened February 2, 1913 Traffic Passengers (FY 2017) 66,952,732 Annually, based on weekly estimate[2] (Metro-North) Services Preceding station MTA NYC logo.svg Metro-North Railroad Following station Terminus Harlem Line Harlem–125th Street toward Wassaic Hudson Line Harlem–125th Street toward Poughkeepsie New Haven Line Harlem–125th Street toward New Haven State Street Former / future services Grand Central Terminal U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map highlighting Grand Central Terminal Architect Reed and Stem; Warren and Wetmore Architectural style Beaux-Arts NRHP reference # 75001206 83001726 (increase) Significant dates Added to NRHP January 17, 1975 August 11, 1983 (increase)[5] Designated NHL December 8, 1976[6] Designated NYCL August 2, 1967[3] Designated NYCL September 23, 1980 (interior)[4] Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus of the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem, Hudson and New Haven Lines, serving the northern parts of the New York metropolitan area. It also contains a connection to the New York City Subway at Grand Central–42nd Street. The terminal is the third-busiest train station in North America, after Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station. The distinctive architecture and interior design of Grand Central Terminal's station house have earned it several landmark designations, including as a National Historic Landmark. Its Beaux-Arts design incorporates numerous works of art. Grand Central Terminal is one of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions,[7] with 21.9 million visitors in 2013, excluding train and subway passengers.[8] The terminal's main concourse is often used as a meeting place, and is especially featured in films and television. Grand Central Terminal contains a variety of stores and food vendors, including a food court on its lower-level concourse. Grand Central Terminal was built by and named for the New York Central Railroad; it also served the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and, later, successors to the New York Central. Opened in 1913, the terminal was built on the site of two similarly named predecessor stations, the first of which dates to 1871. Grand Central Terminal served intercity trains until 1991, when Amtrak began routing its trains through nearby Penn Station. The East Side Access project, which will bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal, is expected to be completed in late 2022. Grand Central covers 48 acres (19 ha) and has 44 platforms, more than any other railroad station in the world. Its platforms, all below ground, serve 30 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower. Currently, 43 tracks are in use for passenger service; two dozen more serve as a rail yard and sidings. Another eight tracks and four platforms are being built on two new levels deep underneath the existing station as part of East Side Access. Unlike most stations in the Metro-North system, Grand Central Terminal is owned by Midtown Trackage Ventures, a private company, rather than by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), which operates Metro-North and most of its stations, including Grand Central. Contents 1 Name 2 Services 3 Interior 4 Architecture 5 Related structures 6 History 7 Innovations 8 Emergency services 9 Art installations and performances 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name Grand Central Terminal was named by and for the New York Central Railroad, which built the station and its two precursors on the site. It has "always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station", the name of its immediate precursor[9][10][N 2] that operated from 1900[12] until 1910[13] and which also shares its name with the nearby U.S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue[14] and, colloquially, with the Grand Central–42nd Street subway station next to the terminal.[15] Services Commuter rail Grand Central Terminal serves some 67 million passengers a year, more than any other Metro-North station.[2][16] At morning rush hour, a train arrives at the terminal every 58 seconds.[17] Three of Metro-North's five main lines terminate at Grand Central:[18] Harlem Line to Wassaic, New York Hudson Line to Poughkeepsie, New York (Amtrak connection to Albany) New Haven Line to New Haven, Connecticut (Amtrak connection to Hartford, Springfield, Boston; Shore Line East to New London) New Canaan Branch to New Canaan, Connecticut Danbury Branch to Danbury, Connecticut Waterbury Branch to Waterbury, Connecticut Through these lines, the terminal serves Metro-North commuters traveling to and from the Bronx in New York City; Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York; and Fairfield and New Haven counties in Connecticut.[18] Connecting services The New York City Subway's adjacent Grand Central–42nd Street station serves these routes:[19] 4, ?5, ?6, and <6> trains (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), situated diagonally under the Pershing Square Building, 42nd Street, and Grand Hyatt New York 7 and <7>? trains (IRT Flushing Line), under 42nd Street between Park Avenue and west of Third Avenue S train (42nd Street Shuttle), under 42nd Street between Madison Avenue and Vanderbilt Avenue These MTA Regional Bus Operations buses stop near Grand Central:[1][20] NYCT Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4 and Q32 local buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound) X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM6, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM11, SIM22, SIM25, SIM26, SIM30, SIM31 and SIM33C express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM25, SIM31 and SIM33C express buses at Fifth Avenue (southbound) M42 local bus at 42nd Street M101, M102 and M103 local buses at Third Avenue (northbound) and Lexington Avenue (southbound) X27, X28, X63, X64 and X68 express buses at Third Avenue (northbound) SIM6, SIM11, SIM22 and SIM26 express buses at Lexington Avenue (southbound) MTA Bus: BxM3, BxM4, BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10, BxM18, BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4 and BM5 express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound) BxM1 express bus at Lexington Avenue (southbound) BxM1, QM21, QM31, QM32, QM34, QM35, QM36, QM40, QM42 and QM44 express buses at Third Avenue (northbound) Academy Bus: SIM23 and SIM24 express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound) Former services The terminal and its predecessors were designed for intercity service, which operated from the first station building's completion in 1871 until Amtrak ceased operations in the terminal in 1991. Through transfers, passengers could connect to all major lines in the United States, including the Canadian, the Empire Builder, the San Francisco Zephyr, the Southwest Limited, the Crescent, and the Sunset Limited under Amtrak. Destinations included San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, New Orleans, Chicago, and Montreal.[21] Another notable former train was New York Central's 20th Century Limited, a luxury service that operated to Chicago's LaSalle Street Station between 1902 and 1967 and was among the most famous trains of its time.[22][23] Planned services Main article: East Side Access The Metropolitan Transportation Authority plans to bring Long Island Rail Road commuter trains to Grand Central as part of its East Side Access project.[24] The project will connect the terminal to the railroad's Main Line,[25] which connects to all of the LIRR's branches and almost all of its stations.[26] As of 2018, service is expected to begin in late 2022.[27][28] Interior The original proposal for Grand Central Terminal, devised by New York Central vice president William J. Wilgus, contained two passenger levels: the upper level for intercity trains and the lower level for commuter trains. The present Main Concourse was used by departing intercity passengers, while the present Dining Concourse below it was used by commuters.[29][30] This allowed for the segregation of intercity and commuter-rail passengers, but with the cessation of intercity service, this separation is no longer in use.[29] The original plan for Grand Central's interior was designed by Reed and Stem, with some work by Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore.[31][32] Grand Central Terminal's 48-acre (19 ha) basements are among the largest in the city.[33] Main Concourse Midday pedestrian traffic in the Main Concourse Two of the concourse's ten chandeliers lowered for cleaning, 2013 The Main Concourse, originally known as the Express Concourse, is located on the upper platform level of Grand Central, in the geographical center of the station building. Usually filled with bustling crowds and often used as a meeting place,[34] the cavernous concourse measures 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide (about 35,000 square feet total[35]) by 125 ft (38 m) high.[36][37][38]:74 Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.[31] The Main Concourse contains an elliptical barrel-vaulted ceiling. Original plans called for the ceiling to contain a skylight, but this was not practical.[39] Instead, the ceiling contains an elaborately decorated mural of constellations.[40][41][42] The celestial mural was conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.[43] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[44] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[45][41] Suspended from other portions of the ceiling are ten globe-shaped chandeliers in the Beaux-Arts style, each of which weighs 800 pounds (360 kg)[46] and contains 110 bulbs.[47] The concourse is lit by these chandeliers and by large windows in its east and west walls.[48] Each wall has three round-arched windows, about 60 feet (18 m) high,[41] identical in size and shape to the three on the terminal's south facade.[4] Catwalks, used mostly for maintenance, run across the east and west windows.[49][50] Their floors are made of semi-transparent rock crystal, cut two inches thick.[51] The ticket booths are located in the Main Concourse, although many have been closed or repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines. The concourse's large American flag was installed there a few days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.[34][11] The upper-level tracks are reached from the Main Concourse or from various hallways and passages branching off from it.[52] The Main Concourse is surrounded on most of its sides by balconies. The east side is occupied by an Apple Store, while the west side is occupied by the Italian restaurant Cipriani Dolci (part of Cipriani S.A.), the Campbell Palm Court, and the Campbell Bar, a former financier's office-turned-bar.[52] The balconies may be reached by the concourse's West Stairs, original to the station, or the matching East Stairs, added during a 1990s renovation.[41][53] Underneath the east and west balconies are entrances to Grand Central's passageways, with shops and ticket machines along the walls. This area also features two intricately carved marble water fountains. The fountains, original to the terminal, still operate and are cleaned daily, though they are rarely used.[54] Information booth and clock The Main Concourse's round information booth The Dining Concourse's octagonal stone information booth The Main Concourse information booth (left) and the Dining Concourse information booth (right). The two are connected by a spiral staircase. The 18-sided main information booth — originally the "information bureau" — is in the center of the concourse. Its attendants provide train schedules and other information to the public;[55] in 2015, they fielded more than 1,000 questions an hour, according to an MTA spokesman.[56] A door within the marble and brass pagoda conceals a spiral staircase down to a similar booth on the station's Dining Concourse.[57][58][56] The booth is topped by a four-faced brass clock that may be Grand Central's most recognizable icon.[48] The clock was designed by Henry Edward Bedford, cast in Waterbury, Connecticut,[34] and designed by the Self Winding Clock Company and built by the Seth Thomas Clock Company, along with several other clocks in the terminal.[59][11] Each 24-inch (61 cm) face[57] is made from opalescent glass, now often called opal glass or milk glass. (Urban legend says the faces are actually opal, valued by Sotheby's or Christie's between $10 million and $20 million.[50]) The clock was first stopped for repairs in 1954, after it was found to be losing a minute or two per day.[60] Along with the rest of the New York Central Railroad system's clocks, it was formerly set to a clock in the train dispatcher's office at Grand Central.[61] Through the 1980s, they were set to a master clock at a workshop in Grand Central.[62] Since 2004, they have been set to the United States Naval Observatory's atomic clock, accurate to a billionth of a second.[63][56] Display board A large blackboard for train schedules, hanging behind glass A split-flap display board, housed in a museum An LCD display board in current use From left to right: The original blackboard (kept as a relic in the Biltmore Room), a Solari board (now at the Danbury Railway Museum), and a modern Solari board at the terminal Originally, the track and status of arriving and departing trains were hand-chalked on a blackboard in the Biltmore Room. In 1967, the blackboard was supplanted by an electromechanical display in the main concourse over the ticket windows.[64][65] Dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer, it displayed train information on rows of flip panels that made a distinctive flapping sound as they rotated to reflect changes.[66][67] That sign was replaced with high-resolution mosaic LCD modules[68] also manufactured by Solari Udine. (Similar modules are now also used on Metro-North trains, both on the sides to display the destination, and on the interior to display the time, next station, station stops, and other passenger information.) In December 2017, as part of the Customer Service Initiative, the MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards.[69] Grand Central's Reservation Bureau sits underneath the large display board.[67] Uses The size of the Main Concourse has made it an ideal advertising space.[70] During World War II, a large mural with images of the United States military hung in the concourse,[70] and from the 1950s to 1989, the Kodak Colorama exhibit was a prominent fixture.[71][72][73] A 13.5-foot-diameter (4.1 m) Westclox "Big Ben" clock was sponsored by at least six companies[74] from the 1960s to the 1990s.[75] These advertisements and fixtures were removed around the time of the terminal's renovation in the 1990s; today, only four advertisement screens remain on the concourse, each about 7 x 6 feet.[76] The Main Concourse has also been used as a gathering venue. In the 1960s, the terminal's tenant CBS installed a CBS News television screen above the ticket offices to follow the spaceflights of Project Mercury;[37] thousands would gather in the Main Concourse to watch key events of the flights.[77][78][79] Politicians such as U.S. presidents Calvin Coolidge and Harry S. Truman; presidential candidates Thomas Dewey and Robert F. Kennedy; and governor Herbert Lehman have also held events within the concourse.[80] The Main Concourse has also been used for memorials, including events to commemorate U.S. ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick and former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis after their deaths; celebrations for Martin Luther King Jr. Day; and an impromptu memorial created after the September 11 attacks in 2001.[81] Several celebrations have also taken place at the terminal, such as a celebration for the New York Giants after they won the NFL championship in 1933;[82] an event for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941;[82][83] and several large parties and New Year's celebrations.[82][84] Various special exhibits and events have also been held at the Main Concourse throughout the years.[85] A diagram of the terminal's main level rooms Floor plan of the main level of the terminal Passageways Graybar Passage In their design for the station's interior, Reed & Stem created a circulation system that allowed passengers alighting from trains to enter the Main Concourse, then leave through various passages that branch from it.[41] Among these are the north-south 42nd Street Passage and Shuttle Passage, which run south to 42nd Street; and three east-west passageways — the Grand Central Market, the Graybar Passage, and the Lexington Passage — that run about 240 feet east to Lexington Avenue by 43rd Street.[52][86] Several passages run north of the terminal, including the north-south 45th Street Passage, which leads to 45th Street and Madison Avenue,[87] and the network of tunnels in Grand Central North, which lead to exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.[52][88] Each of the east-west passageways runs through a different building. The northernmost is the Graybar Passage,[52] built on the first floor of the Graybar Building in 1926.[89] Its walls and seven large transverse arches are of coursed ashlar travertine, and the floor is terrazzo. The ceiling is composed of seven groin vaults, each of which has an ornamental bronze chandelier. The first two vaults, as viewed from leaving Grand Central, are painted with cumulus clouds, while the third contains a 1927 mural by Edward Trumbull depicting American transportation.[90][91] A long hall with food vendors on either side Grand Central Market's interior and its Lexington Avenue facade between the Graybar Building and Grand Hyatt New York The middle passageway, which sits within a two-story former savings bank built in the mid-1970s,[92] houses Grand Central Market, a cluster of food purveyor shops opened in 1998.[52][93] The market's second story, whose balcony overlooks the market and 43rd Street, was to house a restaurant; it is currently used for storage.[86][94] The southernmost of the three, the Lexington Passage, was historically known as the Hyatt or Commodore Passage after the hotel it ran through.[86] Grand Central North Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map: Grand Central North tunnels and entrances ¦ Northwest Passage ¦ Northeast Passage ¦ 45th Street Cross-Passage ¦ 47th Street Cross-Passage ¦ Grand Central Terminal Grand Central North is a network of four tunnels that allow people to walk between the station building (located between 42nd and 44th Street) and exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.[95] The 1,000-foot (300 m) Northwest Passage and 1,200-foot (370 m) Northeast Passage run parallel to the tracks on the upper level, while two shorter cross-passages run perpendicular to the tracks.[96][97] The 47th Street cross-passage runs between the upper and lower tracks, 30 feet (9.1 m) below street level; it provides access to upper-level tracks. The 45th Street cross-passage runs under the lower tracks, 50 feet (15 m) below street level. Converted from a corridor built to transport luggage and mail,[97] it provides access to lower-level tracks. The tunnels' street-level entrances, each enclosed by a freestanding glass structure,[97] sit at the northeast corner of East 47th Street and Madison Avenue (Northwest Passage), northeast corner of East 48th Street and Park Avenue (Northeast Passage), on the east and west sides of 230 Park Avenue (Helmsley Building) between 45th and 46th Streets, and (since 2012) on the south side of 47th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues.[98] Pedestrians can also take an elevator to the 47th Street passage from the north side of East 47th Street, between Madison and Vanderbilt Avenues.[99] Proposals for these tunnels had been discussed since at least the 1970s. The MTA approved preliminary plans in 1983,[100] gave final approval in 1991,[101] and began construction in 1994.[96] Dubbed the North End Access Project, the work was to be completed in 1997 at a cost of $64.5 million,[101] but it was slowed by the incomplete nature of the building's original blueprints and by previously undiscovered groundwater beneath East 45th Street.[96] The passageways opened on August 18, 1999, at a final cost of $75 million.[96] The passages contain an MTA Arts & Design mosaic installation by Ellen Driscoll, an artist from Brooklyn.[96] The entrances to Grand Central North were originally open from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday. About 6,000 people used the passages on a typical weekend,[102] and about 30,000 on weekdays. Since summer 2006, Grand Central North has been closed on weekends; MTA officials cited low usage and the need to save money.[103] Other spaces on the main floor Vanderbilt Hall Old image of the ornate Vanderbilt Hall Vanderbilt Hall, c. 1910 The Tournament of Champions squash championship in 2012 Agern Vanderbilt Hall is an event space on the south side of the terminal, between the Park Avenue entrance and the Main Concourse to its north. Its west side houses a food hall.[52] The space is lit by Beaux-Arts chandeliers with 132 bulbs on four tiers.[46] It was formerly the main waiting room for the terminal, used particularly by intercity travelers. When intercity service ceased at Grand Central in 1991, the room began to be used by several hundred homeless people. Terminal management responded first by removing the double-sided oak benches, then by closing the space entirely.[N 3] In 1998, the hall was renovated and renamed Vanderbilt Hall after the family that built and owned the station.[86] It is now used for the annual Christmas Market,[105] as well as for special exhibitions and private events.[106] Since 1999, Vanderbilt Hall has hosted the annual Tournament of Champions squash championship.[107] The event involves installation of a 21 x 32-foot free-standing theatre in the round, made of glass, with spectators sitting on three sides around it.[108] In 2016, the west half of the hall became the Great Northern Food Hall, an upscale Nordic-themed food court with five pavilions. The food hall is the first long-term tenant of the space; the terminal's landmark status prevents permanent installations.[109] A men's smoking room and women's waiting room were formerly located on the west and east sides of Vanderbilt Hall, respectively.[109] In 2016, the men's room was renovated into Agern, an 85-seat Nordic-themed 85-seat fine dining and Michelin-starred restaurant operated by Noma co-founder Claus Meyer, [110] who also runs the food hall.[109] Biltmore Room The large newsstand in the Biltmore Room Former newsstand in the Biltmore Room The Biltmore Room is a 64-by-80-foot (20 by 24 m) marble hall[111] northwest of the Main Concourse that serves as an entrance to tracks 39 through 42.[52] Completed in 1915[112] directly beneath the New York Biltmore Hotel,[111] it originally served as a waiting room for intercity trains known formally as the incoming train room and colloquially as the "Kissing Room". As the station's passenger traffic declined in mid-century, the room fell into neglect. In 1982 and 1983, the room was damaged during the construction that converted the Biltmore Hotel into the Bank of America Plaza. In 1985, Giorgio Cavaglieri was hired to restore the room, which at the time had cracked marble, makeshift lighting, and series of lockers.[113] Later, the room held a newsstand, flower stand, and shoe shine booths.[112][114] In 2015, the MTA awarded a contract to refurbish the Biltmore Room into an arrival area for Long Island Rail Road passengers as part of the East Side Access project.[115] As part of the project, the room's booths and stands are to be replaced by a pair of escalators and an elevator to the deep-level LIRR concourse.[112][114] The room's blackboard displayed the arrival and departure times of New York Central trains until 1967,[64] when a mechanical board was installed in the Main Concourse.[111] Station Master's Office The Station Master's Office, located near Track 36, has Grand Central's only dedicated waiting room. The space has benches, restrooms, and a floral mixed-media mural on three of its walls. The room's benches were previously located in the former waiting room, now known as Vanderbilt Hall. Since 2008, the area has offered free Wi-Fi.[116] Former theatre One of the retail areas of the Graybar Passage, currently occupied by alcohol vendor Central Cellars, was the Grand Central Theatre or Terminal Newsreel Theatre.[117][118] Opened in 1937, the theater showed short films, cartoons, and news reels[119] continuously from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m. for 25-cent tickets.[120][121] Designed by Tony Sarg, it had 242 stadium-style seats and a standing-room section with armchairs. A small bar sat near the entrance.[122] The theater's interior had simple pine walls spaced out to eliminate echos, along with an inglenook, a fireplace, and an illuminated clock for the convenience of travelers. The walls of the lobby, dubbed the "appointment lounge", were covered with world maps; the ceiling had an astronomical mural painted by Sarg.[117] The New York Times reported a cost of $125,000 for the theater's construction, which was attributed to construction of an elevator between the theater and the suburban concourse as well as air conditioning and apparatuses for people hard of hearing.[123] The theater stopped showing news reels by 1968[124] but continued operating until around 1979, when it was gutted for retail space,[120] A renovation in the early 2000s removed a false ceiling, revealing the theater's projection window and its astronomical mural, which proved similar in colors and style to the Main Concourse ceiling.[119] Dining Concourse A long hallway with track entrances and food vendors The Dining Concourse, with track entrances visible on the right Access to the lower-level tracks is provided by the Dining Concourse, below the Main Concourse and connected to it by numerous stairs, ramps, and escalators. For decades, it was called the Suburban Concourse because it handled commuter rail trains.[30] Today, it has central seating and lounge areas, surrounded by restaurants and food vendors.[52] The concourses are connected by two ramps, which comprise a 302-foot (92 m) west-east axis under an 84-foot (26 m) ceiling.[125] They intersect a slight slope from the Dining Concourse just outside the Oyster Bar,[52] under an archway covered with Guastavino tiling.[126] The arch creates a whispering gallery: someone standing in one corner can hear someone speaking softly in the opposite corner.[37][50] An overpass between the main concourse and the Vanderbilt Hall passes over the archway; from 1927 until 1998, the sides of the bridge were enclosed by walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) high.[125] As part of the Terminal's late-1990s renovation, stands and restaurants were installed in the concourse, and escalators added to link to the main concourse level.[86] Additionally, the MTA spent $2.2 million to construct two 45-foot-wide circular designs in the concourse's floor. The designs were by David Rockwell and Beyer Blinder Belle, made of terrazzo, and installed over the concourse's original terrazzo floor.[127] Since 2015, part of the Dining Concourse has been closed for the construction of structural framework to support stairways and escalators to the new LIRR station being built as part of East Side Access.[128] A small square-framed clock is installed in the ceiling near Tracks 108 and 109. It was manufactured at an unknown time by the Self Winding Clock Company, which made several others in the terminal. The clock hung inside the gate at Track 19 until 2011, when it was moved so it would not be blocked by lights added during upper-level platform improvements.[59] Lost-and-found bureau MTA Police and lost-and-found offices Metro-North's lost-and-found bureau sits near Track 100 at the far east end of the Dining Concourse. Incoming items are sorted according to function and date: for instance, there are separate bins for hats, gloves, belts, and ties.[129][130] The sorting system was computerized in the 1990s.[131] Lost items are kept for up to 90 days before being donated or auctioned off.[50][132] As early as 1920, the bureau received between 15,000 and 18,000 items a year.[133] By 2002, the bureau was collecting "3,000 coats and jackets; 2,500 cellphones; 2,000 sets of keys; 1,500 wallets, purses and ID's [sic]; and 1,100 umbrellas" a year.[131] By 2007, it was collecting 20,000 items a year, 60% of which were eventually claimed.[132] In 2013, the bureau reported an 80% return rate, among the highest in the world for a transit agency.[50][56] Some of the more unusual items collected by the bureau include fake teeth, prosthetic body parts, legal documents, diamond pouches, live animals, and a $100,000 violin.[130][132] One story has it that a woman purposely left her unfaithful husband's ashes on a Metro-North train before collecting it three weeks later.[50][132] In 1996, some of the lost-and-found items were displayed at an art exhibition.[134] A diagram of the terminal's dining level rooms Floor plan of the Dining Level Other food service and retail spaces Restaurant entrance with a vaulted tile ceiling Entrance to the Oyster Bar Interior of the Campbell Bar The Campbell Bar Grand Central Terminal contains restaurants such as the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse. There are also delis, bakeries, a gourmet and fresh food market, and an annex of the New York Transit Museum.[135][136] The 40-plus retail stores include newsstands and chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy, and an Apple Store.[52][137] The Oyster Bar, the oldest business in the terminal, sits next to the Dining Concourse and below Vanderbilt Hall.[52][109] An elegantly restored cocktail lounge, the Campbell, sits just south of the 43rd Street/Vanderbilt Avenue entrance. A mix of commuters and tourists access it from the street or the balcony level.[52] The space was once the office of 1920s tycoon John W. Campbell, who decorated it to resemble the galleried hall of a 13th-century Florentine palace.[138][139] In 1999, it opened as a bar, the Campbell Apartment; a new owner renovated and renamed it the Campbell in 2017.[140] Vanderbilt Tennis Club and former studios Tennis players using the terminal's court The Vanderbilt Tennis Club's court From 1939 to 1964, CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above Vanderbilt Hall.[141][142] The space contained two "program control" facilities (43 and 44); network master control; facilities for local station WCBS-TV;[141][142][143] and, after World War II, two 700,000-square-foot (65,000 m2) production studios (41 and 42).[144] Broadcasts were transmitted from an antenna atop the nearby Chrysler Building installed by order of CBS chief executive William S. Paley,[144][143] and were also shown on a large screen in the Main Concourse.[144] In 1958, CBS opened the world's first major videotape operations facility in Grand Central. Located in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor, the facility used 14 Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders.[141][142] Douglas Edwards with the News broadcast from Grand Central for several years, covering John Glenn's 1962 Mercury-Atlas 6 space flight and other events. Edward R. Murrow's See It Now originated there, including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy, which were recreated in George Clooney's movie Good Night, and Good Luck, although the film incorrectly implies that CBS News and corporate offices were in the same building. The long-running panel show "What's My Line?" was first broadcast from Grand Central, as were "The Goldbergs" and Mama. CBS eventually moved its operations to the CBS Broadcast Center.[141][142][144] In 1966, the vacated studio space was converted to Vanderbilt Tennis Club, a sports club named for the hall just below.[141][142][145][146] Its two tennis courts were once deemed the most expensive place to play the game — $58 an hour — until financial recessions forced the club to lower the hourly fee to $40.[147] In 1984, the club was purchased by real estate magnate Donald Trump, who discovered it while renovating the terminal's exterior[148] and operated it until 2009.[141] The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court.[142][146] Basement spaces Power and heating plant Grand Central Terminal and its predecessors contained their own power plants. The first such plant, built for Grand Central Depot in the 1870s, stood in the surface-level railroad yards at Madison Avenue and 46th Street. The second was built in 1900 under the west side of Grand Central Station near 43rd Street.[149] When the terminal was created, a new power and heating plant was built on the east side of Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets.[150][151] The two-smokestack structure could supply a daily average of 5,000,000 pounds (2,300,000 kg) of heating steam.[149][152] The plant also provided power to the tracks and the station, supplementing other New York Central power plants in Yonkers (today's Glenwood Power Station) and Port Morris in the Bronx (now demolished).[149] While the Port Morris and Yonkers plants provided 11,000-volt alternating current for arriving and departing locomotives, the Grand Central plant converted the alternating current to 800 volts of direct current for use by the terminal's own third-rail-powered locomotives.[149][153] In addition, the Grand Central power plant provided power to nearby buildings.[151][149] By the late 1920s, most power and heating services were contracted out to Consolidated Edison,[154] and so the power plant was torn down in 1929.[155] (Its only remaining vestige is the storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel built in 1931.[151]) A new substation —the world's largest at the time — was built 100 feet (30 m) under the Graybar Building at a cost of $3 million.[149][156] Occupying a four-story space with a footprint of 250 by 50 feet (76 by 15 m)[149][154], it is divided into substation 1T, which provides 16,500 kilowatts (22,100 hp) for third-rail power, and substation 1L, which provides 8,000 kilowatts (11,000 hp) for other lighting and power.[149] A sub-basement, dubbed M42, contains the AC-to-DC converters that supply DC traction current to the tracks.[50] Though sources vary on its exact depth, it is thought to be located 105 to 109 feet (32 to 33 m) below ground,[157] or either 10 or 13 stories deep.[158] The M42 basement was installed in the former boiler void excavated in the bedrock beneath the present-day Grand Central Market and the entrance to the Graybar Building, three levels below the lower Metro-North level.[159] Two of the original rotary converters remain as a historical record. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.[33][160][161] It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.[162] The Abwehr, a German espionage service, sent two spies to sabotage it; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.[33] M42 also included a system to monitor trains in and around the terminal, which was used from 1913 until 1922, when it was supplemented by telegraphs.[50] Carey's Hole Another part of the basement is known as Carey's Hole. The two-story section is directly beneath the Shuttle Passage and adjacent spaces. In 1913, when the terminal opened, J. P. Carey opened a barbershop adjacent to and one level below the terminal's waiting room (now Vanderbilt Hall). Carey's business expanded to include a laundry service, shoe store, and haberdashery. In 1921, Carey also ran a limousine service using Packard cars, and in the 1930s, he added regular car and bus service to the city's airports as they opened. Carey would store his merchandise in an unfinished, underground area of the terminal, which railroad employees and maintenance staff began calling "Carey's Hole". The name has remained even as the space has been used for different purposes, including currently as a lounge and dormitory for railroad employees.[163] Platforms and tracks A diagram of the upper-level tracks and streets above A diagram of the lower-level tracks and streets above c. 1909 layout of the upper-level mainline tracks (top) and lower-level suburban tracks (bottom), showing balloon loops The terminal holds the Guinness World Record for having the most platforms of any railroad station:[164] 28, which support 44 platform numbers. All are island platforms except one side platform.[165] Odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform; even-numbered tracks on the west side. As of 2016, there are 67 tracks, of which 43 are in regular passenger use, serving Metro-North.[166][167] At its opening, the train shed contained 123 tracks, including duplicate track numbers and storage tracks,[167] with a combined length of 19.5 miles (31.4 km).[168] The tracks slope down as they exit the station to the north, to help departing trains accelerate and arriving ones slow down.[169] Because of the size of the rail yards, Park Avenue and its side streets from 43rd Street to 59th Street are raised on viaducts, and the surrounding blocks were covered over by various buildings.[170] At its busiest, the terminal is served by an arriving train every 58 seconds.[56] Track distribution [ vte ] Grand Central track map The upper Metro-North level has 42 numbered tracks. Twenty-nine serve passenger platforms; these are numbered 11 to 42, east to west[168][171] (Tracks 12, 22, and 31 do not currently exist, and appear to have been removed[171]). To their east sits the East Yard: ten storage tracks numbered 1 through 10 from east to west.[171][167] A balloon loop runs from Tracks 38-42 on the far west side of the station, around the other tracks, and back to storage Tracks 1-3 at the far east side of the station;[171] this allows trains to turn around more easily.[172][173] North of the East Yard is the Lex Yard, a secondary storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria Hotel[171] that formerly served the power plant for Grand Central Terminal.[151] Its twelve tracks are numbered 51 through 65 from east to west (track numbers 57, 58, and 62 do not currently exist). Platforms sit between tracks 53 and 54 and between tracks 61 and 63.[171] Track 61 is known for being a private track for United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt; part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria,[162][174] it was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used in 1938 by John J. Pershing, a top U.S. general during World War I.[175] Roosevelt would travel into the city using his personal train, pull into Track 61, and take a specially designed elevator to the surface.[176] It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.[177][178] The upper level also contains 22 more storage sidings.[168][171] The lower Metro-North level has 27 tracks numbered 100 to 126, east to west.[171][167][179] Two were originally intended for mail trains and two were for baggage handling.[29][30] Today, only Tracks 102–112 and 114–115 are used for passenger service. The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle electric multiple units used on commuter lines[180] was removed at an unknown date.[167] Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the East Side Access project.[181] The upper and lower levels have different track layouts, so the upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over 7,000,000 foot-pounds force (9,500,000 J).[182] The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two 100-foot-deep (30 m) double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station.[183] The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of two caverns, and each cavern would contain two tracks and one platform on each level. The LIRR concourse will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels.[184][185] Control center Grand Central Terminal was built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track interlockings around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use.[186][180] As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time.[187] Tower U controlled the interlocking between 48th and 58th Streets; Tower C, the storage spurs; and Tower F, the turning loops. A four-story underground tower at 49th Street housed the largest of the signal towers: Tower A, which handled the upper-level interlockings via 400 levers, and Tower B, which handled the lower-level interlockings with 362 levers.[188][189][190][180][186][191] The towers housed offices for the stationmaster, yardmaster, car-maintenance crew, electrical crew, and track-maintenance crew. There were also break rooms for conductors, train engineers, and engine men.[190][186] After Tower B was destroyed in a fire in 1986,[192] the signal towers were consolidated into a single Operations Control Center, where controllers could monitor the switches by computer. Completed in 1993,[193] the center is operated by a crew of two dozen.[194] Hospital During the terminal's construction, an "accident room" was set up to treat worker injuries in a wrecking car in the terminal's rail yard. Later on, a small hospital was established in the temporary station building on Lexington Avenue to care for injured workers. The arrangement was satisfactory, leading to the creation of a permanent hospital, the Grand Central Emergency Hospital, in Grand Central Terminal in 1911. The hospital was used for every employee injury as well as for passengers. In 1915, it had two physicians who treated a monthly average of 125 new cases per month and 450 dressings.[195] The space had four rooms: Room A (the waiting room), Room B (the operating room), Room C (a private office), and Room D (for resting patients).[196] The hospital was open at least until 1963; a Journal News article that year noted that the hospital treated minor to moderate ailments and was open every day between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.[197] Architecture A large clock and stone sculptural group adorning the building's facade Glory of Commerce, a sculptural group by Jules-Félix Coutan See also: Grand Central Terminal art Grand Central Terminal was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Reed and Stem, which was responsible for the overall design of the terminal,[41] and Warren and Wetmore, which mainly made cosmetic alterations to the exterior and interior.[198][199][200] Grand Central has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade.[201] In 2013, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.[202] The facade is based on an overall exterior design by Whitney Warren.[203] Various elements inside the terminal were designed by French architects and artists Jules-Félix Coutan, Sylvain Salieres, and Paul César Helleu.[200] As proposed in 1904, Grand Central Terminal was bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue to the west, Lexington Avenue to the east, 42nd Street to the south, and 45th Street to the north. It included a post office on its east side.[30] The east side of the station house proper is an alley called Depew Place, which was built along with the Grand Central Depot annex in the 1880s and mostly decommissioned in the 1900s when the new terminal was built.[204][205] Originally slated to measure 680 feet (210 m) along Vanderbilt Avenue by 300 feet (91 m) on 42nd Street, the station house actually measures 800 feet (240 m) long, 300 feet (91 m) wide, and 105 feet (32 m) high.[206][30] The station and its rail yard have steel frames. The building also uses large columns designed to hold the weight of a 20-story office building, which was to be built when additional room was required.[207][208] The facade and structure of the terminal building primarily use granite. Because granite emits radiation,[209] people who work full-time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem/year, more than permitted in nuclear power facilities.[210][211] The base of the exterior is Stony Creek granite, while the upper portion is of Indiana limestone, from Bedford, Indiana.[207] The interiors use several varieties of stone, including imitation Caen stone for the Main Concourse; cream-colored Botticino marble for the interior decorations; and pink Tennessee marble for the floors of the Main Concourse, Biltmore Room,[90] and Vanderbilt Hall,[109] as well as the two staircases in the Main Concourse.[53][41][48] Real Caen stone was judged too expensive, so the builders mixed plaster, sand, lime, and Portland cement.[48] Most of the remaining masonry is made from concrete.[207] Guastavino tiling, a fireproof tile-and-cement vault pattern patented by Rafael Guastavino, is used in various spaces.[32][126] Facade For further information about art on the facade, see Grand Central Terminal art § Facade. The south facade of Grand Central Terminal, as seen from 42nd Street The south facade features a set of three arched windows, with the Glory of Commerce sculpture at the top-center and the Vanderbilt statue at the bottom-center. In designing the facade of Grand Central, the architects wanted to make the building seem like a gateway to the city.[207] The south facade, facing 42nd Street, is the front side of the terminal building, and contains large arched windows.[212] The central window resembles a triumphal arch.[207][213] There are two pairs of columns on either side of the central window. The columns are of the Corinthian order, and are partially attached to the granite walls behind them, though they are detached from one another.[212] The facade was also designed to complement that of the New York Public Library Main Branch, another Beaux-Arts edifice located on nearby Fifth Avenue.[213] The facade includes several large works of art. At the top of the south facade is a 13-foot-high (4.0 m) clock, which contains the world's largest example of Tiffany glass.[214] The clock is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group, a 48-foot-high (15 m) sculpture by Jules-Félix Coutan, which includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury.[203][215] At its unveiling in 1914, the 48-foot-high (15 m) trio was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[215][216][217] Below these works, facing the Park Avenue Viaduct, is an 1869 statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, longtime owner of New York Central. Sculpted by Ernst Plassmann,[218] the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) bronze is the last remnant[219] of a 150-foot bronze relief installed at the Hudson River Railroad depot at St. John's Park;[220] it was moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.[221] Main Concourse ceiling Main article: Grand Central Terminal art § Ceiling Ceiling painted green, with gold-colored constellations across the entire mural Main Concourse ceiling The Main Concourse's ceiling is an elliptical barrel vault, with its base at an elevation of 121.5 feet and its crown at 160.25 feet. There are lunette windows on the north and south sides. A skylight was originally supposed to be installed to provide light into the terminal, and accommodations were made for a large ceiling light, in case an office building were to be constructed over the terminal.[40] The ceiling is elaborately decorated with a celestial mural,[42] conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.[43] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[44] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[45][41] The original ceiling was replaced in the late 1930s. By the 1940s, the ceiling had grown moldy, so in 1944, New York Central covered the mural with boards and painted an imitation mural over these boards.[45][222][41] By the 1980s, the ceiling was obscured by decades of what was thought to be coal and diesel smoke. Spectroscopic examination revealed that it was mostly tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke, as well as asbestos.[45] Starting in September 1996, the ceiling was cleaned and restored to its original design.[222][223] Iconography Frieze displaying the terminal's original logo Many parts of the terminal are adorned with sculpted leaves and nuts of the oak tree (acorns, the symbol of the Vanderbilt family).[109] These decorations were designed by Salieres.[224] Among these decorations is a brass acorn finial atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse.[119][56] Other acorn decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the lunettes in the Main Concourse; metalwork above the elevators; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse.[224] The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the terminal, including in friezes atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses.[225] In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The spur of the letter "G" has a depiction of a railroad spike.[226] The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm Pentagram for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a 24-hour clock, referencing the terminal's completion in 1913. Both logos omit the word "terminal" in its name, in recognition to how most people refer to the building.[227] Influence The stage of Saturday Night Live, set up with musical instruments Stage of Saturday Night Live Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie station, a Metro-North and Amtrak station in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was also designed by Warren and Wetmore and opened in 1918.[228][229] Additionally, Union Station in Utica, New York was partially designed after Grand Central, and the stage of Saturday Night Live was designed after the terminal as well.[230] Related structures Park Avenue Viaduct 1913 illustration showing the viaduct as it approaches and wraps around Grand Central The Park Avenue Viaduct is an elevated road that carries Park Avenue around the terminal building and the MetLife Building and through the Helmsley Building — three buildings that lie across the line of the avenue. The viaduct rises from street level on 40th Street south of Grand Central, splits into eastern (northbound) and western (southbound) legs above the terminal building's main entrance,[4] and continues north around the station building, directly above portions of its main level. The legs of the viaduct pass around the MetLife Building, into the Helmsley Building, and re-emerge at street level on 46th Street. The viaduct was built to facilitate traffic along 42nd Street[231] and along Park Avenue, then New York City's only discontinuous major north-south avenue.[232] When the western leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,[233] it also served as a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers. In 1928, an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added to reduce congestion.[231] A sidewalk, accessible from the Grand Hyatt hotel, runs parallel to 42nd Street.[234] Post office and baggage building Grand Central Terminal has a post office at 450 Lexington Avenue, built from 1906 to 1909.[14][29] The architecture of the original post office building matches that of the terminal, as the structures were designed by the same architects.[235] The post office station expanded into a second building, directly north of the original structure, in 1915.[235][236] From the beginning, Grand Central's post office was designed to handle massive volumes of mail, though it was not as large as the James A. Farley Building, the post office that was built with the original Penn Station.[237] The terminal complex originally included a six-story building for baggage handling just north of the main station building. Departing passengers unloaded their luggage from taxis or personal vehicles on the Park Avenue Viaduct, and elevators brought it to the baggage passageways (now part of Grand Central North), where trucks brought the luggage to the respective platforms. The process was reversed for arriving passengers.[29][238] Biltmore Hotel guests arriving at Grand Central could get baggage delivered to their rooms.[29] The baggage building was later converted to an office building. The structure was demolished in 1961[239][240] to make way for the MetLife Building.[29] Subway station Main article: Grand Central–42nd Street (New York City Subway) People standing around Grand Central's Shuttle Passage Passageway to the subway; the ramp at right leads to street level The terminal's subway station, dubbed Grand Central–42nd Street, serves three lines: the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (serving the 4, ?5, ?6, and <6> trains), the IRT Flushing Line (serving the 7 and <7>? trains), and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle to Times Square.[15] Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT),[241][242] the lines are now operated by the MTA as part of the New York City Subway.[243][244] The Main Concourse is connected to the subway platforms' mezzanine via the Shuttle Passage.[52][243] The platforms can also be reached from the 42nd Street Passage via stairs, escalators, and an elevator to the fare control area for the Lexington Avenue and Flushing Lines.[244] The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the original IRT subway.[241] The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use,[245] run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms.[246] The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915;[247] it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central.[247][242] There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Third Avenue elevated,[242] which stopped at Grand Central starting in 1878;[248] it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.[249] During the terminal's construction, there were proposals to allow commuter trains to pass through Grand Central and continue into the subway tracks, but they were deemed impractical.[242] History Main article: History of Grand Central Terminal Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on the current Grand Central Terminal's site.[250] Predecessors Grand Central Terminal arose from a need to build a central station for the Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad in what is now Midtown Manhattan.[250][251][252] The Harlem Railroad originally ran as a steam railroad on street level along Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue),[253][254][255][256] while the New Haven Railroad ran along the Harlem's tracks in Manhattan per a trackage agreement.[253][254][255] The business magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the Hudson River and New York Central Railroads in 1867, and merged them two years later.[257][255][256] Vanderbilt developed a proposal to unite the three separate railroads at a single central station, replacing the separate and adjacent stations that created chaos in baggage transfer.[250] A train shed with an intricate facade The depot and station's train shed Vanderbilt commissioned John B. Snook to design his new station, dubbed Grand Central Depot, on the site of the 42nd Street depot.[258][259] Snook's final design was in the Second Empire style.[260][254][261] Construction started on September 1, 1869, and the depot was completed by October 1871.[254] Due to frequent accidents between pedestrians and trains running on street level, Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project in 1872.[254] The improvements were completed in 1874, allowing trains approaching Grand Central Depot from the north to descend into the Park Avenue Tunnel at 96th Street and continue underground into the new depot.[254] Traffic at Grand Central Depot grew quickly, filling its 12 tracks to capacity by the mid-1890s, not the late 1890s or early 1900s as expected.[262] In 1885, a seven-track annex with five platforms was added to the east side of the existing terminal.[169][262][263] Postcard of Grand Central Station, c. 1902 Grand Central Station, c. 1902 Grand Central Depot had reached its capacity again by the late 1890s,[264] and it carried 11.5 million passengers a year by 1897.[265] As a result, the railroads renovated the head house extensively based on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert.[266][264] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.[36][37] The new waiting room opened in October 1900.[12] As train traffic increased in the late 1890s and early 1900s, so did the problems of smoke and soot produced by steam locomotives in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the station.[261][267][169][268] This contributed to a crash on January 8, 1902, when a southbound train overran signals in the smoky Park Avenue Tunnel and collided with another southbound train,[269][270][268] killing 15 people and injuring more than 30 others.[271][272][273] Shortly afterward, the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908.[267][270][274][275] William J. Wilgus, the New York Central's vice president, later wrote a letter to New York Central president William H. Newman. Wilgus proposed to electrify and place the tracks to Grand Central in tunnels, as well as constructing a new railway terminal with two levels of tracks and making other infrastructure improvements.[36][276] In March 1903, Wilgus presented a more detailed proposal to the New York Central board.[169][269][277][268] The railroad's board of directors approved the $35 million project in June 1903; ultimately, almost all of Wilgus's proposal would be implemented.[269][277] Replacement Sketch of a large Beaux-Arts building Proposal of the associated architects of Grand Central, 1905 The entire building was to be torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.[36][37] The Grand Central Terminal project was divided into eight phases, though the construction of the terminal itself comprised only two of these phases.[N 4] The current building was intended to compete with the since-demolished Pennsylvania Station, a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival Pennsylvania Railroad by McKim, Mead & White.[279] In 1903, New York Central invited four architecture firms to a design competition to decide who would design the new terminal.[280] Reed and Stem were ultimately selected,[198] as were Warren and Wetmore, who were not part of the original competition.[281][282][198][283][275] Reed and Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore worked on designing the station's Beaux-Arts exterior.[283][284][275] However, the team had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.[282] Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.[281] Wilgus proposed to demolish, excavate, and built the terminal in three sections or "bites",[285] to prevent railroad service from being interrupted during construction.[286] About 3,200,000 cubic yards (2,400,000 m3) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.[287][191][288] The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.[289] Electric trains on the Hudson Line started running to Grand Central on September 30, 1906,[290] and the segments of all three lines running into Grand Central had been electrified by 1907.[288] After the last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910, workers promptly began demolishing the old station.[13] The last remaining tracks from the former Grand Central Station were decommissioned on June 21, 1912.[285] The new terminal was opened on February 2, 1913.[291][292][293] Heyday The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.[294][295][296][297] The development of Terminal City also included the construction of the Park Avenue Viaduct, surrounding the station, in the 1920s.[298][299][300] The new electric service led to increased development in New York City's suburbs, and passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the seven years following the terminal's completion.[301] Passenger traffic grew so rapidly that by 1918, New York Central proposed expanding Grand Central Terminal.[302] In 1923, the Grand Central Art Galleries opened in the terminal. A year after it opened, the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art, which occupied 7,000 square feet (650 m2) on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal.[303][304] The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944,[305] and it moved to the Biltmore Hotel in 1958.[306][307] Decline The MetLife Building, towering above Grand Central The MetLife Building was completed in 1963 above Grand Central Terminal. In 1947, over 65 million people traveled through Grand Central, an all-time high.[191] The station's decline came soon afterward with the beginning of the Jet Age and the construction of the Interstate Highway System. There were multiple proposals to significantly alter the terminal, including several replacing the station building with a skyscraper; none of the plans were carried out.[308] The MetLife Building was ultimately erected behind Grand Central to the north, and opened in 1963.[309] New York Central, facing bankruptcy, merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968, forming the Penn Central Railroad. Based on the Pennsylvania Railroad's demolition and replacement of the original Penn Station in 1963, Penn Central proposed another skyscraper replacing Grand Central Terminal.[310] However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central a city landmark in 1967, and refused to consider the plans.[311][312] The resulting lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the city.[313] After Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970, it retained title to Grand Central Terminal.[314] When Penn Central reorganized as American Premier Underwriters (APU) in 1994, it retained ownership of Penn Central. In turn, APU was absorbed by American Financial Group.[315] A 1968 image of the Main Concourse with large and bright advertisements throughout The Main Concourse in 1968, featuring large advertisements, blackout paint, and a Merrill Lynch office Grand Central and the surrounding neighborhood became dilapidated during the 1970s, and the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge billboard advertisements, which included the Kodak Colorama photos and the Westclox "Big Ben" clock.[75] In 1975, Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels.[316] Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and declared a National Historic Landmark in the following year.[6][317][318] This period was marked by a bombing on September 11, 1976, when a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal and hijacked a plane; the bomb was not disarmed properly, and the explosion wounded over 30 and killed one NYPD bomb squad specialist.[319][320] The final Amtrak train stopped at Grand Central on April 7, 1991, upon the completion of the Empire Connection on Manhattan's West Side. The connection allowed trains using the Empire Corridor from Albany, Toronto, and Montreal to use Penn Station.[321] However, some Amtrak trains would use Grand Central during the summers of 2017 and 2018.[322][323] Renovation and subsequent expansions In 1988, the MTA commissioned a study of the Grand Central Terminal, which concluded that parts of the terminal could be turned into a retail area.[324] The agency announced an $113.8 million renovation of the terminal in 1995.[325] During this renovation, all billboards were removed and the station was restored.[75] The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations.[222][223] The renovations included the construction of the East Stairs, a curved monumental staircase on the east side of the station building that matched the West Stairs.[326] An official re-dedication ceremony was held on October 1, 1998, marking the completion of the interior renovations.[327][328] Hundreds of people gathered in the Main Concourse for a celebratory event Centennial celebration performance, 2013 On February 1, 2013, numerous displays, performances, and events were held to celebrate the terminal's centennial.[329][330] As part of the construction of the One Vanderbilt supertall skyscraper, which started construction in October 2016[331] and is expected to be completed in 2020,[332] underground connections to Grand Central Terminal were being constructed.[331] The MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards and public announcement systems and add security cameras at Grand Central Terminal in December 2017.[69] The MTA also proposed to repair the Grand Central Terminal train shed's concrete and steel as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program.[333] In February 2019, it was announced that the Grand Hyatt New York hotel outside of Grand Central Terminal would be torn down and replaced with a larger mixed-use structure over the next several years.[334][335] A large tunnel under construction East Side Access progress in 2014 The East Side Access project, underway since 2007, is slated to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal when completed. LIRR trains will reach Grand Central from Harold Interlocking in Sunnyside, Queens, via the existing 63rd Street Tunnel and new tunnels under construction on both the Manhattan and Queens sides. LIRR trains will arrive and depart from a bi-level, eight-track tunnel with four platforms more than 90 feet (27 m) below the Metro-North tracks.[28] The project includes a new 350,000-square-foot retail and dining concourse[336] and new entrances at 45th, 46th, and 48th streets.[337] Cost estimates have jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004, to $6.4 billion in 2006, then to $11.1 billion. The new stations and tunnels are to begin service in December 2022.[27][28] Midtown TDR Ventures, LLC, an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures,[338] purchased the station from American Financial in December 2006,[339] and renegotiated the lease with the MTA until 2274.[338] In November 2018, the MTA proposed purchasing the Hudson and Harlem Lines as well as the Grand Central Terminal for up to $35.065 million, discounting all required lease payments to their present value via a discount rate of 6.25% and also including a further $500,000 cash discount by the seller.[314][340] The MTA's finance committee approved the proposed purchase on November 13, 2018, and the full board approved the proposal two days later.[341][342][343] Innovations Passenger improvements A vaulted ceiling by the terminal's ramps Incline between concourses, showing the "whispering gallery" outside the Oyster Bar A cross-cut drawing of Grand Central, showing its rooms, passages, tunnels, and tracks Cutaway drawing, illustrating the use of ramps, express and suburban tracks, and the viaduct Grand Central Terminal offered several innovations in transit-hub design. One was the use of ramps, rather than staircases, to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility. Two ramps connected the lower-level suburban concourse to the main concourse; several more led from the main concourse to entrances on 42nd Street. These ramps allowed all types of travelers to easily move between Grand Central's two underground levels.[32][344][213] There were also 15 passenger elevators and six freight-and-passenger elevators scattered around the station.[213] The separation of commuter and intercity trains, as well as incoming and outgoing trains, ensured that most passengers on a given ramp would be traveling in the same direction.[207] At its opening in 1913, the terminal was theoretically able to accommodate 100 million passengers a year.[188] The Park Avenue Viaduct, which wrapped around the terminal, allowed Park Avenue traffic to bypass the building without being diverted onto nearby streets,[231] and reconnected the only north-south avenue in midtown Manhattan that had an interruption in it.[232] The station building was also designed to accommodate reconnecting both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse, if the City of New York had demanded it.[36][37] Designers of the new terminal tried to make it as comfortable as possible. Amenities included an oak-floored waiting room for women, attended to by maids; a shoeshine room, also for women; a room with telephones; a beauty salon with gender-separated portions; a dressing room, with maids available for a fee; and a men's barbershop for men, containing a public portion with barbers from many cultures, as well as a rentable private portion.[293][36][37] Initially, Grand Central was to have had two concourses, one on each level. The "outbound" concourse would have a 15,000-person capacity while the "inbound" concourse would have an 8,000-person capacity. A waiting room adjoining each concourse could fit another 5,000 people.[206] Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist-friendly space where "[t]imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen, or imposed upon by hotel runners, chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms"; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures, where "special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers"; and a general tourist attraction "where one delights to loiter, admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines—a poem in stone".[36][37] The waiting room by the Main Concourse, now Vanderbilt Hall, also had an advantage over many, including Penn Station's: Grand Central's waiting room was a tranquil place to wait, with all ticket booths, information desks, baggage areas, and meeting areas instead removed to the Main Concourse.[345] Every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time. The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down. According to The Atlantic, Grand Central Terminal has the lowest rate of slips, trips, and falls on its marble floors, compared to all other stations in the U.S. with similar flooring.[346] All of the terminal's light fixtures are bare light bulbs. At the time of the terminal's construction, electricity was still a relatively new invention, and the inclusion of electric light bulbs showcased this innovation.[46][56] In 2009, the incandescent light bulbs were replaced with energy- and money-saving fluorescent lamp fixtures.[47] When Grand Central Terminal opened, it hired two types of porters, marked with different-colored caps, to assist passengers.[347] Porters with red caps served as bellhops, rolling luggage around Grand Central Terminal, and were rarely paid tips.[347][348] There were more than five hundred red-capped porters at one point.[347] Porters with green caps, a position introduced in 1922,[349] provided information services, sending out or receiving telegrams or phone messages for a fee.[347][350][351] They later started dropping off and picking up packages as well. There were only twelve green-capped porters, as well as two messengers who brought messages to an exchange on the west side of the terminal.[347] Track improvements Grand Central Terminal was built to handle 200 trains per hour, though actual traffic never came close to that.[191] It had 46 tracks and 30 platforms, more than twice Penn Station's 21 tracks and 11 platforms.[36][37][208] Its 70-acre (28 ha) rail yard could hold 1,149 cars, far more than the 366 in its predecessor station, and it dwarfed Penn Station's 28-acre (11 ha) yard.[191] As constructed, the upper level was for intercity trains, and the lower level for commuter trains. This allowed commuter and intercity passengers to board and get off trains without interfering with each other.[29][30] Balloon loops surrounding the station eliminated the need for complicated switching moves to bring the trains to the coach yards for service.[30][173][352][353] At the time, passenger cars did not run on their own power, but were pulled by locomotives, and it was believed dangerous to perform locomotive shunting moves underground. Trains would drop passengers off at one side of the station, perhaps be stored or serviced in the rail yard, then use the turning loops and pick up passengers on the other side.[353] The loops extended under Vanderbilt Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east.[354] Terminal City The Beaux-Arts skyscraper in front of the more modern MetLife Building The Helmsley Building, in front of the MetLife Building Burying electric trains underground brought an additional advantage to the railroads: the ability to sell above-ground air rights over the tracks and platforms for real-estate development.[294][295] The construction of Grand Central had resulted in the creation of several blocks worth of prime real estate in Manhattan, stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues.[294][295] William Wilgus saw the air rights above Grand Central's rail yards as merely a means to fund the terminal's construction. Reed & Stem originally proposed a "Court of Honor" for this space, while other proposals included a new Metropolitan Opera House, a Madison Square Garden, or a National Academy of Design building.[355] Instead, the area was developed into a commercial office district.[294][295] One early proposed name for this area was "Pershing Square", a name that was ultimately applied to the southern side of Grand Central Terminal.[356] The blocks on the north side of the terminal were later dubbed "Terminal City" or the "Grand Central Zone".[294][295][296] In conjunction with this project, the segment of Park Avenue above Grand Central's rail yards received a landscaped median and was widened to 140 feet (43 m).[357][358] The New York State Realty and Terminal Company was founded in 1903 as a derivative of the New York Central Railroad that would oversee construction above Grand Central's rail yards.[359] The New Haven Railroad joined the venture later on.[360] Even the announcement of Grand Central's construction resulted in an increase in the values of nearby properties by 1906.[361] By the time the terminal opened in in 1913, the blocks surrounding it were each valued at $2 million to $3 million.[188] Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district. Land values along Park Avenue subsequently increased by 200%, and land values in the Terminal City area increased 244%, from 1904 to 1926.[362] The Realty and Terminal Company typically either constructed the structures and rented them out, or sold the air rights to private developers who would construct their own buildings.[360] The first building in Terminal City was the new Grand Central Palace, which opened in 1911 and replaced a predecessor building of the same name.[363][364][362] The district came to include the Chrysler Building and other prestigious office buildings; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; an array of high-end hotels that included the Commodore, Biltmore, Roosevelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Lane, and Waldorf Astoria;[297][362] the Grand Central Palace; and the Yale Club of New York City.[207][362] The structures immediately around Grand Central Terminal had been developed shortly after the terminal's opening, while the structures along Park Avenue were constructed through the 1920s and 1930s.[360] These structures were designed in the neoclassical style, complementing the terminal's architecture.[355] Although Warren and Whitmore designed most of these buildings, it also monitored other architects' plans (such as those of James Gamble Rogers, who designed the Yale Club) to ensure that the style of the new buildings was compatible with that of Terminal City.[365] In general, the site plan of Terminal City was derived from the City Beautiful movement, which encouraged aesthetic harmony between adjacent buildings. The consistency of the architectural styles, as well as the vast funding provided by investment bankers, contributed to Terminal City's success.[359] The Graybar Building, completed in 1927, was one of the last projects of Terminal City. The building incorporates many of Grand Central's train platforms, as well as the Graybar Passage, a hallway with vendors and train gates stretching from the terminal to Lexington Avenue.[366] In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building, now called the Helmsley Building, which straddled Park Avenue north of the terminal.[367] Development slowed drastically during the Great Depression,[362] and part of Terminal City was gradually razed or reconstructed with steel-and-glass designs after World War II.[297][368] In particular, many of the low-rise residential structures on Park Avenue were replaced with International Style skyscrapers during the 1950s and 1960s, many of which were zoned for commercial use.[369] Some residential buildings from the era still exist along Lexington Avenue.[297] Remnants of the neoclassical design can also be seen in the Yale Club and Roosevelt Hotel on Vanderbilt Avenue.[355] The area shares similar boundaries as the Grand Central Business Improvement District, a neighborhood with businesses collectively funding improvements and maintenance in the area. The district is well-funded; in 1990 it had the largest budget of any business improvement district in the United States.[370] The district's organization and operation is run by the Grand Central Partnership, which has given free tours of the station building.[371][372] The partnership has also funded some restoration projects around the terminal, including installation of lamps to illuminate its facade, purchase of a streetlamp that used to stand on the Park Avenue Viaduct.[373] Emergency services Three parked MTA Police vehicles MTA Police Department use special vehicles in the terminal The terminal is served by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department, stationed in the Dining Concourse level.[52] Various actions by MTA officers in the terminal have received media attention over the years. In 1988, seven officers were suspended for behaving inappropriately, including harassing a homeless man and patrolling unclothed.[374] In the early 2000s, officers arrested two transgender people — Dean Spade in 2002 and Helena Stone in 2006 — who were attempting to use restrooms aligning with their gender identities. Lawsuits forced the MTA to drop the charges and to thenceforth allow use of restrooms according to gender identity.[375][376] In 2017, an officer assaulted and arrested a conductor who was removing a passenger from a train in the terminal.[377] Fire and medical emergency services are provided by the Grand Central Fire Brigade, a volunteer entity formed in 1987. One of six such units in the Metro-North system, the brigade is made up of Metro-North employees, most of which are blue-collar workers: plumbers, electricians, machinists, and custodians. Every member is a volunteer, except for the fire chief. All receive at least 150 hours of training; EMS-certified members get an additional 170 hours every three years. The brigade handles an average of two emergencies a day, mostly medical in nature. The brigade regularly trains the NYPD, FDNY, and MTA Police to navigate the terminal and its miles of tunnels, and trains other Metro-North employees in first aid and CPR. It also conducts fire drills and stations fire guards for special events in the terminal.[378][379] The brigade's fleet, stored in a bay next to Track 14, includes three electric carts equipped with sirens and red lights: a white-painted ambulance no wider than a hospital bed that carries a stretcher, oxygen tanks, defibrillators, and other medical equipment; a red pumper that carries 200 gallons of water and 300 feet of fire hose; and a red rescue truck with air packs, forcible entry tools, and turnout gear.[378][379][380] Art installations and performances Main article: Grand Central Terminal art Among the permanent works of public art in Grand Central are the celestial ceiling in the Main Concourse,[381][382] the Glory of Commerce work, the statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt in front of the building's south facade,[383][384] and the two cast-iron eagle statues adorning the terminal's facades.[385] Temporary works, exhibitions, and events are regularly mounted in Vanderbilt Hall,[386] while the Dining Concourse features temporary exhibits in a series of lightboxes.[387] The terminal is also known for its performance and installation art,[388][389] including flash mobs and other spontaneous events.[390] In popular culture Grand Central Terminal has been the subject, inspiration, or location for literature, television and radio episodes, and films.[391][37] Film and television Platform at Track 34, commonly used in films Many film and television productions have included scenes shot in the terminal. Kyle McCarthy, who handles production at Grand Central, said, "Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places. Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes, the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic."[392] Especially during World War II, Grand Central has been a backdrop for romantic reunions between couples. After the terminal declined in the 1950s, it was more frequently used as a dark, dangerous place, even a metaphor for chaos and disorientation,[391] featuring chase scenes, shootouts, homeless people, and the mentally ill. In the 1990 film The Freshman, for example, Matthew Broderick's character stumbles over an unconscious man and watches fearfully as petty crimes take place around him.[393] Almost every scene in the terminal's train shed was shot on Track 34, one of the few platforms without columns.[394][56] The first filmed scene in which Grand Central Terminal appears may be the 1909 short comedy Mr. Jones Has a Card Party.[395] The terminal's first cinematic appearance was in the 1930 musical film Puttin' On the Ritz,[394] and its first Technicolor appearance was in the 1953 film The Band Wagon.[56] Some films from the 20th century, including Grand Central Murder, The Thin Man Goes Home, Hello, Dolly!, and Beneath the Planet of the Apes used reconstructions of Grand Central, built in Hollywood, to stand in for the terminal.[391][396] Additionally, the terminal was drawn and animated for use in the 2005 animated film Madagascar.[397] Other films in which the terminal appears include:[37][391][395][397] Twentieth Century (1934) Spellbound (1945) Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950) North by Northwest (1959) Seconds (1966) The Out-of-Towners (1970) The French Connection (1971) Necrology (1971) A Stranger Is Watching (1982) The Cotton Club (1984) The House on Carroll Street (1988) The Fisher King (1991) The Prince of Tides (1991) Carlito's Way (1993) One Fine Day (1996) The Ice Storm (1997) Armageddon (1998) Men in Black II (2002) I Am Legend (2007) Revolutionary Road (2008) Arthur (2011) Friends with Benefits (2011) The Avengers (2012) The Commuter (2018) On October 19, 2017, several of these films were screened in the terminal for an event created by the MTA, Rooftop Films, and the Museum of the Moving Image and featuring a cinematic history lecture by architect and author James Sanders.[398] A television show in which Grand Central is depicted is Saturday Night Live, where a soundstage reconstruction of the terminal is shown.[395] Other Wikisource has the full text for: Report on Grand Central Terminal Literature featuring the terminal includes Report on Grand Central Terminal, written in 1948 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard; The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger; Grand Central Murder by Sue MacVeigh, which was made into the eponymous film in 1942; A Stranger Is Watching by Mary Higgins Clark;[395] and the 1946 children's classic The Taxi That Hurried by Lucy Sprague Mitchell.[37] The infrastructure in Grand Central inspired the novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret, and in turn, the film Hugo.[399] The terminal gave its name to the radio series Grand Central Station, an NBC drama filmed at the terminal from 1937 to 1953.[395] Among the video games that feature the terminal are Spider-Man: The Movie and True Crime: New York City.[252] See also icon Architecture portal flag New York City portal National Register of Historic Places portal icon Trains portal Architecture of New York City Transportation in New York City List of busiest railway stations in North America References Explanatory notes Grand Central Terminal meets Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements, though it is not classified as a Full Access station; it does not comply with all requirements of the ADA.[1] A railroad "terminal" such as Grand Central Terminal, the former Reading Terminal in Philadelphia, and the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal is a facility at the end of a rail line, which trains enter and depart in the same direction. A railroad station, such as Pennsylvania Station on the West Side, 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, and Union Station in Washington, D.C., is a facility along one or more contiguous rail lines, which trains can enter and depart in different directions.[11] Several of the hall's benches were moved to a smaller waiting room in the Station Master's Office. In 2018, two of the benches were sent on a long-term loan to Springfield, Massachusetts's Union Station.[104] The projects included:[278] excavation of Grand Central Yard construction of Grand Central's station building electrification of the Harlem, Hudson, and New Haven divisions lowering the Port Morris Branch tracks in the Bronx building tunnels along the Hudson Division around the Harlem River Ship Canal in Marble Hill, Manhattan (ultimately never built, as the Harlem River Ship Canal was relocated) eliminating grade crossings adding tracks on the Harlem and New Haven divisions Citations "Grand Central Terminal". 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Engineers Hail Work. HUGE POWER PLANT 100 FEET UNDER CITY Vault Carved in Rock. Apparatus Weighs 850 Tons. Air Cleaned Before Use". The New York Times. February 16, 1930. Retrieved December 26, 2018. Sources that mention the 109-foot figure include: Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 12, 2017). "Man and Machine, Both Beautiful, Meet at Grand Central". City Room. Retrieved February 10, 2019. Taylor, Ross (March 3, 2008). "A GRAND PLACE". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved February 10, 2019. A figure of 105 feet is also given by Solis 2005, p. 118. At least two sources give a figure of nine flights or 13 stories: Heidenry, Margaret (December 7, 2015). "'In 24 Hours': Track 61 and Grand Central's M42". CNN Travel. Retrieved February 10, 2019. Reynolds, Emma (June 6, 2018). "Dark world under New York streets". NewsComAu. Retrieved February 10, 2019. The 10-story figure is mentioned by: "9 Secret Spaces Hidden Under Our Cities". Interesting Engineering. December 5, 2017. 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Interesting America. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 136 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 138 Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 4 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 63 Green, Richard E. (2009). Metro-North Railroad Track Map (Map). § Grand Central Terminal. Samson, Peter R. (2004). GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, Upper Level (PDF). Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 5 Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 67 "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Retrieved November 18, 2009. "The secret below Grand Central Station". BBC News. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Joseph Brennan (2002). "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Retrieved May 2, 2014. Forrest Wickman (May 1, 2014). "Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider-Man Real? Explained". Slate. Samson, Peter R. (2004). GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, Lower Level (PDF). Engineering News-record (in Dutch). McGraw-Hill. 1920. p. 501. Retrieved January 6, 2019. 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ASCE Metropolitan Section. January 8, 1902. Retrieved December 11, 2018. Boorstin, Robert O. (September 23, 1986). "Grand Central Blaze Damage to Mean Delays Till Weekend". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 147 Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 25, 2009). "The Zoo That Is Grand Central, at Full Gallop". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2019. "Developments at the Grand Central Terminal in New York". Railway Review. 57 (8): 231. August 21, 1915. "Grand Central Emergency Hospital". Railroad Men. 25 (9): 268–9. June 1912. Retrieved February 9, 2019. "Grand Central Terminal Builds Legend During its 50 Years". The Journal News. November 13, 1963. p. 21. Retrieved February 9, 2019 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Belle & Leighton 2000, pp. 49–50 Schlichting 2001, pp. 118–120 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 66 Dunlap, David W. (March 5, 2014). "At Trade Center Transit Hub, Vision Gives Way to Reality". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2018. Cannadine, David (February 8, 2013). "A Point of View: Grand Central, the world's loveliest station". BBC News. Retrieved February 8, 2013. Schlichting 2001, p. 124 National Reporter System; New York (State). Court of Appeals; West Publishing Company; New York (State). Supreme Court (1907). The New York Supplement. 2 years transportation progress. West Publishing Company. p. 747. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 98 "WONDERS GROW NEAR NEW GRAND CENTRAL; Work Will Cost $180,000,000 and a New Park Avenue Will Rise to the North" (PDF). The New York Times. June 26, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2018. Grand Central Terminal of the New York Central Lines. New York Central Lines. c. 1912. Retrieved December 12, 2018. Schlichting 2001, pp. 126–127 "Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects". World Nuclear Association. December 2013. 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Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862. Retrieved December 19, 2018. Gray, Christopher (2006-03-19). "The Curious Travels of the Commodore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-22. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 6 "Grand Central Terminal to Have Vanderbilt Statue". The New York Times. February 24, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 15, 2018. Lueck, Thomas J. (September 20, 1996). "Work Starts 100 Feet Above Grand Central Commuters". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2018. "Grandeur!". New York Daily News. February 16, 1997. p. 698. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 93 Pollak, Michael (February 13, 2015). "What Happened to the Big Armchairs in Grand Central Terminal?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2018. "Iconic Grand Central Terminal Unveils New Iconic Mark". 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(2007). Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862. Retrieved February 1, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 111 "ELECTRIC MARVELS IN NEW POST OFFICE; Belts, Lifts, and Chutes Do All but the Thinking in Building That Opens Today. COVERS N.Y. CENTRAL YARD Built to Handle 800,000 Pounds of Mail a Day ;- Room for 33 Cars of Sacks at Once". The New York Times. August 15, 1915. Retrieved December 28, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 181 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 128 Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 6 Lee, Henry (October 16, 1960). "Grand Old Central Sprouts a Skyscraper". New York Daily News. pp. 52, 53 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read "Our Subway Open, 150,000 Try It" (PDF). New York Times. October 28, 1904. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 100 "Neighborhood Map: Grand Central-42 St (S)" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 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August 26, 1878. Retrieved December 28, 2018. "42D ST. ELEVATED STOPS.; Service on Spur to Grand Central Discontinued Last Midnight". The New York Times. December 7, 1923. Retrieved December 28, 2018. Gray, Christopher (June 21, 1998). "Grand Central Terminal; How a Rail Complex Chugged Into the 20th Century". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 2 Langmead 2009, p. 167 Schlichting 2001, pp. 8–9 Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 3 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 2 Langmead 2009, p. 168 Mid-Harlem Line Third Track Project, Section 4(f) Report: Environmental Impact Statement. Mid-Harlem Line Third Track Project, Section 4(f) Report: Environmental Impact Statement. 2000. p. 8.5. Retrieved December 6, 2018. White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot & Leadon, Fran (2010), AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 313, ISBN 9780195383867 Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 34 Langmead, D. (2009). 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They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years until 1981, and then moved to 24 West 57th Street, and ceased operations by 1994."A Finding Aid to the Grand Central Art Galleries records, 1931-1968, bulk circa 1952-circa 1965". Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. November 14, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018. Langmead 2009, p. 177 "PAN AM BUILDING DEDICATED IN N.Y.; 100 Million Structure, 59 Stories Tall, City's Biggest Other Speakers at Event". The New York Times. March 8, 1963. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Fowler, Glenn (February 24, 1968). "BREUER TO DESIGN TERMINAL TOWER; Engaged by Briton for a 2d Project Over Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Shipler, David K. (August 27, 1969). "Landmarks Panel Bars Office Tower Over Grand Central; Landmarks Panel Bars Tower on Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978) Penn Central Transp. Co. v. 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"The Curious Travels of the Commodore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 15, 2018. Ortiz, Brennan (February 24, 2014). "Where Are the Cast-Iron Eagles of the Original Grand Central Terminal?". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 6, 2018. See, for example: Yarrow, Andrew L. (October 9, 1987). "Adventurous Performers In Unexpected Places". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Miller, Andrea (September 1, 2013). "Steel, Roses & Slave Ships". Lion's Roar. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Yablonsky, Linda (June 27, 2004). "ART; The Carpet That Ate Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018. "Watch Out for the Horses on Your Way to the Train". The New York Times. March 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2018. "MTA | news | MTA Arts for Transit Unveils New Papercut Exhibition at Grand Central". Mta.info. September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Opie, Catherine. "Xin Song's Paper Architecture at Grand Central Station". Installationmag.com. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Song, Xin. "Thomas Witte is Cutting Shadows in Grand Central Station". Installationmag.com. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Trebay, Guy (February 14, 2011). "Moncler Grenoble Show Takes Over Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018. "Grand Central Terminal's Ten Greatest Moments on Film". The Bowery Boys: New York City History. February 21, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018. "Industry Star of the Month". Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting. October 1, 2005. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Dunlap, David W. (July 5, 2017). "In a 'Summer of Hell,' Grand Central May Be a Bit of Heaven". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2018. Chaudhury, Nadia (January 27, 2013). "12 things you didn't know about Grand Central Terminal". Time Out New York. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Langmead 2009, pp. 165–166 Winogura, Dale (1972). "Dialogues on Apes, Apes, and More Apes" (PDF). Cinefantastique: Planet of the Apes Issue: 37. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Rosen, Neil. "The Grand Central Terminal in the Movies". NY1. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Weaver, Shaye (October 11, 2017). "Grand Central Terminal transforming into cinema for one day only". AM New York. Retrieved December 6, 2018. "Exploring Grand Central's Secrets, With the Author of Hugo Cabret - New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2019. General references Belle, John; Leighton, Maxinne Rhea (2000). Grand Central: Gateway to a Million Lives. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04765-3. Bilotto, Gregory; DiLorenzo, Frank (2017). Building Grand Central Terminal. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-6051-5. Fitch, James Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance. Albany, New York: The Division. "Grand Central Terminal" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 2, 1967. "Grand Central Terminal Interior" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 23, 1980. Langmead, Donald (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood Icons. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Roberts, Sam (January 22, 2013). Grand Central: How a Train Station Transformed America. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-2595-9. Robins, A.W.; New York Transit Museum (2013). Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark. ABRAMS. ISBN 978-1-61312-387-4. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Schlichting, Kurt C. (2001). Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6510-7. Further reading Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide. US History Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. Fried, Frederick; Gillon, Edmund Vincent Jr. (1976). New York Civic Sculpture: A Pictorial Guide. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23258-4. Middleton, William D. (1999). Grand Central, the World's Greatest Railway Terminal. San Marino: Golden West Books. OCLC 49014602. O'Hara, Frank; Allen, Donald (1995). The Collected Poems of Frank O'Hara. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-20166-8. Reed, Henry Hope; Gillon, Edmund Vincent Jr. (1988). Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25698-6. Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0511-2. External links External video "Every Detail of Grand Central Terminal Explained" on YouTube, Architectural Digest, 2018 "Train Station Tour: Grand Central Terminal" on YouTube, The Transport Net, 2016 "Grand Central Terminal LED Stars" on YouTube, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2010 Media related to Grand Central Terminal at Wikimedia Commons Official website Edit this at Wikidata Station listing vte Grand Central Terminal Links to related articles Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4440613-7 VIAF: 229136055 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 229136055 Coordinates: 40°45'10.127?N 73°58'37.974?W Categories: Grand Central Terminal1871 establishments in New York (state)42nd Street (Manhattan)Beaux-Arts architecture in New York CityFormer Amtrak stations in New York (state)Metro-North Railroad stations in New York CityMidtown ManhattanNational Historic Landmarks in ManhattanPark AvenueProposed Long Island Rail Road stationsRailroad-related National Historic LandmarksRailroad terminals in New York CityRailway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in ManhattanRailway stations in ManhattanRailway stations located underground in New York (state)Railway stations opened in 1871Railway stations in the United States opened in 1913Reed and Stem buildingsFormer New York Central Railroad stationsStations along New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad linesTourist attractions in ManhattanUnion stations in the United StatesWarren and Wetmore buildings Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages ? 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Grand Central Terminal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Grand Central Station" redirects here. For other uses, see Grand Central Station (disambiguation). Grand Central Terminal Logo of Grand Central Terminal, with interlocking letters "G", "C", and "T" Metro-North Railroad terminal Exterior of the terminal building Train shed platform and tracks Central Main Concourse clock Main Concourse, facing east Clockwise from top left: 42nd Street facade; underground train shed and tracks; Main Concourse; iconic clock atop the information booth Location 89 East 42nd Street at Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Owned by NYC & Hudson River Railroad (1913–1914) New York Central (1914–1968) Penn Central (1968–1994) American Premier Underwriters (1994–2006) Midtown Trackage Ventures (2006–present) Operated by NYC & Hudson River Railroad (1913–1914) New York Central (1914–1968) New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (1913–1968) Penn Central (1968–1976) Amtrak (1971–1991) Conrail (1976–1983) Metro-North Railroad (1983–present) Line(s) Park Avenue main line Platforms 44: 43 island platforms, 1 side platform (6 tracks with Spanish solution) Tracks 67: 56 passenger tracks (30 on upper level, 26 on lower level) 43 in use for passenger service 11 sidings Connections MTA New York City Subway: "4" train ?"5" train ?"6" train "6" express train? "7" train "7" express train?? 42nd Street Shuttle trains at Grand Central–42nd Street Bus transport NYCT Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M42, M101, M102, M103, Q32 NYCT Bus, MTA Bus, Academy Bus: express services Construction Platform levels 2 Disabled access Accessible[N 1] Other information Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata Key dates Construction 1903–1913 Opened February 2, 1913 Traffic Passengers (FY 2017) 66,952,732 Annually, based on weekly estimate[2] (Metro-North) Services Preceding station MTA NYC logo.svg Metro-North Railroad Following station Terminus Harlem Line Harlem–125th Street toward Wassaic Hudson Line Harlem–125th Street toward Poughkeepsie New Haven Line Harlem–125th Street toward New Haven State Street Former / future services Grand Central Terminal U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map highlighting Grand Central Terminal Architect Reed and Stem; Warren and Wetmore Architectural style Beaux-Arts NRHP reference # 75001206 83001726 (increase) Significant dates Added to NRHP January 17, 1975 August 11, 1983 (increase)[5] Designated NHL December 8, 1976[6] Designated NYCL August 2, 1967[3] Designated NYCL September 23, 1980 (interior)[4] Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus of the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem, Hudson and New Haven Lines, serving the northern parts of the New York metropolitan area. It also contains a connection to the New York City Subway at Grand Central–42nd Street. The terminal is the third-busiest train station in North America, after Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station. The distinctive architecture and interior design of Grand Central Terminal's station house have earned it several landmark designations, including as a National Historic Landmark. Its Beaux-Arts design incorporates numerous works of art. Grand Central Terminal is one of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions,[7] with 21.9 million visitors in 2013, excluding train and subway passengers.[8] The terminal's main concourse is often used as a meeting place, and is especially featured in films and television. Grand Central Terminal contains a variety of stores and food vendors, including a food court on its lower-level concourse. Grand Central Terminal was built by and named for the New York Central Railroad; it also served the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and, later, successors to the New York Central. Opened in 1913, the terminal was built on the site of two similarly named predecessor stations, the first of which dates to 1871. Grand Central Terminal served intercity trains until 1991, when Amtrak began routing its trains through nearby Penn Station. The East Side Access project, which will bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal, is expected to be completed in late 2022. Grand Central covers 48 acres (19 ha) and has 44 platforms, more than any other railroad station in the world. Its platforms, all below ground, serve 30 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower. Currently, 43 tracks are in use for passenger service; two dozen more serve as a rail yard and sidings. Another eight tracks and four platforms are being built on two new levels deep underneath the existing station as part of East Side Access. Unlike most stations in the Metro-North system, Grand Central Terminal is owned by Midtown Trackage Ventures, a private company, rather than by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), which operates Metro-North and most of its stations, including Grand Central. Contents 1 Name 2 Services 3 Interior 4 Architecture 5 Related structures 6 History 7 Innovations 8 Emergency services 9 Art installations and performances 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Name Grand Central Terminal was named by and for the New York Central Railroad, which built the station and its two precursors on the site. It has "always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station", the name of its immediate precursor[9][10][N 2] that operated from 1900[12] until 1910[13] and which also shares its name with the nearby U.S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue[14] and, colloquially, with the Grand Central–42nd Street subway station next to the terminal.[15] Services Commuter rail Grand Central Terminal serves some 67 million passengers a year, more than any other Metro-North station.[2][16] At morning rush hour, a train arrives at the terminal every 58 seconds.[17] Three of Metro-North's five main lines terminate at Grand Central:[18] Harlem Line to Wassaic, New York Hudson Line to Poughkeepsie, New York (Amtrak connection to Albany) New Haven Line to New Haven, Connecticut (Amtrak connection to Hartford, Springfield, Boston; Shore Line East to New London) New Canaan Branch to New Canaan, Connecticut Danbury Branch to Danbury, Connecticut Waterbury Branch to Waterbury, Connecticut Through these lines, the terminal serves Metro-North commuters traveling to and from the Bronx in New York City; Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York; and Fairfield and New Haven counties in Connecticut.[18] Connecting services The New York City Subway's adjacent Grand Central–42nd Street station serves these routes:[19] 4, ?5, ?6, and <6> trains (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), situated diagonally under the Pershing Square Building, 42nd Street, and Grand Hyatt New York 7 and <7>? trains (IRT Flushing Line), under 42nd Street between Park Avenue and west of Third Avenue S train (42nd Street Shuttle), under 42nd Street between Madison Avenue and Vanderbilt Avenue These MTA Regional Bus Operations buses stop near Grand Central:[1][20] NYCT Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4 and Q32 local buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound) X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM6, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM11, SIM22, SIM25, SIM26, SIM30, SIM31 and SIM33C express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM25, SIM31 and SIM33C express buses at Fifth Avenue (southbound) M42 local bus at 42nd Street M101, M102 and M103 local buses at Third Avenue (northbound) and Lexington Avenue (southbound) X27, X28, X63, X64 and X68 express buses at Third Avenue (northbound) SIM6, SIM11, SIM22 and SIM26 express buses at Lexington Avenue (southbound) MTA Bus: BxM3, BxM4, BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10, BxM18, BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4 and BM5 express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound) BxM1 express bus at Lexington Avenue (southbound) BxM1, QM21, QM31, QM32, QM34, QM35, QM36, QM40, QM42 and QM44 express buses at Third Avenue (northbound) Academy Bus: SIM23 and SIM24 express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound) Former services The terminal and its predecessors were designed for intercity service, which operated from the first station building's completion in 1871 until Amtrak ceased operations in the terminal in 1991. Through transfers, passengers could connect to all major lines in the United States, including the Canadian, the Empire Builder, the San Francisco Zephyr, the Southwest Limited, the Crescent, and the Sunset Limited under Amtrak. Destinations included San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, New Orleans, Chicago, and Montreal.[21] Another notable former train was New York Central's 20th Century Limited, a luxury service that operated to Chicago's LaSalle Street Station between 1902 and 1967 and was among the most famous trains of its time.[22][23] Planned services Main article: East Side Access The Metropolitan Transportation Authority plans to bring Long Island Rail Road commuter trains to Grand Central as part of its East Side Access project.[24] The project will connect the terminal to the railroad's Main Line,[25] which connects to all of the LIRR's branches and almost all of its stations.[26] As of 2018, service is expected to begin in late 2022.[27][28] Interior The original proposal for Grand Central Terminal, devised by New York Central vice president William J. Wilgus, contained two passenger levels: the upper level for intercity trains and the lower level for commuter trains. The present Main Concourse was used by departing intercity passengers, while the present Dining Concourse below it was used by commuters.[29][30] This allowed for the segregation of intercity and commuter-rail passengers, but with the cessation of intercity service, this separation is no longer in use.[29] The original plan for Grand Central's interior was designed by Reed and Stem, with some work by Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore.[31][32] Grand Central Terminal's 48-acre (19 ha) basements are among the largest in the city.[33] Main Concourse Midday pedestrian traffic in the Main Concourse Two of the concourse's ten chandeliers lowered for cleaning, 2013 The Main Concourse, originally known as the Express Concourse, is located on the upper platform level of Grand Central, in the geographical center of the station building. Usually filled with bustling crowds and often used as a meeting place,[34] the cavernous concourse measures 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide (about 35,000 square feet total[35]) by 125 ft (38 m) high.[36][37][38]:74 Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.[31] The Main Concourse contains an elliptical barrel-vaulted ceiling. Original plans called for the ceiling to contain a skylight, but this was not practical.[39] Instead, the ceiling contains an elaborately decorated mural of constellations.[40][41][42] The celestial mural was conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.[43] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[44] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[45][41] Suspended from other portions of the ceiling are ten globe-shaped chandeliers in the Beaux-Arts style, each of which weighs 800 pounds (360 kg)[46] and contains 110 bulbs.[47] The concourse is lit by these chandeliers and by large windows in its east and west walls.[48] Each wall has three round-arched windows, about 60 feet (18 m) high,[41] identical in size and shape to the three on the terminal's south facade.[4] Catwalks, used mostly for maintenance, run across the east and west windows.[49][50] Their floors are made of semi-transparent rock crystal, cut two inches thick.[51] The ticket booths are located in the Main Concourse, although many have been closed or repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines. The concourse's large American flag was installed there a few days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.[34][11] The upper-level tracks are reached from the Main Concourse or from various hallways and passages branching off from it.[52] The Main Concourse is surrounded on most of its sides by balconies. The east side is occupied by an Apple Store, while the west side is occupied by the Italian restaurant Cipriani Dolci (part of Cipriani S.A.), the Campbell Palm Court, and the Campbell Bar, a former financier's office-turned-bar.[52] The balconies may be reached by the concourse's West Stairs, original to the station, or the matching East Stairs, added during a 1990s renovation.[41][53] Underneath the east and west balconies are entrances to Grand Central's passageways, with shops and ticket machines along the walls. This area also features two intricately carved marble water fountains. The fountains, original to the terminal, still operate and are cleaned daily, though they are rarely used.[54] Information booth and clock The Main Concourse's round information booth The Dining Concourse's octagonal stone information booth The Main Concourse information booth (left) and the Dining Concourse information booth (right). The two are connected by a spiral staircase. The 18-sided main information booth — originally the "information bureau" — is in the center of the concourse. Its attendants provide train schedules and other information to the public;[55] in 2015, they fielded more than 1,000 questions an hour, according to an MTA spokesman.[56] A door within the marble and brass pagoda conceals a spiral staircase down to a similar booth on the station's Dining Concourse.[57][58][56] The booth is topped by a four-faced brass clock that may be Grand Central's most recognizable icon.[48] The clock was designed by Henry Edward Bedford, cast in Waterbury, Connecticut,[34] and designed by the Self Winding Clock Company and built by the Seth Thomas Clock Company, along with several other clocks in the terminal.[59][11] Each 24-inch (61 cm) face[57] is made from opalescent glass, now often called opal glass or milk glass. (Urban legend says the faces are actually opal, valued by Sotheby's or Christie's between $10 million and $20 million.[50]) The clock was first stopped for repairs in 1954, after it was found to be losing a minute or two per day.[60] Along with the rest of the New York Central Railroad system's clocks, it was formerly set to a clock in the train dispatcher's office at Grand Central.[61] Through the 1980s, they were set to a master clock at a workshop in Grand Central.[62] Since 2004, they have been set to the United States Naval Observatory's atomic clock, accurate to a billionth of a second.[63][56] Display board A large blackboard for train schedules, hanging behind glass A split-flap display board, housed in a museum An LCD display board in current use From left to right: The original blackboard (kept as a relic in the Biltmore Room), a Solari board (now at the Danbury Railway Museum), and a modern Solari board at the terminal Originally, the track and status of arriving and departing trains were hand-chalked on a blackboard in the Biltmore Room. In 1967, the blackboard was supplanted by an electromechanical display in the main concourse over the ticket windows.[64][65] Dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer, it displayed train information on rows of flip panels that made a distinctive flapping sound as they rotated to reflect changes.[66][67] That sign was replaced with high-resolution mosaic LCD modules[68] also manufactured by Solari Udine. (Similar modules are now also used on Metro-North trains, both on the sides to display the destination, and on the interior to display the time, next station, station stops, and other passenger information.) In December 2017, as part of the Customer Service Initiative, the MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards.[69] Grand Central's Reservation Bureau sits underneath the large display board.[67] Uses The size of the Main Concourse has made it an ideal advertising space.[70] During World War II, a large mural with images of the United States military hung in the concourse,[70] and from the 1950s to 1989, the Kodak Colorama exhibit was a prominent fixture.[71][72][73] A 13.5-foot-diameter (4.1 m) Westclox "Big Ben" clock was sponsored by at least six companies[74] from the 1960s to the 1990s.[75] These advertisements and fixtures were removed around the time of the terminal's renovation in the 1990s; today, only four advertisement screens remain on the concourse, each about 7 x 6 feet.[76] The Main Concourse has also been used as a gathering venue. In the 1960s, the terminal's tenant CBS installed a CBS News television screen above the ticket offices to follow the spaceflights of Project Mercury;[37] thousands would gather in the Main Concourse to watch key events of the flights.[77][78][79] Politicians such as U.S. presidents Calvin Coolidge and Harry S. Truman; presidential candidates Thomas Dewey and Robert F. Kennedy; and governor Herbert Lehman have also held events within the concourse.[80] The Main Concourse has also been used for memorials, including events to commemorate U.S. ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick and former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis after their deaths; celebrations for Martin Luther King Jr. Day; and an impromptu memorial created after the September 11 attacks in 2001.[81] Several celebrations have also taken place at the terminal, such as a celebration for the New York Giants after they won the NFL championship in 1933;[82] an event for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941;[82][83] and several large parties and New Year's celebrations.[82][84] Various special exhibits and events have also been held at the Main Concourse throughout the years.[85] A diagram of the terminal's main level rooms Floor plan of the main level of the terminal Passageways Graybar Passage In their design for the station's interior, Reed & Stem created a circulation system that allowed passengers alighting from trains to enter the Main Concourse, then leave through various passages that branch from it.[41] Among these are the north-south 42nd Street Passage and Shuttle Passage, which run south to 42nd Street; and three east-west passageways — the Grand Central Market, the Graybar Passage, and the Lexington Passage — that run about 240 feet east to Lexington Avenue by 43rd Street.[52][86] Several passages run north of the terminal, including the north-south 45th Street Passage, which leads to 45th Street and Madison Avenue,[87] and the network of tunnels in Grand Central North, which lead to exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.[52][88] Each of the east-west passageways runs through a different building. The northernmost is the Graybar Passage,[52] built on the first floor of the Graybar Building in 1926.[89] Its walls and seven large transverse arches are of coursed ashlar travertine, and the floor is terrazzo. The ceiling is composed of seven groin vaults, each of which has an ornamental bronze chandelier. The first two vaults, as viewed from leaving Grand Central, are painted with cumulus clouds, while the third contains a 1927 mural by Edward Trumbull depicting American transportation.[90][91] A long hall with food vendors on either side Grand Central Market's interior and its Lexington Avenue facade between the Graybar Building and Grand Hyatt New York The middle passageway, which sits within a two-story former savings bank built in the mid-1970s,[92] houses Grand Central Market, a cluster of food purveyor shops opened in 1998.[52][93] The market's second story, whose balcony overlooks the market and 43rd Street, was to house a restaurant; it is currently used for storage.[86][94] The southernmost of the three, the Lexington Passage, was historically known as the Hyatt or Commodore Passage after the hotel it ran through.[86] Grand Central North Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Interactive map: Grand Central North tunnels and entrances ¦ Northwest Passage ¦ Northeast Passage ¦ 45th Street Cross-Passage ¦ 47th Street Cross-Passage ¦ Grand Central Terminal Grand Central North is a network of four tunnels that allow people to walk between the station building (located between 42nd and 44th Street) and exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.[95] The 1,000-foot (300 m) Northwest Passage and 1,200-foot (370 m) Northeast Passage run parallel to the tracks on the upper level, while two shorter cross-passages run perpendicular to the tracks.[96][97] The 47th Street cross-passage runs between the upper and lower tracks, 30 feet (9.1 m) below street level; it provides access to upper-level tracks. The 45th Street cross-passage runs under the lower tracks, 50 feet (15 m) below street level. Converted from a corridor built to transport luggage and mail,[97] it provides access to lower-level tracks. The tunnels' street-level entrances, each enclosed by a freestanding glass structure,[97] sit at the northeast corner of East 47th Street and Madison Avenue (Northwest Passage), northeast corner of East 48th Street and Park Avenue (Northeast Passage), on the east and west sides of 230 Park Avenue (Helmsley Building) between 45th and 46th Streets, and (since 2012) on the south side of 47th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues.[98] Pedestrians can also take an elevator to the 47th Street passage from the north side of East 47th Street, between Madison and Vanderbilt Avenues.[99] Proposals for these tunnels had been discussed since at least the 1970s. The MTA approved preliminary plans in 1983,[100] gave final approval in 1991,[101] and began construction in 1994.[96] Dubbed the North End Access Project, the work was to be completed in 1997 at a cost of $64.5 million,[101] but it was slowed by the incomplete nature of the building's original blueprints and by previously undiscovered groundwater beneath East 45th Street.[96] The passageways opened on August 18, 1999, at a final cost of $75 million.[96] The passages contain an MTA Arts & Design mosaic installation by Ellen Driscoll, an artist from Brooklyn.[96] The entrances to Grand Central North were originally open from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday. About 6,000 people used the passages on a typical weekend,[102] and about 30,000 on weekdays. Since summer 2006, Grand Central North has been closed on weekends; MTA officials cited low usage and the need to save money.[103] Other spaces on the main floor Vanderbilt Hall Old image of the ornate Vanderbilt Hall Vanderbilt Hall, c. 1910 The Tournament of Champions squash championship in 2012 Agern Vanderbilt Hall is an event space on the south side of the terminal, between the Park Avenue entrance and the Main Concourse to its north. Its west side houses a food hall.[52] The space is lit by Beaux-Arts chandeliers with 132 bulbs on four tiers.[46] It was formerly the main waiting room for the terminal, used particularly by intercity travelers. When intercity service ceased at Grand Central in 1991, the room began to be used by several hundred homeless people. Terminal management responded first by removing the double-sided oak benches, then by closing the space entirely.[N 3] In 1998, the hall was renovated and renamed Vanderbilt Hall after the family that built and owned the station.[86] It is now used for the annual Christmas Market,[105] as well as for special exhibitions and private events.[106] Since 1999, Vanderbilt Hall has hosted the annual Tournament of Champions squash championship.[107] The event involves installation of a 21 x 32-foot free-standing theatre in the round, made of glass, with spectators sitting on three sides around it.[108] In 2016, the west half of the hall became the Great Northern Food Hall, an upscale Nordic-themed food court with five pavilions. The food hall is the first long-term tenant of the space; the terminal's landmark status prevents permanent installations.[109] A men's smoking room and women's waiting room were formerly located on the west and east sides of Vanderbilt Hall, respectively.[109] In 2016, the men's room was renovated into Agern, an 85-seat Nordic-themed 85-seat fine dining and Michelin-starred restaurant operated by Noma co-founder Claus Meyer, [110] who also runs the food hall.[109] Biltmore Room The large newsstand in the Biltmore Room Former newsstand in the Biltmore Room The Biltmore Room is a 64-by-80-foot (20 by 24 m) marble hall[111] northwest of the Main Concourse that serves as an entrance to tracks 39 through 42.[52] Completed in 1915[112] directly beneath the New York Biltmore Hotel,[111] it originally served as a waiting room for intercity trains known formally as the incoming train room and colloquially as the "Kissing Room". As the station's passenger traffic declined in mid-century, the room fell into neglect. In 1982 and 1983, the room was damaged during the construction that converted the Biltmore Hotel into the Bank of America Plaza. In 1985, Giorgio Cavaglieri was hired to restore the room, which at the time had cracked marble, makeshift lighting, and series of lockers.[113] Later, the room held a newsstand, flower stand, and shoe shine booths.[112][114] In 2015, the MTA awarded a contract to refurbish the Biltmore Room into an arrival area for Long Island Rail Road passengers as part of the East Side Access project.[115] As part of the project, the room's booths and stands are to be replaced by a pair of escalators and an elevator to the deep-level LIRR concourse.[112][114] The room's blackboard displayed the arrival and departure times of New York Central trains until 1967,[64] when a mechanical board was installed in the Main Concourse.[111] Station Master's Office The Station Master's Office, located near Track 36, has Grand Central's only dedicated waiting room. The space has benches, restrooms, and a floral mixed-media mural on three of its walls. The room's benches were previously located in the former waiting room, now known as Vanderbilt Hall. Since 2008, the area has offered free Wi-Fi.[116] Former theatre One of the retail areas of the Graybar Passage, currently occupied by alcohol vendor Central Cellars, was the Grand Central Theatre or Terminal Newsreel Theatre.[117][118] Opened in 1937, the theater showed short films, cartoons, and news reels[119] continuously from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m. for 25-cent tickets.[120][121] Designed by Tony Sarg, it had 242 stadium-style seats and a standing-room section with armchairs. A small bar sat near the entrance.[122] The theater's interior had simple pine walls spaced out to eliminate echos, along with an inglenook, a fireplace, and an illuminated clock for the convenience of travelers. The walls of the lobby, dubbed the "appointment lounge", were covered with world maps; the ceiling had an astronomical mural painted by Sarg.[117] The New York Times reported a cost of $125,000 for the theater's construction, which was attributed to construction of an elevator between the theater and the suburban concourse as well as air conditioning and apparatuses for people hard of hearing.[123] The theater stopped showing news reels by 1968[124] but continued operating until around 1979, when it was gutted for retail space,[120] A renovation in the early 2000s removed a false ceiling, revealing the theater's projection window and its astronomical mural, which proved similar in colors and style to the Main Concourse ceiling.[119] Dining Concourse A long hallway with track entrances and food vendors The Dining Concourse, with track entrances visible on the right Access to the lower-level tracks is provided by the Dining Concourse, below the Main Concourse and connected to it by numerous stairs, ramps, and escalators. For decades, it was called the Suburban Concourse because it handled commuter rail trains.[30] Today, it has central seating and lounge areas, surrounded by restaurants and food vendors.[52] The concourses are connected by two ramps, which comprise a 302-foot (92 m) west-east axis under an 84-foot (26 m) ceiling.[125] They intersect a slight slope from the Dining Concourse just outside the Oyster Bar,[52] under an archway covered with Guastavino tiling.[126] The arch creates a whispering gallery: someone standing in one corner can hear someone speaking softly in the opposite corner.[37][50] An overpass between the main concourse and the Vanderbilt Hall passes over the archway; from 1927 until 1998, the sides of the bridge were enclosed by walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) high.[125] As part of the Terminal's late-1990s renovation, stands and restaurants were installed in the concourse, and escalators added to link to the main concourse level.[86] Additionally, the MTA spent $2.2 million to construct two 45-foot-wide circular designs in the concourse's floor. The designs were by David Rockwell and Beyer Blinder Belle, made of terrazzo, and installed over the concourse's original terrazzo floor.[127] Since 2015, part of the Dining Concourse has been closed for the construction of structural framework to support stairways and escalators to the new LIRR station being built as part of East Side Access.[128] A small square-framed clock is installed in the ceiling near Tracks 108 and 109. It was manufactured at an unknown time by the Self Winding Clock Company, which made several others in the terminal. The clock hung inside the gate at Track 19 until 2011, when it was moved so it would not be blocked by lights added during upper-level platform improvements.[59] Lost-and-found bureau MTA Police and lost-and-found offices Metro-North's lost-and-found bureau sits near Track 100 at the far east end of the Dining Concourse. Incoming items are sorted according to function and date: for instance, there are separate bins for hats, gloves, belts, and ties.[129][130] The sorting system was computerized in the 1990s.[131] Lost items are kept for up to 90 days before being donated or auctioned off.[50][132] As early as 1920, the bureau received between 15,000 and 18,000 items a year.[133] By 2002, the bureau was collecting "3,000 coats and jackets; 2,500 cellphones; 2,000 sets of keys; 1,500 wallets, purses and ID's [sic]; and 1,100 umbrellas" a year.[131] By 2007, it was collecting 20,000 items a year, 60% of which were eventually claimed.[132] In 2013, the bureau reported an 80% return rate, among the highest in the world for a transit agency.[50][56] Some of the more unusual items collected by the bureau include fake teeth, prosthetic body parts, legal documents, diamond pouches, live animals, and a $100,000 violin.[130][132] One story has it that a woman purposely left her unfaithful husband's ashes on a Metro-North train before collecting it three weeks later.[50][132] In 1996, some of the lost-and-found items were displayed at an art exhibition.[134] A diagram of the terminal's dining level rooms Floor plan of the Dining Level Other food service and retail spaces Restaurant entrance with a vaulted tile ceiling Entrance to the Oyster Bar Interior of the Campbell Bar The Campbell Bar Grand Central Terminal contains restaurants such as the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse. There are also delis, bakeries, a gourmet and fresh food market, and an annex of the New York Transit Museum.[135][136] The 40-plus retail stores include newsstands and chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy, and an Apple Store.[52][137] The Oyster Bar, the oldest business in the terminal, sits next to the Dining Concourse and below Vanderbilt Hall.[52][109] An elegantly restored cocktail lounge, the Campbell, sits just south of the 43rd Street/Vanderbilt Avenue entrance. A mix of commuters and tourists access it from the street or the balcony level.[52] The space was once the office of 1920s tycoon John W. Campbell, who decorated it to resemble the galleried hall of a 13th-century Florentine palace.[138][139] In 1999, it opened as a bar, the Campbell Apartment; a new owner renovated and renamed it the Campbell in 2017.[140] Vanderbilt Tennis Club and former studios Tennis players using the terminal's court The Vanderbilt Tennis Club's court From 1939 to 1964, CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above Vanderbilt Hall.[141][142] The space contained two "program control" facilities (43 and 44); network master control; facilities for local station WCBS-TV;[141][142][143] and, after World War II, two 700,000-square-foot (65,000 m2) production studios (41 and 42).[144] Broadcasts were transmitted from an antenna atop the nearby Chrysler Building installed by order of CBS chief executive William S. Paley,[144][143] and were also shown on a large screen in the Main Concourse.[144] In 1958, CBS opened the world's first major videotape operations facility in Grand Central. Located in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor, the facility used 14 Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders.[141][142] Douglas Edwards with the News broadcast from Grand Central for several years, covering John Glenn's 1962 Mercury-Atlas 6 space flight and other events. Edward R. Murrow's See It Now originated there, including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy, which were recreated in George Clooney's movie Good Night, and Good Luck, although the film incorrectly implies that CBS News and corporate offices were in the same building. The long-running panel show "What's My Line?" was first broadcast from Grand Central, as were "The Goldbergs" and Mama. CBS eventually moved its operations to the CBS Broadcast Center.[141][142][144] In 1966, the vacated studio space was converted to Vanderbilt Tennis Club, a sports club named for the hall just below.[141][142][145][146] Its two tennis courts were once deemed the most expensive place to play the game — $58 an hour — until financial recessions forced the club to lower the hourly fee to $40.[147] In 1984, the club was purchased by real estate magnate Donald Trump, who discovered it while renovating the terminal's exterior[148] and operated it until 2009.[141] The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court.[142][146] Basement spaces Power and heating plant Grand Central Terminal and its predecessors contained their own power plants. The first such plant, built for Grand Central Depot in the 1870s, stood in the surface-level railroad yards at Madison Avenue and 46th Street. The second was built in 1900 under the west side of Grand Central Station near 43rd Street.[149] When the terminal was created, a new power and heating plant was built on the east side of Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets.[150][151] The two-smokestack structure could supply a daily average of 5,000,000 pounds (2,300,000 kg) of heating steam.[149][152] The plant also provided power to the tracks and the station, supplementing other New York Central power plants in Yonkers (today's Glenwood Power Station) and Port Morris in the Bronx (now demolished).[149] While the Port Morris and Yonkers plants provided 11,000-volt alternating current for arriving and departing locomotives, the Grand Central plant converted the alternating current to 800 volts of direct current for use by the terminal's own third-rail-powered locomotives.[149][153] In addition, the Grand Central power plant provided power to nearby buildings.[151][149] By the late 1920s, most power and heating services were contracted out to Consolidated Edison,[154] and so the power plant was torn down in 1929.[155] (Its only remaining vestige is the storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel built in 1931.[151]) A new substation —the world's largest at the time — was built 100 feet (30 m) under the Graybar Building at a cost of $3 million.[149][156] Occupying a four-story space with a footprint of 250 by 50 feet (76 by 15 m)[149][154], it is divided into substation 1T, which provides 16,500 kilowatts (22,100 hp) for third-rail power, and substation 1L, which provides 8,000 kilowatts (11,000 hp) for other lighting and power.[149] A sub-basement, dubbed M42, contains the AC-to-DC converters that supply DC traction current to the tracks.[50] Though sources vary on its exact depth, it is thought to be located 105 to 109 feet (32 to 33 m) below ground,[157] or either 10 or 13 stories deep.[158] The M42 basement was installed in the former boiler void excavated in the bedrock beneath the present-day Grand Central Market and the entrance to the Graybar Building, three levels below the lower Metro-North level.[159] Two of the original rotary converters remain as a historical record. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.[33][160][161] It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.[162] The Abwehr, a German espionage service, sent two spies to sabotage it; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.[33] M42 also included a system to monitor trains in and around the terminal, which was used from 1913 until 1922, when it was supplemented by telegraphs.[50] Carey's Hole Another part of the basement is known as Carey's Hole. The two-story section is directly beneath the Shuttle Passage and adjacent spaces. In 1913, when the terminal opened, J. P. Carey opened a barbershop adjacent to and one level below the terminal's waiting room (now Vanderbilt Hall). Carey's business expanded to include a laundry service, shoe store, and haberdashery. In 1921, Carey also ran a limousine service using Packard cars, and in the 1930s, he added regular car and bus service to the city's airports as they opened. Carey would store his merchandise in an unfinished, underground area of the terminal, which railroad employees and maintenance staff began calling "Carey's Hole". The name has remained even as the space has been used for different purposes, including currently as a lounge and dormitory for railroad employees.[163] Platforms and tracks A diagram of the upper-level tracks and streets above A diagram of the lower-level tracks and streets above c. 1909 layout of the upper-level mainline tracks (top) and lower-level suburban tracks (bottom), showing balloon loops The terminal holds the Guinness World Record for having the most platforms of any railroad station:[164] 28, which support 44 platform numbers. All are island platforms except one side platform.[165] Odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform; even-numbered tracks on the west side. As of 2016, there are 67 tracks, of which 43 are in regular passenger use, serving Metro-North.[166][167] At its opening, the train shed contained 123 tracks, including duplicate track numbers and storage tracks,[167] with a combined length of 19.5 miles (31.4 km).[168] The tracks slope down as they exit the station to the north, to help departing trains accelerate and arriving ones slow down.[169] Because of the size of the rail yards, Park Avenue and its side streets from 43rd Street to 59th Street are raised on viaducts, and the surrounding blocks were covered over by various buildings.[170] At its busiest, the terminal is served by an arriving train every 58 seconds.[56] Track distribution [ vte ] Grand Central track map The upper Metro-North level has 42 numbered tracks. Twenty-nine serve passenger platforms; these are numbered 11 to 42, east to west[168][171] (Tracks 12, 22, and 31 do not currently exist, and appear to have been removed[171]). To their east sits the East Yard: ten storage tracks numbered 1 through 10 from east to west.[171][167] A balloon loop runs from Tracks 38-42 on the far west side of the station, around the other tracks, and back to storage Tracks 1-3 at the far east side of the station;[171] this allows trains to turn around more easily.[172][173] North of the East Yard is the Lex Yard, a secondary storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria Hotel[171] that formerly served the power plant for Grand Central Terminal.[151] Its twelve tracks are numbered 51 through 65 from east to west (track numbers 57, 58, and 62 do not currently exist). Platforms sit between tracks 53 and 54 and between tracks 61 and 63.[171] Track 61 is known for being a private track for United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt; part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria,[162][174] it was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used in 1938 by John J. Pershing, a top U.S. general during World War I.[175] Roosevelt would travel into the city using his personal train, pull into Track 61, and take a specially designed elevator to the surface.[176] It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.[177][178] The upper level also contains 22 more storage sidings.[168][171] The lower Metro-North level has 27 tracks numbered 100 to 126, east to west.[171][167][179] Two were originally intended for mail trains and two were for baggage handling.[29][30] Today, only Tracks 102–112 and 114–115 are used for passenger service. The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle electric multiple units used on commuter lines[180] was removed at an unknown date.[167] Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the East Side Access project.[181] The upper and lower levels have different track layouts, so the upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over 7,000,000 foot-pounds force (9,500,000 J).[182] The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two 100-foot-deep (30 m) double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station.[183] The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of two caverns, and each cavern would contain two tracks and one platform on each level. The LIRR concourse will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels.[184][185] Control center Grand Central Terminal was built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track interlockings around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use.[186][180] As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time.[187] Tower U controlled the interlocking between 48th and 58th Streets; Tower C, the storage spurs; and Tower F, the turning loops. A four-story underground tower at 49th Street housed the largest of the signal towers: Tower A, which handled the upper-level interlockings via 400 levers, and Tower B, which handled the lower-level interlockings with 362 levers.[188][189][190][180][186][191] The towers housed offices for the stationmaster, yardmaster, car-maintenance crew, electrical crew, and track-maintenance crew. There were also break rooms for conductors, train engineers, and engine men.[190][186] After Tower B was destroyed in a fire in 1986,[192] the signal towers were consolidated into a single Operations Control Center, where controllers could monitor the switches by computer. Completed in 1993,[193] the center is operated by a crew of two dozen.[194] Hospital During the terminal's construction, an "accident room" was set up to treat worker injuries in a wrecking car in the terminal's rail yard. Later on, a small hospital was established in the temporary station building on Lexington Avenue to care for injured workers. The arrangement was satisfactory, leading to the creation of a permanent hospital, the Grand Central Emergency Hospital, in Grand Central Terminal in 1911. The hospital was used for every employee injury as well as for passengers. In 1915, it had two physicians who treated a monthly average of 125 new cases per month and 450 dressings.[195] The space had four rooms: Room A (the waiting room), Room B (the operating room), Room C (a private office), and Room D (for resting patients).[196] The hospital was open at least until 1963; a Journal News article that year noted that the hospital treated minor to moderate ailments and was open every day between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.[197] Architecture A large clock and stone sculptural group adorning the building's facade Glory of Commerce, a sculptural group by Jules-Félix Coutan See also: Grand Central Terminal art Grand Central Terminal was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Reed and Stem, which was responsible for the overall design of the terminal,[41] and Warren and Wetmore, which mainly made cosmetic alterations to the exterior and interior.[198][199][200] Grand Central has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade.[201] In 2013, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.[202] The facade is based on an overall exterior design by Whitney Warren.[203] Various elements inside the terminal were designed by French architects and artists Jules-Félix Coutan, Sylvain Salieres, and Paul César Helleu.[200] As proposed in 1904, Grand Central Terminal was bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue to the west, Lexington Avenue to the east, 42nd Street to the south, and 45th Street to the north. It included a post office on its east side.[30] The east side of the station house proper is an alley called Depew Place, which was built along with the Grand Central Depot annex in the 1880s and mostly decommissioned in the 1900s when the new terminal was built.[204][205] Originally slated to measure 680 feet (210 m) along Vanderbilt Avenue by 300 feet (91 m) on 42nd Street, the station house actually measures 800 feet (240 m) long, 300 feet (91 m) wide, and 105 feet (32 m) high.[206][30] The station and its rail yard have steel frames. The building also uses large columns designed to hold the weight of a 20-story office building, which was to be built when additional room was required.[207][208] The facade and structure of the terminal building primarily use granite. Because granite emits radiation,[209] people who work full-time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem/year, more than permitted in nuclear power facilities.[210][211] The base of the exterior is Stony Creek granite, while the upper portion is of Indiana limestone, from Bedford, Indiana.[207] The interiors use several varieties of stone, including imitation Caen stone for the Main Concourse; cream-colored Botticino marble for the interior decorations; and pink Tennessee marble for the floors of the Main Concourse, Biltmore Room,[90] and Vanderbilt Hall,[109] as well as the two staircases in the Main Concourse.[53][41][48] Real Caen stone was judged too expensive, so the builders mixed plaster, sand, lime, and Portland cement.[48] Most of the remaining masonry is made from concrete.[207] Guastavino tiling, a fireproof tile-and-cement vault pattern patented by Rafael Guastavino, is used in various spaces.[32][126] Facade For further information about art on the facade, see Grand Central Terminal art § Facade. The south facade of Grand Central Terminal, as seen from 42nd Street The south facade features a set of three arched windows, with the Glory of Commerce sculpture at the top-center and the Vanderbilt statue at the bottom-center. In designing the facade of Grand Central, the architects wanted to make the building seem like a gateway to the city.[207] The south facade, facing 42nd Street, is the front side of the terminal building, and contains large arched windows.[212] The central window resembles a triumphal arch.[207][213] There are two pairs of columns on either side of the central window. The columns are of the Corinthian order, and are partially attached to the granite walls behind them, though they are detached from one another.[212] The facade was also designed to complement that of the New York Public Library Main Branch, another Beaux-Arts edifice located on nearby Fifth Avenue.[213] The facade includes several large works of art. At the top of the south facade is a 13-foot-high (4.0 m) clock, which contains the world's largest example of Tiffany glass.[214] The clock is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group, a 48-foot-high (15 m) sculpture by Jules-Félix Coutan, which includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury.[203][215] At its unveiling in 1914, the 48-foot-high (15 m) trio was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[215][216][217] Below these works, facing the Park Avenue Viaduct, is an 1869 statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, longtime owner of New York Central. Sculpted by Ernst Plassmann,[218] the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) bronze is the last remnant[219] of a 150-foot bronze relief installed at the Hudson River Railroad depot at St. John's Park;[220] it was moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.[221] Main Concourse ceiling Main article: Grand Central Terminal art § Ceiling Ceiling painted green, with gold-colored constellations across the entire mural Main Concourse ceiling The Main Concourse's ceiling is an elliptical barrel vault, with its base at an elevation of 121.5 feet and its crown at 160.25 feet. There are lunette windows on the north and south sides. A skylight was originally supposed to be installed to provide light into the terminal, and accommodations were made for a large ceiling light, in case an office building were to be constructed over the terminal.[40] The ceiling is elaborately decorated with a celestial mural,[42] conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.[43] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[44] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[45][41] The original ceiling was replaced in the late 1930s. By the 1940s, the ceiling had grown moldy, so in 1944, New York Central covered the mural with boards and painted an imitation mural over these boards.[45][222][41] By the 1980s, the ceiling was obscured by decades of what was thought to be coal and diesel smoke. Spectroscopic examination revealed that it was mostly tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke, as well as asbestos.[45] Starting in September 1996, the ceiling was cleaned and restored to its original design.[222][223] Iconography Frieze displaying the terminal's original logo Many parts of the terminal are adorned with sculpted leaves and nuts of the oak tree (acorns, the symbol of the Vanderbilt family).[109] These decorations were designed by Salieres.[224] Among these decorations is a brass acorn finial atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse.[119][56] Other acorn decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the lunettes in the Main Concourse; metalwork above the elevators; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse.[224] The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the terminal, including in friezes atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses.[225] In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The spur of the letter "G" has a depiction of a railroad spike.[226] The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm Pentagram for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a 24-hour clock, referencing the terminal's completion in 1913. Both logos omit the word "terminal" in its name, in recognition to how most people refer to the building.[227] Influence The stage of Saturday Night Live, set up with musical instruments Stage of Saturday Night Live Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie station, a Metro-North and Amtrak station in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was also designed by Warren and Wetmore and opened in 1918.[228][229] Additionally, Union Station in Utica, New York was partially designed after Grand Central, and the stage of Saturday Night Live was designed after the terminal as well.[230] Related structures Park Avenue Viaduct 1913 illustration showing the viaduct as it approaches and wraps around Grand Central The Park Avenue Viaduct is an elevated road that carries Park Avenue around the terminal building and the MetLife Building and through the Helmsley Building — three buildings that lie across the line of the avenue. The viaduct rises from street level on 40th Street south of Grand Central, splits into eastern (northbound) and western (southbound) legs above the terminal building's main entrance,[4] and continues north around the station building, directly above portions of its main level. The legs of the viaduct pass around the MetLife Building, into the Helmsley Building, and re-emerge at street level on 46th Street. The viaduct was built to facilitate traffic along 42nd Street[231] and along Park Avenue, then New York City's only discontinuous major north-south avenue.[232] When the western leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,[233] it also served as a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers. In 1928, an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added to reduce congestion.[231] A sidewalk, accessible from the Grand Hyatt hotel, runs parallel to 42nd Street.[234] Post office and baggage building Grand Central Terminal has a post office at 450 Lexington Avenue, built from 1906 to 1909.[14][29] The architecture of the original post office building matches that of the terminal, as the structures were designed by the same architects.[235] The post office station expanded into a second building, directly north of the original structure, in 1915.[235][236] From the beginning, Grand Central's post office was designed to handle massive volumes of mail, though it was not as large as the James A. Farley Building, the post office that was built with the original Penn Station.[237] The terminal complex originally included a six-story building for baggage handling just north of the main station building. Departing passengers unloaded their luggage from taxis or personal vehicles on the Park Avenue Viaduct, and elevators brought it to the baggage passageways (now part of Grand Central North), where trucks brought the luggage to the respective platforms. The process was reversed for arriving passengers.[29][238] Biltmore Hotel guests arriving at Grand Central could get baggage delivered to their rooms.[29] The baggage building was later converted to an office building. The structure was demolished in 1961[239][240] to make way for the MetLife Building.[29] Subway station Main article: Grand Central–42nd Street (New York City Subway) People standing around Grand Central's Shuttle Passage Passageway to the subway; the ramp at right leads to street level The terminal's subway station, dubbed Grand Central–42nd Street, serves three lines: the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (serving the 4, ?5, ?6, and <6> trains), the IRT Flushing Line (serving the 7 and <7>? trains), and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle to Times Square.[15] Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT),[241][242] the lines are now operated by the MTA as part of the New York City Subway.[243][244] The Main Concourse is connected to the subway platforms' mezzanine via the Shuttle Passage.[52][243] The platforms can also be reached from the 42nd Street Passage via stairs, escalators, and an elevator to the fare control area for the Lexington Avenue and Flushing Lines.[244] The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the original IRT subway.[241] The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use,[245] run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms.[246] The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915;[247] it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central.[247][242] There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Third Avenue elevated,[242] which stopped at Grand Central starting in 1878;[248] it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.[249] During the terminal's construction, there were proposals to allow commuter trains to pass through Grand Central and continue into the subway tracks, but they were deemed impractical.[242] History Main article: History of Grand Central Terminal Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on the current Grand Central Terminal's site.[250] Predecessors Grand Central Terminal arose from a need to build a central station for the Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad in what is now Midtown Manhattan.[250][251][252] The Harlem Railroad originally ran as a steam railroad on street level along Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue),[253][254][255][256] while the New Haven Railroad ran along the Harlem's tracks in Manhattan per a trackage agreement.[253][254][255] The business magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the Hudson River and New York Central Railroads in 1867, and merged them two years later.[257][255][256] Vanderbilt developed a proposal to unite the three separate railroads at a single central station, replacing the separate and adjacent stations that created chaos in baggage transfer.[250] A train shed with an intricate facade The depot and station's train shed Vanderbilt commissioned John B. Snook to design his new station, dubbed Grand Central Depot, on the site of the 42nd Street depot.[258][259] Snook's final design was in the Second Empire style.[260][254][261] Construction started on September 1, 1869, and the depot was completed by October 1871.[254] Due to frequent accidents between pedestrians and trains running on street level, Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project in 1872.[254] The improvements were completed in 1874, allowing trains approaching Grand Central Depot from the north to descend into the Park Avenue Tunnel at 96th Street and continue underground into the new depot.[254] Traffic at Grand Central Depot grew quickly, filling its 12 tracks to capacity by the mid-1890s, not the late 1890s or early 1900s as expected.[262] In 1885, a seven-track annex with five platforms was added to the east side of the existing terminal.[169][262][263] Postcard of Grand Central Station, c. 1902 Grand Central Station, c. 1902 Grand Central Depot had reached its capacity again by the late 1890s,[264] and it carried 11.5 million passengers a year by 1897.[265] As a result, the railroads renovated the head house extensively based on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert.[266][264] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.[36][37] The new waiting room opened in October 1900.[12] As train traffic increased in the late 1890s and early 1900s, so did the problems of smoke and soot produced by steam locomotives in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the station.[261][267][169][268] This contributed to a crash on January 8, 1902, when a southbound train overran signals in the smoky Park Avenue Tunnel and collided with another southbound train,[269][270][268] killing 15 people and injuring more than 30 others.[271][272][273] Shortly afterward, the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908.[267][270][274][275] William J. Wilgus, the New York Central's vice president, later wrote a letter to New York Central president William H. Newman. Wilgus proposed to electrify and place the tracks to Grand Central in tunnels, as well as constructing a new railway terminal with two levels of tracks and making other infrastructure improvements.[36][276] In March 1903, Wilgus presented a more detailed proposal to the New York Central board.[169][269][277][268] The railroad's board of directors approved the $35 million project in June 1903; ultimately, almost all of Wilgus's proposal would be implemented.[269][277] Replacement Sketch of a large Beaux-Arts building Proposal of the associated architects of Grand Central, 1905 The entire building was to be torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.[36][37] The Grand Central Terminal project was divided into eight phases, though the construction of the terminal itself comprised only two of these phases.[N 4] The current building was intended to compete with the since-demolished Pennsylvania Station, a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival Pennsylvania Railroad by McKim, Mead & White.[279] In 1903, New York Central invited four architecture firms to a design competition to decide who would design the new terminal.[280] Reed and Stem were ultimately selected,[198] as were Warren and Wetmore, who were not part of the original competition.[281][282][198][283][275] Reed and Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore worked on designing the station's Beaux-Arts exterior.[283][284][275] However, the team had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.[282] Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.[281] Wilgus proposed to demolish, excavate, and built the terminal in three sections or "bites",[285] to prevent railroad service from being interrupted during construction.[286] About 3,200,000 cubic yards (2,400,000 m3) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.[287][191][288] The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.[289] Electric trains on the Hudson Line started running to Grand Central on September 30, 1906,[290] and the segments of all three lines running into Grand Central had been electrified by 1907.[288] After the last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910, workers promptly began demolishing the old station.[13] The last remaining tracks from the former Grand Central Station were decommissioned on June 21, 1912.[285] The new terminal was opened on February 2, 1913.[291][292][293] Heyday The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.[294][295][296][297] The development of Terminal City also included the construction of the Park Avenue Viaduct, surrounding the station, in the 1920s.[298][299][300] The new electric service led to increased development in New York City's suburbs, and passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the seven years following the terminal's completion.[301] Passenger traffic grew so rapidly that by 1918, New York Central proposed expanding Grand Central Terminal.[302] In 1923, the Grand Central Art Galleries opened in the terminal. A year after it opened, the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art, which occupied 7,000 square feet (650 m2) on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal.[303][304] The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944,[305] and it moved to the Biltmore Hotel in 1958.[306][307] Decline The MetLife Building, towering above Grand Central The MetLife Building was completed in 1963 above Grand Central Terminal. In 1947, over 65 million people traveled through Grand Central, an all-time high.[191] The station's decline came soon afterward with the beginning of the Jet Age and the construction of the Interstate Highway System. There were multiple proposals to significantly alter the terminal, including several replacing the station building with a skyscraper; none of the plans were carried out.[308] The MetLife Building was ultimately erected behind Grand Central to the north, and opened in 1963.[309] New York Central, facing bankruptcy, merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968, forming the Penn Central Railroad. Based on the Pennsylvania Railroad's demolition and replacement of the original Penn Station in 1963, Penn Central proposed another skyscraper replacing Grand Central Terminal.[310] However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central a city landmark in 1967, and refused to consider the plans.[311][312] The resulting lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the city.[313] After Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970, it retained title to Grand Central Terminal.[314] When Penn Central reorganized as American Premier Underwriters (APU) in 1994, it retained ownership of Penn Central. In turn, APU was absorbed by American Financial Group.[315] A 1968 image of the Main Concourse with large and bright advertisements throughout The Main Concourse in 1968, featuring large advertisements, blackout paint, and a Merrill Lynch office Grand Central and the surrounding neighborhood became dilapidated during the 1970s, and the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge billboard advertisements, which included the Kodak Colorama photos and the Westclox "Big Ben" clock.[75] In 1975, Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels.[316] Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and declared a National Historic Landmark in the following year.[6][317][318] This period was marked by a bombing on September 11, 1976, when a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal and hijacked a plane; the bomb was not disarmed properly, and the explosion wounded over 30 and killed one NYPD bomb squad specialist.[319][320] The final Amtrak train stopped at Grand Central on April 7, 1991, upon the completion of the Empire Connection on Manhattan's West Side. The connection allowed trains using the Empire Corridor from Albany, Toronto, and Montreal to use Penn Station.[321] However, some Amtrak trains would use Grand Central during the summers of 2017 and 2018.[322][323] Renovation and subsequent expansions In 1988, the MTA commissioned a study of the Grand Central Terminal, which concluded that parts of the terminal could be turned into a retail area.[324] The agency announced an $113.8 million renovation of the terminal in 1995.[325] During this renovation, all billboards were removed and the station was restored.[75] The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations.[222][223] The renovations included the construction of the East Stairs, a curved monumental staircase on the east side of the station building that matched the West Stairs.[326] An official re-dedication ceremony was held on October 1, 1998, marking the completion of the interior renovations.[327][328] Hundreds of people gathered in the Main Concourse for a celebratory event Centennial celebration performance, 2013 On February 1, 2013, numerous displays, performances, and events were held to celebrate the terminal's centennial.[329][330] As part of the construction of the One Vanderbilt supertall skyscraper, which started construction in October 2016[331] and is expected to be completed in 2020,[332] underground connections to Grand Central Terminal were being constructed.[331] The MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards and public announcement systems and add security cameras at Grand Central Terminal in December 2017.[69] The MTA also proposed to repair the Grand Central Terminal train shed's concrete and steel as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program.[333] In February 2019, it was announced that the Grand Hyatt New York hotel outside of Grand Central Terminal would be torn down and replaced with a larger mixed-use structure over the next several years.[334][335] A large tunnel under construction East Side Access progress in 2014 The East Side Access project, underway since 2007, is slated to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal when completed. LIRR trains will reach Grand Central from Harold Interlocking in Sunnyside, Queens, via the existing 63rd Street Tunnel and new tunnels under construction on both the Manhattan and Queens sides. LIRR trains will arrive and depart from a bi-level, eight-track tunnel with four platforms more than 90 feet (27 m) below the Metro-North tracks.[28] The project includes a new 350,000-square-foot retail and dining concourse[336] and new entrances at 45th, 46th, and 48th streets.[337] Cost estimates have jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004, to $6.4 billion in 2006, then to $11.1 billion. The new stations and tunnels are to begin service in December 2022.[27][28] Midtown TDR Ventures, LLC, an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures,[338] purchased the station from American Financial in December 2006,[339] and renegotiated the lease with the MTA until 2274.[338] In November 2018, the MTA proposed purchasing the Hudson and Harlem Lines as well as the Grand Central Terminal for up to $35.065 million, discounting all required lease payments to their present value via a discount rate of 6.25% and also including a further $500,000 cash discount by the seller.[314][340] The MTA's finance committee approved the proposed purchase on November 13, 2018, and the full board approved the proposal two days later.[341][342][343] Innovations Passenger improvements A vaulted ceiling by the terminal's ramps Incline between concourses, showing the "whispering gallery" outside the Oyster Bar A cross-cut drawing of Grand Central, showing its rooms, passages, tunnels, and tracks Cutaway drawing, illustrating the use of ramps, express and suburban tracks, and the viaduct Grand Central Terminal offered several innovations in transit-hub design. One was the use of ramps, rather than staircases, to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility. Two ramps connected the lower-level suburban concourse to the main concourse; several more led from the main concourse to entrances on 42nd Street. These ramps allowed all types of travelers to easily move between Grand Central's two underground levels.[32][344][213] There were also 15 passenger elevators and six freight-and-passenger elevators scattered around the station.[213] The separation of commuter and intercity trains, as well as incoming and outgoing trains, ensured that most passengers on a given ramp would be traveling in the same direction.[207] At its opening in 1913, the terminal was theoretically able to accommodate 100 million passengers a year.[188] The Park Avenue Viaduct, which wrapped around the terminal, allowed Park Avenue traffic to bypass the building without being diverted onto nearby streets,[231] and reconnected the only north-south avenue in midtown Manhattan that had an interruption in it.[232] The station building was also designed to accommodate reconnecting both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse, if the City of New York had demanded it.[36][37] Designers of the new terminal tried to make it as comfortable as possible. Amenities included an oak-floored waiting room for women, attended to by maids; a shoeshine room, also for women; a room with telephones; a beauty salon with gender-separated portions; a dressing room, with maids available for a fee; and a men's barbershop for men, containing a public portion with barbers from many cultures, as well as a rentable private portion.[293][36][37] Initially, Grand Central was to have had two concourses, one on each level. The "outbound" concourse would have a 15,000-person capacity while the "inbound" concourse would have an 8,000-person capacity. A waiting room adjoining each concourse could fit another 5,000 people.[206] Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist-friendly space where "[t]imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen, or imposed upon by hotel runners, chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms"; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures, where "special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers"; and a general tourist attraction "where one delights to loiter, admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines—a poem in stone".[36][37] The waiting room by the Main Concourse, now Vanderbilt Hall, also had an advantage over many, including Penn Station's: Grand Central's waiting room was a tranquil place to wait, with all ticket booths, information desks, baggage areas, and meeting areas instead removed to the Main Concourse.[345] Every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time. The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down. According to The Atlantic, Grand Central Terminal has the lowest rate of slips, trips, and falls on its marble floors, compared to all other stations in the U.S. with similar flooring.[346] All of the terminal's light fixtures are bare light bulbs. At the time of the terminal's construction, electricity was still a relatively new invention, and the inclusion of electric light bulbs showcased this innovation.[46][56] In 2009, the incandescent light bulbs were replaced with energy- and money-saving fluorescent lamp fixtures.[47] When Grand Central Terminal opened, it hired two types of porters, marked with different-colored caps, to assist passengers.[347] Porters with red caps served as bellhops, rolling luggage around Grand Central Terminal, and were rarely paid tips.[347][348] There were more than five hundred red-capped porters at one point.[347] Porters with green caps, a position introduced in 1922,[349] provided information services, sending out or receiving telegrams or phone messages for a fee.[347][350][351] They later started dropping off and picking up packages as well. There were only twelve green-capped porters, as well as two messengers who brought messages to an exchange on the west side of the terminal.[347] Track improvements Grand Central Terminal was built to handle 200 trains per hour, though actual traffic never came close to that.[191] It had 46 tracks and 30 platforms, more than twice Penn Station's 21 tracks and 11 platforms.[36][37][208] Its 70-acre (28 ha) rail yard could hold 1,149 cars, far more than the 366 in its predecessor station, and it dwarfed Penn Station's 28-acre (11 ha) yard.[191] As constructed, the upper level was for intercity trains, and the lower level for commuter trains. This allowed commuter and intercity passengers to board and get off trains without interfering with each other.[29][30] Balloon loops surrounding the station eliminated the need for complicated switching moves to bring the trains to the coach yards for service.[30][173][352][353] At the time, passenger cars did not run on their own power, but were pulled by locomotives, and it was believed dangerous to perform locomotive shunting moves underground. Trains would drop passengers off at one side of the station, perhaps be stored or serviced in the rail yard, then use the turning loops and pick up passengers on the other side.[353] The loops extended under Vanderbilt Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east.[354] Terminal City The Beaux-Arts skyscraper in front of the more modern MetLife Building The Helmsley Building, in front of the MetLife Building Burying electric trains underground brought an additional advantage to the railroads: the ability to sell above-ground air rights over the tracks and platforms for real-estate development.[294][295] The construction of Grand Central had resulted in the creation of several blocks worth of prime real estate in Manhattan, stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues.[294][295] William Wilgus saw the air rights above Grand Central's rail yards as merely a means to fund the terminal's construction. Reed & Stem originally proposed a "Court of Honor" for this space, while other proposals included a new Metropolitan Opera House, a Madison Square Garden, or a National Academy of Design building.[355] Instead, the area was developed into a commercial office district.[294][295] One early proposed name for this area was "Pershing Square", a name that was ultimately applied to the southern side of Grand Central Terminal.[356] The blocks on the north side of the terminal were later dubbed "Terminal City" or the "Grand Central Zone".[294][295][296] In conjunction with this project, the segment of Park Avenue above Grand Central's rail yards received a landscaped median and was widened to 140 feet (43 m).[357][358] The New York State Realty and Terminal Company was founded in 1903 as a derivative of the New York Central Railroad that would oversee construction above Grand Central's rail yards.[359] The New Haven Railroad joined the venture later on.[360] Even the announcement of Grand Central's construction resulted in an increase in the values of nearby properties by 1906.[361] By the time the terminal opened in in 1913, the blocks surrounding it were each valued at $2 million to $3 million.[188] Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district. Land values along Park Avenue subsequently increased by 200%, and land values in the Terminal City area increased 244%, from 1904 to 1926.[362] The Realty and Terminal Company typically either constructed the structures and rented them out, or sold the air rights to private developers who would construct their own buildings.[360] The first building in Terminal City was the new Grand Central Palace, which opened in 1911 and replaced a predecessor building of the same name.[363][364][362] The district came to include the Chrysler Building and other prestigious office buildings; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; an array of high-end hotels that included the Commodore, Biltmore, Roosevelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Lane, and Waldorf Astoria;[297][362] the Grand Central Palace; and the Yale Club of New York City.[207][362] The structures immediately around Grand Central Terminal had been developed shortly after the terminal's opening, while the structures along Park Avenue were constructed through the 1920s and 1930s.[360] These structures were designed in the neoclassical style, complementing the terminal's architecture.[355] Although Warren and Whitmore designed most of these buildings, it also monitored other architects' plans (such as those of James Gamble Rogers, who designed the Yale Club) to ensure that the style of the new buildings was compatible with that of Terminal City.[365] In general, the site plan of Terminal City was derived from the City Beautiful movement, which encouraged aesthetic harmony between adjacent buildings. The consistency of the architectural styles, as well as the vast funding provided by investment bankers, contributed to Terminal City's success.[359] The Graybar Building, completed in 1927, was one of the last projects of Terminal City. The building incorporates many of Grand Central's train platforms, as well as the Graybar Passage, a hallway with vendors and train gates stretching from the terminal to Lexington Avenue.[366] In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building, now called the Helmsley Building, which straddled Park Avenue north of the terminal.[367] Development slowed drastically during the Great Depression,[362] and part of Terminal City was gradually razed or reconstructed with steel-and-glass designs after World War II.[297][368] In particular, many of the low-rise residential structures on Park Avenue were replaced with International Style skyscrapers during the 1950s and 1960s, many of which were zoned for commercial use.[369] Some residential buildings from the era still exist along Lexington Avenue.[297] Remnants of the neoclassical design can also be seen in the Yale Club and Roosevelt Hotel on Vanderbilt Avenue.[355] The area shares similar boundaries as the Grand Central Business Improvement District, a neighborhood with businesses collectively funding improvements and maintenance in the area. The district is well-funded; in 1990 it had the largest budget of any business improvement district in the United States.[370] The district's organization and operation is run by the Grand Central Partnership, which has given free tours of the station building.[371][372] The partnership has also funded some restoration projects around the terminal, including installation of lamps to illuminate its facade, purchase of a streetlamp that used to stand on the Park Avenue Viaduct.[373] Emergency services Three parked MTA Police vehicles MTA Police Department use special vehicles in the terminal The terminal is served by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department, stationed in the Dining Concourse level.[52] Various actions by MTA officers in the terminal have received media attention over the years. In 1988, seven officers were suspended for behaving inappropriately, including harassing a homeless man and patrolling unclothed.[374] In the early 2000s, officers arrested two transgender people — Dean Spade in 2002 and Helena Stone in 2006 — who were attempting to use restrooms aligning with their gender identities. Lawsuits forced the MTA to drop the charges and to thenceforth allow use of restrooms according to gender identity.[375][376] In 2017, an officer assaulted and arrested a conductor who was removing a passenger from a train in the terminal.[377] Fire and medical emergency services are provided by the Grand Central Fire Brigade, a volunteer entity formed in 1987. One of six such units in the Metro-North system, the brigade is made up of Metro-North employees, most of which are blue-collar workers: plumbers, electricians, machinists, and custodians. Every member is a volunteer, except for the fire chief. All receive at least 150 hours of training; EMS-certified members get an additional 170 hours every three years. The brigade handles an average of two emergencies a day, mostly medical in nature. The brigade regularly trains the NYPD, FDNY, and MTA Police to navigate the terminal and its miles of tunnels, and trains other Metro-North employees in first aid and CPR. It also conducts fire drills and stations fire guards for special events in the terminal.[378][379] The brigade's fleet, stored in a bay next to Track 14, includes three electric carts equipped with sirens and red lights: a white-painted ambulance no wider than a hospital bed that carries a stretcher, oxygen tanks, defibrillators, and other medical equipment; a red pumper that carries 200 gallons of water and 300 feet of fire hose; and a red rescue truck with air packs, forcible entry tools, and turnout gear.[378][379][380] Art installations and performances Main article: Grand Central Terminal art Among the permanent works of public art in Grand Central are the celestial ceiling in the Main Concourse,[381][382] the Glory of Commerce work, the statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt in front of the building's south facade,[383][384] and the two cast-iron eagle statues adorning the terminal's facades.[385] Temporary works, exhibitions, and events are regularly mounted in Vanderbilt Hall,[386] while the Dining Concourse features temporary exhibits in a series of lightboxes.[387] The terminal is also known for its performance and installation art,[388][389] including flash mobs and other spontaneous events.[390] In popular culture Grand Central Terminal has been the subject, inspiration, or location for literature, television and radio episodes, and films.[391][37] Film and television Platform at Track 34, commonly used in films Many film and television productions have included scenes shot in the terminal. Kyle McCarthy, who handles production at Grand Central, said, "Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places. Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes, the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic."[392] Especially during World War II, Grand Central has been a backdrop for romantic reunions between couples. After the terminal declined in the 1950s, it was more frequently used as a dark, dangerous place, even a metaphor for chaos and disorientation,[391] featuring chase scenes, shootouts, homeless people, and the mentally ill. In the 1990 film The Freshman, for example, Matthew Broderick's character stumbles over an unconscious man and watches fearfully as petty crimes take place around him.[393] Almost every scene in the terminal's train shed was shot on Track 34, one of the few platforms without columns.[394][56] The first filmed scene in which Grand Central Terminal appears may be the 1909 short comedy Mr. Jones Has a Card Party.[395] The terminal's first cinematic appearance was in the 1930 musical film Puttin' On the Ritz,[394] and its first Technicolor appearance was in the 1953 film The Band Wagon.[56] Some films from the 20th century, including Grand Central Murder, The Thin Man Goes Home, Hello, Dolly!, and Beneath the Planet of the Apes used reconstructions of Grand Central, built in Hollywood, to stand in for the terminal.[391][396] Additionally, the terminal was drawn and animated for use in the 2005 animated film Madagascar.[397] Other films in which the terminal appears include:[37][391][395][397] Twentieth Century (1934) Spellbound (1945) Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950) North by Northwest (1959) Seconds (1966) The Out-of-Towners (1970) The French Connection (1971) Necrology (1971) A Stranger Is Watching (1982) The Cotton Club (1984) The House on Carroll Street (1988) The Fisher King (1991) The Prince of Tides (1991) Carlito's Way (1993) One Fine Day (1996) The Ice Storm (1997) Armageddon (1998) Men in Black II (2002) I Am Legend (2007) Revolutionary Road (2008) Arthur (2011) Friends with Benefits (2011) The Avengers (2012) The Commuter (2018) On October 19, 2017, several of these films were screened in the terminal for an event created by the MTA, Rooftop Films, and the Museum of the Moving Image and featuring a cinematic history lecture by architect and author James Sanders.[398] A television show in which Grand Central is depicted is Saturday Night Live, where a soundstage reconstruction of the terminal is shown.[395] Other Wikisource has the full text for: Report on Grand Central Terminal Literature featuring the terminal includes Report on Grand Central Terminal, written in 1948 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard; The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger; Grand Central Murder by Sue MacVeigh, which was made into the eponymous film in 1942; A Stranger Is Watching by Mary Higgins Clark;[395] and the 1946 children's classic The Taxi That Hurried by Lucy Sprague Mitchell.[37] The infrastructure in Grand Central inspired the novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret, and in turn, the film Hugo.[399] The terminal gave its name to the radio series Grand Central Station, an NBC drama filmed at the terminal from 1937 to 1953.[395] Among the video games that feature the terminal are Spider-Man: The Movie and True Crime: New York City.[252] See also icon Architecture portal flag New York City portal National Register of Historic Places portal icon Trains portal Architecture of New York City Transportation in New York City List of busiest railway stations in North America References Explanatory notes Grand Central Terminal meets Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements, though it is not classified as a Full Access station; it does not comply with all requirements of the ADA.[1] A railroad "terminal" such as Grand Central Terminal, the former Reading Terminal in Philadelphia, and the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal is a facility at the end of a rail line, which trains enter and depart in the same direction. A railroad station, such as Pennsylvania Station on the West Side, 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, and Union Station in Washington, D.C., is a facility along one or more contiguous rail lines, which trains can enter and depart in different directions.[11] Several of the hall's benches were moved to a smaller waiting room in the Station Master's Office. In 2018, two of the benches were sent on a long-term loan to Springfield, Massachusetts's Union Station.[104] The projects included:[278] excavation of Grand Central Yard construction of Grand Central's station building electrification of the Harlem, Hudson, and New Haven divisions lowering the Port Morris Branch tracks in the Bronx building tunnels along the Hudson Division around the Harlem River Ship Canal in Marble Hill, Manhattan (ultimately never built, as the Harlem River Ship Canal was relocated) eliminating grade crossings adding tracks on the Harlem and New Haven divisions Citations "Grand Central Terminal". 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Grand Central: The World's Greatest Railway Terminal. Golden West Books. p. 7. Cannadine, David (February 8, 2013). "A Point of View: Grand Central, the world's loveliest station". BBC. Retrieved May 8, 2014. Fortier, Alison (2016). A History Lover's Guide to New York City. The History Press. pp. 208–9. ISBN 9781467119030. Retrieved February 12, 2019. "NEWS OF THE RAILROADS; New Waiting Room at the Grand Central Station Opens To-day. Appointments Are Up to Date and Improvements of a Modern Type -- Some Novel Ideas". The New York Times. October 18, 1900. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Schlichting 2001, pp. 106–107 "Location Details". USPS.com. Retrieved December 21, 2018. "Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018. "news - State-of-Art Renewal Project Begins at White Plains Station". MTA. March 30, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Lunden, Jeff (February 1, 2013). "Grand Central, A Cathedral For Commuters, Celebrates 100". NPR. 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(August 11, 1986). "New York Day by Day; Grand Central Clock Gets a Makeover". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2019. Dunlap, David W. (November 20, 2008). "Space Without Ads Makes Its Own Statement at Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2018. Anders, Marjorie (February 4, 2013). "Metro-North Railroad Doubles Advertising Revenue with Digital Media in Grand Central Terminal". Mass Transit. Retrieved February 3, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 210 Robertson, Nan (February 21, 1962). "NEW YORK PAUSES TO 'WATCH' GLENN; Millions Rivet Attention on Astronaut in Flight". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Brown, Christian (May 16, 1963). "8,000 WATCH SHOT IN GRAND CENTRAL; Capacity Crowd Jams Floor Around Oversize TV Set 9:04 A.M.: Faces Reflect Tension of the Lift-Off". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 210–211 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 214–215 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 199 Childs, Kingsley (September 26, 1941). "10,000 Fans Pack Grand Central To Acclaim Returning Dodgers; Placards Shown With Appropriate Sentiments in Brooklynese -- MacPhail, at 125th St. Station, Sees Team Train Sweep By". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Barron, James (December 26, 1991). "Preparing to Dance Away 1991 at Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 200, 205–206 Dunlap, David W. (August 2, 1998). "Grand Central, Reborn as a Mall; Terminal Becomes Gateway to Shops and Restaurants". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2018. Goldberg, Betsy (2010-01-14). "Grand Central Terminal tour". Timeout.com. 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May 27, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2018. Diehl, Lorraine (May 25, 2002). "Secret City". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 20, 2018. Young, Michelle (April 24, 2015). "The Lost Movie Theater of Grand Central Terminal". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 20, 2018. Ferguson, Colleen (August 8, 2018). "Secrets of Grand Central Terminal: missing decorations, hidden staircases and a tiny acorn". The Journal News. Retrieved December 19, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 177–178 McManus, John T (May 9, 1937). "Big Doings at the Depot". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2019. Carlson, Jen (April 22, 2015). "Did You Know There Used To Be A Movie Theater In Grand Central Terminal?". Gothamist. Retrieved December 20, 2018. McManus, John T (May 9, 1937). "BIG DOINGS AT THE DEPOT". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 179–180 "An Oasis of Tranquility, in Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. July 16, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 89 Rohde, David S. (December 28, 1997). "A Grand Design Takes Shape On the Floor of Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2019. "Milestone for East Side Access: Workers to Break Through Lower Level Floor To Build Housing for Escalators and Stairways to Future LIRR Concourse". www.mta.info. Retrieved February 17, 2016. Wald, Matthew L. (April 4, 1978). "Parcel Room Lost & Found; Grand Central 'Finds Treasure And Trash Left By Commuters; 'What Was In the Bag?'; False Teeth and Crutches; Systematized Cartons; Commuter Goes Hungry". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Lombardi, Kate Stone (July 28, 1996). "Lost and Found, on Metro-North". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Santora, Marc (August 20, 2002). "Teeth Missing? Try Lost and Found; At Grand Central, Even Dentures Have Been Reclaimed". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Belson, Ken (May 8, 2007). "Lost on Metro-North, but Most Likely Found". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019. "STRANGE FINDS ON TRAINS; More Than 15,000 Articles Turned in Annually at Grand Central". The New York Times. September 19, 1920. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 128 Haughney, Christine (July 25, 2011). "More Crowded Crowds: Grand Central to Welcome Apple and Shake Shack". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2011. Hugh Merwin (October 2, 2013). "7 Things You Should Know About Shake Shack Grand Central, Opening Saturday". GrubStreet. Retrieved October 3, 2014. "Apple Store Grand Central Opens Friday, December 9" (Press release). Apple. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2018. "Campbell Apartment Bar in New York". Archived from the original on February 3, 2007. Gray, Christopher (January 9, 1994). "Grand Central Terminal; In a Forgotten Corner, a Curious Office of the 20's". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Simonson, Robert (May 15, 2017). "Return of the Campbell, an Ornate Grand Central Bar". The New York Times. Retrieved December 7, 2018. Sherman, William (March 19, 2009). "Donald Trump Bounced off Grand Central Tennis Deal". Daily News. New York. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Rubinstein, Dana (November 23, 2010). "A Tennis Court That Will Cost $210 an Hour". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Wolters, Larry (August 24, 1937). "News of Radio". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9. Retrieved January 6, 2019 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 174 "A Look at the Hidden Tennis Courts of Grand Central Terminal, Once Leased by Trump". Untapped Cities. February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 164 Friedman, Charles (1978). "Most Expensive Tennis Club Sheds Status Symbol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2018. Schmidt, Michael S. (August 31, 2006). "Game, Set, Match Above the Roar of the City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2018. Blalock, Thomas J. "A Mammoth Move: Relocating the 50th Street Substation". IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2018. Railway and Locomotive Engineering: A Practical Journal of Railway Motive Power and Rolling Stock. 1913. p. 85. Retrieved December 26, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 150 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 154 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 152 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 157 "PREPARING BLOCK FOR NEW WALDORF; Work Will Start Tomorrow in Removal of New York Central's Great Power Plants. Sells Estate in Greenwich". The New York Times. March 31, 1929. Retrieved December 26, 2018. "HUGE POWER PLANT 100 FEET UNDER CITY; Biggest Substation in World Moved Into Bedrock Under Grand Central Terminal. SERVICE NEVER CUT OFF $3,000,000 System Ran Trains While Being Moved to Make Way for New Waldorf. Engineers Hail Work. HUGE POWER PLANT 100 FEET UNDER CITY Vault Carved in Rock. Apparatus Weighs 850 Tons. Air Cleaned Before Use". The New York Times. February 16, 1930. Retrieved December 26, 2018. Sources that mention the 109-foot figure include: Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 12, 2017). "Man and Machine, Both Beautiful, Meet at Grand Central". City Room. Retrieved February 10, 2019. Taylor, Ross (March 3, 2008). "A GRAND PLACE". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved February 10, 2019. A figure of 105 feet is also given by Solis 2005, p. 118. At least two sources give a figure of nine flights or 13 stories: Heidenry, Margaret (December 7, 2015). "'In 24 Hours': Track 61 and Grand Central's M42". CNN Travel. Retrieved February 10, 2019. Reynolds, Emma (June 6, 2018). "Dark world under New York streets". NewsComAu. Retrieved February 10, 2019. The 10-story figure is mentioned by: "9 Secret Spaces Hidden Under Our Cities". Interesting Engineering. December 5, 2017. 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Interesting America. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 136 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 138 Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 4 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 63 Green, Richard E. (2009). Metro-North Railroad Track Map (Map). § Grand Central Terminal. Samson, Peter R. (2004). GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, Upper Level (PDF). Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 5 Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 67 "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Retrieved November 18, 2009. "The secret below Grand Central Station". BBC News. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009. Joseph Brennan (2002). "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Retrieved May 2, 2014. Forrest Wickman (May 1, 2014). "Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider-Man Real? Explained". Slate. Samson, Peter R. (2004). GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, Lower Level (PDF). Engineering News-record (in Dutch). McGraw-Hill. 1920. p. 501. Retrieved January 6, 2019. 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ASCE Metropolitan Section. January 8, 1902. Retrieved December 11, 2018. Boorstin, Robert O. (September 23, 1986). "Grand Central Blaze Damage to Mean Delays Till Weekend". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 5, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 147 Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 25, 2009). "The Zoo That Is Grand Central, at Full Gallop". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2019. "Developments at the Grand Central Terminal in New York". Railway Review. 57 (8): 231. August 21, 1915. "Grand Central Emergency Hospital". Railroad Men. 25 (9): 268–9. June 1912. Retrieved February 9, 2019. "Grand Central Terminal Builds Legend During its 50 Years". The Journal News. November 13, 1963. p. 21. Retrieved February 9, 2019 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Belle & Leighton 2000, pp. 49–50 Schlichting 2001, pp. 118–120 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 66 Dunlap, David W. (March 5, 2014). 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Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862. Retrieved December 19, 2018. Gray, Christopher (2006-03-19). "The Curious Travels of the Commodore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-22. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 6 "Grand Central Terminal to Have Vanderbilt Statue". The New York Times. February 24, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 15, 2018. Lueck, Thomas J. (September 20, 1996). "Work Starts 100 Feet Above Grand Central Commuters". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2018. "Grandeur!". New York Daily News. February 16, 1997. p. 698. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 93 Pollak, Michael (February 13, 2015). "What Happened to the Big Armchairs in Grand Central Terminal?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2018. "Iconic Grand Central Terminal Unveils New Iconic Mark". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 28, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2018. "New Work: Grand Central". Pentagram. March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved February 12, 2019. Howe, Patricia; Katherine Moore (February 25, 1976). National Register of Historic Places nomination, Poughkeepsie Railroad station. Flad, Harvey K.; Griffen, Clyde (2009). Main Street to Mainframes. State University of New York Press, Albany. p. 70. ISBN 9781438426365. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Baker, R.C. (May 19, 2017). "Meet SNL's 78-Year-Old "Heart Of The Show"". Village Voice. Retrieved December 8, 2018. "New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work" (PDF). The New York Times. September 2, 1928. p. Real Estate, Page 123,. Retrieved December 7, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 103 "Link Up Park Av. to Ease Congestion". The New York Times. April 17, 1919. Retrieved December 7, 2018. Durante, Dianne L. (2007). Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862. Retrieved February 1, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 111 "ELECTRIC MARVELS IN NEW POST OFFICE; Belts, Lifts, and Chutes Do All but the Thinking in Building That Opens Today. COVERS N.Y. CENTRAL YARD Built to Handle 800,000 Pounds of Mail a Day ;- Room for 33 Cars of Sacks at Once". The New York Times. August 15, 1915. Retrieved December 28, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 181 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 128 Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 6 Lee, Henry (October 16, 1960). "Grand Old Central Sprouts a Skyscraper". New York Daily News. pp. 52, 53 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read "Our Subway Open, 150,000 Try It" (PDF). New York Times. October 28, 1904. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 100 "Neighborhood Map: Grand Central-42 St (S)" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 18, 2018. "Neighborhood Map: Grand Central-42 St (4)(5)(6)" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 18, 2018. "Shuttle Service In Operation". pudl.princeton.edu. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. September 27, 1918. Retrieved September 19, 2016. "Lexington Av. Line To Be Opened Today; Subway Service to East Side of Harlem and the Bronx Expected to Relieve Congestion. Begins With Local Trains Running of Express Trains to Await Opening of Seventh AvenueLine of H System". The New York Times. July 17, 1918. Retrieved April 14, 2018. "Steinway Tunnel Will Open Today; Officials Will Attend Ceremony in the Long Island City Station at 11 A.M. First Public Train At Noon Public Service Commission Renames the Under-River Route the Queensboro Subway". The New York Times. June 22, 1915. Retrieved April 14, 2018. "RAPID TRANSIT ON THE BOWERY.; OPENING OF THE EAST SIDE ELEVATED RAILROAD TO-DAY TIME-TABLE AND FARES". The New York Times. August 26, 1878. Retrieved December 28, 2018. "42D ST. ELEVATED STOPS.; Service on Spur to Grand Central Discontinued Last Midnight". The New York Times. December 7, 1923. Retrieved December 28, 2018. Gray, Christopher (June 21, 1998). "Grand Central Terminal; How a Rail Complex Chugged Into the 20th Century". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2011. Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 2 Langmead 2009, p. 167 Schlichting 2001, pp. 8–9 Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 3 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 2 Langmead 2009, p. 168 Mid-Harlem Line Third Track Project, Section 4(f) Report: Environmental Impact Statement. Mid-Harlem Line Third Track Project, Section 4(f) Report: Environmental Impact Statement. 2000. p. 8.5. Retrieved December 6, 2018. White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot & Leadon, Fran (2010), AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 313, ISBN 9780195383867 Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 34 Langmead, D. (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood Icons. Greenwood Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Langmead 2009, p. 169 Schlichting 2001, p. 50 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 87 Schlichting 2001, pp. 51–54 "New York Central's Superb New Terminus". New York World. December 12, 1897. p. 60. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 3 Sprague, J. L.; Cunningham, J. J. (2013). "A Frank Sprague Triumph: The Electrification of Grand Central Terminal [History]". IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. 11 (1): 58–76. doi:10.1109/mpe.2012.2222293. ISSN 1540-7977. Langmead 2009, p. 170 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 4 Schlichting 2001, pp. 55–56 "WGBH American Experience . Grand Central". PBS. January 8, 1902. Retrieved November 8, 2015. "FIFTEEN KILLED IN REAR END COLLISION; Trains Crash in Darkness of Park Avenue Tunnel. TWO SCORE ARE INJURED Engineer Disregards or Fails to See Signals. LOCOMOTIVE BURIED IN CAR Firemen Cut Their Way Into the Wreck and Climb Over the Hot Boiler to the Aid of the Wounded -- Heroic Acts of Rescuers and Rescued -- Survivors and Others Tell Thrilling Stories of Their Experiences". The New York Times. January 9, 1902. Retrieved December 10, 2018. "Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt". New-York Tribune. January 9, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved December 10, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Roberts 2013, p. 72 Langmead 2009, p. 171 Roberts 2013, p. 72 Schlichting 2001, pp. 60-62 Schlichting 2001, pp. 64–65 McLowery, Randall (February 18, 2014). "The Rise and Fall of Penn Station - American Experience". PBS. Retrieved December 10, 2018. Schlichting 2001, pp. 116–117 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 5 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 50 Schlichting 2001, pp. 121–122 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 6 Schlichting 2001, p. 67 "CONSTRUCTING A GREAT MODERN RAILWAY TERMINAL; One of the Most Puzzling of Modem Engineering Problems Is Involved in the Building, Without Interruption to Traffic, of New York's Grand Central Station". The New York Times. August 16, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 13, 2018. "THE NEW TERMINAL OF THE". The New York Times. September 12, 1909. Retrieved December 14, 2018. Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 7 "WONDERS GROW NEAR NEW GRAND CENTRAL; Work Will Cost $180,000,000 and a New Park Avenue Will Rise to the North". The New York Times. June 26, 1910. Retrieved December 13, 2018. Schlichting 2001, p. 97 Maranzani, Barbara. "Grand Central Terminal: An American Icon". History.com. Retrieved February 2, 2018. "Grand Central Terminal opens". Railway Age: 78. September 2006. ISSN 0033-8826. "Modern Terminal Supplies Patrons with Home Comforts". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2018. "GRAND CENTRAL ZONE BOASTS MANY CONNECTED BUILDINGS; Pedestrians May Walk Underground for Blocks With out Ever Coming Into Contact With Street Traffic Thousands Use Passages. Reducing Vibration". The New York Times. September 14, 1930. Retrieved January 10, 2019. "Exploring New York's Real Underworld".Popular Science Monthly, November 1931, p. 135 The Gateway to a Continent: Grand Central Zone, 1939 Gray, Christopher (August 19, 2010). "Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2018. Langmead 2009, p. 172 "Link Up Park Av. to Ease Congestion". The New York Times. April 17, 1919. Retrieved December 7, 2018. "New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work" (PDF). The New York Times. September 2, 1928. p. Real Estate, Page 123. Retrieved December 7, 2018. Schlichting 2001, pp. 188 "N.Y. Central Plans Broad Expansion". Buffalo Commercial. May 24, 1918. p. 9. Retrieved December 19, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read "New Art School Opens: Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central". The New York Times. October 2, 1924. p. 27. Retrieved March 3, 2010. "Terminal Fire Not in Art School". The New York Times. September 6, 1929. p. 9. Retrieved March 3, 2010. "New Art School Opens: Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central". The New York Times. October 2, 1924. Retrieved July 30, 2011. "Galleries to End 36 Years in Depot; Grand Central Art Group to Move to Biltmore Hotel in March -- Fete Held". The New York Times. October 31, 1958. Retrieved January 14, 2019. They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years until 1981, and then moved to 24 West 57th Street, and ceased operations by 1994."A Finding Aid to the Grand Central Art Galleries records, 1931-1968, bulk circa 1952-circa 1965". Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. November 14, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018. Langmead 2009, p. 177 "PAN AM BUILDING DEDICATED IN N.Y.; 100 Million Structure, 59 Stories Tall, City's Biggest Other Speakers at Event". The New York Times. March 8, 1963. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Fowler, Glenn (February 24, 1968). "BREUER TO DESIGN TERMINAL TOWER; Engaged by Briton for a 2d Project Over Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Shipler, David K. (August 27, 1969). "Landmarks Panel Bars Office Tower Over Grand Central; Landmarks Panel Bars Tower on Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978) Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 135 (U.S. 1978). "Metro-North Railroad Committee Meeting November 2018" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 13, 2018. pp. 73–74. Retrieved November 10, 2018. Reuters (December 13, 1994). "Company News; Insurance Unit to Buy Its Parent in Stock Merger". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 19, 2018. Masello, Robert. "The Trump Card". Town & Country. Town & Country. ""Grand Central Station" August 11, 1976, by Carolyn Pitts" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. August 11, 1976. "Grand Central Station—Accompanying 11 photos, exterior and interior, from 1983 and undated" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory. National Park Service. 1983. "Skyjackings: Bombs for Croatia". Time. September 20, 1976. Retrieved June 30, 2011. Katz, Samuel M. (2002). Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the Manhunt for the Al-Qaeda Terrorists. New York: Forge/Tom Doherty Associates. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7653-0402-5. Barron, James (April 8, 1991). "Riding the Past From Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2018. "6 Amtrak trains to use Grand Central Terminal this summer". lohud.com. June 12, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018. Rulison, Larry; Anderson, and Eric (April 10, 2018). "Repairs will shift Amtrak's Rensselaer trains to Grand Central Terminal". Times Union. Retrieved April 17, 2018. Levine, Richard (January 11, 1988). "Plan Urges New Look At Terminal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 26, 2018. Dunlap, David W. (January 29, 1995). "Grand Central Makeover Is Readied". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 11, 2018. Dunlap, David W. (September 29, 1994). "Grand Central May Be Getting East Staircase". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2018. Sachs, Susan (October 2, 1998). "From Gritty Depot, A Glittery Destination; Refurbished Grand Central Terminal, Worthy of Its Name, Is Reopened". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2018. Klein, Melissa (October 2, 1998). "Fanfare marks the rededication of Grand Central Terminal". The Journal News. White Plains, NY. p. 1. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read "Grand Central Centennial Continues in 2013". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 3, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2018. "Grand Central turns 100". RT&S. February 1, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013. Chaban, Matt A. (October 16, 2016). "Future Neighbor Will Tower Over Grand Central, but Allow It to Shine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 19, 2016. Warerkar, Tanay (October 18, 2016). "One Vanderbilt reveals public plaza, huge transit hall in new renderings". Curbed NY. Retrieved October 19, 2016. "MTA mulling big repairs to Grand Central train shed". Crain's New York Business. December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Barbanel, Josh (February 7, 2019). "New York's Grand Hyatt Hotel to Be Torn Down". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2019. Plitt, Amy (February 7, 2019). "Midtown's Grand Hyatt Hotel to be replaced by huge mixed-use tower". Curbed NY. Retrieved February 9, 2019. Dobnik, Verena (November 4, 2015). "Massive East Side Access Project Rolling On Under Grand Central". nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved January 19, 2016. Ocean, Justin (November 4, 2015). "Inside the Massive New Rail Tunnels Beneath NYC's Grand Central". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 19, 2016. Weiss, Lois (July 6, 2007). "Air Rights Make Deals Fly". New York Post. Retrieved January 7, 2016. "Midtown TDR Ventures LLC-Acquisition Exemption-American Premier Underwriters, Inc., The Owasco River Railway, Inc., and American Financial Group, Inc". Surface Transportation Board, U.S. Department of Transportation. December 7, 2006. Retrieved February 3, 2014. "MTA to Purchase Grand Central Terminal, Harlem Line and Hudson Line for $35 Million". MTA. November 13, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019. Berger, Paul (November 13, 2018). "After Years of Renting, MTA to Buy Grand Central Terminal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 14, 2018. "MTA to buy Grand Central, Harlem and Hudson lines for $35M, opening development options". lohud.com. November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018. "New York's Grand Central Terminal sold for US$35m". Business Times. November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018. "FIRST GREAT STAIRLESS RAILWAY TERMINAL IN HISTORY; Unique Architectural Feature by Which Passengers Reach Trains by Easy Grades". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. Retrieved December 7, 2018. "New Grand Central Terminal Opens its Doors". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. pp. 69–74. Retrieved December 18, 2018. Garber, Megan (February 1, 2013). "The Clocks at Grand Central Station Are Permanently Wrong". The Atlantic. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 131–132 "FIFTY YEARS HE WATCHED GROWTH OF GRAND CENTRAL; George Schuman, Now Retiring, Began Work at the Terminal When It Was Called". The New York Times. May 1, 1924. Retrieved January 5, 2019. "'GREEN CAPS' TO HELP FORGETFUL TRAVELERS; New Functionaries at Grand Central to Perform Offices of aPrivate Secretary". The New York Times. June 25, 1922. Retrieved January 5, 2019. "DAY IN A GREEN CAP'S LIFE IS FILLED WITH ODD JOBS". The New York Times. August 19, 1923. Retrieved January 5, 2019. "New Grand Central Green Caps Banish All Trouble for a Dime" (PDF). New York Tribune. July 2, 1922. p. 4. Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via Fultonhistory.com. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 44 Schlichting 2001, p. 80 Schlichting 2001, pp. 81–82 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 106–107 "WANTS 'PERSHING SQUARE.'; J.M. Bowman Proposes Name for Grand Central Terminal Zone". The New York Times. July 22, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 20, 2018. "CENTRAL NOW PLANS A WONDERFUL PLAZA; More Millions to be Spent in Beautifying the New Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. 1910-03-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-29. Schlichting 2001, p. 176 Schlichting 2001, p. 161 Schlichting 2001, pp. 162–163 "Values Higher in All Directions Around Proposed Railroad Stations". The New York Times. March 25, 1906. p. 23. Retrieved January 29, 2019. Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 6 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 111 "New Grand Central Palace to Be Ready in May". Washington Post. Washington, DC. February 12, 1913. p. 39. Retrieved December 22, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 108–109 "The Graybar Building" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2018. "Park Avenue, Interrupted". The New York Times. December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2018. Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 113 Schlichting 2001, pp. 180–181 Goldberger, Paul (June 3, 1990). "ARCHITECTURE VIEW; GRAND CENTRAL BASKS IN A BURST OF MORNING LIGHT". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2018. "Answering Questions About New York". The New York Times. April 27, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2018. Kugel, Seth (November 16, 2008). "Sheltering Under Grand Central's Ceiling of Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2018. Shepard, Richard F. (March 29, 1991). "New Lighting for Grand Central Elegance". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2018. Hevesi, Dennis (August 4, 1988). "7 Rail Officers Suspended For Joke Tape". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Hevesi, Dennis (August 7, 1988). "Police Tape Gets National Attention". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Cavanagh, S.L. (2010). "grand+central"#v=snippet&q="grand%20central"&f=false Queering Bathrooms: Gender, Sexuality, and the Hygienic Imagination. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN 978-1-4426-9997-7. Retrieved February 4, 2019. Associated Press (March 25, 2015). "Transgendered NYC Woman Arrested for Using Women's Restroom". Fox News. Retrieved February 4, 2019. "Conductors union calls for firing, arrest of MTA cops, citing police brutality". lohud.com. August 18, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2019. "Metro-North's Grand Central Terminal Fire Brigade Celebrates 20th Anniversary". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 14, 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2019. Kadden, Jack (February 5, 2006). "At Grand Central, Your Life Is in Their Hands". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2019. Goldberg, Max (December 15, 2015). "Behind the Scenes With New York's Grand Central Fire Brigade". The Drive. Retrieved February 2, 2019. Schlichting 2001, p. 124 Roberts 2013, p. 89; Bilotto & DiLorenzo 2017, p. 2 Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 6 Gray, Christopher (March 19, 2006). "The Curious Travels of the Commodore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 15, 2018. Ortiz, Brennan (February 24, 2014). "Where Are the Cast-Iron Eagles of the Original Grand Central Terminal?". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 6, 2018. See, for example: Yarrow, Andrew L. (October 9, 1987). "Adventurous Performers In Unexpected Places". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Miller, Andrea (September 1, 2013). "Steel, Roses & Slave Ships". Lion's Roar. Retrieved December 19, 2016. Yablonsky, Linda (June 27, 2004). "ART; The Carpet That Ate Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018. "Watch Out for the Horses on Your Way to the Train". The New York Times. March 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2018. "MTA | news | MTA Arts for Transit Unveils New Papercut Exhibition at Grand Central". Mta.info. September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Opie, Catherine. "Xin Song's Paper Architecture at Grand Central Station". Installationmag.com. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Song, Xin. "Thomas Witte is Cutting Shadows in Grand Central Station". Installationmag.com. Retrieved December 22, 2018. Trebay, Guy (February 14, 2011). "Moncler Grenoble Show Takes Over Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018. "Grand Central Terminal's Ten Greatest Moments on Film". The Bowery Boys: New York City History. February 21, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018. "Industry Star of the Month". Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting. October 1, 2005. Retrieved February 14, 2019. Dunlap, David W. (July 5, 2017). "In a 'Summer of Hell,' Grand Central May Be a Bit of Heaven". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2018. Chaudhury, Nadia (January 27, 2013). "12 things you didn't know about Grand Central Terminal". Time Out New York. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Langmead 2009, pp. 165–166 Winogura, Dale (1972). "Dialogues on Apes, Apes, and More Apes" (PDF). Cinefantastique: Planet of the Apes Issue: 37. Retrieved December 24, 2018. Rosen, Neil. "The Grand Central Terminal in the Movies". NY1. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Weaver, Shaye (October 11, 2017). "Grand Central Terminal transforming into cinema for one day only". AM New York. Retrieved December 6, 2018. "Exploring Grand Central's Secrets, With the Author of Hugo Cabret - New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2019. General references Belle, John; Leighton, Maxinne Rhea (2000). Grand Central: Gateway to a Million Lives. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04765-3. Bilotto, Gregory; DiLorenzo, Frank (2017). Building Grand Central Terminal. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-6051-5. Fitch, James Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance. Albany, New York: The Division. "Grand Central Terminal" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 2, 1967. "Grand Central Terminal Interior" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 23, 1980. Langmead, Donald (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood Icons. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Roberts, Sam (January 22, 2013). Grand Central: How a Train Station Transformed America. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-2595-9. Robins, A.W.; New York Transit Museum (2013). Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark. ABRAMS. ISBN 978-1-61312-387-4. Retrieved December 6, 2018. Schlichting, Kurt C. (2001). Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6510-7. Further reading Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide. US History Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1. Fried, Frederick; Gillon, Edmund Vincent Jr. (1976). New York Civic Sculpture: A Pictorial Guide. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23258-4. Middleton, William D. (1999). Grand Central, the World's Greatest Railway Terminal. San Marino: Golden West Books. OCLC 49014602. O'Hara, Frank; Allen, Donald (1995). The Collected Poems of Frank O'Hara. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-20166-8. Reed, Henry Hope; Gillon, Edmund Vincent Jr. (1988). Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25698-6. Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0511-2. External links External video "Every Detail of Grand Central Terminal Explained" on YouTube, Architectural Digest, 2018 "Train Station Tour: Grand Central Terminal" on YouTube, The Transport Net, 2016 "Grand Central Terminal LED Stars" on YouTube, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2010 Media related to Grand Central Terminal at Wikimedia Commons Official website Edit this at Wikidata Station listing vte Grand Central Terminal Links to related articles Authority control Edit this at Wikidata GND: 4440613-7 VIAF: 229136055 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 229136055 Coordinates: 40°45'10.127?N 73°58'37.974?W Categories: Grand Central Terminal1871 establishments in New York (state)42nd Street (Manhattan)Beaux-Arts architecture in New York CityFormer Amtrak stations in New York (state)Metro-North Railroad stations in New York CityMidtown ManhattanNational Historic Landmarks in ManhattanPark AvenueProposed Long Island Rail Road stationsRailroad-related National Historic LandmarksRailroad terminals in New York CityRailway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in ManhattanRailway stations in ManhattanRailway stations located underground in New York (state)Railway stations opened in 1871Railway stations in the United States opened in 1913Reed and Stem buildingsFormer New York Central Railroad stationsStations along New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad linesTourist attractions in ManhattanUnion stations in the United StatesWarren and Wetmore buildings Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages ? 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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 16:00:12 GMT 1
D-rank English EDIT SHARE D-rank (Dランク, Dī ranku) is one of the six classifications. It is preceded by E-rank and followed by C-rank. It is typically used when classifying techniques intended for ninja of the genin level. D-rank techniques are often one of the first techniques a ninja will learn after leaving the Academy.
There are also D-rank missions, the lowest classification a mission can receive. These missions are usually assigned to genin. Naruto Uzumaki describes D-rank missions as not being actual missions as they deal with tasks as simple as finding missing pets and weeding a garden. D-rank missions pay between 5,000 and 50,000 ryō.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 22:24:24 GMT 1
A-rank English EDIT SHARE A-rank (Aランク, Ē ranku) is one of the six classifications. It is preceded by B-rank and followed by S-rank. It is typically used when classifying techniques intended for ninja of the Kage and jōnin levels. A-rank techniques are often very useful, but need extensive training before they can be mastered. Some A-rank techniques also pose a risk to the user, resulting in their classification as kinjutsu.
There are also A-rank missions. These missions relate to what is in a village or country's personal interests and are extremely difficult or dangerous to complete, usually assigned to jōnin. A-rank missions pay between 150,000 and 1,000,000 ryō.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 22:27:22 GMT 1
A-rank English EDIT SHARE A-rank (Aランク, Ē ranku) is one of the six classifications. It is preceded by B-rank and followed by S-rank. It is typically used when classifying techniques intended for ninja of the Kage and jōnin levels. A-rank techniques are often very useful, but need extensive training before they can be mastered. Some A-rank techniques also pose a risk to the user, resulting in their classification as kinjutsu.
There are also A-rank missions. These missions relate to what is in a village or country's personal interests and are extremely difficult or dangerous to complete, usually assigned to jōnin. A-rank missions pay between 150,000 and 1,000,000 ryō.
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 23:30:35 GMT 1
The truth of Ninja -Ninja Encyclopedia- Ninja Encyclopedia Today,"Ninja"s are well known in all over the world. By the way,actually, who are they? In old days,when Japan had been separated in many countries,the professional spies,who stole secrets of enemies,were Ninjas. We are going to introduce ,what Ninjas had really been , that only few people know. Top Page > Ninja's Weapons and Tools Ninja's Weapons and Tools Entry List Shuriken (Ninja Star) Among the weapons that ninjas use, the most famous one must be the Shuriken (手裏剣 : Ninja Star) . Everyone has to have watched a scene where a ninja is throwing some star shaped piece of metal in the movies or in an anime or another piece of fiction. They are called shuriken in Japanese. Of the several kinds of shuriken, maybe the most typical kind is the Flat plate type. The shape of it is like an asteroid with four arms. But actually, there are no more than 40 to 50 types of shurikens. Ninjas u...
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Ninja Sword Ninja swordSamurai SwordThe swords considered to be those used by ninjas are quite specific. Firstly, compared with those of samurais, they are straight and short. The length of the blade is about 540 mm. On the other hand, samurais swords have a curve on the blade for sharpness and the length of the blade is about 700 mm. It is believed that the reason why ninja’s swords have these characteristics is for various functions of use. The existence of ninjas swords during early times is unclear. Of ...
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Kusarigama KusarigamaKusarigama is a weapon that has a sickle and a weight and looks very complex. They are connected with a chain. The length of the chain is about 1000-4000 mm. To use it, the weight was thrown at the enemy’s weapon to drop it or used to coil the weight around an arm or the enemy’s weapon with the chain. After that, a finishing blow was dealt with the sickle to the enemy. The methods of using Kusarigama are so varied that users can attack in any way using a combination of a sickle and a...
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Kunai KunaiBasically for Ninjas, there is no determinate distinction between tools and weapons. Ninjas utilize everything around them or everything that they have with them both as tools and weapons.Kunai (苦無) is an implement which indicates such speciality of Ninjas. Kunai is the most famous weapon of Ninjas second only to Shuriken (手裏剣) . Kunai is made of steel and the shape is like a wedge. One end is a blade, across the grip, another side is a circle with a round hole. The length of Kunai is 100~4...
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Makibishi Ninja scattering MakibishiWe can find an interesting contrast between Ninja and Samurai here also. Now, I am talking about "escape". As a samurai is a kind of a soldier, deserting under enemy fire is the most shameful thing he could do. If found out by his officer, he would be executed. But in the case of ninja who is a kind of spy, to escape is one of the most important aspect of a mission. Because it would be in vain if he was captured even if he had succeeded in stealing important information...
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Tekko-Kagi Tekko-Kagi for both handsNinja scratching an enemywith Tekko-KagiOne of the biggest differences between weapons of samurai and those of ninjas was that the former was made only for the purpose of killing a person, on the other hand, ninjas used many usual tools to fight with." Tekko-Kagi (手甲鉤) " was very much in this category of usual tools. By nature, the origin of Tekko-Kagi was as a farm implement. It is a kind of a sickle used for reaping weeds. The speciality of ninjas was that they were ab...
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Kakute Ninja using a KakuteHave you ever had such an experience? When you were shaking hands with someone and he or she had a ring around his or her finger and you felt a little pain from the pressure. I want you to imagine that the ring had sharp corners. In such a case it could certainly be used as a weapon. Kakute (角手) is exactly such a type of a weapon which ninjas used. Kakute is a ring that has a few horns around the surface. Basically, ninjas did not like close combat but there were sometimes c...
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Manriki-Gusari Manriki-gusari (万力鎖) is a one of the secret weapons of the ninja. The shape of manriki-gusari is quite simple. Weights are attached on both ends of the weapon and these weights are connected with a chain. The length of the chain is different depending on the ninja school it’s from. Generally they weigh between 300 to 400g.Basically, manriki-gusari is a self-defence weapon. It is so tiny that Ninjas can bring it in their pocket. They are used in a variety of ways. Firstly, when facing an opponen...
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Tekken TekkenThe history of knuckle dusters is very long. If including individual brawls, the origin of boxing can be considered as old as that of human beings. Of course, the fist of a man is relatively fragile compared to that of a cast iron weapon that can be used time and time again. For that reason, men have used weapons attached to their hands as a substitution for fists for centuries. They are like "cestus", which ancient roman boxers wore on their hands or knuckle dusters that american ruffian...
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Needle(For Hits on Fatal Spots of Target... The key characteristic of ninja weapons is that there is little difference between them and regular tools. This is true for both the shape and function. Ninjas utilize weapons and tools according to the circumstances they’re used in. There are some ninja weapons whose forms are like a needle. We are going to see them from such a view. In pre-modern Japan, women usually wore an ornamental hairpin called " a kanzashi ( かんざし ) " on their heads. The length of a kanzashi was about 160 mm, and the wei...
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Blowgun It has been described in previous articles but is certainly worth elaborating more on the details as such information about ninjas and needles is not easy to find and is very important to understanding the ninja.First of all, the boss of Iga (伊賀) Ninjas was the Hattori (服部) - Family. In chinese, "服部" means a specialist of weaving. Supposedly, the Hattori ninja family were originally clothing craftspeople in China and they came to Japan in ancient times. It is said that Hattori used the art of ...
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Ninja firearms The relationship between ninjas and fire is incredibly deep. The introduction of guns from the Western world to Japan was in 1543. A Chinese ship on which two Portuguese were aboard drifted ashore on Tanegashima-island (種子島). The Portuguese sold two guns to the lords of Tanegashima. Because incidentally this was during the Age of the Warring States period, guns spread all around Japan rapidly.But surprisingly, ninjas were well aware of gunpowder and bombs hundreds of years before that time. It i...
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Nigiri-Teppo(Handy Ninja Guns) Nigiri-TeppoMatchlocks were introduced to Japan from the Western-World in 1543. After that, while independent of Europe the Japanese people invented a handgun for themselves. Further to this, ninjas created handy guns as secret weapons called " Nigiri-Teppo (握り鉄砲) ". Generally speaking, the construction of a gun is quite simple. In order to make a gun, there are two essential items needed, a barrel and an ignition device. It is OK as long as they are tough and functional.The form of the gun is n...
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The Secret Medicines of Ninjas The flower of the aconite treeNinjas lived in the deep mountains, where various type of plants grow. Ninjas lived a life unified with nature and had a deep knowledge of vegetation. So, it is quite natural that Ninjas utilized many wild vegetation for their diet and medical treatment. Ninjas conducted peddling of medicine and went all around Japan. The main reason was to gather information about other countries. It can be said that Ninjas were well informed about medicine even as much as doctors....
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Shikomizue ShikomizueI have described about "Shikomizue (仕込み杖) " as a Ninja's secret weapon in a previous entry but shikomizue has many other variations in look and use which I will elaborate on. Firstly, there was a hidden weapon named "Shikomitessen", its shape was that of a folding fan, "Tessen (鉄扇) " means a weapon camouflaged as a fan. There were two types of tessen. One with outer two ribs made of iron, and another with plates made from iron that are connected by a rope. Tessen were used mainly by mi...
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Nekode A hand with Nekode on all fingersIn eastern Asia, small weapons were invented in ancient times that were called "Anki (暗器) " that weren’t just limited to ninjas. The definition of Anki was something small enough to be brought with a man for the purpose of self-defence or assassination. Anki were camouflaged to appear like a tool and not a weapon when glanced at. We often find such weapons in Chinese martial arts but there were much more Ankis used by ninjas than those fighters of kung‐fu. Nekode...
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Metsubushi Needless to say, in a battle, if a man lost his sight, his fighting strength would be gone as he may be completely blind. For that reason, in almost all modern martial arts the any attack on the eyes of opponents is strictly prohibited. This is only the case in martial arts which have certain rules though. In the case of a ninja such regulations certainly did not apply, far from it, if anything, attacks on the eyes could be very effective for them. The fights that ninjas encountered were all fr...
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Shikoro ShikoroAs explained many times before, for ninjas there is no clear distinction between weapons and tools. Ninjas use the same apparatus in different ways depending on the circumstances, sometimes it will be used as a weapon and at other times as a tool.I am going to describe about devices which were basically used only as tools. It goes without saying that in the Warring States period, the targets of ninjas in most cases were the lords of castles. Ninjas were security conscience to protect thei...
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Shinobi-Kumade Ninjas climbing on a castle wallJapanese used to do things with their systematized methods and ways calling it “Jutsu (術) ". This was not only the case for ninja but all Japanese used to do this. In Japanese, ninjutus (忍術) means ninjas’ techniques. There were a lot of ninjutsu, one of them was " To-Jutsu (登術) " which teaches how to climb high” but of course any Japanese people did that as a part of their culture, and that’s where ninjutus is comes from.As explained before, ninjas were light, t...
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Kaginawa KaginawaIt is said that Ninjas always had 6 tools with them on their missions that were called "Shinobi Rokugu (忍び六具) " . The tools used are categorized below. " Kaginawa (かぎ縄) " a climbing tool, " Inro (印籠) " a small box in which some medicine is put, " Sekihitsu (石筆) " a pen made of charcoal or clay, " Sanjaku Tenugui (三尺手ぬぐい) " a cotton towel with a length of 910mm, "Hidane (火種) " a kindling and " Amigasa (編み笠) " a braided straw hat.They were not specific equipment for ninjas, but rather casu...
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Mizugumo MizugumoIn general, around Japanese castles many obstructions were prepared, the main one was the moat. In the Warring States period during a war, it was really hard for troops to raid the centre of a castle when there was a water moat around the castle. This fact applied not only to armies but also to individual agent provocateurs like ninjas because during the daytime, invaders were in full view from the center of the castle. Ninjas would die if sniped from inside but if ninjas could not get o...
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Hidane " Hidane (火種) " is also one of the " shinobi-rokugu (忍び六具) " , which are the 6 necessities of ninjas like kaginawa. In Japanese, " Hi (火) " means fire, " Tane (種) " is "source" . As ninjas are a specialist of fire, firearms, and guns, they need burning fire anytime and anywhere. Sometimes it may be too late if ninjas make fire when needed. There are some ninja tools with the function of hidane. Here, I am going to introduce " Dobi (胴火) " .Dobi is one of the hidane, which is a wood pipe with a le...
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Yatate Yatate and brush penAlthough " Yatate (矢立) " was only a pencil case for ninjas, yatate can be said to be the tool which embodied the identity of the ninja. It meant that yatate was often used as an equipment camouflaged by a gun, sword or blowgun. At a glance, the shape of yatate is really simple. It is a pipe with a length of about 300mm and on the top of the pipe, a small box is attached in which ink is put. In the pipe body, some writing brushes and chalk called " Sekihitsu (石筆) " are contain...
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Amigasa A regular type of amigasaKomusos (虚無僧)with Amigasaon their headsAmigasa (編み笠) was also one of the 6 necessary articles of ninjas. Amigasa is a braided hat made of rushes, sedges and straw. Of course amigasa was not necessarily a tool only for ninjas, in Japan in those days, many travelers wore them on their heads as a way of shielding themselves from the sun. There are some reasons why ninjas used them regularly. Firstly, they wore them to provide the shade. The history of Amigasa is really deep...
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Kiki-Zutsu During childhood, did you have an experience of playing with a string telephone? It was fun hearing the voice of the other person echoing in the paper cup. The sound that vibrates from the string is very low and in spite of this, the voice from the other person amplifies on a large scale. The principle of the equipment is that the soundwave from the string amplifies in the paper cup by means of resonating thousands of times in the narrow space. " Kiki-Zutsu (聞き筒) ", was a kind of bug used by nin...
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Goshiki-Mai Goshiki-Mai (五色米)As described in a previous article, ninjas have some skills for transmitting important information to their comrades or lords. They are called " dentatsu-jutsu (伝達術) " . We are going to view only a part of dentasu-jutsu here. " Goshiki-Mai (五色米) " is one of the " dentatsu-jutsu (伝達術) ". In Japanese, " goshiki " means five colors and "Mai" means rice. Firstly, ninjas prepared five types of rice, which were painted with several colors. They were blue, yellow, red, black, and purpl...
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 23:34:25 GMT 1
Page semi-protected Ninja From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Ninja (disambiguation). "Shinobi", "Ninja warrior", and "Chūnin" redirect here. For other uses, see Shinobi (disambiguation), Ninja Warrior (disambiguation), and Chūnin (album). Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of sketches (Hokusai Manga) by Hokusai. Woodblock print on paper. Volume six, 1817. A ninja (忍者) (hiragana: にんじゃ) or shinobi (忍び) (hiragana: しのび) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of a ninja included espionage, deception, and surprise attacks.[1] Their covert methods of waging irregular warfare were deemed dishonorable and beneath the honor of the samurai.[2] Though shinobi proper, as specially trained spies and mercenaries, appeared in the 15th century during the Sengoku period (15th–17th centuries),[3] antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century.[4][5] In the unrest of the Sengoku period, mercenaries and spies for hire became active in Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from the area's clans that much of the knowledge of the ninja is drawn. Following the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity.[6] A number of shinobi manuals, often based on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the Bansenshukai (1676).[7] By the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), shinobi had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninjas figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as invisibility, walking on water and control over the natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in popular culture is based more on such legend and folklore than on the spies of the Sengoku period. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Predecessors 2.2 Early history 2.3 Iga and Kōga clans 2.4 Shimabara rebellion 3 Oniwaban 4 Roles 4.1 Psychological warfare 4.2 Espionage 4.3 Sabotage 4.4 Assassination 4.5 Countermeasures 5 Training 5.1 Tactics 5.2 Disguises 6 Equipment 6.1 Outerwear 6.2 Tools 6.3 Weaponry 7 Legendary abilities 7.1 Kuji-kiri 8 Foreign ninja 9 Famous people 10 In popular culture 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology The word "ninja" in kanji script Ninja is an on'yomi (Early Middle Chinese–influenced) reading of the two kanji "忍者". In the native kun'yomi kanji reading, it is pronounced shinobi, a shortened form of the transcription shinobi-no-mono (忍の者).[8] The word shinobi appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the Man'yōshū.[9][10] The underlying connotation of shinobi (忍) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. Mono (者) means "a person". Historically, the word ninja was not in common use, and a variety of regional colloquialisms evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with shinobi, some examples include monomi ("one who sees"), nokizaru ("macaque on the roof"), rappa ("ruffian"), kusa ("grass") and Iga-mono ("one from Iga").[6] In historical documents, shinobi is almost always used. Kunoichi, (くノ一) is, originally, an argot which means "woman",[11]:p168 supposedly came from the characters くノ一 (pronounced ku, no and ichi), which make up the three strokes that form the kanji for "woman" (女).[11]:p168 In fictions written in the modern era, Kunoichi means "female ninja",[11]:p167 In the West, the word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post–World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers.[12] In English, the plural of ninja can be either unchanged as ninja, reflecting the Japanese language's lack of grammatical number, or the regular English plural ninjas.[13] History Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian Stephen Turnbull asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them.[14] The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory.[15] The scarcity of historical accounts is also demonstrated in war epics such as The Tale of Hōgen (Hōgen Monogatari) and The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari), which focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience.[12] Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence: So-called ninjutsu techniques, in short are the skills of shinobi-no-jutsu and shinobijutsu, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training.[16] Predecessors Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper. Yoshitoshi, 1886. The title ninja has sometimes been attributed retrospectively to the semi-legendary 4th-century prince Yamato Takeru.[17] In the Kojiki, the young Yamato Takeru disguised himself as a charming maiden, and assassinated two chiefs of the Kumaso people.[18] However, these records take place at a very early stage of Japanese history, and they are unlikely to be connected to the shinobi of later accounts. The first recorded use of espionage was under the employment of Prince Shōtoku in the 6th century.[19] Such tactics were considered unsavory even in early times, when, according to the 10th-century Shōmonki, the boy spy Koharumaru was killed for spying against the insurgent Taira no Masakado.[20] Later, the 14th-century war chronicle Taiheiki contained many references to shinobi,[17] and credited the destruction of a castle by fire to an unnamed but "highly skilled shinobi".[21] Early history It was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose.[14] It was around this time that the word shinobi appeared to define and clearly identify ninja as a secretive group of agents. Evidence for this can be seen in historical documents, which began to refer to stealthy soldiers as shinobi during the Sengoku period.[22] Later manuals regarding espionage are often grounded in Chinese military strategy, quoting works such as The Art of War by Sun Tzu.[23] The ninja emerged as mercenaries in the 15th century, where they were recruited as spies, raiders, arsonists and even terrorists. Amongst the samurai, a sense of ritual and decorum was observed, where one was expected to fight or duel openly. Combined with the unrest of the Sengoku period, these factors created a demand for men willing to commit deeds considered disreputable for conventional warriors.[19][2] By the Sengoku period, the shinobi had several roles, including spy (kanchō), scout (teisatsu), surprise attacker (kishu), and agitator (konran).[22] The ninja families were organized into larger guilds, each with their own territories.[24] A system of rank existed. A jōnin ("upper person") was the highest rank, representing the group and hiring out mercenaries. This is followed by the chūnin ("middle person"), assistants to the jōnin. At the bottom was the genin ("lower person"), field agents drawn from the lower class and assigned to carry out actual missions.[25] Iga and Kōga clans The plains of Iga, nested in secluded mountains, gave rise to villages specialized in the training of ninja. The Iga and Kōga clans have come to describe families living in the province of Iga (modern Mie Prefecture) and the adjacent region of Kōka (later written as Kōga), named after a village in what is now Shiga Prefecture. From these regions, villages devoted to the training of ninja first appeared.[26] The remoteness and inaccessibility of the surrounding mountains may have had a role in the ninja's secretive development.[25] Historical documents regarding the ninja's origins in these mountainous regions are considered generally correct.[27] The chronicle Go Kagami Furoku writes, of the two clans' origins: There was a retainer of the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, of pre-eminent skill in shinobi, and consequently for generations the name of people from Iga became established. Another tradition grew in Kōga.[27] Likewise, a supplement to the Nochi Kagami, a record of the Ashikaga shogunate, confirms the same Iga origin: Inside the camp at Magari of the shōgun [Ashikaga] Yoshihisa there were shinobi whose names were famous throughout the land. When Yoshihisa attacked Rokkaku Takayori, the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, who served him at Magari, earned considerable merit as shinobi in front of the great army of the shōgun. Since then successive generations of Iga men have been admired. This is the origin of the fame of the men of Iga.[28] A distinction is to be made between the ninja from these areas, and commoners or samurai hired as spies or mercenaries. Unlike their counterparts, the Iga and Kōga clans produced professional ninja, specifically trained for their roles.[22] These professional ninja were actively hired by daimyōs between 1485 and 1581,[22] until Oda Nobunaga invaded Iga Province and wiped out the organized clans.[29] Survivors were forced to flee, some to the mountains of Kii, but others arrived before Tokugawa Ieyasu, where they were well treated.[30] Some former Iga clan members, including Hattori Hanzō, would later serve as Tokugawa's bodyguards.[31] Following the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Tokugawa employed a group of eighty Kōga ninja, led by Tomo Sukesada. They were tasked to raid an outpost of the Imagawa clan. The account of this assault is given in the Mikawa Go Fudoki, where it was written that Kōga ninja infiltrated the castle, set fire to its towers, and killed the castellan along with 200 of the garrison.[32] The Kōga ninja are said to have played a role in the later Battle of Sekigahara (1600), where several hundred Kōga assisted soldiers under Torii Mototada in the defence of Fushimi Castle.[33] After Tokugawa's victory at Sekigahara, the Iga acted as guards for the inner compounds of Edo Castle, while the Kōga acted as a police force and assisted in guarding the outer gate.[31] In 1614, the initial "winter campaign" at the Siege of Osaka saw the ninja in use once again. Miura Yoemon, a ninja in Tokugawa's service, recruited shinobi from the Iga region, and sent 10 ninja into Osaka Castle in an effort to foster antagonism between enemy commanders.[34] During the later "summer campaign", these hired ninja fought alongside regular troops at the Battle of Tennōji.[34] Shimabara rebellion A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638).[35] The Kōga ninja were recruited by shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu against Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō, who made a final stand at Hara Castle, in Hizen Province. A diary kept by a member of the Matsudaira clan, the Amakusa Gunki, relates: "Men from Kōga in Ōmi Province who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."[36] The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga. They [the Kōga] were ordered to reconnoitre the plan of construction of Hara Castle, and surveyed the distance from the defensive moat to the ni-no-maru (second bailey), the depth of the moat, the conditions of roads, the height of the wall, and the shape of the loopholes.[36] — Entry: 6th day of the 1st month The ruins of Hara Castle Suspecting that the castle's supplies might be running low, the siege commander Matsudaira Nobutsuna ordered a raid on the castle's provisions. Here, the Kōga captured bags of enemy provisions, and infiltrated the castle by night, obtaining secret passwords.[37] Days later, Nobutsuna ordered an intelligence gathering mission to determine the castle's supplies. Several Kōga ninja—some apparently descended from those involved in the 1562 assault on an Imagawa clan castle—volunteered despite being warned that chances of survival were slim.[38] A volley of shots was fired into the sky, causing the defenders to extinguish the castle lights in preparation. Under the cloak of darkness, ninja disguised as defenders infiltrated the castle, capturing a banner of the Christian cross.[38] The Ukai diary writes, We dispersed spies who were prepared to die inside Hara castle. ... those who went on the reconnaissance in force captured an enemy flag; both Arakawa Shichirobei and Mochizuki Yo'emon met extreme resistance and suffered from their serious wounds for 40 days.[38] — Entry: 27th day of the 1st month As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating moss and grass.[39] This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle: More and more general raids were begun, the Kōga ninja band under the direct control of Matsudaira Nobutsuna captured the ni-no-maru and the san-no-maru (outer bailey) ...[40] — Entry: 24th day of the 2nd month With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced underground.[41] These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war.[42] Oniwaban Main article: Oniwaban In the early 18th century, shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune founded the oniwaban ("garden keeper"), an intelligence agency and secret service. Members of the oniwaban were agents involved in collecting information on daimyōs and government officials.[43] The secretive nature of the oniwaban—along with the earlier tradition of using Iga and Kōga clan members as palace guards—have led some sources to define the oniwabanshū as "ninja".[44] This portrayal is also common in later novels and jidaigeki. However, there is no written link between the earlier shinobi and the later oniwabanshū. Roles The ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by daimyōs.[45] Their primary roles were those of espionage and sabotage, although assassinations were also attributed to ninja. Although they were considered the anti-samurai and were disdained by those belonging to the samurai class, they were necessary for warfare and were even employed by the samurai themselves to carry out operations that were forbidden by the Bushido.[15] A page from the Shōninki (1681), detailing a list of possible disguises In his Buke Myōmokushō, military historian Hanawa Hokinoichi writes of the ninja: They travelled in disguise to other territories to judge the situation of the enemy, they would inveigle their way into the midst of the enemy to discover gaps, and enter enemy castles to set them on fire, and carried out assassinations, arriving in secret.[46] Psychological warfare In battle, the ninja could also be used to cause confusion amongst the enemy.[47] A degree of psychological warfare in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the Ōu Eikei Gunki, composed between the 16th and 17th centuries: Within Hataya castle there was a glorious shinobi whose skill was renowned, and one night he entered the enemy camp secretly. He took the flag from Naoe Kanetsugu's guard ... and returned and stood it on a high place on the front gate of the castle.[48] Espionage Espionage was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications, as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the Nochi Kagami briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage: Concerning ninja, they were said to be from Iga and Kōga, and went freely into enemy castles in secret. They observed hidden things, and were taken as being friends.[28] Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the Tokugawa bakufu, at a time when the bakufu used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional daimyōs as well as the Imperial court.[24] Sabotage Arson was the primary form of sabotage practiced by the ninja, who targeted castles and camps. The 16th-century diary of abbot Eishun (Tamon-in Nikki) at Tamon-in monastery in Kōfuku-ji describes an arson attack on a castle by men of the Iga clans. This morning, the sixth day of the 11th month of Tenbun 10, the Iga-shu entered Kasagi castle in secret and set fire to a few of the priests' quarters. They also set fire to outbuildings in various places inside the San-no-maru. They captured the Ichi-no-maru (inner bailey) and the Ni-no-maru.[49] — Entry: 26th day of the 11th month of the 10th Year of Tenbun (1541) In 1558, Rokkaku Yoshikata employed a team of ninja to set fire to Sawayama Castle. A chunin captain led a force of 48 ninja into the castle by means of deception. In a technique dubbed bakemono-jutsu ("ghost technique"), his men stole a lantern bearing the enemy's family crest (mon), and proceeded to make replicas with the same mon. By wielding these lanterns, they were allowed to enter the castle without a fight. Once inside, the ninja set fire to the castle, and Yoshitaka's army would later emerge victorious.[50] The mercenary nature of the shinobi is demonstrated in another arson attack soon after the burning of Sawayama Castle. In 1561, commanders acting under Kizawa Nagamasa hired three Iga ninja of genin rank to assist the conquest of a fortress in Maibara. Rokakku Yoshitaka, the same man who had hired Iga ninja just years earlier, was the fortress holder—and target of attack. The Asai Sandaiki writes of their plans: "We employed shinobi-no-mono of Iga. ... They were contracted to set fire to the castle".[51] However, the mercenary shinobi were unwilling to take commands. When the fire attack did not begin as scheduled, the Iga men told the commanders, who were not from the region, that they could not possibly understand the tactics of the shinobi. They then threatened to abandon the operation if they were not allowed to act on their own strategy. The fire was eventually set, allowing Nagamasa's army to capture the fortress in a chaotic rush.[51] Assassination The best-known cases of assassination attempts involve famous historical figures. Deaths of famous persons have sometimes been attributed to assassination by ninja, but the secretive natures of these scenarios have made them difficult to prove.[14] Assassins were often identified as ninja later on, but there is no evidence to prove whether some were specially trained for the task or simply a hired thug. Portrait of Oda Nobunaga, by Jesuit painter Giovanni Niccolò, 1583–1590 The warlord Oda Nobunaga's notorious reputation led to several attempts on his life. In 1571, a Kōga ninja and sharpshooter by the name of Sugitani Zenjubō was hired to assassinate Nobunaga. Using two arquebuses, he fired two consecutive shots at Nobunaga, but was unable to inflict mortal injury through Nobunaga's armor.[52] Sugitani managed to escape, but was caught four years later and put to death by torture.[52] In 1573, Manabe Rokurō, a vassal of daimyō Hatano Hideharu, attempted to infiltrate Azuchi Castle and assassinate the sleeping Nobunaga. However, this also ended in failure, and Manabe was forced to commit suicide, after which his body was openly displayed in public.[52] According to a document, the Iranki, when Nobunaga was inspecting Iga province—which his army had devastated—a group of three ninja shot at him with large-caliber firearms. The shots flew wide of Nobunaga, however, and instead killed seven of his surrounding companions.[53] The ninja Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate the powerful daimyō Takeda Shingen, but ultimately failed in his attempts. Hiding in the shadow of a tree, he avoided being seen under the moonlight, and later concealed himself in a hole he had prepared beforehand, thus escaping capture.[54] An assassination attempt on Toyotomi Hideyoshi was also thwarted. A ninja named Kirigakure Saizō (possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) thrust a spear through the floorboards to kill Hideyoshi, but was unsuccessful. He was "smoked out" of his hiding place by another ninja working for Hideyoshi, who apparently used a sort of primitive "flamethrower".[55] Unfortunately, the veracity of this account has been clouded by later fictional publications depicting Saizō as one of the legendary Sanada Ten Braves. Uesugi Kenshin, the famous daimyō of Echigo Province, was rumored to have been killed by a ninja. The legend credits his death to an assassin who is said to have hidden in Kenshin's lavatory, and fatally injured Kenshin by thrusting a blade or spear into his anus.[56] While historical records showed that Kenshin suffered abdominal problems, modern historians have usually attributed his death to stomach cancer, esophageal cancer or cerebrovascular disease.[57] Countermeasures A variety of countermeasures were taken to prevent the activities of the ninja. Precautions were often taken against assassinations, such as weapons concealed in the lavatory, or under a removable floorboard.[58] Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells.[59] Japanese castles were designed to be difficult to navigate, with winding routes leading to the inner compound. Blind spots and holes in walls provided constant surveillance of these labyrinthine paths, as exemplified in Himeji Castle. Nijō Castle in Kyoto is constructed with long "nightingale" floors, which rested on metal hinges (uguisu-bari) specifically designed to squeak loudly when walked over.[60] Grounds covered with gravel also provided early notice of unwanted intruders, and segregated buildings allowed fires to be better contained.[61] Training The skills required of the ninja have come to be known in modern times as ninjutsu (忍術), but it is unlikely they were previously named under a single discipline, but were rather distributed among a variety of covered espionage and survival skills. Some view the ninjutsu as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because the manual did not only include combat training but also provided information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques.[62] The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the martial qualities of even the most menial task.[62] These factors show how the ninjutsu established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of adaptation.[62] This diagram from the Bansenshukai uses divination and esoteric cosmology (onmyōdō) to instruct on the ideal time for taking certain actions. The first specialized training began in the mid-15th century, when certain samurai families started to focus on covert warfare, including espionage and assassination.[63] Like the samurai, ninja were born into the profession, where traditions were kept in, and passed down through the family.[24][64] According to Turnbull, the ninja was trained from childhood, as was also common in samurai families. Outside the expected martial art disciplines, a youth studied survival and scouting techniques, as well as information regarding poisons and explosives.[65] Physical training was also important, which involved long distance runs, climbing, stealth methods of walking[66] and swimming.[67] A certain degree of knowledge regarding common professions was also required if one was expected to take their form in disguise.[65] Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided first-aid to Ii Naomasa, who was injured by gunfire in the Battle of Sekigahara. Here the ninja reportedly gave Naomasa a "black medicine" meant to stop bleeding.[68] With the fall of the Iga and Kōga clans, daimyōs could no longer recruit professional ninja, and were forced to train their own shinobi. The shinobi was considered a real profession, as demonstrated in the bakufu's 1649 law on military service, which declared that only daimyōs with an income of over 10,000 koku were allowed to retain shinobi.[69] In the two centuries that followed, a number of ninjutsu manuals were written by descendants of Hattori Hanzō as well as members of the Fujibayashi clan, an offshoot of the Hattori. Major examples include the Ninpiden (1655), the Bansenshukai (1675), and the Shōninki (1681).[7] Modern schools that claim to train ninjutsu arose from the 1970s, including that of Masaaki Hatsumi (Bujinkan), Stephen K. Hayes (To-Shin Do), and Jinichi Kawakami (Banke Shinobinoden). The lineage and authenticity of these schools are a matter of controversy. Tactics The ninja did not always work alone. Teamwork techniques exist: for example, in order to scale a wall, a group of ninja may carry each other on their backs, or provide a human platform to assist an individual in reaching greater heights.[70] The Mikawa Go Fudoki gives an account where a coordinated team of attackers used passwords to communicate. The account also gives a case of deception, where the attackers dressed in the same clothes as the defenders, causing much confusion.[32] When a retreat was needed during the Siege of Osaka, ninja were commanded to fire upon friendly troops from behind, causing the troops to charge backwards in order to attack a perceived enemy. This tactic was used again later on as a method of crowd dispersal.[34] Most ninjutsu techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection, and methods of escape.[7] These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are: Hitsuke: The practice of distracting guards by starting a fire away from the ninja's planned point of entry. Falls under "fire techniques" (katon-no-jutsu).[71] Tanuki-gakure: The practice of climbing a tree and camouflaging oneself within the foliage. Falls under "wood techniques" (mokuton-no-jutsu).[71] Ukigusa-gakure: The practice of throwing duckweed over water in order to conceal underwater movement. Falls under "water techniques" (suiton-no-jutsu).[71] Uzura-gakure: The practice of curling into a ball and remaining motionless in order to appear like a stone. Falls under "earth techniques" (doton-no-jutsu).[71] The tactics of the ninja martial art concerning sabotage and assassination was adapted to surprise tactics, i.e. attacking the enemy all of a sudden during the night, either in the bushes or forestland, or endeavouring to stab him in the back in the low corridors and the small Japanese rooms, which thus required short and small weapons and sharp strikes. Ninja in espionage tried to avoid open battlefield with a numerically superior enemy forces, therefore their technique was adapted to stun the enemy and escape in case of failure. A komusō monk is one of many possible disguises Disguises The use of disguises is common and well documented. Disguises came in the form of priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, rōnin, and monks.[72] The Buke Myōmokushō states, Shinobi-monomi were people used in secret ways, and their duties were to go into the mountains and disguise themselves as firewood gatherers to discover and acquire the news about an enemy's territory ... they were particularly expert at travelling in disguise.[28] A mountain ascetic (yamabushi) attire facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the tantō.[73] Minstrel or sarugaku outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a komusō, a mendicant monk known for playing the shakuhachi, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely.[74] Ninja ate a vegetarian diet for health reasons. They also avoided foods that caused strong body odor.[75] Equipment Ninja utilized a large variety of tools and weaponry, some of which were commonly known, but others were more specialized. Most were tools used in the infiltration of castles. A wide range of specialized equipment is described and illustrated in the 17th-century Bansenshukai,[76] including climbing equipment, extending spears,[68] rocket-propelled arrows,[77] and small collapsible boats.[78] Outerwear Antique Japanese gappa (travel cape) and cloth zukin (hood) with kusari (chain armour) concealed underneath. While the image of a ninja clad in black garb (shinobi shōzoku) is prevalent in popular media, there is no written evidence for such a costume.[79] Instead, it was much more common for the ninja to be disguised as civilians. The popular notion of black clothing is likely rooted in artistic convention; early drawings of ninja showed them dressed in black in order to portray a sense of invisibility.[46] This convention was an idea borrowed from the puppet handlers of bunraku theater, who dressed in total black in an effort to simulate props moving independently of their controls.[80] Despite the lack of hard evidence, it has been put forward by some authorities that black robes, perhaps slightly tainted with red to hide bloodstains, was indeed the sensible garment of choice for infiltration.[46] Clothing used was similar to that of the samurai, but loose garments (such as leggings) were tucked into trousers or secured with belts. The tenugui, a piece of cloth also used in martial arts, had many functions. It could be used to cover the face, form a belt, or assist in climbing. The historicity of armor specifically made for ninja cannot be ascertained. While pieces of light armor purportedly worn by ninja exist and date to the right time, there is no hard evidence of their use in ninja operations. Depictions of famous persons later deemed ninja often show them in samurai armor. There were lightweight concealable types of armour made with kusari (chain armour) and small armor plates such as karuta that could have been worn by ninja including katabira (jackets) made with armour hidden between layers of cloth. Shin and arm guards, along with metal-reinforced hoods are also speculated to make up the ninja's armor.[46] Tools A page from the Ninpiden, showing a tool for breaking locks. Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and grappling hooks were common, and were tied to the belt.[76] A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the Bansenshukai, featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder.[81] Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons.[82] Other implements include chisels, hammers, drills, picks and so forth. The kunai was a heavy pointed tool, possibly derived from the Japanese masonry trowel, which it closely resembles. Although it is often portrayed in popular culture as a weapon, the kunai was primarily used for gouging holes in walls.[83] Knives and small saws (hamagari) were also used to create holes in buildings, where they served as a foothold or a passage of entry.[84] A portable listening device (saoto hikigane) was used to eavesdrop on conversations and detect sounds.[85] The mizugumo was a set of wooden shoes supposedly allowing the ninja to walk on water.[78] They were meant to work by distributing the wearer's weight over the shoes' wide bottom surface. The word mizugumo is derived from the native name for the Japanese water spider (Argyroneta aquatica japonica). The mizugumo was featured on the show MythBusters, where it was demonstrated unfit for walking on water. The ukidari, a similar footwear for walking on water, also existed in the form of a round bucket, but was probably quite unstable.[86] Inflatable skins and breathing tubes allowed the ninja to stay underwater for longer periods of time.[87] Despite the large array of tools available to the ninja, the Bansenshukai warns one not to be overburdened with equipment, stating "a successful ninja is one who uses but one tool for multiple tasks".[88] Weaponry Although shorter swords and daggers were used, the katana was probably the ninja's weapon of choice, and was sometimes carried on the back.[74] The katana had several uses beyond normal combat. In dark places, the scabbard could be extended out of the sword, and used as a long probing device.[89] The sword could also be laid against the wall, where the ninja could use the sword guard (tsuba) to gain a higher foothold.[90] The katana could even be used as a device to stun enemies before attacking them, by putting a combination of red pepper, dirt or dust, and iron filings into the area near the top of the scabbard, so that as the sword was drawn the concoction would fly into the enemy's eyes, stunning him until a lethal blow could be made. While straight swords were used before the invention of the katana,[91] the straight ninjatō has no historical precedent and is likely a modern invention. A pair of kusarigama, on display in Iwakuni Castle An array of darts, spikes, knives, and sharp, star-shaped discs were known collectively as shuriken. While not exclusive to the ninja,[92] they were an important part of the arsenal, where they could be thrown in any direction.[93] Bows were used for sharpshooting, and some ninjas' bows were intentionally made smaller than the traditional yumi (longbow).[94] The chain and sickle (kusarigama) was also used by the ninja.[95] This weapon consisted of a weight on one end of a chain, and a sickle (kama) on the other. The weight was swung to injure or disable an opponent, and the sickle used to kill at close range. Simple gardening tools such as kunai and sickles were used as weaponry so that, if discovered, a ninja could claim they are his tools and not weapons, despite their ability to be used in battle. Explosives introduced from China were known in Japan by the time of the Mongol Invasions in the 13th century.[96] Later, explosives such as hand-held bombs and grenades were adopted by the ninja.[87] Soft-cased bombs were designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with fragmentation explosives packed with iron or pottery shrapnel.[70] Along with common weapons, a large assortment of miscellaneous arms were associated with the ninja. Some examples include poison,[76] makibishi (caltrops),[97] cane swords (shikomizue),[98] land mines,[99] fukiya (blowguns), poisoned darts, acid-spurting tubes, and firearms.[87] The happō, a small eggshell filled with blinding powder (metsubushi), was also used to facilitate escape.[100] Legendary abilities Superhuman or supernatural powers were often associated with the ninja. Some legends include flight, invisibility, shapeshifting, the ability to "split" into multiple bodies, the summoning of animals, and control over the five classical elements. These fabulous notions have stemmed from popular imagination regarding the ninja's mysterious status, as well as romantic ideas found in later Japanese art of the Edo period. Magical powers were sometimes rooted in the ninja's own efforts to disseminate fanciful information. For example, Nakagawa Shoshujin, the 17th-century founder of Nakagawa-ryū, claimed in his own writings (Okufuji Monogatari) that he had the ability to transform into birds and animals.[69] Perceived control over the elements may be grounded in real tactics, which were categorized by association with forces of nature. For example, the practice of starting fires in order to cover a ninja's trail falls under katon-no-jutsu ("fire techniques").[97] Actor portraying Nikki Danjō, a villain from the kabuki play Sendai Hagi. Shown with hands in a kuji-in seal, which allows him to transform into a giant rat. Woodblock print on paper. Kunisada, 1857. The ninja's adaption of kites in espionage and warfare is another subject of legends. Accounts exist of ninja being lifted into the air by kites, where they flew over hostile terrain and descended into, or dropped bombs on enemy territory.[78] Kites were indeed used in Japanese warfare, but mostly for the purpose of sending messages and relaying signals.[101] Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human "hang glider" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy.[102] Kuji-kiri Kuji-kiri is an esoteric practice which, when performed with an array of hand "seals" (kuji-in), was meant to allow the ninja to enact superhuman feats. The kuji ("nine characters") is a concept originating from Taoism, where it was a string of nine words used in charms and incantations.[103] In China, this tradition mixed with Buddhist beliefs, assigning each of the nine words to a Buddhist deity. The kuji may have arrived in Japan via Buddhism,[104] where it flourished within Shugendō.[105] Here too, each word in the kuji was associated with Buddhist deities, animals from Taoist mythology, and later, Shinto kami.[106] The mudrā, a series of hand symbols representing different Buddhas, was applied to the kuji by Buddhists, possibly through the esoteric Mikkyō teachings.[107] The yamabushi ascetics of Shugendō adopted this practice, using the hand gestures in spiritual, healing, and exorcism rituals.[108] Later, the use of kuji passed onto certain bujutsu (martial arts) and ninjutsu schools, where it was said to have many purposes.[109] The application of kuji to produce a desired effect was called "cutting" (kiri) the kuji. Intended effects range from physical and mental concentration, to more incredible claims about rendering an opponent immobile, or even the casting of magical spells.[110] These legends were captured in popular culture, which interpreted the kuji-kiri as a precursor to magical acts. Foreign ninja Main article: Foreign ninja On February 25, 2018, Yamada Yūji, the professor of Mie University and historian Nakanishi Gō announced that they had identified three people who were successful in early modern Ureshino, including the ninja Benkei Musō(弁慶夢想).[111][112] Musō is thought to be the same person as Denrinbō Raikei(伝林坊頼慶), the Chinese disciple of Marume Nagayoshi.[112] It came as a shock when the existence of a foreign samurai was verified by authorities. Kawasaki Seizō, born in Kilju, Joseon was active as a Japanese spy during the Imjin war. Disguised as a Korean merchant, he infiltrated a heavily guarded Korean fort.[113] As a reward, he was allowed to wear swords and given a salary by his lord, Nabeshima Naoshige, granting him samurai status.[114] Famous people Many famous people in Japanese history have been associated or identified as ninja, but their status as ninja are difficult to prove and may be the product of later imagination. Rumors surrounding famous warriors, such as Kusunoki Masashige or Minamoto no Yoshitsune sometimes describe them as ninja, but there is little evidence for these claims. Some well known examples include: Kumawakamaru escapes his pursuers by swinging across the moat on a bamboo.[115] Woodblock print on paper. Kuniyoshi, 1842–1843. Kumawakamaru (13th–14th centuries): A youth whose exiled father was ordered to death by the monk Homma Saburō. Kumakawa took his revenge by sneaking into Homma's room while he was asleep, and assassinating him with his own sword.[116] Yagyū Munetoshi (1529–1606): A renowned swordsman of the Shinkage-ryū school. Muneyoshi's grandson, Jubei Muneyoshi, told tales of his grandfather's status as a ninja.[45] Hattori Hanzō (1542–1596): A samurai serving under Tokugawa Ieyasu. His ancestry in Iga province, along with ninjutsu manuals published by his descendants have led some sources to define him as a ninja.[117] This depiction is also common in popular culture. Ishikawa Goemon (1558–1594): Goemon reputedly tried to drip poison from a thread into Oda Nobunaga's mouth through a hiding spot in the ceiling,[118] but many fanciful tales exist about Goemon, and this story cannot be confirmed. Fūma Kotarō (d. 1603): A ninja rumored to have killed Hattori Hanzō, with whom he was supposedly rivals. The fictional weapon Fūma shuriken is named after him. Mochizuki Chiyome (16th century): The wife of Mochizuke Moritoki. Chiyome created a school for girls, which taught skills required of geisha, as well as espionage skills.[119] Momochi Sandayū (16th century): A leader of the Iga ninja clans, who supposedly perished during Oda Nobunaga's attack on Iga province. There is some belief that he escaped death and lived as a farmer in Kii Province.[120] Momochi is also a branch of the Hattori clan. Fujibayashi Nagato (16th century): Considered to be one of three "greatest" Iga jōnin, the other two being Hattori Hanzō and Momochi Sandayū. Fujibayashi's descendents wrote and edited the Bansenshukai. Katō Danzō (1503 – 1569): A famed 16th-century ninja master during the Sengoku period who was also known as "Flying Katō". Tateoka Doshun (16th century): An intermediate-ranking Iga ninja during the Sengoku period. Karasawa Genba (16th century): A samurai of the Sengoku period, in the 16th century of the common era, who served as an important retainer of the Sanada clan. In popular culture Main article: Ninja in popular culture Jiraiya battles a giant snake with the help of his summoned toad. Woodblock print on paper. Kuniyoshi, c. 1843. The image of the ninja entered popular culture in the Edo period, when folktales and plays about ninja were conceived. Stories about the ninja are usually based on historical figures. For instance, many similar tales exist about a daimyō challenging a ninja to prove his worth, usually by stealing his pillow or weapon while he slept.[121] Novels were written about the ninja, such as Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari, which was also made into a kabuki play. Fictional figures such as Sarutobi Sasuke would eventually make their way into comics and television, where they have come to enjoy a culture hero status outside their original mediums. Ninja appear in many forms of Japanese and Western popular media, including books (Kōga Ninpōchō), television (Ninja Warrior), animation (Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu), movies (Ninja Assassin), video games (Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, Tenchu, Shinobi), anime (Naruto, Ninja Scroll), manga (Basilisk) and American comic books (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles). From ancient Japan to the modern world media, popular depictions range from the realistic to the fantastically exaggerated, both fundamentally and aesthetically. Gallery Tekko-kagi, hand claws Ashiko, iron climbing cleats Ashiko, iron climbing cleats Kaginawa, iron climbing hook Shikomizue, a cane sword Makibishi, iron caltrops Bo-shuriken, throwing darts Bo-shuriken, with linen flights Chigriki, chain and weight weapons Kusarigama, a chain and sickle Manriki, a chain weapon Various concealable weapons Chainmail shirt (Kusari katabira) See also flag Japan portal Hitokiri Hashashin Sicarii Footnotes Kawakami, pp=21–22 Turnbull 2003, pp. 5–6 Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2003). Ninja Ad 1460-1650. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84176-525-9. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Crowdy 2006, p. 50 Frederic 2002, p. 715 Green 2001, p. 355 Green 2001, p. 358; based on different readings, Ninpiden is also known as Shinobi Hiden, and Bansenshukai can also be Mansenshukai. Origin of word Ninja Archived 2011-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. Takagi, Gomi & Ōno 1962, p. 191; the full poem is "Yorozu yo ni / Kokoro ha tokete / Waga seko ga / Tsumishi te mitsutsu / Shinobi kanetsumo". Satake et al. 2003, p. 108; the Man'yōgana used for "shinobi" is 志乃備, its meaning and characters are unrelated to the later mercenary shinobi. 吉丸雄哉(associate professor of Mie University) (April 2017). "くのいちとは何か". In 吉丸雄哉、山田雄司 編 (ed.). 忍者の誕生. 勉誠出版. ISBN 978-4-585-22151-7. Turnbull 2003, p. 6 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.; American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Turnbull 2003, p. 5 Axelrod, Alan (2015). Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 9781483364674. Turnbull 2007, p. 144. Waterhouse 1996, pp. 34 Chamberlain 2005, pp. 249–253; Volume 2, section 80 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 325 Friday 2007, pp. 58–60 Turnbull 2003, p. 7 Turnbull 2003, p. 9 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 324 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 327 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 121 Deal 2007, p. 165 Turnbull 2003, p. 23 Turnbull 2003, p. 27 Green 2001, p. 357 Turnbull 2003, pp. 9–10 Adams 1970, p. 43 Turnbull 2003, pp. 44–46 Turnbull 2003, p. 47 Turnbull 2003, p. 50 Turnbull 2003, p. 55 Turnbull 2003, p. 51 Turnbull 2003, p. 52 Turnbull 2003, p. 53 Turnbull 2003, p. 54 Turnbull 2003, pp. 54–55 Morton & Olenik 2004, p. 122 Crowdy 2006, p. 52 Tatsuya 1991, p. 443 Kawaguchi 2008, p. 215 Turnbull 2003, p. 29 Turnbull 2003, p. 17; Turnbull uses the name Buke Meimokushō, an alternate reading for the same title. The Buke Myōmokushō cited here is a much more common reading. Turnbull 2003, p. 42 Turnbull 2007, p. 149 Turnbull 2003, p. 28 Turnbull 2003, p. 43 Turnbull 2003, pp. 43–44 Turnbull 2003, p. 31 Turnbull 2003, pp. 31–32 Turnbull 2003, p. 30 Turnbull 2003, p. 32 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu 2006, p. 36 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu 2004, pp. 51–53; Turnbull 2003, p. 32 Turnbull 2003, p. 26 Draeger & Smith 1981, pp. 128–129 Turnbull 2003, pp. 29–30 Fiévé & Waley 2003, p. 116 Zoughari, Kacem (2010). Ninja: Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu). North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9780804839273. Turnbull 2003, p. 12 Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Ninja AD 1460–1650. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9781782002567. Turnbull 2003, pp. 14–15 Green 2001, pp. 359–360 Deal 2007, p. 156 Turnbull 2003, p. 48 Turnbull 2003, p. 13 Turnbull 2003, p. 22 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 125 Crowdy 2006, p. 51 Deal 2007, p. 161 Turnbull 2003, p. 18 "Iga-ryu Ninjutsu | What is a Ninja? | Ninja Museum of Igaryu". www.iganinja.jp. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-10. Turnbull 2003, p. 19 Turnbull 2003, p. 60 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 128 Turnbull 2003, p. 16 Howell 1999, p. 211 Turnbull 2003, p. 20 Mol 2003, p. 121 Turnbull 2003, p. 61 Turnbull 2003, pp. 20–21 Turnbull 2003, p. 21 Turnbull 2003, p. 62 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 329 Green 2001, p. 359 Adams 1970, p. 52 Adams 1970, p. 49 Reed 1880, pp. 269–270 Mol 2003, p. 119 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, pp. 328–329 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 328 Adams 1970, p. 55 Bunch & Hellemans 2004, p. 161 Mol 2003, p. 176 Mol 2003, p. 195 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 127 Mol 2003, p. 124 Buckley 2002, p. 257 Turnbull 2003, pp. 22–23 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 2–3 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 8–11 Waterhouse 1996, p. 13 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 24–27 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 24–25 Teeuwen & Rambelli 2002, p. 327 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 31–33 Adams 1970, p. 29; Waterhouse 1996, p. 31 "嬉野に忍者3人いた! 江戸初期-幕末 市が委託調査氏名も特定". Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-20. "嬉野忍者調査結果 弁慶夢想 (べんけいむそう) 【武術家・山伏 / 江戸時代初期】". Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2018-08-20. "文化遺産オンライン 御用唐人町荒物唐物屋職御由緒書". Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-24. 『唐人町の由来』碑 McCullough 2004, p. 49 McCullough 2004, p. 48 Adams 1970, p. 34 Adams 1970, p. 160 Green 2001, p. 671 Adams 1970, p. 42 Turnbull 2003, p. 14 References Adams, Andrew (1970), Ninja: The Invisible Assassins, Black Belt Communications, ISBN 978-0-89750-030-2 Buckley, Sandra (2002), Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8 Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004), The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-22123-3 Chamberlain, Basil Hall (2005), The Kojiki: records of ancient matters, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-3675-3 Crowdy, Terry (2006), The enemy within: a history of espionage, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-933-2 Deal, William E. (2007), Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-195331264 Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1981), Comprehensive Asian fighting arts, Kodansha, ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6 Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003), Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1409-4 Friday, Karl F. (2007), The first samurai: the life and legend of the warrior rebel, Taira Masakado, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-76082-5 Howell, Anthony (1999), The analysis of performance art: a guide to its theory and practice, Routledge, ISBN 978-90-5755-085-0 Green, Thomas A. (2001), Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, Volume 2: Ninjutsu, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-150-2 Kawaguchi, Sunao (2008), Super Ninja Retsuden, PHP Research Institute, ISBN 978-4-569-67073-7 Kawakami, Jin'ichi (2016), Ninja no okite, Kadokawa, ISBN 978-4-04-082106-1 McCullough, Helen Craig (2004), The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-3538-1 Mol, Serge (2003), Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts, Kodansha, ISBN 978-4-7700-2941-6 Morton, William Scott; Olenik, J. Kenneth (2004), Japan: its history and culture, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 978-0-07-141280-3 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2006), Unsolved Mysteries of Japanese History, PHP Research Institute, ISBN 978-4-569-65652-6 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2004), Zuketsu Rekishi no Igai na Ketsumatsu, PHP Research Institute, ISBN 978-4-569-64061-7 Perkins, Dorothy (1991), Encyclopedia of Japan: Japanese History and Culture, from Abacus to Zori, Facts on File, ISBN 978-0-8160-1934-2 Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1991), Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-1684-7 Reed, Edward James (1880), Japan: its history, traditions, and religions: With the narrative of a visit in 1879, Volume 2, John Murray, OCLC 1309476 Satake, Akihiro; Yasumada, Hideo; Kudō, Rikio; Ōtani, Masao; Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki (2003), Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4, Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-240004-2 Takagi, Ichinosuke; Gomi, Tomohide; Ōno, Susumu (1962), Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4, Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-060007-9 Tatsuya, Tsuji (1991), The Cambridge history of Japan Volume 4: Early Modern Japan: Chapter 9, translated by Harold Bolitho, edited by John Whitney Hall, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22355-3 Teeuwen, Mark; Rambelli, Fabio (2002), Buddhas and kami in Japan: honji suijaku as a combinatory paradigm, RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 978-0-415-29747-9 Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Ninja AD 1460–1650, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-525-9 Turnbull, Stephen (2007), Warriors of Medieval Japan, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84603-220-2 Waterhouse, David (1996), Religion in Japan: arrows to heaven and earth, article 1: Notes on the kuji, edited by Peter F. Kornicki and James McMullen, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55028-4 Frederic, Louis (2002), Japan Encyclopedia, Belknap Harvard, ISBN 0-674-01753-6 Further reading Fujibayashi, Masatake; Nakajima, Atsumi. (1996). Shōninki: Ninjutsu densho. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 222455224. Fujita, Seiko. (2004). Saigo no Ninja Dorondoron. Tokyo: Shinpūsha. ISBN 978-4-7974-9488-4. Fukai, Masaumi. (1992). Edojō oniwaban : Tokugawa Shōgun no mimi to me. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha. ISBN 978-4-12-101073-5. Hokinoichi, Hanawa. (1923–1933). Buke Myōmokushō. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. OCLC 42921561. Ishikawa, Masatomo. (1982). Shinobi no sato no kiroku. Tokyo: Suiyōsha. ISBN 978-4-88066-110-0. Mol, Serge (2016). Takeda Shinobi Hiden: Unveiling Takeda Shingen's Secret Ninja Legacy. Eibusha. pp. 1–192. ISBN 978-90-813361-3-0. Mol, Serge (2008). Invisible armor: An Introduction to the Esoteric Dimension of Japan’s Classical Warrior Arts. Eibusha. pp. 1–160. ISBN 978-90-8133610-9. Nawa, Yumio. (1972). Hisshō no heihō ninjutsu no kenkyū: gendai o ikinuku michi. Tokyo: Nichibō Shuppansha. OCLC 122985441. Nawa. Yumio. (1967). Shinobi no buki. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 22358689. Okuse, Heishichirō. (1967). Ninjutsu: sono rekishi to ninja. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 22727254. Okuse, Heishichirō. (1964). Ninpō: sono hiden to jitsurei. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 51008989. Turnbull, Stephen (2017). Ninja: Unmasking the Myth. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, UK: Frontline Books. ISBN 9781473850422. Watatani, Kiyoshi. (1972). Bugei ryūha hyakusen. Tokyo: Akita Shoten. OCLC 66598671. Yamaguchi, Masayuki. (1968). Ninja no seikatsu. Tokyo: Yūzankaku. OCLC 20045825. External links Media related to Ninja at Wikimedia Commons vte Japanese weapons, armour and equipment Swords Chokutō Dōtanuki Guntō Katana Kodachi Ninjatō Ōdachi Shikomizue Tachi Tsurugi Uchigatana Wakizashi Zanbatō Construction Glossary Horimono Sword mountings Sword polishing Swordsmithing Tameshigiri Knives and daggers Kabutowari Kaiken Kunai Tantō Yoroi-dōshi Polearms and spears Bisento Hoko yari Kama-yari Nagamaki Naginata Sasumata Sodegarami Torimono sandōgu Tsukubō Yari Practice weapons Bokken Iaitō Shinai Shinken Suburitō Tanren bō Armour Auxiliary armours Bōgu Dō Dō-maru Haramaki Kabuto Karuta Kikko Kusari Men-yoroi Ō-yoroi Sangu Tatami Types Brigandine Lame Lamellar Laminar Mail Plate Mail and plate armour Scale Clothing Fundoshi Hakama Kyahan Shitagi Tabi Uwa-obi Waraji Samurai accoutrements Abumi Daishō Horo Kaginawa Kate-bukuro Kubi bukuro Kura Uchi-bukuro Yebira Chain and rope weapons Chigiriki Kusarigama Kusari-fundo Kyoketsu-shoge Jōhyō Clubs and truncheons Hachiwari Jitte Kanabō Tekkan Tessen Staff weapons Bō Hanbō Jō Tanbō Yubi-bo Projectile and throwing weapons Artillery Fukiya Makibishi Oyumi Shuriken Ya Yumi Firearms and guns Bajō-zutsu Bo-hiya Tanegashima Other weapons Kama Metsubushi Ono Ōtsuchi Shobo Suntetsu Signal devices Gunbai Hata-jirushi Horagai Kabura-ya Nobori Saihai Sashimono Uma-jirushi Users Ashigaru Edo period police Kunoichi Ninja Onna-bugeisha Rōnin Samurai Sōhei Yamabushi Japanese armour Weapons of Japan Japanese swords National Treasure swords Military equipment of Japan Authority control Edit this at Wikidata NDL: 01090687 Categories: NinjaCombat occupationsJapanese warriorsJapanese words and phrasesMercenary units and formationsObsolete occupations Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version Languages Català Español Македонски 日本語 Suomi Svenska اردو ייִדיש 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2019, at 04:49 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 23:35:53 GMT 1
Iga Province From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search
Map of Japanese provinces with Iga province highlighted Iga Province (伊賀国 Iga no kuni) was a province of Japan located in what is today part of western Mie Prefecture.[1] Its abbreviated name was Ishū (伊州). Iga bordered on Ise, Ōmi, Yamato, and Yamashiro Provinces. It roughly coincides with the modern municipalities of Iga and Nabari.
Iga is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Iga was ranked as an "inferior country" (下国 gekoku) and a "near country" (近国 kingoku). Surrounded by mountains, historically, Iga Province was rather inaccessible due to extremely poor road conditions. However, the area is now relatively easy to access from nearby Nara and Kyoto, as well as the larger cities of Osaka and Nagoya.
Contents 1 History 1.1 Asuka period 1.2 Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi periods 1.3 Tokugawa shogunate 1.4 Edo period 1.5 Mie Prefecture 2 Historical districts 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History
Iga Ueno Castle Asuka period Iga was separated from Ise Province during the Asuka period, around 680 AD. The provincial capital was located in what is now part of the city of Iga, along with the ruins of the Kokubun-ji of Iga Province. The Ichinomiya of the province is the Aekuni Jinja (敢國神社), which is also located in what is now part of the city of Iga.
Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi periods Little is known of the subsequent history of the province during the Heian and Kamakura periods. However, by the early Muromachi period, Iga became effectively independent from its nominal feudal rulers and established a form of republic. During this period, Iga came to be known as a center for ninjutsu, claiming (along with Kōka in what is now Shiga Prefecture) to being one of the birthplaces of the ninja clans.
In 1581, two years after a failed invasion led by his son, the warlord Oda Nobunaga launched a massive invasion of Iga, attacking from six directions with a force of 40,000 to 60,000 men which effectively destroyed the political power of the ninja (see the Tenshō Iga War).
Tokugawa shogunate With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Iga was briefly (1600–1608) under the control of Iga-Ueno Domain, a 200,000-koku han during the rule of Tsutsui Sadatsugu, a former retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, the Tsutsui clan was dispossessed in 1608, and the territory of the domain was given to Tōdō Takatora, the daimyō of Tsu Domain. It remained a part of Tsu Domain until the Meiji Restoration.
Edo period Notable Edo-period people from Iga included the famous samurai Hattori Hanzō and the haiku poet Matsuo Bashō. Iga Ueno Castle was retained by Tsu Domain as a secondary administrative center for the western portion of the domain.
Mie Prefecture After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Tsu Domain became "Tsu Prefecture", which later became part of Mie Prefecture.
Historical districts Mie Prefecture Ahai District (阿拝郡) – merged with Yamada District to become Ayama District (阿山郡) on March 29, 1896 Iga District (伊賀郡) – merged with Nabari District to become Naga District (名賀郡) on March 29, 1896 Nabari District (名張郡) – merged with Iga District to become Naga District on March 29, 1896 Yamada District (山田郡) – merged with Ahai District to become Ayama District on March 29, 1896 See also Iga-ryū, the Iga Ninja school of ninjutsu Notes Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Iga" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 373, p. 373, at Google Books. References Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. External links Media related to Iga Province at Wikimedia Commons
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903 Iga Province Ninja History vte Former provinces of Japan (List) Kinai Izumi Kawachi Settsu Yamashiro Yamato Yoshino 716–738 Tōkaidō Awa Hitachi Iga Ise Izu Kai Kazusa Mikawa Musashi Owari Sagami Shima Shimōsa Suruga Tōtōmi Tōsandō Dewa -1869 Hida Iwaki 718–724 Iwaki 1869– Iwase 718–724 Iwashiro 1869– Kōzuke Mino Ōmi Mutsu –1869 Rikuō (or Mutsu) 1869– Rikuchū 1869– Rikuzen 1869– Shimotsuke Shinano Suwa 721–731 Ugo 1869– Uzen 1869– Hokurikudō Echigo Echizen Etchū Kaga Noto Sado Wakasa San'indō Hōki Inaba Izumo Iwami Oki Tajima Tanba Tango San'yōdō Aki Bingo Bitchū Bizen Harima Mimasaka Nagato Suō Nankaidō Awa Awaji Iyo Kii Sanuki Tosa Saikaidō Bungo Buzen Chikugo Chikuzen Higo Hizen Hyūga Iki Ōsumi Satsuma Tane 702–824 Tsushima Hokkaidō 1869– Chishima Hidaka Iburi Ishikari Kitami Kushiro Nemuro Oshima Shiribeshi Teshio Tokachi Pre-Taihō Code provinces Chichibu Fusa Hi Keno Kibi Koshi Kumaso Toyo Tsukushi Source: Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Provinces and prefectures" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 780, p. 780, at Google Books; excerpt, "Japan's former provinces were converted into prefectures by the Meiji government ... [and] grouped, according to geographic position, into the 'five provinces of the Kinai' and 'seven circuits'." Categories: History of Mie PrefectureFormer provinces of Japan Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
Languages Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Русский اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2019, at 10:44 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 23:37:08 GMT 1
Iga Province From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search
Map of Japanese provinces with Iga province highlighted Iga Province (伊賀国 Iga no kuni) was a province of Japan located in what is today part of western Mie Prefecture.[1] Its abbreviated name was Ishū (伊州). Iga bordered on Ise, Ōmi, Yamato, and Yamashiro Provinces. It roughly coincides with the modern municipalities of Iga and Nabari.
Iga is classified as one of the provinces of the Tōkaidō. Under the Engishiki classification system, Iga was ranked as an "inferior country" (下国 gekoku) and a "near country" (近国 kingoku). Surrounded by mountains, historically, Iga Province was rather inaccessible due to extremely poor road conditions. However, the area is now relatively easy to access from nearby Nara and Kyoto, as well as the larger cities of Osaka and Nagoya.
Contents 1 History 1.1 Asuka period 1.2 Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi periods 1.3 Tokugawa shogunate 1.4 Edo period 1.5 Mie Prefecture 2 Historical districts 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links History
Iga Ueno Castle Asuka period Iga was separated from Ise Province during the Asuka period, around 680 AD. The provincial capital was located in what is now part of the city of Iga, along with the ruins of the Kokubun-ji of Iga Province. The Ichinomiya of the province is the Aekuni Jinja (敢國神社), which is also located in what is now part of the city of Iga.
Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi periods Little is known of the subsequent history of the province during the Heian and Kamakura periods. However, by the early Muromachi period, Iga became effectively independent from its nominal feudal rulers and established a form of republic. During this period, Iga came to be known as a center for ninjutsu, claiming (along with Kōka in what is now Shiga Prefecture) to being one of the birthplaces of the ninja clans.
In 1581, two years after a failed invasion led by his son, the warlord Oda Nobunaga launched a massive invasion of Iga, attacking from six directions with a force of 40,000 to 60,000 men which effectively destroyed the political power of the ninja (see the Tenshō Iga War).
Tokugawa shogunate With the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate, Iga was briefly (1600–1608) under the control of Iga-Ueno Domain, a 200,000-koku han during the rule of Tsutsui Sadatsugu, a former retainer of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, the Tsutsui clan was dispossessed in 1608, and the territory of the domain was given to Tōdō Takatora, the daimyō of Tsu Domain. It remained a part of Tsu Domain until the Meiji Restoration.
Edo period Notable Edo-period people from Iga included the famous samurai Hattori Hanzō and the haiku poet Matsuo Bashō. Iga Ueno Castle was retained by Tsu Domain as a secondary administrative center for the western portion of the domain.
Mie Prefecture After the abolition of the han system in July 1871, Tsu Domain became "Tsu Prefecture", which later became part of Mie Prefecture.
Historical districts Mie Prefecture Ahai District (阿拝郡) – merged with Yamada District to become Ayama District (阿山郡) on March 29, 1896 Iga District (伊賀郡) – merged with Nabari District to become Naga District (名賀郡) on March 29, 1896 Nabari District (名張郡) – merged with Iga District to become Naga District on March 29, 1896 Yamada District (山田郡) – merged with Ahai District to become Ayama District on March 29, 1896 See also Iga-ryū, the Iga Ninja school of ninjutsu Notes Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Iga" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 373, p. 373, at Google Books. References Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128 Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du Japon (Nihon Ōdai Ichiran). Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691. External links Media related to Iga Province at Wikimedia Commons
Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903 Iga Province Ninja History vte Former provinces of Japan (List) Kinai Izumi Kawachi Settsu Yamashiro Yamato Yoshino 716–738 Tōkaidō Awa Hitachi Iga Ise Izu Kai Kazusa Mikawa Musashi Owari Sagami Shima Shimōsa Suruga Tōtōmi Tōsandō Dewa -1869 Hida Iwaki 718–724 Iwaki 1869– Iwase 718–724 Iwashiro 1869– Kōzuke Mino Ōmi Mutsu –1869 Rikuō (or Mutsu) 1869– Rikuchū 1869– Rikuzen 1869– Shimotsuke Shinano Suwa 721–731 Ugo 1869– Uzen 1869– Hokurikudō Echigo Echizen Etchū Kaga Noto Sado Wakasa San'indō Hōki Inaba Izumo Iwami Oki Tajima Tanba Tango San'yōdō Aki Bingo Bitchū Bizen Harima Mimasaka Nagato Suō Nankaidō Awa Awaji Iyo Kii Sanuki Tosa Saikaidō Bungo Buzen Chikugo Chikuzen Higo Hizen Hyūga Iki Ōsumi Satsuma Tane 702–824 Tsushima Hokkaidō 1869– Chishima Hidaka Iburi Ishikari Kitami Kushiro Nemuro Oshima Shiribeshi Teshio Tokachi Pre-Taihō Code provinces Chichibu Fusa Hi Keno Kibi Koshi Kumaso Toyo Tsukushi Source: Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Provinces and prefectures" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 780, p. 780, at Google Books; excerpt, "Japan's former provinces were converted into prefectures by the Meiji government ... [and] grouped, according to geographic position, into the 'five provinces of the Kinai' and 'seven circuits'." Categories: History of Mie PrefectureFormer provinces of Japan Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version
Languages Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 Português Русский اردو 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 February 2019, at 10:44 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 23:38:52 GMT 1
Tokugawa shogunate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Tokugawa shogunate" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Tokugawa Shogunate 徳川幕府 Edo Bakufu 江戸幕府 1603–1867 Flag of Tokugawa Shogunate Flag {{{coat_alt}}} Emblem Location of Tokugawa Shogunate Capital Edo, Musashi Province (Shōgun's residence) Heian-kyō (Emperor's palace) Common languages Early Modern Japanese Religion Shinbutsu-shūgō Government Monarchic feudal stratocracy Emperor • 1600–1611 Go-Yōzei[1] • 1867–1868 Meiji[2] Shōgun • 1603–1605 Tokugawa Ieyasu • 1866–1867 Tokugawa Yoshinobu Rōjū • 1600–1614 Ōkubo Tadachika • 1868 Tachibana Taneyuki Historical era Edo period • Battle of Sekigahara 21 October 1603 • Siege of Osaka 8 November 1614 • Sakoku Edict 1635 • Convention of Kanagawa 31 March 1854 • Treaty of Amity and Commerce 29 July 1858 • Meiji Restoration 3 January 1867 Currency The tri-metallic Tokugawa coinage system based on copper Mon, silver Bu and Shu, as well as gold Ryō. Preceded by Succeeded by Azuchi–Momoyama period Tokugawa clan Empire of Japan Today part of Japan History of Japan NikkoYomeimon5005.jpg Nikkō Tōshō-gū List[show] Topics[show] Glossary History Timeline vte The Tokugawa Shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa Bakufu (徳川幕府) and the Edo Bakufu (江戸幕府), was the last feudal Japanese military government, which existed between 1603 and 1867.[3] The head of government was the shōgun,[4] and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.[5] The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period.[6] This time is also called the Tokugawa period[3] or pre-modern (Kinsei (近世)).[7] Contents 1 History 2 Government 2.1 Shogunate and domains 2.2 Relations with the Emperor 2.3 Shogun and foreign trade 2.4 Shogun and Christianity 3 Institutions of the shogunate 3.1 Rōjū and wakadoshiyori 3.2 Ōmetsuke and metsuke 3.3 San-bugyō 3.4 Tenryō, gundai and daikan 3.5 Gaikoku bugyō 4 Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867) 5 List of Tokugawa shōguns 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History See also: Bakumatsu Following the Sengoku period ("warring states period"), the central government had been largely re-established by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi–Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.[3] Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike in previous shogunates, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyō (lords) were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyō and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyō might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts that did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much larger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers. A 2017 study found that peasant rebellions and collective desertion ("flight") lowered tax rates and inhibited state growth in the Tokugawa shogunate.[8] In the mid-19th century, an alliance of several of the more powerful daimyō, along with the titular Emperor, succeeded in overthrowing the shogunate after the Boshin War, culminating in the Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa shogunate came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa shōgun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, leading to the "restoration" (王政復古, Ōsei fukko) of imperial rule. Notwithstanding its eventual overthrow in favor of the more modernized, less feudal form of governance of the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa shogunate oversaw the longest period of peace and stability in Japan's history, lasting well over 260 years. Government Shogunate and domains The bakuhan taisei (幕藩体制) was the feudal political system in the Edo period of Japan. Baku is an abbreviation of bakufu, meaning "military government"—that is, the shogunate. The han were the domains headed by daimyō. Vassals held inherited lands and provided military service and homage to their lords. The bakuhan taisei split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and provincial domains throughout Japan. Provinces had a degree of sovereignty and were allowed an independent administration of the han in exchange for loyalty to the shōgun, who was responsible for foreign relations and national security. The shōgun and lords were all daimyōs: feudal lords with their own bureaucracies, policies, and territories. The shōgun also administered the most powerful han, the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa. Each level of government administered its own system of taxation. Edo Castle, 17th century The emperor, nominally a religious leader, held no real power; this was vested in the shōgun. The shogunate had the power to discard, annex, and transform domains. The sankin-kōtai system of alternative residence required each daimyō to reside in alternate years between the han and the court in Edo. During their absences from Edo, it was also required that they leave family as hostages until their return. The huge expenditure sankin-kōtai imposed on each han helped centralize aristocratic alliances and ensured loyalty to the shōgun as each representative doubled as a potential hostage. Tokugawa's descendants further ensured loyalty by maintaining a dogmatic insistence on loyalty to the shōgun. Fudai daimyō were hereditary vassals of Ieyasu, as well as of his descendants. Tozama ("outsiders") became vassals of Ieyasu after the Battle of Sekigahara. Shinpan ("relatives") were collaterals of Tokugawa Hidetada. Early in the Edo period, the shogunate viewed the tozama as the least likely to be loyal; over time, strategic marriages and the entrenchment of the system made the tozama less likely to rebel. In the end, it was the great tozama of Satsuma, Chōshū and Tosa, and to a lesser extent Hizen, that brought down the shogunate. These four states are called the Four Western Clans, or Satchotohi for short.[9] The number of han (roughly 250) fluctuated throughout the Edo period. They were ranked by size, which was measured as the number of koku of rice that the domain produced each year. One koku was the amount of rice necessary to feed one adult male for one year. The minimum number for a daimyō was ten thousand koku; the largest, apart from the shōgun, was a million. Relations with the Emperor Social class during the Shogunate with the Emperor as the nominal ruler Regardless of the political title of the Emperor, the shōguns of the Tokugawa family controlled Japan.[10] The administration (体制 taisei) of Japan was a task given by the Imperial Court in Kyoto to the Tokugawa family, which returned to the court in the Meiji Restoration. While the Emperor officially had the prerogative of appointing the shōgun, he had virtually no say in state affairs. The shogunate appointed a liaison, the Kyoto Shoshidai (Shogun's Representative in Kyoto), to deal with the Emperor, court and nobility. Towards the end of the shogunate, however, after centuries of the Emperor having very little say in state affairs and being secluded in his Kyoto palace, and in the wake of the reigning shōgun, Tokugawa Iemochi, marrying the sister of Emperor Kōmei (r. 1846–1867), in 1862, the Imperial Court in Kyoto began to enjoy increased political influence.[11] The Emperor would occasionally be consulted on various policies and the shogun even made a visit to Kyoto to visit the Emperor. Shogun and foreign trade Dutch trading post in Dejima, c. 1805 Foreign affairs and trade were monopolized by the shogunate, yielding a huge profit. Foreign trade was also permitted to the Satsuma and the Tsushima domains. Rice was the main trading product of Japan during this time. Isolationism was the foreign policy of Japan and trade was strictly controlled. Merchants were outsiders to the social hierarchy of Japan and were thought to be greedy. The visits of the Nanban ships from Portugal were at first the main vector of trade exchanges, followed by the addition of Dutch, English and sometimes Spanish ships. From 1603 onward, Japan started to participate actively in foreign trade. In 1615, an embassy and trade mission under Hasekura Tsunenaga was sent across the Pacific to Nueva España (New Spain) on the Japanese-built galleon San Juan Bautista. Until 1635, the Shogun issued numerous permits for the so-called "red seal ships" destined for the Asian trade. After 1635 and the introduction of Seclusion laws, inbound ships were only allowed from China, Korea, and the Netherlands. Shogun and Christianity Main article: Kirishitan Christian prisoners in Edo, 17th century Followers of Christianity first began appearing in Japan during the 16th century. Oda Nobunaga embraced Christianity and the Western technology that was imported with it, such as the musket. He also saw it as a tool he could use to suppress Buddhist forces.[12] Though Christianity was allowed to grow until the 1610s, Tokugawa Ieyasu soon began to see it as a growing threat to the stability of the shogunate. As Ōgosho ("Cloistered Shōgun"),[13] he influenced the implementation of laws that banned the practice of Christianity. His successors followed suit, compounding upon Ieyasu's laws. The ban of Christianity is often linked with the creation of the Seclusion laws, or Sakoku, in the 1630s.[14] Institutions of the shogunate Rōjū and wakadoshiyori The rōjū (老中) were the senior members of the shogunate. They supervised the ōmetsuke, machi-bugyō, ongokubugyō (ja:遠国奉行) and other officials, oversaw relations with the Imperial Court in Kyoto, kuge (members of the nobility), daimyō, Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines, and attended to matters like divisions of fiefs. Normally, four or five men held the office, and one was on duty for a month at a time on a rotating basis. They conferred on especially important matters. In the administrative reforms of 1867 (Keiō Reforms), the office was eliminated in favor of a bureaucratic system with ministers for the interior, finance, foreign relations, army, and navy. Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle where Ii Naosuke was assassinated in 1860 In principle, the requirements for appointment to the office of rōjū were to be a fudai daimyō and to have a fief assessed at 50000 koku or more. However, there were exceptions to both criteria. Many appointees came from the offices close to the shōgun, such as soba yōnin (ja:側用人), Kyoto Shoshidai, and Osaka jōdai. Irregularly, the shōguns appointed a rōjū to the position of tairō (great elder). The office was limited to members of the Ii, Sakai, Doi, and Hotta clans, but Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu was given the status of tairō as well. Among the most famous was Ii Naosuke, who was assassinated in 1860 outside the Sakuradamon Gate of Edo Castle (Sakuradamon incident). The wakadoshiyori were next in status below the rōjū. An outgrowth of the early six-man rokuninshū (六人衆, 1633–1649), the office took its name and final form in 1662, but with four members. Their primary responsibility was management of the affairs of the hatamoto and gokenin, the direct vassals of the shōgun. Some shōguns appointed a soba yōnin. This person acted as a liaison between the shōgun and the rōjū. The soba yōnin increased in importance during the time of the fifth shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, when a wakadoshiyori, Inaba Masayasu, assassinated Hotta Masatoshi, the tairō. Fearing for his personal safety, Tsunayoshi moved the rōjū to a more distant part of the castle. Some of the most famous soba yōnin were Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu and Tanuma Okitsugu. Ōmetsuke and metsuke The ōmetsuke and metsuke were officials who reported to the rōjū and wakadoshiyori. The five ōmetsuke were in charge of monitoring the affairs of the daimyōs, kuge and imperial court. They were in charge of discovering any threat of rebellion. Early in the Edo period, daimyōs such as Yagyū Munefuyu held the office. Soon, however, it fell to hatamoto with rankings of 5,000 koku or more. To give them authority in their dealings with daimyōs, they were often ranked at 10,000 koku and given the title of kami (an ancient title, typically signifying the governor of a province) such as Bizen-no-kami. As time progressed, the function of the ōmetsuke evolved into one of passing orders from the shogunate to the daimyōs, and of administering to ceremonies within Edo Castle. They also took on additional responsibilities such as supervising religious affairs and controlling firearms. The metsuke, reporting to the wakadoshiyori, oversaw the affairs of the vassals of the shōgun. They were the police force for the thousands of hatamoto and gokenin who were concentrated in Edo. Individual han had their own metsuke who similarly policed their samurai. San-bugyō The san-bugyō ("three administrators") were the jisha, kanjō, and machi-bugyō, which oversaw temples and shrines, accounting, and the cities, respectively. The jisha-bugyō had the highest status of the three. They oversaw the administration of Buddhist temples (ji) and Shinto shrines (sha), many of which held fiefs. Also, they heard lawsuits from several land holdings outside the eight Kantō provinces. The appointments normally went to daimyōs; Ōoka Tadasuke was an exception, though he later became a daimyō. The kanjō-bugyō were next in status. The four holders of this office reported to the rōjū. They were responsible for the finances of the shogunate.[15] The machi-bugyō were the chief city administrators of Edo and other cities. Their roles included mayor, chief of the police (and, later, also of the fire department), and judge in criminal and civil matters not involving samurai. Two (briefly, three) men, normally hatamoto, held the office, and alternated by month. Three Edo machi bugyō have become famous through jidaigeki (period films): Ōoka Tadasuke and Tōyama Kagemoto (Kinshirō) as heroes, and Torii Yōzō (ja:鳥居耀蔵) as a villain. Tenryō, gundai and daikan The san-bugyō together sat on a council called the hyōjōsho. In this capacity, they were responsible for administering the tenryō, supervising the gundai (郡代), the daikan (代官) and the kura bugyō (蔵奉行), as well as hearing cases involving samurai. The shogun directly held lands in various parts of Japan. These were known as shihaisho (支配所); since the Meiji period, the term tenryō (天領, "Emperor's land") has become synonymous.[16] In addition to the territory that Ieyasu held prior to the Battle of Sekigahara, this included lands he gained in that battle and lands gained as a result of the Summer and Winter Sieges of Osaka. By the end of the seventeenth century, the shogun's landholdings had reached four million koku. Such major cities as Nagasaki and Osaka, and mines, including the Sado gold mine, also fell into this category. Gaikoku bugyō The gaikoku bugyō were administrators appointed between 1858 and 1868. They were charged with overseeing trade and diplomatic relations with foreign countries, and were based in the treaty ports of Nagasaki and Kanagawa (Yokohama). Late Tokugawa shogunate (1853–1867) Main article: Bakumatsu Samurai of the Shimazu clan The late Tokugawa shogunate (Japanese: 幕末 Bakumatsu) was the period between 1853 and 1867, during which Japan ended its isolationist foreign policy called sakoku and modernized from a feudal shogunate to the Meiji government. It is at the end of the Edo period and preceded the Meiji era. The major ideological and political factions during this period were divided into the pro-imperialist Ishin Shishi (nationalist patriots) and the shogunate forces, including the elite shinsengumi ("newly selected corps") swordsmen. Although these two groups were the most visible powers, many other factions attempted to use the chaos of the Bakumatsu era to seize personal power.[17] Furthermore, there were two other main driving forces for dissent; first, growing resentment of tozama daimyōs, and second, growing anti-Western sentiment following the arrival of Matthew C. Perry. The first related to those lords who had fought against Tokugawa forces at Sekigahara (in 1600) and had from that point on been exiled permanently from all powerful positions within the shogunate. The second was to be expressed in the phrase sonnō jōi ("revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians"). The end for the Bakumatsu was the Boshin War, notably the Battle of Toba–Fushimi, when pro-shogunate forces were defeated.[18] List of Tokugawa shōguns # Picture Name (Born-Died) Shōgun From Shōgun Until 1 Tokugawa Ieyasu2 full.JPG Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543–1616) 1603 1605 2 Hidetada2.jpg Tokugawa Hidetada (1579–1632) 1605 1623 3 Iemitu.jpg Tokugawa Iemitsu (1604–1651) 1623 1651 4 Tokugawa Ietsuna.jpg Tokugawa Ietsuna (1641–1680) 1651 1680 5 Tsunyaoshi.jpg Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1646–1709) 1680 1709 6 Tokugawa Ienobu.jpg Tokugawa Ienobu (1662–1712) 1709 1712 7 Tokugawa ietsugu.jpg Tokugawa Ietsugu (1709–1716) 1713 1716 8 Tokugawa Yoshimune.jpg Tokugawa Yoshimune (1684–1751) 1716 1745 9 Tokugawa Ieshige.jpg Tokugawa Ieshige (1712–1761) 1745 1760 10 Tokugawa Ieharu.jpg Tokugawa Ieharu (1737–1786) 1760 1786 11 Tokugawa Ienari.jpg Tokugawa Ienari (1773–1841) 1787 1837 12 Tokugawa Ieyoshi.JPG Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1793–1853) 1837 1853 13 Tokugawa Iesada by Kawamura Kiyoo (Tokugawa Memorial Foundation).jpeg Tokugawa Iesada (1824–1858) 1853 1858 14 Tokugawa Iemochi by Kawamura Kiyoo (Tokugawa Memorial Foundation).jpg Tokugawa Iemochi (1846–1866) 1858 1866 15 Tokugawa Yoshinobu by Kawamura Kiyoo.jpg Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1837–1913) 1866 1867 Over the course of the Edo period, influential relatives of the shogun included: Tokugawa Mitsukuni of the Mito Domain[19] Tokugawa Nariaki of the Mito Domain[20] Tokugawa Mochiharu of the Hitotsubashi branch Tokugawa Munetake of the Tayasu branch.[21] Matsudaira Katamori of the Aizu branch.[22] Matsudaira Sadanobu, born into the Tayasu branch, adopted into the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira of Shirakawa.[23] See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tokugawa shogunate. Keian uprising Notes Emperor Go-Yōzei started reigning in 1586, after the abdication of Emperor Ōgimachi. Emperor Meiji reigned until his death in 1912. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Tokugawa-jidai" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 978. Nussbaum, "Shogun" at pp. 878–879. Nussbaum, "Tokugawa" at p. 976. Nussbaum, "Edo-jidai" at p. 167. Nussbaum, "Kinsei" at p. 525. Paik, Christopher; Steele, Abbey; Tanaka, Seiki (2017). "Constraining the Samurai: Rebellion and Taxation in Early Modern Japan". International Studies Quarterly. 61 (2): 352–370. doi:10.1093/isq/sqx008. Nussbaum, "Satchotohi", pp. 826–827. Jansen 2002, pp. 144–148. Keene, Donald Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912 (2005, Columbia University Press) p. 62 Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). Tokugawa Japan – The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. University of Tokyo Press. pp.12. Nussbaum, "Ogosho" at p. 738. Chie Nakane and Shinzaburou Oishi (1990). Tokugawa Japan: The Social and Economic Antecedents of Modern Japan. University of Tokyo Press. pp.24–28. Nussbaum, "Kanjō bugyō" at p. 473. Nussbaum, "Tenryō", p. 961. Shinsengumi, The Shogun's Last Samurai Corps, Romulus, Hillsborough, Tuttle Publishing, 2005 Ravina, Mark (2004).Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori. John Wiley & Sons, 2004 Nussbaum, "Tokugawa Mitsukuni" at p. 979. Nussbaum, "Tokugawa Nariaki" at p. 979. Nussbaum, "Tayasu" at p. 954. Nussbaum, "Matsudaira Katamori" at p. 616. Nussbaum, "Matsudaira Sadanobu" at p. 617. References Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301 This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. Further reading Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-01655-0; OCLC 185685588 Totman, Conrad. The Collapse of the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1862–1868. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1980. Totman, Conrad. Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967. Waswo, Ann Modern Japanese Society 1868–1994 The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies Meiji Japan Through Contemporary Sources, Volume Two 1844–1882
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 20, 2019 23:46:59 GMT 1
The Ninja Ranking System is a universal system in the ninja world. It is used officially for all Villages, and only doesn't apply for Missing Ninja. Thus it shows a fine line between actual Villages and their systems regarding it.
History The Ninja Ranking System was initially organized in the Iron Country once all Villages came together. It was decided, through meeting grounds that this was how it was going to be placed. After the creation of Leaf in which there were only 4 other Villages created after it(Mist, Cloud, Rock, and Sand) all villages decided to agree. The lower ranked villages just went on with it.
It was then decided these 5 Powerful Nations would go by this system, and any other village they'd be able to decide the system going on by it. So it soon became a law equal to not only all Daimyo but the Leaders of each Village that the system would go by ranking for the ninja and it merely became commonplace for any ninja village to go through ranking system, otherwise it wasn't considering a Ninja Village. The 5 strongest nations would have the Kage based off of their country. The Hokage(Leaf), Mizukage(Mist), Raikage(Cloud), Tsuchikage(Rock), Kazekage(Sand).
After the system was decided, it became a quarrel between the lower nations to catch up to the 5 Stronger Nations. After the war initiated, each village was brought into such a depression that they automatically considered the leader of the village the "Kage." At both times, the Kage would have to be a strong force and not only just strong, but a great leader. Thus it became hard to find Leaders, some villages not even capable of producing a leader and during those harsh times, a lot of things occured that just made things messy. After such an event, there were no such things as the 5 Great Nations.
After the destruction with barely any records held, only two countries was left. The villages built inside of these two countries, the "Taka" and "Earth" countries. Some villages after the war for the survival of villages would soon take another name for their Kage system, but also kept their ranking system. For example: Otokami, Amekoutei.
Ranks Academy Student An official rank stating you are NOT a ninja. This rank is basically "Ninja" in training. Default Class Level: E
Genin The first rank of ninja and lowest class of Ninja. Genin are ninja primarily just starting out up to the point of ninja who are unable to access the Chuunin Exam. Most ninja actually become a Chuunin in their lifetime and normally before age 20, except for some occasions. If a vote is done, the Village Council can make a Genin, Chuunin but the primary way a Chuunin is decided is through the age-old system, the Chuunin Exam. A peaceful contract between the villages temporarily for an event. A Genin must normally be place in a Squad led by a Jounin. Default Class Level: D
Chuunin A Chuunin is a middle-classed ninja. Each suit they were is now dependant on the village, normally all having a form of track-vest most likely in different colors and different set ups for the Ninja to record his or her's items. A Ninja should have a lot more skills now as a Chuunin and thus they actually have the ability to start leading Squads, and in fact will start leading Squads in a sense for experience later on. Some Chuunin can go into teaching Academy Students. Default Class Level: C
Special Jounin A Special Jounin is the small stage right before Jounin and after Chuunin. A special Jounin are normally the Chuunin Proctors, but there are small exceptions. A Special Jounin is a Jounin-Leveled NInja but is only a master in one art, compared to a Jounin who is a master in all arts. A Special Jounin is also excepted to lead Squads and be very important in higher-up ninja. Default Class Level: B
Jounin The Highest ranked official ninja. Most Leaders are at least Jounin before becoming of the Leadership Rank. When made a Jounin, they are given the suit according to the Village, such as Leaf's Blue Jumpsuit. Jounin are high ranked ninja, thus they are the bulk of most armies and military force and a village has a large supply of Jounin, considering it's their main defence and offense. All ninja would strive to become a Jounin and they are placed on the hardest of ninja. A Jounin, unlike the Special Jounin must be skilled in all forms of art, otherwise they would remain a Special Jounin. This way, a Jounin could always still have a chance fighting against someone more skilled than them. Default Class Level: A
Sage Sage is the name of the rank of anyone of Kage Level, leadership level. Anyone under the name of Hokage, Amekoutei, Otokami or Tsuchikage is a Sage typed ninja. These ninja are the higher up of the village now, and are voted in to become a Sage. There can only be one leader of the village and the leader holds a lot of power over the village, and possibly the post power over the Council. The system of the leader primarily is based off of the Village's structure itself though, as some villages may decide to go toward Tyranny as a system. Sage should be unreal ninja in terms of strength, but also leadership. Default Class Level: S
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Post by Fredrik on Jul 21, 2019 0:28:38 GMT 1
Page semi-protected Ninja From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Ninja (disambiguation). "Shinobi", "Ninja warrior", and "Chūnin" redirect here. For other uses, see Shinobi (disambiguation), Ninja Warrior (disambiguation), and Chūnin (album). Drawing of the archetypical ninja from a series of sketches (Hokusai Manga) by Hokusai. Woodblock print on paper. Volume six, 1817. A ninja (忍者) (hiragana: にんじゃ) or shinobi (忍び) (hiragana: しのび) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan. The functions of a ninja included espionage, deception, and surprise attacks.[1] Their covert methods of waging irregular warfare were deemed dishonorable and beneath the honor of the samurai.[2] Though shinobi proper, as specially trained spies and mercenaries, appeared in the 15th century during the Sengoku period (15th–17th centuries),[3] antecedents may have existed as early as the 12th century.[4][5] In the unrest of the Sengoku period, mercenaries and spies for hire became active in Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kōga, and it is from the area's clans that much of the knowledge of the ninja is drawn. Following the unification of Japan under the Tokugawa shogunate in the 17th century, the ninja faded into obscurity.[6] A number of shinobi manuals, often based on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and 18th centuries, most notably the Bansenshukai (1676).[7] By the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), shinobi had become a topic of popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninjas figured prominently in legend and folklore, where they were associated with legendary abilities such as invisibility, walking on water and control over the natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in popular culture is based more on such legend and folklore than on the spies of the Sengoku period. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Predecessors 2.2 Early history 2.3 Iga and Kōga clans 2.4 Shimabara rebellion 3 Oniwaban 4 Roles 4.1 Psychological warfare 4.2 Espionage 4.3 Sabotage 4.4 Assassination 4.5 Countermeasures 5 Training 5.1 Tactics 5.2 Disguises 6 Equipment 6.1 Outerwear 6.2 Tools 6.3 Weaponry 7 Legendary abilities 7.1 Kuji-kiri 8 Foreign ninja 9 Famous people 10 In popular culture 11 Gallery 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology The word "ninja" in kanji script Ninja is an on'yomi (Early Middle Chinese–influenced) reading of the two kanji "忍者". In the native kun'yomi kanji reading, it is pronounced shinobi, a shortened form of the transcription shinobi-no-mono (忍の者).[8] The word shinobi appears in the written record as far back as the late 8th century in poems in the Man'yōshū.[9][10] The underlying connotation of shinobi (忍) means "to steal away; to hide" and—by extension—"to forbear", hence its association with stealth and invisibility. Mono (者) means "a person". Historically, the word ninja was not in common use, and a variety of regional colloquialisms evolved to describe what would later be dubbed ninja. Along with shinobi, some examples include monomi ("one who sees"), nokizaru ("macaque on the roof"), rappa ("ruffian"), kusa ("grass") and Iga-mono ("one from Iga").[6] In historical documents, shinobi is almost always used. Kunoichi, (くノ一) is, originally, an argot which means "woman",[11]:p168 supposedly came from the characters くノ一 (pronounced ku, no and ichi), which make up the three strokes that form the kanji for "woman" (女).[11]:p168 In fictions written in the modern era, Kunoichi means "female ninja",[11]:p167 In the West, the word ninja became more prevalent than shinobi in the post–World War II culture, possibly because it was more comfortable for Western speakers.[12] In English, the plural of ninja can be either unchanged as ninja, reflecting the Japanese language's lack of grammatical number, or the regular English plural ninjas.[13] History Despite many popular folktales, historical accounts of the ninja are scarce. Historian Stephen Turnbull asserts that the ninja were mostly recruited from the lower class, and therefore little literary interest was taken in them.[14] The social origin of the ninja is seen as the reason they agree to operate in secret, trading their service for money without honor and glory.[15] The scarcity of historical accounts is also demonstrated in war epics such as The Tale of Hōgen (Hōgen Monogatari) and The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari), which focus mainly on the aristocratic samurai, whose deeds were apparently more appealing to the audience.[12] Historian Kiyoshi Watatani states that the ninja were trained to be particularly secretive about their actions and existence: So-called ninjutsu techniques, in short are the skills of shinobi-no-jutsu and shinobijutsu, which have the aims of ensuring that one's opponent does not know of one's existence, and for which there was special training.[16] Predecessors Yamato Takeru dressed as a maidservant, preparing to kill the Kumaso leaders. Woodblock print on paper. Yoshitoshi, 1886. The title ninja has sometimes been attributed retrospectively to the semi-legendary 4th-century prince Yamato Takeru.[17] In the Kojiki, the young Yamato Takeru disguised himself as a charming maiden, and assassinated two chiefs of the Kumaso people.[18] However, these records take place at a very early stage of Japanese history, and they are unlikely to be connected to the shinobi of later accounts. The first recorded use of espionage was under the employment of Prince Shōtoku in the 6th century.[19] Such tactics were considered unsavory even in early times, when, according to the 10th-century Shōmonki, the boy spy Koharumaru was killed for spying against the insurgent Taira no Masakado.[20] Later, the 14th-century war chronicle Taiheiki contained many references to shinobi,[17] and credited the destruction of a castle by fire to an unnamed but "highly skilled shinobi".[21] Early history It was not until the 15th century that spies were specially trained for their purpose.[14] It was around this time that the word shinobi appeared to define and clearly identify ninja as a secretive group of agents. Evidence for this can be seen in historical documents, which began to refer to stealthy soldiers as shinobi during the Sengoku period.[22] Later manuals regarding espionage are often grounded in Chinese military strategy, quoting works such as The Art of War by Sun Tzu.[23] The ninja emerged as mercenaries in the 15th century, where they were recruited as spies, raiders, arsonists and even terrorists. Amongst the samurai, a sense of ritual and decorum was observed, where one was expected to fight or duel openly. Combined with the unrest of the Sengoku period, these factors created a demand for men willing to commit deeds considered disreputable for conventional warriors.[19][2] By the Sengoku period, the shinobi had several roles, including spy (kanchō), scout (teisatsu), surprise attacker (kishu), and agitator (konran).[22] The ninja families were organized into larger guilds, each with their own territories.[24] A system of rank existed. A jōnin ("upper person") was the highest rank, representing the group and hiring out mercenaries. This is followed by the chūnin ("middle person"), assistants to the jōnin. At the bottom was the genin ("lower person"), field agents drawn from the lower class and assigned to carry out actual missions.[25] Iga and Kōga clans The plains of Iga, nested in secluded mountains, gave rise to villages specialized in the training of ninja. The Iga and Kōga clans have come to describe families living in the province of Iga (modern Mie Prefecture) and the adjacent region of Kōka (later written as Kōga), named after a village in what is now Shiga Prefecture. From these regions, villages devoted to the training of ninja first appeared.[26] The remoteness and inaccessibility of the surrounding mountains may have had a role in the ninja's secretive development.[25] Historical documents regarding the ninja's origins in these mountainous regions are considered generally correct.[27] The chronicle Go Kagami Furoku writes, of the two clans' origins: There was a retainer of the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, of pre-eminent skill in shinobi, and consequently for generations the name of people from Iga became established. Another tradition grew in Kōga.[27] Likewise, a supplement to the Nochi Kagami, a record of the Ashikaga shogunate, confirms the same Iga origin: Inside the camp at Magari of the shōgun [Ashikaga] Yoshihisa there were shinobi whose names were famous throughout the land. When Yoshihisa attacked Rokkaku Takayori, the family of Kawai Aki-no-kami of Iga, who served him at Magari, earned considerable merit as shinobi in front of the great army of the shōgun. Since then successive generations of Iga men have been admired. This is the origin of the fame of the men of Iga.[28] A distinction is to be made between the ninja from these areas, and commoners or samurai hired as spies or mercenaries. Unlike their counterparts, the Iga and Kōga clans produced professional ninja, specifically trained for their roles.[22] These professional ninja were actively hired by daimyōs between 1485 and 1581,[22] until Oda Nobunaga invaded Iga Province and wiped out the organized clans.[29] Survivors were forced to flee, some to the mountains of Kii, but others arrived before Tokugawa Ieyasu, where they were well treated.[30] Some former Iga clan members, including Hattori Hanzō, would later serve as Tokugawa's bodyguards.[31] Following the Battle of Okehazama in 1560, Tokugawa employed a group of eighty Kōga ninja, led by Tomo Sukesada. They were tasked to raid an outpost of the Imagawa clan. The account of this assault is given in the Mikawa Go Fudoki, where it was written that Kōga ninja infiltrated the castle, set fire to its towers, and killed the castellan along with 200 of the garrison.[32] The Kōga ninja are said to have played a role in the later Battle of Sekigahara (1600), where several hundred Kōga assisted soldiers under Torii Mototada in the defence of Fushimi Castle.[33] After Tokugawa's victory at Sekigahara, the Iga acted as guards for the inner compounds of Edo Castle, while the Kōga acted as a police force and assisted in guarding the outer gate.[31] In 1614, the initial "winter campaign" at the Siege of Osaka saw the ninja in use once again. Miura Yoemon, a ninja in Tokugawa's service, recruited shinobi from the Iga region, and sent 10 ninja into Osaka Castle in an effort to foster antagonism between enemy commanders.[34] During the later "summer campaign", these hired ninja fought alongside regular troops at the Battle of Tennōji.[34] Shimabara rebellion A final but detailed record of ninja employed in open warfare occurred during the Shimabara Rebellion (1637–1638).[35] The Kōga ninja were recruited by shōgun Tokugawa Iemitsu against Christian rebels led by Amakusa Shirō, who made a final stand at Hara Castle, in Hizen Province. A diary kept by a member of the Matsudaira clan, the Amakusa Gunki, relates: "Men from Kōga in Ōmi Province who concealed their appearance would steal up to the castle every night and go inside as they pleased."[36] The Ukai diary, written by a descendant of Ukai Kanemon, has several entries describing the reconnaissance actions taken by the Kōga. They [the Kōga] were ordered to reconnoitre the plan of construction of Hara Castle, and surveyed the distance from the defensive moat to the ni-no-maru (second bailey), the depth of the moat, the conditions of roads, the height of the wall, and the shape of the loopholes.[36] — Entry: 6th day of the 1st month The ruins of Hara Castle Suspecting that the castle's supplies might be running low, the siege commander Matsudaira Nobutsuna ordered a raid on the castle's provisions. Here, the Kōga captured bags of enemy provisions, and infiltrated the castle by night, obtaining secret passwords.[37] Days later, Nobutsuna ordered an intelligence gathering mission to determine the castle's supplies. Several Kōga ninja—some apparently descended from those involved in the 1562 assault on an Imagawa clan castle—volunteered despite being warned that chances of survival were slim.[38] A volley of shots was fired into the sky, causing the defenders to extinguish the castle lights in preparation. Under the cloak of darkness, ninja disguised as defenders infiltrated the castle, capturing a banner of the Christian cross.[38] The Ukai diary writes, We dispersed spies who were prepared to die inside Hara castle. ... those who went on the reconnaissance in force captured an enemy flag; both Arakawa Shichirobei and Mochizuki Yo'emon met extreme resistance and suffered from their serious wounds for 40 days.[38] — Entry: 27th day of the 1st month As the siege went on, the extreme shortage of food later reduced the defenders to eating moss and grass.[39] This desperation would mount to futile charges by the rebels, where they were eventually defeated by the shogunate army. The Kōga would later take part in conquering the castle: More and more general raids were begun, the Kōga ninja band under the direct control of Matsudaira Nobutsuna captured the ni-no-maru and the san-no-maru (outer bailey) ...[40] — Entry: 24th day of the 2nd month With the fall of Hara Castle, the Shimabara Rebellion came to an end, and Christianity in Japan was forced underground.[41] These written accounts are the last mention of ninja in war.[42] Oniwaban Main article: Oniwaban In the early 18th century, shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune founded the oniwaban ("garden keeper"), an intelligence agency and secret service. Members of the oniwaban were agents involved in collecting information on daimyōs and government officials.[43] The secretive nature of the oniwaban—along with the earlier tradition of using Iga and Kōga clan members as palace guards—have led some sources to define the oniwabanshū as "ninja".[44] This portrayal is also common in later novels and jidaigeki. However, there is no written link between the earlier shinobi and the later oniwabanshū. Roles The ninja were stealth soldiers and mercenaries hired mostly by daimyōs.[45] Their primary roles were those of espionage and sabotage, although assassinations were also attributed to ninja. Although they were considered the anti-samurai and were disdained by those belonging to the samurai class, they were necessary for warfare and were even employed by the samurai themselves to carry out operations that were forbidden by the Bushido.[15] A page from the Shōninki (1681), detailing a list of possible disguises In his Buke Myōmokushō, military historian Hanawa Hokinoichi writes of the ninja: They travelled in disguise to other territories to judge the situation of the enemy, they would inveigle their way into the midst of the enemy to discover gaps, and enter enemy castles to set them on fire, and carried out assassinations, arriving in secret.[46] Psychological warfare In battle, the ninja could also be used to cause confusion amongst the enemy.[47] A degree of psychological warfare in the capturing of enemy banners can be seen illustrated in the Ōu Eikei Gunki, composed between the 16th and 17th centuries: Within Hataya castle there was a glorious shinobi whose skill was renowned, and one night he entered the enemy camp secretly. He took the flag from Naoe Kanetsugu's guard ... and returned and stood it on a high place on the front gate of the castle.[48] Espionage Espionage was the chief role of the ninja. With the aid of disguises, the ninja gathered information on enemy terrain and building specifications, as well as obtaining passwords and communiques. The aforementioned supplement to the Nochi Kagami briefly describes the ninja's role in espionage: Concerning ninja, they were said to be from Iga and Kōga, and went freely into enemy castles in secret. They observed hidden things, and were taken as being friends.[28] Later in history, the Kōga ninja would become regarded as agents of the Tokugawa bakufu, at a time when the bakufu used the ninja in an intelligence network to monitor regional daimyōs as well as the Imperial court.[24] Sabotage Arson was the primary form of sabotage practiced by the ninja, who targeted castles and camps. The 16th-century diary of abbot Eishun (Tamon-in Nikki) at Tamon-in monastery in Kōfuku-ji describes an arson attack on a castle by men of the Iga clans. This morning, the sixth day of the 11th month of Tenbun 10, the Iga-shu entered Kasagi castle in secret and set fire to a few of the priests' quarters. They also set fire to outbuildings in various places inside the San-no-maru. They captured the Ichi-no-maru (inner bailey) and the Ni-no-maru.[49] — Entry: 26th day of the 11th month of the 10th Year of Tenbun (1541) In 1558, Rokkaku Yoshikata employed a team of ninja to set fire to Sawayama Castle. A chunin captain led a force of 48 ninja into the castle by means of deception. In a technique dubbed bakemono-jutsu ("ghost technique"), his men stole a lantern bearing the enemy's family crest (mon), and proceeded to make replicas with the same mon. By wielding these lanterns, they were allowed to enter the castle without a fight. Once inside, the ninja set fire to the castle, and Yoshitaka's army would later emerge victorious.[50] The mercenary nature of the shinobi is demonstrated in another arson attack soon after the burning of Sawayama Castle. In 1561, commanders acting under Kizawa Nagamasa hired three Iga ninja of genin rank to assist the conquest of a fortress in Maibara. Rokakku Yoshitaka, the same man who had hired Iga ninja just years earlier, was the fortress holder—and target of attack. The Asai Sandaiki writes of their plans: "We employed shinobi-no-mono of Iga. ... They were contracted to set fire to the castle".[51] However, the mercenary shinobi were unwilling to take commands. When the fire attack did not begin as scheduled, the Iga men told the commanders, who were not from the region, that they could not possibly understand the tactics of the shinobi. They then threatened to abandon the operation if they were not allowed to act on their own strategy. The fire was eventually set, allowing Nagamasa's army to capture the fortress in a chaotic rush.[51] Assassination The best-known cases of assassination attempts involve famous historical figures. Deaths of famous persons have sometimes been attributed to assassination by ninja, but the secretive natures of these scenarios have made them difficult to prove.[14] Assassins were often identified as ninja later on, but there is no evidence to prove whether some were specially trained for the task or simply a hired thug. Portrait of Oda Nobunaga, by Jesuit painter Giovanni Niccolò, 1583–1590 The warlord Oda Nobunaga's notorious reputation led to several attempts on his life. In 1571, a Kōga ninja and sharpshooter by the name of Sugitani Zenjubō was hired to assassinate Nobunaga. Using two arquebuses, he fired two consecutive shots at Nobunaga, but was unable to inflict mortal injury through Nobunaga's armor.[52] Sugitani managed to escape, but was caught four years later and put to death by torture.[52] In 1573, Manabe Rokurō, a vassal of daimyō Hatano Hideharu, attempted to infiltrate Azuchi Castle and assassinate the sleeping Nobunaga. However, this also ended in failure, and Manabe was forced to commit suicide, after which his body was openly displayed in public.[52] According to a document, the Iranki, when Nobunaga was inspecting Iga province—which his army had devastated—a group of three ninja shot at him with large-caliber firearms. The shots flew wide of Nobunaga, however, and instead killed seven of his surrounding companions.[53] The ninja Hachisuka Tenzō was sent by Nobunaga to assassinate the powerful daimyō Takeda Shingen, but ultimately failed in his attempts. Hiding in the shadow of a tree, he avoided being seen under the moonlight, and later concealed himself in a hole he had prepared beforehand, thus escaping capture.[54] An assassination attempt on Toyotomi Hideyoshi was also thwarted. A ninja named Kirigakure Saizō (possibly Kirigakure Shikaemon) thrust a spear through the floorboards to kill Hideyoshi, but was unsuccessful. He was "smoked out" of his hiding place by another ninja working for Hideyoshi, who apparently used a sort of primitive "flamethrower".[55] Unfortunately, the veracity of this account has been clouded by later fictional publications depicting Saizō as one of the legendary Sanada Ten Braves. Uesugi Kenshin, the famous daimyō of Echigo Province, was rumored to have been killed by a ninja. The legend credits his death to an assassin who is said to have hidden in Kenshin's lavatory, and fatally injured Kenshin by thrusting a blade or spear into his anus.[56] While historical records showed that Kenshin suffered abdominal problems, modern historians have usually attributed his death to stomach cancer, esophageal cancer or cerebrovascular disease.[57] Countermeasures A variety of countermeasures were taken to prevent the activities of the ninja. Precautions were often taken against assassinations, such as weapons concealed in the lavatory, or under a removable floorboard.[58] Buildings were constructed with traps and trip wires attached to alarm bells.[59] Japanese castles were designed to be difficult to navigate, with winding routes leading to the inner compound. Blind spots and holes in walls provided constant surveillance of these labyrinthine paths, as exemplified in Himeji Castle. Nijō Castle in Kyoto is constructed with long "nightingale" floors, which rested on metal hinges (uguisu-bari) specifically designed to squeak loudly when walked over.[60] Grounds covered with gravel also provided early notice of unwanted intruders, and segregated buildings allowed fires to be better contained.[61] Training The skills required of the ninja have come to be known in modern times as ninjutsu (忍術), but it is unlikely they were previously named under a single discipline, but were rather distributed among a variety of covered espionage and survival skills. Some view the ninjutsu as evidence that ninja were not simple mercenaries because the manual did not only include combat training but also provided information about daily needs, which even included mining techniques.[62] The guidance provided for daily work also included elements that enable the ninja to understand the martial qualities of even the most menial task.[62] These factors show how the ninjutsu established among the ninja class the fundamental principle of adaptation.[62] This diagram from the Bansenshukai uses divination and esoteric cosmology (onmyōdō) to instruct on the ideal time for taking certain actions. The first specialized training began in the mid-15th century, when certain samurai families started to focus on covert warfare, including espionage and assassination.[63] Like the samurai, ninja were born into the profession, where traditions were kept in, and passed down through the family.[24][64] According to Turnbull, the ninja was trained from childhood, as was also common in samurai families. Outside the expected martial art disciplines, a youth studied survival and scouting techniques, as well as information regarding poisons and explosives.[65] Physical training was also important, which involved long distance runs, climbing, stealth methods of walking[66] and swimming.[67] A certain degree of knowledge regarding common professions was also required if one was expected to take their form in disguise.[65] Some evidence of medical training can be derived from one account, where an Iga ninja provided first-aid to Ii Naomasa, who was injured by gunfire in the Battle of Sekigahara. Here the ninja reportedly gave Naomasa a "black medicine" meant to stop bleeding.[68] With the fall of the Iga and Kōga clans, daimyōs could no longer recruit professional ninja, and were forced to train their own shinobi. The shinobi was considered a real profession, as demonstrated in the bakufu's 1649 law on military service, which declared that only daimyōs with an income of over 10,000 koku were allowed to retain shinobi.[69] In the two centuries that followed, a number of ninjutsu manuals were written by descendants of Hattori Hanzō as well as members of the Fujibayashi clan, an offshoot of the Hattori. Major examples include the Ninpiden (1655), the Bansenshukai (1675), and the Shōninki (1681).[7] Modern schools that claim to train ninjutsu arose from the 1970s, including that of Masaaki Hatsumi (Bujinkan), Stephen K. Hayes (To-Shin Do), and Jinichi Kawakami (Banke Shinobinoden). The lineage and authenticity of these schools are a matter of controversy. Tactics The ninja did not always work alone. Teamwork techniques exist: for example, in order to scale a wall, a group of ninja may carry each other on their backs, or provide a human platform to assist an individual in reaching greater heights.[70] The Mikawa Go Fudoki gives an account where a coordinated team of attackers used passwords to communicate. The account also gives a case of deception, where the attackers dressed in the same clothes as the defenders, causing much confusion.[32] When a retreat was needed during the Siege of Osaka, ninja were commanded to fire upon friendly troops from behind, causing the troops to charge backwards in order to attack a perceived enemy. This tactic was used again later on as a method of crowd dispersal.[34] Most ninjutsu techniques recorded in scrolls and manuals revolve around ways to avoid detection, and methods of escape.[7] These techniques were loosely grouped under corresponding natural elements. Some examples are: Hitsuke: The practice of distracting guards by starting a fire away from the ninja's planned point of entry. Falls under "fire techniques" (katon-no-jutsu).[71] Tanuki-gakure: The practice of climbing a tree and camouflaging oneself within the foliage. Falls under "wood techniques" (mokuton-no-jutsu).[71] Ukigusa-gakure: The practice of throwing duckweed over water in order to conceal underwater movement. Falls under "water techniques" (suiton-no-jutsu).[71] Uzura-gakure: The practice of curling into a ball and remaining motionless in order to appear like a stone. Falls under "earth techniques" (doton-no-jutsu).[71] The tactics of the ninja martial art concerning sabotage and assassination was adapted to surprise tactics, i.e. attacking the enemy all of a sudden during the night, either in the bushes or forestland, or endeavouring to stab him in the back in the low corridors and the small Japanese rooms, which thus required short and small weapons and sharp strikes. Ninja in espionage tried to avoid open battlefield with a numerically superior enemy forces, therefore their technique was adapted to stun the enemy and escape in case of failure. A komusō monk is one of many possible disguises Disguises The use of disguises is common and well documented. Disguises came in the form of priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, rōnin, and monks.[72] The Buke Myōmokushō states, Shinobi-monomi were people used in secret ways, and their duties were to go into the mountains and disguise themselves as firewood gatherers to discover and acquire the news about an enemy's territory ... they were particularly expert at travelling in disguise.[28] A mountain ascetic (yamabushi) attire facilitated travel, as they were common and could travel freely between political boundaries. The loose robes of Buddhist priests also allowed concealed weapons, such as the tantō.[73] Minstrel or sarugaku outfits could have allowed the ninja to spy in enemy buildings without rousing suspicion. Disguises as a komusō, a mendicant monk known for playing the shakuhachi, were also effective, as the large "basket" hats traditionally worn by them concealed the head completely.[74] Ninja ate a vegetarian diet for health reasons. They also avoided foods that caused strong body odor.[75] Equipment Ninja utilized a large variety of tools and weaponry, some of which were commonly known, but others were more specialized. Most were tools used in the infiltration of castles. A wide range of specialized equipment is described and illustrated in the 17th-century Bansenshukai,[76] including climbing equipment, extending spears,[68] rocket-propelled arrows,[77] and small collapsible boats.[78] Outerwear Antique Japanese gappa (travel cape) and cloth zukin (hood) with kusari (chain armour) concealed underneath. While the image of a ninja clad in black garb (shinobi shōzoku) is prevalent in popular media, there is no written evidence for such a costume.[79] Instead, it was much more common for the ninja to be disguised as civilians. The popular notion of black clothing is likely rooted in artistic convention; early drawings of ninja showed them dressed in black in order to portray a sense of invisibility.[46] This convention was an idea borrowed from the puppet handlers of bunraku theater, who dressed in total black in an effort to simulate props moving independently of their controls.[80] Despite the lack of hard evidence, it has been put forward by some authorities that black robes, perhaps slightly tainted with red to hide bloodstains, was indeed the sensible garment of choice for infiltration.[46] Clothing used was similar to that of the samurai, but loose garments (such as leggings) were tucked into trousers or secured with belts. The tenugui, a piece of cloth also used in martial arts, had many functions. It could be used to cover the face, form a belt, or assist in climbing. The historicity of armor specifically made for ninja cannot be ascertained. While pieces of light armor purportedly worn by ninja exist and date to the right time, there is no hard evidence of their use in ninja operations. Depictions of famous persons later deemed ninja often show them in samurai armor. There were lightweight concealable types of armour made with kusari (chain armour) and small armor plates such as karuta that could have been worn by ninja including katabira (jackets) made with armour hidden between layers of cloth. Shin and arm guards, along with metal-reinforced hoods are also speculated to make up the ninja's armor.[46] Tools A page from the Ninpiden, showing a tool for breaking locks. Tools used for infiltration and espionage are some of the most abundant artifacts related to the ninja. Ropes and grappling hooks were common, and were tied to the belt.[76] A collapsible ladder is illustrated in the Bansenshukai, featuring spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder.[81] Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on the hands and feet also doubled as weapons.[82] Other implements include chisels, hammers, drills, picks and so forth. The kunai was a heavy pointed tool, possibly derived from the Japanese masonry trowel, which it closely resembles. Although it is often portrayed in popular culture as a weapon, the kunai was primarily used for gouging holes in walls.[83] Knives and small saws (hamagari) were also used to create holes in buildings, where they served as a foothold or a passage of entry.[84] A portable listening device (saoto hikigane) was used to eavesdrop on conversations and detect sounds.[85] The mizugumo was a set of wooden shoes supposedly allowing the ninja to walk on water.[78] They were meant to work by distributing the wearer's weight over the shoes' wide bottom surface. The word mizugumo is derived from the native name for the Japanese water spider (Argyroneta aquatica japonica). The mizugumo was featured on the show MythBusters, where it was demonstrated unfit for walking on water. The ukidari, a similar footwear for walking on water, also existed in the form of a round bucket, but was probably quite unstable.[86] Inflatable skins and breathing tubes allowed the ninja to stay underwater for longer periods of time.[87] Despite the large array of tools available to the ninja, the Bansenshukai warns one not to be overburdened with equipment, stating "a successful ninja is one who uses but one tool for multiple tasks".[88] Weaponry Although shorter swords and daggers were used, the katana was probably the ninja's weapon of choice, and was sometimes carried on the back.[74] The katana had several uses beyond normal combat. In dark places, the scabbard could be extended out of the sword, and used as a long probing device.[89] The sword could also be laid against the wall, where the ninja could use the sword guard (tsuba) to gain a higher foothold.[90] The katana could even be used as a device to stun enemies before attacking them, by putting a combination of red pepper, dirt or dust, and iron filings into the area near the top of the scabbard, so that as the sword was drawn the concoction would fly into the enemy's eyes, stunning him until a lethal blow could be made. While straight swords were used before the invention of the katana,[91] the straight ninjatō has no historical precedent and is likely a modern invention. A pair of kusarigama, on display in Iwakuni Castle An array of darts, spikes, knives, and sharp, star-shaped discs were known collectively as shuriken. While not exclusive to the ninja,[92] they were an important part of the arsenal, where they could be thrown in any direction.[93] Bows were used for sharpshooting, and some ninjas' bows were intentionally made smaller than the traditional yumi (longbow).[94] The chain and sickle (kusarigama) was also used by the ninja.[95] This weapon consisted of a weight on one end of a chain, and a sickle (kama) on the other. The weight was swung to injure or disable an opponent, and the sickle used to kill at close range. Simple gardening tools such as kunai and sickles were used as weaponry so that, if discovered, a ninja could claim they are his tools and not weapons, despite their ability to be used in battle. Explosives introduced from China were known in Japan by the time of the Mongol Invasions in the 13th century.[96] Later, explosives such as hand-held bombs and grenades were adopted by the ninja.[87] Soft-cased bombs were designed to release smoke or poison gas, along with fragmentation explosives packed with iron or pottery shrapnel.[70] Along with common weapons, a large assortment of miscellaneous arms were associated with the ninja. Some examples include poison,[76] makibishi (caltrops),[97] cane swords (shikomizue),[98] land mines,[99] fukiya (blowguns), poisoned darts, acid-spurting tubes, and firearms.[87] The happō, a small eggshell filled with blinding powder (metsubushi), was also used to facilitate escape.[100] Legendary abilities Superhuman or supernatural powers were often associated with the ninja. Some legends include flight, invisibility, shapeshifting, the ability to "split" into multiple bodies, the summoning of animals, and control over the five classical elements. These fabulous notions have stemmed from popular imagination regarding the ninja's mysterious status, as well as romantic ideas found in later Japanese art of the Edo period. Magical powers were sometimes rooted in the ninja's own efforts to disseminate fanciful information. For example, Nakagawa Shoshujin, the 17th-century founder of Nakagawa-ryū, claimed in his own writings (Okufuji Monogatari) that he had the ability to transform into birds and animals.[69] Perceived control over the elements may be grounded in real tactics, which were categorized by association with forces of nature. For example, the practice of starting fires in order to cover a ninja's trail falls under katon-no-jutsu ("fire techniques").[97] Actor portraying Nikki Danjō, a villain from the kabuki play Sendai Hagi. Shown with hands in a kuji-in seal, which allows him to transform into a giant rat. Woodblock print on paper. Kunisada, 1857. The ninja's adaption of kites in espionage and warfare is another subject of legends. Accounts exist of ninja being lifted into the air by kites, where they flew over hostile terrain and descended into, or dropped bombs on enemy territory.[78] Kites were indeed used in Japanese warfare, but mostly for the purpose of sending messages and relaying signals.[101] Turnbull suggests that kites lifting a man into midair might have been technically feasible, but states that the use of kites to form a human "hang glider" falls squarely in the realm of fantasy.[102] Kuji-kiri Kuji-kiri is an esoteric practice which, when performed with an array of hand "seals" (kuji-in), was meant to allow the ninja to enact superhuman feats. The kuji ("nine characters") is a concept originating from Taoism, where it was a string of nine words used in charms and incantations.[103] In China, this tradition mixed with Buddhist beliefs, assigning each of the nine words to a Buddhist deity. The kuji may have arrived in Japan via Buddhism,[104] where it flourished within Shugendō.[105] Here too, each word in the kuji was associated with Buddhist deities, animals from Taoist mythology, and later, Shinto kami.[106] The mudrā, a series of hand symbols representing different Buddhas, was applied to the kuji by Buddhists, possibly through the esoteric Mikkyō teachings.[107] The yamabushi ascetics of Shugendō adopted this practice, using the hand gestures in spiritual, healing, and exorcism rituals.[108] Later, the use of kuji passed onto certain bujutsu (martial arts) and ninjutsu schools, where it was said to have many purposes.[109] The application of kuji to produce a desired effect was called "cutting" (kiri) the kuji. Intended effects range from physical and mental concentration, to more incredible claims about rendering an opponent immobile, or even the casting of magical spells.[110] These legends were captured in popular culture, which interpreted the kuji-kiri as a precursor to magical acts. Foreign ninja Main article: Foreign ninja On February 25, 2018, Yamada Yūji, the professor of Mie University and historian Nakanishi Gō announced that they had identified three people who were successful in early modern Ureshino, including the ninja Benkei Musō(弁慶夢想).[111][112] Musō is thought to be the same person as Denrinbō Raikei(伝林坊頼慶), the Chinese disciple of Marume Nagayoshi.[112] It came as a shock when the existence of a foreign samurai was verified by authorities. Kawasaki Seizō, born in Kilju, Joseon was active as a Japanese spy during the Imjin war. Disguised as a Korean merchant, he infiltrated a heavily guarded Korean fort.[113] As a reward, he was allowed to wear swords and given a salary by his lord, Nabeshima Naoshige, granting him samurai status.[114] Famous people Many famous people in Japanese history have been associated or identified as ninja, but their status as ninja are difficult to prove and may be the product of later imagination. Rumors surrounding famous warriors, such as Kusunoki Masashige or Minamoto no Yoshitsune sometimes describe them as ninja, but there is little evidence for these claims. Some well known examples include: Kumawakamaru escapes his pursuers by swinging across the moat on a bamboo.[115] Woodblock print on paper. Kuniyoshi, 1842–1843. Kumawakamaru (13th–14th centuries): A youth whose exiled father was ordered to death by the monk Homma Saburō. Kumakawa took his revenge by sneaking into Homma's room while he was asleep, and assassinating him with his own sword.[116] Yagyū Munetoshi (1529–1606): A renowned swordsman of the Shinkage-ryū school. Muneyoshi's grandson, Jubei Muneyoshi, told tales of his grandfather's status as a ninja.[45] Hattori Hanzō (1542–1596): A samurai serving under Tokugawa Ieyasu. His ancestry in Iga province, along with ninjutsu manuals published by his descendants have led some sources to define him as a ninja.[117] This depiction is also common in popular culture. Ishikawa Goemon (1558–1594): Goemon reputedly tried to drip poison from a thread into Oda Nobunaga's mouth through a hiding spot in the ceiling,[118] but many fanciful tales exist about Goemon, and this story cannot be confirmed. Fūma Kotarō (d. 1603): A ninja rumored to have killed Hattori Hanzō, with whom he was supposedly rivals. The fictional weapon Fūma shuriken is named after him. Mochizuki Chiyome (16th century): The wife of Mochizuke Moritoki. Chiyome created a school for girls, which taught skills required of geisha, as well as espionage skills.[119] Momochi Sandayū (16th century): A leader of the Iga ninja clans, who supposedly perished during Oda Nobunaga's attack on Iga province. There is some belief that he escaped death and lived as a farmer in Kii Province.[120] Momochi is also a branch of the Hattori clan. Fujibayashi Nagato (16th century): Considered to be one of three "greatest" Iga jōnin, the other two being Hattori Hanzō and Momochi Sandayū. Fujibayashi's descendents wrote and edited the Bansenshukai. Katō Danzō (1503 – 1569): A famed 16th-century ninja master during the Sengoku period who was also known as "Flying Katō". Tateoka Doshun (16th century): An intermediate-ranking Iga ninja during the Sengoku period. Karasawa Genba (16th century): A samurai of the Sengoku period, in the 16th century of the common era, who served as an important retainer of the Sanada clan. In popular culture Main article: Ninja in popular culture Jiraiya battles a giant snake with the help of his summoned toad. Woodblock print on paper. Kuniyoshi, c. 1843. The image of the ninja entered popular culture in the Edo period, when folktales and plays about ninja were conceived. Stories about the ninja are usually based on historical figures. For instance, many similar tales exist about a daimyō challenging a ninja to prove his worth, usually by stealing his pillow or weapon while he slept.[121] Novels were written about the ninja, such as Jiraiya Gōketsu Monogatari, which was also made into a kabuki play. Fictional figures such as Sarutobi Sasuke would eventually make their way into comics and television, where they have come to enjoy a culture hero status outside their original mediums. Ninja appear in many forms of Japanese and Western popular media, including books (Kōga Ninpōchō), television (Ninja Warrior), animation (Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu), movies (Ninja Assassin), video games (Sekiro: Shadows Die Twice, Tenchu, Shinobi), anime (Naruto, Ninja Scroll), manga (Basilisk) and American comic books (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles). From ancient Japan to the modern world media, popular depictions range from the realistic to the fantastically exaggerated, both fundamentally and aesthetically. Gallery Tekko-kagi, hand claws Ashiko, iron climbing cleats Ashiko, iron climbing cleats Kaginawa, iron climbing hook Shikomizue, a cane sword Makibishi, iron caltrops Bo-shuriken, throwing darts Bo-shuriken, with linen flights Chigriki, chain and weight weapons Kusarigama, a chain and sickle Manriki, a chain weapon Various concealable weapons Chainmail shirt (Kusari katabira) See also flag Japan portal Hitokiri Hashashin Sicarii Footnotes Kawakami, pp=21–22 Turnbull 2003, pp. 5–6 Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2003). Ninja Ad 1460-1650. Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84176-525-9. Archived from the original on 6 May 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Crowdy 2006, p. 50 Frederic 2002, p. 715 Green 2001, p. 355 Green 2001, p. 358; based on different readings, Ninpiden is also known as Shinobi Hiden, and Bansenshukai can also be Mansenshukai. Origin of word Ninja Archived 2011-05-02 at the Wayback Machine. Takagi, Gomi & Ōno 1962, p. 191; the full poem is "Yorozu yo ni / Kokoro ha tokete / Waga seko ga / Tsumishi te mitsutsu / Shinobi kanetsumo". Satake et al. 2003, p. 108; the Man'yōgana used for "shinobi" is 志乃備, its meaning and characters are unrelated to the later mercenary shinobi. 吉丸雄哉(associate professor of Mie University) (April 2017). "くのいちとは何か". In 吉丸雄哉、山田雄司 編 (ed.). 忍者の誕生. 勉誠出版. ISBN 978-4-585-22151-7. Turnbull 2003, p. 6 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.; American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Turnbull 2003, p. 5 Axelrod, Alan (2015). Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. ISBN 9781483364674. Turnbull 2007, p. 144. Waterhouse 1996, pp. 34 Chamberlain 2005, pp. 249–253; Volume 2, section 80 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 325 Friday 2007, pp. 58–60 Turnbull 2003, p. 7 Turnbull 2003, p. 9 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 324 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 327 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 121 Deal 2007, p. 165 Turnbull 2003, p. 23 Turnbull 2003, p. 27 Green 2001, p. 357 Turnbull 2003, pp. 9–10 Adams 1970, p. 43 Turnbull 2003, pp. 44–46 Turnbull 2003, p. 47 Turnbull 2003, p. 50 Turnbull 2003, p. 55 Turnbull 2003, p. 51 Turnbull 2003, p. 52 Turnbull 2003, p. 53 Turnbull 2003, p. 54 Turnbull 2003, pp. 54–55 Morton & Olenik 2004, p. 122 Crowdy 2006, p. 52 Tatsuya 1991, p. 443 Kawaguchi 2008, p. 215 Turnbull 2003, p. 29 Turnbull 2003, p. 17; Turnbull uses the name Buke Meimokushō, an alternate reading for the same title. The Buke Myōmokushō cited here is a much more common reading. Turnbull 2003, p. 42 Turnbull 2007, p. 149 Turnbull 2003, p. 28 Turnbull 2003, p. 43 Turnbull 2003, pp. 43–44 Turnbull 2003, p. 31 Turnbull 2003, pp. 31–32 Turnbull 2003, p. 30 Turnbull 2003, p. 32 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu 2006, p. 36 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu 2004, pp. 51–53; Turnbull 2003, p. 32 Turnbull 2003, p. 26 Draeger & Smith 1981, pp. 128–129 Turnbull 2003, pp. 29–30 Fiévé & Waley 2003, p. 116 Zoughari, Kacem (2010). Ninja: Ancient Shadow Warriors of Japan (The Secret History of Ninjutsu). North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9780804839273. Turnbull 2003, p. 12 Turnbull, Stephen (2012). Ninja AD 1460–1650. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 9781782002567. Turnbull 2003, pp. 14–15 Green 2001, pp. 359–360 Deal 2007, p. 156 Turnbull 2003, p. 48 Turnbull 2003, p. 13 Turnbull 2003, p. 22 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 125 Crowdy 2006, p. 51 Deal 2007, p. 161 Turnbull 2003, p. 18 "Iga-ryu Ninjutsu | What is a Ninja? | Ninja Museum of Igaryu". www.iganinja.jp. Archived from the original on 2017-12-18. Retrieved 2017-12-10. Turnbull 2003, p. 19 Turnbull 2003, p. 60 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 128 Turnbull 2003, p. 16 Howell 1999, p. 211 Turnbull 2003, p. 20 Mol 2003, p. 121 Turnbull 2003, p. 61 Turnbull 2003, pp. 20–21 Turnbull 2003, p. 21 Turnbull 2003, p. 62 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 329 Green 2001, p. 359 Adams 1970, p. 52 Adams 1970, p. 49 Reed 1880, pp. 269–270 Mol 2003, p. 119 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, pp. 328–329 Ratti & Westbrook 1991, p. 328 Adams 1970, p. 55 Bunch & Hellemans 2004, p. 161 Mol 2003, p. 176 Mol 2003, p. 195 Draeger & Smith 1981, p. 127 Mol 2003, p. 124 Buckley 2002, p. 257 Turnbull 2003, pp. 22–23 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 2–3 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 8–11 Waterhouse 1996, p. 13 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 24–27 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 24–25 Teeuwen & Rambelli 2002, p. 327 Waterhouse 1996, pp. 31–33 Adams 1970, p. 29; Waterhouse 1996, p. 31 "嬉野に忍者3人いた! 江戸初期-幕末 市が委託調査氏名も特定". Archived from the original on 2018-08-20. Retrieved 2018-08-20. "嬉野忍者調査結果 弁慶夢想 (べんけいむそう) 【武術家・山伏 / 江戸時代初期】". Archived from the original on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2018-08-20. "文化遺産オンライン 御用唐人町荒物唐物屋職御由緒書". Archived from the original on 2018-11-24. Retrieved 2018-11-24. 『唐人町の由来』碑 McCullough 2004, p. 49 McCullough 2004, p. 48 Adams 1970, p. 34 Adams 1970, p. 160 Green 2001, p. 671 Adams 1970, p. 42 Turnbull 2003, p. 14 References Adams, Andrew (1970), Ninja: The Invisible Assassins, Black Belt Communications, ISBN 978-0-89750-030-2 Buckley, Sandra (2002), Encyclopedia of contemporary Japanese culture, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-0-415-14344-8 Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (2004), The history of science and technology: a browser's guide to the great discoveries, inventions, and the people who made them, from the dawn of time to today, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, ISBN 978-0-618-22123-3 Chamberlain, Basil Hall (2005), The Kojiki: records of ancient matters, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-3675-3 Crowdy, Terry (2006), The enemy within: a history of espionage, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-933-2 Deal, William E. (2007), Handbook to Life in Medieval and Early Modern Japan, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-195331264 Draeger, Donn F.; Smith, Robert W. (1981), Comprehensive Asian fighting arts, Kodansha, ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6 Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003), Japanese capitals in historical perspective: place, power and memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-1409-4 Friday, Karl F. (2007), The first samurai: the life and legend of the warrior rebel, Taira Masakado, Wiley, ISBN 978-0-471-76082-5 Howell, Anthony (1999), The analysis of performance art: a guide to its theory and practice, Routledge, ISBN 978-90-5755-085-0 Green, Thomas A. (2001), Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia, Volume 2: Ninjutsu, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-57607-150-2 Kawaguchi, Sunao (2008), Super Ninja Retsuden, PHP Research Institute, ISBN 978-4-569-67073-7 Kawakami, Jin'ichi (2016), Ninja no okite, Kadokawa, ISBN 978-4-04-082106-1 McCullough, Helen Craig (2004), The Taiheiki: A Chronicle of Medieval Japan, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-3538-1 Mol, Serge (2003), Classical weaponry of Japan: special weapons and tactics of the martial arts, Kodansha, ISBN 978-4-7700-2941-6 Morton, William Scott; Olenik, J. Kenneth (2004), Japan: its history and culture, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, ISBN 978-0-07-141280-3 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2006), Unsolved Mysteries of Japanese History, PHP Research Institute, ISBN 978-4-569-65652-6 Nihon Hakugaku Kurabu (2004), Zuketsu Rekishi no Igai na Ketsumatsu, PHP Research Institute, ISBN 978-4-569-64061-7 Perkins, Dorothy (1991), Encyclopedia of Japan: Japanese History and Culture, from Abacus to Zori, Facts on File, ISBN 978-0-8160-1934-2 Ratti, Oscar; Westbrook, Adele (1991), Secrets of the samurai: a survey of the martial arts of feudal Japan, Tuttle Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8048-1684-7 Reed, Edward James (1880), Japan: its history, traditions, and religions: With the narrative of a visit in 1879, Volume 2, John Murray, OCLC 1309476 Satake, Akihiro; Yasumada, Hideo; Kudō, Rikio; Ōtani, Masao; Yamazaki, Yoshiyuki (2003), Shin Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4, Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-240004-2 Takagi, Ichinosuke; Gomi, Tomohide; Ōno, Susumu (1962), Nihon Koten Bungaku Taikei: Man'yōshū Volume 4, Iwanami Shoten, ISBN 4-00-060007-9 Tatsuya, Tsuji (1991), The Cambridge history of Japan Volume 4: Early Modern Japan: Chapter 9, translated by Harold Bolitho, edited by John Whitney Hall, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22355-3 Teeuwen, Mark; Rambelli, Fabio (2002), Buddhas and kami in Japan: honji suijaku as a combinatory paradigm, RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 978-0-415-29747-9 Turnbull, Stephen (2003), Ninja AD 1460–1650, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84176-525-9 Turnbull, Stephen (2007), Warriors of Medieval Japan, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84603-220-2 Waterhouse, David (1996), Religion in Japan: arrows to heaven and earth, article 1: Notes on the kuji, edited by Peter F. Kornicki and James McMullen, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-55028-4 Frederic, Louis (2002), Japan Encyclopedia, Belknap Harvard, ISBN 0-674-01753-6 Further reading Fujibayashi, Masatake; Nakajima, Atsumi. (1996). Shōninki: Ninjutsu densho. Tokyo: Shinjinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 222455224. Fujita, Seiko. (2004). Saigo no Ninja Dorondoron. Tokyo: Shinpūsha. ISBN 978-4-7974-9488-4. Fukai, Masaumi. (1992). Edojō oniwaban : Tokugawa Shōgun no mimi to me. Tokyo: Chūō Kōronsha. ISBN 978-4-12-101073-5. Hokinoichi, Hanawa. (1923–1933). Buke Myōmokushō. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan. OCLC 42921561. Ishikawa, Masatomo. (1982). Shinobi no sato no kiroku. Tokyo: Suiyōsha. ISBN 978-4-88066-110-0. Mol, Serge (2016). Takeda Shinobi Hiden: Unveiling Takeda Shingen's Secret Ninja Legacy. Eibusha. pp. 1–192. ISBN 978-90-813361-3-0. Mol, Serge (2008). Invisible armor: An Introduction to the Esoteric Dimension of Japan’s Classical Warrior Arts. Eibusha. pp. 1–160. ISBN 978-90-8133610-9. Nawa, Yumio. (1972). Hisshō no heihō ninjutsu no kenkyū: gendai o ikinuku michi. Tokyo: Nichibō Shuppansha. OCLC 122985441. Nawa. Yumio. (1967). Shinobi no buki. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 22358689. Okuse, Heishichirō. (1967). Ninjutsu: sono rekishi to ninja. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 22727254. Okuse, Heishichirō. (1964). Ninpō: sono hiden to jitsurei. Tokyo: Jinbutsu Ōraisha. OCLC 51008989. Turnbull, Stephen (2017). Ninja: Unmasking the Myth. Barnsley, S. Yorkshire, UK: Frontline Books. ISBN 9781473850422. Watatani, Kiyoshi. (1972). Bugei ryūha hyakusen. Tokyo: Akita Shoten. OCLC 66598671. Yamaguchi, Masayuki. (1968). Ninja no seikatsu. Tokyo: Yūzankaku. OCLC 20045825. 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