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List of The Wild Thornberrys episodes From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search The Wild Thornberrys is an American animated television series created by Arlene Klasky, Gábor Csupó, Steve Pepoon, David Silverman, and Stephen Sustarsic and produced by Klasky Csupo for Nickelodeon. The show focuses on the Thornberrys, a family of nature documentarians headed by Nigel Thornberry, a British filmmaker, and his wife, camera operator Marianne. Their children, Debbie and Eliza, join them in their quest to research animals in their natural habitats across the world. The Thornberrys travel around the world in the ComVee, a recreational vehicle equipped with survival gear, which also serves as the Thornberry home while they are on an expedition. Their travel companions also include Donnie, a ferral boy whom the Thornberrys adopted, and Darwin, a skiddish chimpanzee. Eliza, the younger of the two sisters, has a magical ability to communicate with animals, the origin of which is explained in the feature film The Wild Thornberrys Movie.
The series premiered on September 1, 1998, and ran four 5 seasons with 91 episodes. The series finale aired on June 11, 2004. Unlike typical Nickelodeon series of the time, each episode is a full half-hour in length (22 minutes if not counting commercials). Along with the feature film, The Wild Thornberrys has also been featured in Rugrats Go Wild, a feature film crossover with another popular Klasky Csupo production, Rugrats.
Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Pilot (1998) 2.2 Season 1 (1998–99) 2.3 Season 2 (1999–2000) 2.4 Season 3 (2000–01) 2.5 Season 4 (2001–02) 2.6 Season 5 (2003–04) 3 Films (2002–03) 4 References 5 External links Series overview Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Pilot September 1, 1998 1 20 September 1, 1998 April 1, 1999 2 37 August 16, 1999 March 27, 2000 3 20 September 12, 2000 May 14, 2001 4 6 August 18, 2001 June 1, 2002 5 8 February 3, 2003 June 11, 2004 Films December 20, 2002 June 13, 2003 Episodes Pilot (1998) Title Written by Location setting Original air date Prod. code "Pilot" Mark Palmer Kenya September 1, 1998 00 The Thornberrys get word that the only way to save the funding for their show is to film a segment about the black rhino, but Donnie bites the rhino's tail and causes it to charge.
This episode was only included in the VHS release, and is not available on DVD. Season 1 (1998–99) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Location setting Original air date Prod. code 1 1 "Flood Warning" Steve Ressel Tom Stern Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania September 1, 1998 03 The Thornberrys are in East Africa near Mount Kilimanjaro to film East African lions. Debbie pleads with her mom to let her drive the comvee while she films and Marianne reluctantly consents. Debbie loses control of the comvee and it falls down a muddy river bank. Before they can get it out a storm erupts and the comvee is washed away. That night while camping near the river Debbie goes off on foot in pursuit of the comvee while Eliza goes off in pursuit of her and Darwin and Donnie go off in pursuit of her. Soon all become prey to a lion and two lionesses. Eliza will have to outwit them. 2 2 "Dinner With Darwin" Sylvia Keulen Steve Skrovan Manaus, Brazil September 3, 1998 09 Darwin sets off into the jungle to prove he still has his natural instincts. After a scary night in the jungle, he stumbles upon an empty shack and hides out, but the family who lives in the shack return to find Darwin. 3 3 "Bad Company" Steve Ressel Leslie Rieder Manaus, Brazil September 8, 1998 08 A swarm of marmosets overruns the Thornberrys camp, and it's up to Eliza to beat them at their own game. Meanwhile, Nigel and Marianne search for the bird-eating spider, and Debbie searches for ingredients to make shampoo. 4 4 "Gold Fever" Anthony Bell Adam Beechen Galapagos Islands, Ecuador September 10, 1998 12 When Eliza and Debbie discover an old treasure map on the Galapagos Islands, they set out to claim their ""riches."" Once the gold is discovered, however, greed sets in and the girls begin an all-out battle of trickery to get the gold away from each other. 5 5 "Matadi or Bust" Sylvia Keulen Carolyn Omine Matadi, Democratic Republic of the Congo September 15, 1998 04 The Thornberrys are in Africa along the banks of the Congo River. They have three days to catch a freighter at Matadi but if they miss it they will be stuck in Matadi for eight weeks. On the barge on the way to Matadi Eliza discovers that Kip and Biederman are also on board and they have a captured hippo with them which they plan to sell to a zoo. While helping the hippo escape Eliza, Darwin and Donnie fall overboard. 6 6 "Temple of Eliza" Peter Avanzino Barbara Herndon & Jill Gorey Manaus, Brazil September 17, 1998 05 Eliza comes to be treated as royalty among a pack of jaguars. Meanwhile, Nigel and Marianne attempt a better understanding of Donnie's behavior and ways of communicating.
Endtag: "I'm always the royal pet Chimpanzee." (sighs) -Darwin 7 7 "Vacant Lot" Cathy Malkasian Monica Piper Brazil September 22, 1998 06 A huge forest eating machine is destroying the Amazon forest. Nigel and Marianne set out to find government help in stopping it while Eliza teams up with the Amazon Animals to fight it. Debbie's attempt to listen to a radio show are being thwarted by a radio that continually breaks down. 8 8 "Only Child" Anthony Bell Kate Boutilier Brazil October 1, 1998 07 The Thornberrys are camping on the banks of the Amazon river so Nigel can perfect his insect repellent formula. Eliza becomes fascinated with a fresh water dolphin that she sees out in the river. Debbie is bored as usual when a teenage girl from the village wanders into camp. She and Debbie begin hanging together while Eliza worries that she could be a legend come true...a dolphin that takes the form of a young girl. 9 9 "Iron Curtain" Cathy Malkasian Mark Palmer Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania October 6, 1998 01 When the Thornberrys need some close-up footage of elephants, they travel to the Ngorongoro Game Preserve. At first Eliza believes it to be a prison, and helps a baby elephant escape to find her mom. She quickly changes her mind about the place when they tackle with some poachers out to trap and kill her pachyderm pals. Eliza and the elephants bust back into the Game Preserve where they are now safe. Meanwhile, Debbie loses Donnie and has to find him before he gets sent off to a university as "the missing link". 10 10 "Valley Girls" Anthony Bell David Regal Uganda October 13, 1998 02 The Thornberrys are in Uganda's Bwindi Impenetrable Forest to film the rare bird the great crested grebe. While Marianne and Nigel go off to film the girls argue over the use of the tape player. In the ensuing argument Debbie releases the commvee's brake and it takes off downhill. It finally comes to rest on a muddy river bank where it is firmly stuck. The girls will have to work together to free it, with help from some local mountain gorillas. 11 11 "Naimina Enkiyio" Peter Avanzino Mark Steen Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania October 22, 1998 10 Challenging an ancient Maasai legend, Eliza marches into a "haunted" forest to prove her bravery. Now, with night falling, Eliza must place her trust in the mysterious legends of the Maasai in order to find her way safely through the dark forest. 12 12 "Blood Sisters" Peter Avanzino & Carol Millican Tom J. Stern Andes, Peru October 27, 1998 15 The Thornberrys are driving in the Andes Mountains in Peru on the way to visit Dr. Spinoza, the world's foremost authority on vampire bats. This is a special trip for Marianne who was a student of Dr. Spinoza's twenty years ago. On the way Eliza starts reading about bats and her movie memories about vampires starts spooking her a bit. Dr. Spinoza lives in a remote, big castle and he is not at all like Marianne remembers. Everything about him gets Eliza's imagination going and Debbie sees it as a chance to have some fun at her sister's expense. Later, it turns out that the real Dr. Spinoza was tied up by a hunchback called, El Gordito who took Dr. Spinoza's place. 13 13 "Eliza-cology" Cathy Malkasian David Regal Galapagos Islands, Ecuador November 5, 1998 11 The Thornberrys are on the Galapagos Islands to film the return of the sea turtles. While off exploring with Darwin and Donnie, Eliza gives a finch an unfair advantage in getting food and in so doing disrupts the delicate food chain of the island. 14 14 "Flight of the Donnie" Steve Ressel John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Peru November 17, 1998 13 Eliza and Debbie must take over Marianne's duties when she is sick. Debbie goes with Nigel to shoot footage of a condor and Eliza must care for Donnie. Covered with feathers from a pillow, Donnie is snatched up by the condor and Eliza and Darwin must rescue him. 15 15 "Lost & Foundation" Sylvia Keulen Kate Boutilier Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia March 16, 1999 19 When the girls discover that their parents have mistakenly taken embarrassing home movies to an awards banquet, they join forces for different reasons in order to save face. Their cross-island trip turns into a race against time in order to beat their parents to the podium. 16 16 "Nigel Knows Best" Sylvia Keulen Kate Boutilier Peru March 18, 1999 14 Eliza and her father set off on foot to scale the Andes. Nigel assures Marianne he will be very careful and keep close tabs on Eliza. Marianne is upset because her mother sent a care package. She thinks her mother doesn't think she's a good mother. While scaling the mountain, Eliza can't stand her father's over protectiveness and wanders off on her own...right when a blizzard strikes. 17 17 "The Great Bangaboo" Cathy Malkasian David Regal Sambas, Borneo, Indonesia March 23, 1999 16 When Eliza discovers that a local performer claims he can talk to animals she believes she's found a soul mate. Eliza must enlist the help of some very "urban" animals to sneak into the sideshow and meet "The Great Bangaboo." 18 18 "Rumble in the Jungle" Anthony Bell & Rebecca J. Bristow John Derevlany Borneo, Indonesia March 25, 1999 17 Eliza convinces a group of macaques to stand up to their enemies, Darwin unknowingly helps a different group with the same problem. 19 19 "The Dragon and the Professor" Steve Ressel Jill Gorey & Barbara Herndon Rinca, Indonesia March 30, 1999 18 Eliza will stop at nothing to get a look at the gigantic, fierce Komodo dragon that lives on the Southeast Asian islands. Her plans are halted by the unexpected arrival of her home-schooling teacher who forces her to "hit the books." Meanwhile, Donnie breaks out with a rash from poison ivy and Nigel gets the chicken pox. 20 20 "Born to Be Wild" Peter Avanzino & Carol Millican S : Kathryn Wyand; T : Elin Hampton & David Fury Padang, Sumatra, Indonesia April 1, 1999 20 The Thornberrys are in the jungle of Sumatra where Nigel is in pursuit of his lifelong dream...to see a Sumatran rhino in the wild. Eliza and Darwin set out to help him find it while Debbie and Donnie find some surfing teenagers. Season 2 (1999–2000) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Location setting Original air date Prod. code 21 1 "Rebel Without a Trunk" Sylvia Keulen Kate Boutilier Solapur, Maharashtra, India August 16, 1999 34 Marianne attempts to spend time with Eliza while riding elephants to a festival, but Eliza and her mischievous elephant friend get into trouble and end up burning down their campsite as well as a run in with a local Bengal tiger. Meanwhile, the rest of the family throws a party. 22 2 "Pal Joey" Carol Millican Gene Grillo Tasmania, Australia August 17, 1999 35 Eliza convinces a mother kangaroo that she can handle the responsibilities of baby-sitting. She quickly learns that this mischievous joey is more than meets the eye. After a close encounter with Tasmanian devils, Eliza is all too happy to be relieved of her duty. Meanwhile, Marianne organizes a prom for Debbie at the commvee. 23 3 "Rain Dance" Sylvia Keulen Mady Julian & Arnold Margolin Namib Desert, Namibia August 18, 1999 29 With the commvee broken down in the desert and no water left to survive, the Thornberrys go through desperate measures to maintain their sanity. However, on the verge of dehydration, Marianne convinces her family to perform the rain ritual pictured in a nearby monolith. Everyone cheers as the rains pour down among them. 24 4 "Darwin Plays the Palace" Sylvia Keulen Eva Almos & Ed Scharlach Solapur, Maharashtra, India August 19, 1999 39 The Thornberrys are in India when Eliza and Darwin are seen playing together by Kip and Biederman. They capture Darwin and sell him to a rajah who is looking for a new chimp act to entertain his court. Eliza frantically searches for the missing Darwin and follows a trail of kumquats Darwin left to the rajah's palace. Entry to the palace is forbidden and she will have to rely on her wits to sneak inside and rescue Darwin. 25 5 "Stick Your Neck Out" Cathy Malkasian Adam Beechen Serengeti Plain, Tanzania August 23, 1999 21 Eliza finds a hero in a giraffe who can see distances with his height and warn others of approaching danger. However, to Eliza's dismay, the giraffe leaves the animals for his own needs. Only when Eliza herself is in danger does the giraffe return. 26 6 "No Laughing Matter" Anthony Bell & Rebecca J. Bristow David Regal Serengeti Plain, Tanzania August 24, 1999 22 Eliza frees a spotted hyena from captivity, but having never lived in the wild, it doesn't know how to survive. Eliza attempts to teach it, but it seems hopeless—until a warthog threatens them and the hyena's natural instincts take over. 27 7 "Chimp Off the Old Block" Steve Ressel Monica Piper Democratic Republic of the Congo August 25, 1999 23 Darwin brings Eliza to his chimpanzee compound, and Eliza, who isn't used to the structure of the chimpanzee way of life, puts Darwin in an uncomfortable situation. After a leopard attacks, Eliza realizes the hierarchy is necessary for jungle survival. 28 8 "Koality & Kuantity" Anthony Bell & Rebecca J. Bristow David Regal Melbourne, Victoria, Australia August 26, 1999 27 The Thornberrys discover that koalas are missing from their native groves. Eliza decides to unravel the mystery only to discover Kip and Biederman masterminding the evil plot. It is now up to her to stop the culprits from wiping out an entire species! 29 9 "Chew if by Sea" Steve Ressel Monica Piper Sydney, New South Wales, Australia and India August 30, 1999 28 When the Thornberrys leave Australia for India, Eliza can't bear to leave her wombat friend, Emily. Even though Emily was told not to, she comes along with her. Now Eliza is constantly forced to re-create Emily's habitat in order to ensure her survival. 30 10 "Clash of the Teutons" Cathy Malkasian Adam Beechen Great Dividing Range, NSW/Qld/Vic., Australia August 31, 1999 26 The Thornberrys meet the Fensterkopfs who make false documentaries. The Fensterkopfs' son lies to Eliza and gets them all stuck on a cliff. After the families barely escape an avalanche, the value of truth is learned by all. 31 11 "You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yeti" Carol Millican Adam Beechen Nepal September 1, 1999 30 To study and protect the snow leopards from extinction and a construction site that is threatening their survival, Nigel's mentor (thought to be lost for many years) has left civilization to be a yeti. Eliza, having discovered his identity, helps him fend off the pending construction (with the unexpected assistance of an actual yeti). 32 12 "On the Right Track" Cathy Malkasian David Regal Lappland, Finland September 2, 1999 31 When the Thornberrys are in Finland for the annual reindeer races, Eliza feels left out. She single-handedly uncovers a plot to sabotage the races, and along with an equally excluded reindeer who didn't make the final cut, helps save the day. 33 13 "Polar Opposites" Steve Ressel Jill Gorey & Barbara Herndon Greenland, Denmark September 6, 1999 33 When a friendly polar bear is wrongly accused of vicious behavior, Eliza goes to great lengths to keep him from being harmed and learns the value of sticking by a friend in times of trouble. Meanwhile, Debbie gets a job at a local diner. 34 14 "Two's Company" Steve Ressel S : David Regal; T : Monica Piper Galapagos Islands, Ecuador September 7, 1999 37 When Eliza is told that "Lonesome Jake" the Galapagos tortoise (based on the real-life Lonesome George) is the last one of his kind, she can't just let his species become another name on the extinction list. Enlisting help from other animals, she soon discovers "Samantha" and brings the two tortoises together—blind date style. But she soon realizes that playing the role of Cupid is not as easy as it seems. 35 15 "Show Me the Bunny" Becky Bristow Adam Beechen Lappland, Finland September 13, 1999 32 After Eliza saves an Arctic hare from a determined stoat, she learns that underdogs come in all shapes and sizes. 36 16 "Reef Grief" Sylvia Keulen Allen Zipper Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia September 14, 1999 24 Eliza gets in over her head when she assumes responsibilities she can't handle. She is soon forced to don scuba gear and rescue a fumbling Nigel and a tumbling commvee under the dangerous waters of Australia's Great Barrier Reef. 37 17 "Thornberry Island" Becky Bristow David Regal Uncharted Island in the Pacific Ocean September 15, 1999 36 The Thornberrys get stranded on an uncharted island, basking at first in all the beauty and the splendor, but discover soon enough that being marooned isn't all it's cracked up to be. 38 18 "Dances With Dingoes" Peter Avanzino & Carol Millican Kate Boutilier Uluru, Northern Territory, Australia September 16, 1999 25 Debbie discovers Eliza talking to dingoes and threatens to tell her parents. Eliza, concerned about the possibility of being shipped back to the United States as a science experiment and losing her powers, seeks help from nearby Aboriginal Australians. Together they confuse Debbie into thinking it was all a dream. *Note*: This episode's title is a parody of the 1990 movie Dances with Wolves.
Endtag: "Party favor anyone?" -Marianne 39 19 "Tamper-Proof Seal" Becky Bristow S : Scott Gray; T : David Regal Skagway, Panhandle, Alaska October 19, 1999 44 When the Commvee is surrounded by angry seals, Eliza tries her own methods to get them to move. But she learns from her Inuit friend Jim that traditional ways have their value. 40 20 "You Otter Know" Sylvia Keulen Sheila M. Anthony Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia October 20, 1999 45 The Thornberrys are on the Russian peninsula of Kamchatka to film the Steller sea eagle. Nigel and Marianne take off to film via helicopter while Eliza and Darwin explore and Debbie takes a relaxation bath in a hot spring. They meet up with a friendly group of sea otters and start playing together when an oil tanker comes into the area. To make matters worse Kip and Biedermann rupture the tanker and start an oil spill. Eliza takes it upon herself to save the otters. 41 21 "Have Yourself A Thornberry Little Christmas" Carol Millican S : Kate Boutilier & David Regal; S/T : Adam Beechen Namib Desert, Namibia November 29, 1999 38 Eliza goes to desperate measures to help animals survive during tough times along the Skeleton Coast. Her good-will intentions, however, will soon cost her family their entire supply of holiday cheer—and their Christmas dinner! 42 22 "Luck Be an Aye-Aye" Carol Millican S : Bob Daily; T : Adam Beechen Madagascar February 15, 2000 43 When Donnie kidnaps an aye-aye for a pet, Eliza must return the "bad luck" omen to his home before the villagers hunt him down. Meanwhile, Nigel and Marianne search for a chameleon to film. 43 23 "The Kung and I" Cathy Malkasian Joan Considine Johnson Kalahari Desert, Botswana February 16, 2000 46 When the Thornberrys visit the !Kung people, everyone is shocked to discover that Debbie can click talk. No one is more surprised than Eliza, however, who is only cured of her jealousy by a !Kung healing ceremony. *Note*: The episode's title is a parody of the musical The King and I. 44 24 "Dear Diary" Becky Bristow Alice Miller Cuzco, Peru February 17, 2000 48 When Eliza accidentally reads Debbie's diary she learns that Debbie thinks her little sister is an embarrassment. Debbie and Eliza have it out and learn the real truth about their relationship. 45 25 "Black and White and Mom All Over" Cathy Malkasian Eleah Horwitz Chongqing, China February 21, 2000 41 When a seemingly abandoned panda bear imprints on Debbie, Eliza doubts Debbie's "parenting" ability—until a monsoon convinces Eliza that Debbie can handle more than she lets on. 46 26 "A Tiger by the Tail" Mark Risley Adam Beechen & Kate Boutilier Ussuri River, Russia February 22, 2000 42 Eliza reunites with Kalla the Siberian tigress, and is stunned when she turns on her. Eliza's visiting Grandma Sophie helps her overcome her fears just as she is overcoming her own. Betty White guest stars 47 27 "Forget Me Not" Mark Risley Eleah Horwitz & Kate Boutilier Mount Kilimanjaro, Kenya February 24, 2000 47 When the Thornberrys visit Nigel's best friend Jomo, they search for an elephant named Rebecca that Nigel saved 20 years earlier. As the family attends to an elephant stuck in a mudhole, Eliza bonds with Rebecca, Sadly, only get heartbroken to learn that she is old and ready to die causing her to start crying. 48 28 "Song for Eliza" Carol Millican S : Sarah Jane Cunningham & David Regal; T : Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry Kahoolawe, Hawaii February 25, 2000 49 When Eliza tries to swim with the humpback whales, Darwin accidentally knocks Debbie's boombox into the ocean, which creates a disturbing noise and causes the whales to stop their ritual singing. Eliza attempts to set things right. 49 29 "Gift of Gab" Cathy Malkasian Eva Almos, Ed Scharlach & David Regal Nigeria February 26, 2000 40 This is a flashback episode. It explains how Eliza and Darwin met. It also explains how Eliza got her power to talk to animals. This episode has events that has happened two years prior to the start of the series. Participating Burger Kings would give out cards for kids to mark the animal's places for each episode that aired in a leadup to the episode on 26 Feb, and a 1-800 number would appear. Kids had to dial this number and report their locations to the anonymous caller, and he/she would give out a trip around the world for the Grand Prize winner. 50 30 "Bogged Down" Sylvia Keulen Peter Egan Philippines March 6, 2000 50 The Thornberrys are in the Philippines to find the angler fish. While Nigel and Eliza travel the river to find it Marianne stays behind to help Debbie study for her history final. While looking for the fish, Nigel is stung by a poisonous stonefish and Eliza must go into a dark, mysterious bog to get the antitoxin before Nigel dies. 51 31 "Monkey See, Monkey Don't" Cathy Malkasian T : David Regal; S/T : Emily Kapnek Karnataka, India March 6, 2000 51 When Eliza meets a group of temple monkeys, they con her into bringing all of her family's food. While Darwin tries to convince her otherwise, Eliza realizes that she's been duped and learns the value of Darwin's friendship. 52 32 "Where the Gauchos Roam" Mark Risley Adam Beechen Argentina March 13, 2000 52 The Thornberrys are invited on a cattle drive by Marianne's old high school friend whose son, Miguel, is not as adept at riding and roping as he claimed. In the end, Eliza helps him build confidence. 53 33 "A Shaky Foundation" Carol Millican David Regal Victoria Falls March 13, 2000 53 The Thornberrys are visited by the Foundation's head son, Tom, who splits up the Nigel and Marianne team to film the rock hyrax. An over-zealous Tom treats Eliza like a child until he lands the Commvee in a raging river. Eliza's quick thinking prevails and she saves her family. 54 34 "Cheetahs Never Prosper" Becky Bristow & Frank Marino Peter Egan Uganda March 20, 2000 54 The Thornberrys are on the African plains in the middle of a drought. Eliza wants to help the animals, but her parents tell her that the animals will become more aggressive due to lack of water and food. In an effort to keep her daughter safe Marianne threatens to send Eliza home to America if she disobeys her parents. Eliza tries to help a young cheetah named Tano but she quickly becomes the target for Tano's and his mother's next meal. 55 35 "Gobi Yourself" Sylvia Keulen Joan Considine Johnson Mongolia March 20, 2000 55 While in the Gobi Desert to film the Gobi bear Eliza and a Mongolian girl, Arioka, secretly switch places so Eliza can ride across the desert on camels and Arioka can ride in the Commvee. But Arioka's parents change their plans and Eliza must figure out a way to get them back to the Thornberrys. 56 36 "Every Little Bit Alps" Cathy Malkasian T : David Regal; S/T : Robin Riordan Switzerland March 27, 2000 56 Eliza is afraid to admit to her friend Ben that she doesn't know how to snowboard, just as a rutting ibex is afraid to stand up to another ibex. 57 37 "Pack Of Thornberrys" Mark Risley Kate Boutilier Yellowstone National Park, Idaho/Montana/Wyoming March 27, 2000 57 Eliza and Debbie are fighting so much, Debbie decides to apply to boarding school and Eliza encourages her. But meeting up with a lone gray wolf teaches Eliza that families, like packs, belong together. Season 3 (2000–01) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Location setting Original air date Prod. code 58 1 "Dragon Me Along" Sylvia Keulen S : Gail Barrick; S/T : Peter Egan The Great Wall, China September 12, 2000 65 Eliza recognizes some pandas and tries to save them from poachers. 59 2 "Time Flies" Carol Millican Jill Gorey & Barbara Herndon Everglades, Monroe County, Florida September 19, 2000 58 The Thornberrys are in the Florida Everglades to film the endangered snail kite. It is also Nigel's birthday and Marianne and the girls have a brand new watch/compass for him. While Marianne and Nigel go off to film the girls and Darwin and Donnie explore the Everglades in an air boat. Debbie wants to keep track of their time and brings the new watch. Soon they get lost and while using the compass drop it overboard. A Swamp Witch and a hungry alligator will make getting it back very difficult. 60 3 "Horse Sense" Cathy Malkasian S : Sheila M. Anthony; S/T : Joan Considine Johnson Mongolia September 26, 2000 66 The Thornberrys are in Mongolia for the Naadam Festival. The festival is held outdoors and features events such as horse racing, wrestling and archery. Eliza decides she wants to enter the horse racing contest and asks Marianne to help train her. Debbie becomes involved in the archery contest and Donnie enters the wrestling contest. Eliza picks a nice, reliable horse to ride but what she really wants is to ride one of the wild horses. But they are not reliable and she gets more than she bargained for when she mounts one. 61 4 "Tyler Tucker, I Presume" Mark Risley Kate Boutilier Democratic Republic Of The Congo October 2, 2000 61 The Thornberry's are in the Congo along the banks of the Congo River to film the African clawless otter where they are waiting for Tyler Tucker to join them. Tyler and Eliza are cousins and close in age and very competitive with each other. When the commvee is put out of commission they take a small steamer boat named Prudence up the river in search of the otter. Tyler is not aware of all the dangers that the wild can hold and soon has them heading straight for disaster.
Home Improvement star Jonathan Taylor Thomas guest stars 62 5 "Critical Masai" Ron Noble Peter Egan Masai Steppe, Tanzania October 3, 2000 62 While camping near a Masai village to film the bushbuck, Eliza and her cousin Tyler compete to see who is the bravest. Their courage is truly put to the test when they are caught out on the Savannah during a lightning storm.
Home Improvement star Jonathan Taylor Thomas guest stars 63 6 "Queen of Denial" Frank Marino Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry Siwa Oasis, Egypt October 4, 2000 70 The Thornberrys are in Egypt to film the elusive caracal cat. While Marianne and Nigel go off via camel to film, Eliza, Tyler and Darwin go exploring. While wandering through the desert they fall into an ancient burial chamber. Eliza and Tyler will have to work together to avoid the booby traps that have been set to discourage grave robbers. Meanwhile Debbie is convinced she is a descendant of Cleopatra.
Home Improvement star Jonathan Taylor Thomas guest stars 64 7 "Island Trade" Cathy Malkasian Rick Gitelson & Joan Considine Johnson Zanzibar, Tanzania October 5, 2000 72 While on the island of Zanzibar Debbie pleads with her mom to go to Stone Town Market for some shopping. Marianne is reluctant to let her have the comvee but eventually gives in. Debbie, Eliza, Tyler and Darwin head to the market while Nigel, Marianne and Donnie go off to film in an ancient crater. Most of the shopping at the market is done by barter and they accidentally trade the comvee for a dress. The kids take off in pursuit of the merchant who is now driving their comvee to try and reach an understanding with him, but not before running the gauntlet of the local monkeys.
Home Improvement star Jonathan Taylor Thomas guest stars 65 8 "Birthday Quake" Becky Bristow & Frank Marino Eleah Horwitz & Kate Boutilier Mount Kilimanjaro, Kenya October 6, 2000 64 To celebrate his 13th birthday, Tyler and Eliza visit a pair of elephants in the African savanna. Tyler's parents are coming to pick him up and take him out of Africa when there is an earthquake on his birthday.
Home Improvement star Jonathan Taylor Thomas guest stars 66 9 "The Legend of Ha Long Bay" Mark Risley Marsha Griffin Ha Long Bay, Vietnam October 10, 2000 67 Eliza encounters a mysterious creature while shooting a film with Nigel about manta rays. 67 10 "Spirited Away" Sylvia Keulen Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry Oaxaca, Mexico October 28, 2000 60 As the family prepares to film the "Day of the Dead" ceremony in a small town, Eliza meets a little girl who tells her about the spirits returning. Eliza is determined to find one, but when Donnie puts a valuable ring in a loaf of bread, Debbie and Eliza must search for the missing ring. Eliza gets some help from a mysterious woman, who she finds out, has been gone for many years. 68 11 "A Family Tradition" Mark Risley Alice Miller & Kate Boutilier Ankarana Reserve, Madagascar November 22, 2000 79 The Thornberrys are preparing for Thanksgiving in Madagascar when Grandma Sophie calls, inviting them home for the holiday. When Nigel and Marianne explain that they can't go home until they get footage of a fossa for The Foundation. Eliza and Debbie choose to go back to the United States with out their parents but before they board the plane they reconsider in order to spend the holiday as a family. 69 12 "Happy Old Year" Becky Bristow & Frank Marino Kate Boutilier Quito, Ecuador December 27, 2000 59 Debbie accidentally hurts her father's feelings, and joins a couple of eccentric, 1930s-era volcano chasers, Mitzi and Merrick Dash. Eliza goes after her to reclaim her friend, Santusa the llama. 70 13 "Happy Campers" Sylvia Keulen David Rosenberg Bhutan December 30, 2000 71 A trip to Bhutan to film cranes finds Marianne and Debbie out in the cold and Eliza and Darwin on the run from the border police. 71 14 "All Work and No Play" Carol Millican Peter Hunziker Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia January 12, 2001 69 The Thornberrys are in Siberia along the banks of a river which feeds into Lake Baikal. Nigel and Marianne are there to film the Russian lynx while the girls are forced to stay at the campsite and take inventory of their provisions. This really annoys Debbie who wants to go to the town of Bolshoi Goti and pick up a CD of her favorite Russian Band The Slovniks. Debbie and Eliza both shirk their responsibilities...Debbie and Donnie take off via raft to Bolshoi Goti and Eliza and Darwin tour a nearby beaver dam. Everyone gets in trouble with an unexpected storm erupts. 72 15 "New Territory" Carol Millican Joan Considine Johnson Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory, Australia January 12, 2001 75 The Thornberrys meet an Australian family named the Gibsons when the Comvee runs out of gas. Eliza makes friends with the youngest member of the family named Bethany, who is in a wheelchair from cerebral palsy. The girls go land sailing and Bethany helps Eliza escape from a crocodile, but then get in an argument when Bethany thinks Eliza is feeling sorry for her being disabled. Will the two new friends find a way to make up? Meanwhile, Nigel and Marianne play the Gibsons in a very competitive game of Tricky Trivia. 73 16 "Operation Valentine" Mark Risley Alice Miller Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia February 14, 2001 73 The Thornberrys are broken down, The Mail plane drops of the Thornberrys current batch of mail. Debbie tries to bake cookies, which turn out badly. They try to escape from an angry eagle by climbing up a small mountain. Eliza slips and nearly falls. Darwin pulls her up on top of the small mountain. Nigel was on an explore of his own and comes across Donnie. Nigel picks up Eliza in his arms and carries her back to camp. Marianne upon seeing Eliza's symptoms quickly looks them up in a medical book. They have to get Eliza to the hospital ASAP because it is her appendix and she needs an operation. They try taking the mini-com but it gets a flat and they are unable to put the spare on it because the spare is already being used. 74 17 "Hello, Dolphin!" Frank Marino Peter Egan Shark Bay, Western Australia, Australia February 19, 2001 76 Nigel and Marianne are on a dangerous assignment to film some tiger sharks while Eliza goes swimming with some dolphins. Meanwhile, Debbie gets dumped by her e-mail boyfriend Sven. When the kids take a boat out with the dolphins to swim in the deep sea, they may get some unexpected visitors. 75 18 "April Fool's Day" Carol Millican Joan Considine Johnson Okavango Delta, Botswana April 1, 2001 63 It's April Fools' Day, and The Thornberrys are trying to outdo each other by way of April Fool's jokes. At first it's a lot of fun, but when Tyler and Eliza encounter some quicksand and a lion, will they learn not to cry wolf. 76 19 "Gem of a Mom" Ron Noble Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry Karakoram, Pakistan May 10, 2001 68 The Thornberrys are in Pakistan when Eliza and Debbie realize they have forgotten it is Mothers Day. The girls search through the market place to find the perfect gift for their mother. They come upon a stand that is selling jewels that they cannot afford so after a rock slide closes the road they are traveling on, Debbie and Eliza plan to find their own gem stones in the mountains. While they search for the perfect Mothers day gift they continuously ignore Marianne's attempts to spend time with her daughters. 77 20 "The Anniversary" Cathy Malkasian Earl Hamner & Don Sipes Mount Fuji, Japan May 14, 2001 78 The Thornberrys are in Japan near Mount Fuji to film the Asian black bear when Marianne's parents visit to spend their 50th anniversary with them. Grandpa Frank has had health problems recently and has problems acting his age. Eliza, Darwin and Grandpa Frank go off to climb Mount Fuji. Season 4 (2001–02) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Location setting Original air date Prod. code 78 1 "The Origin of Donnie (Part 1)" Carol Millican S : Joan Considine Johnson; T : Sheila M. Anthony Borneo, Indonesia August 18, 2001 81 The Thornberrys are preparing for Donnie's "birthday" party in Borneo when one crisis after another happens. Grandma Sophie decides to visit the same day Nigel and Marianne must capture a wild orangutan on film for the foundation 79 2 "The Origin of Donnie (Part 2)" Joseph Scott Joan Considine Johnson Borneo, Indonesia August 18, 2001 82 Donnie searches the jungles of Borneo for his ancestry, causing Eliza to worry that he will break ties with the Thornberry clan. 80 3 "The Origin of Donnie (Part 3)" Dean Criswell Joan Considine Johnson Borneo, Indonesia August 18, 2001 83 A fire breaks out in the forest and Donnie is blamed; can Eliza convince it wasn't Donnie and get the animals to safety? Meanwhile, Marianne and Nigel find shelter in a cave nearby, only to get lost inside, and Debbie and Sophie help the village put out the fire, while learning about Donnie's real parents. 81 4 "The Origin of Donnie (Part 4)" Ron Noble Joan Considine Johnson Borneo, Indonesia August 18, 2001 84 The rest of the fire is put out by rain, the others are reunited and Donnie is found. The family believe he is going back to his parents, but they soon realize the truth. 82 5 "The Trouble With Darwin" Sylvia Keulen S : David Regal; T : Jill Gorey & Barbara Herndon Tanzania October 31, 2001 77 The Thornberrys are in Tanzania, Africa to film the grand opening of Dr. Jane Goodall's chimpanzee sanctuary. Eliza can't wait to meet her idol Dr. Goodall. When they arrive Debbie is put to work caring for baby chimps in the nursery while Eliza and Dr. Goodall have an awkward first meeting. She is not impressed with Darwin and the fact that he is domesticated. Eliza's feelings are hurt and she runs off into the jungle with Darwin following. Trouble ensues when they run into poachers who have been working nearby.
Jane Goodall guest stars herself. 83 6 "Hot Air" Ron Noble Sarah Jane Cunningham & Suzie Villandry Rotorua, New Zealand June 1, 2002 74 The Thornberrys visit a Māori Iwi holding a Hui. As Debbie flirts with a young Maori, Eliza and Darwin have a fight. When Darwin leaves and Eliza befriends a possum named Penelope who gets her trapped in a hot air balloon, Darwin must come to the aid of Eliza. Season 5 (2003–04) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Location setting Original air date Prod. code 84 1 "The Wild Snob-Berry" Dean Criswell Peter Egan Denali National Park, Interior, Alaska February 3, 2003 85 At the request of the foundation, teenage rocker Shane G. joins the Thornberrys during their stay in Alaska. Since Eliza and Debbie both have a crush on Shane, they both go exploring with Shane only to discover how thick-headed he really is.
Note: This is the first episode to take place after the events of the movie, therefore Debbie knows about Eliza's power at this point. 85 2 "Ice Follies" Ron Noble David Rosenberg Glacier Bay National Park, Panhandle, Alaska February 4, 2003 86 Shane and Eliza are saved by Debbie after their canoe capsizes. 86 3 "Fool's Gold" Michael Dædalus Kenny Kathryn McCullough Yukon-Charley Rivers National Park, Interior Alaska February 5, 2003 87 Eliza and Shane plan to go see an old gold mine full of fool's gold, but Eliza gets jealous when Shane invites Debbie along to help with her art project. 87 4 "Clash and Learn" Anthony Bell S : Sheila M. Anthony & Peter Hunziker; T : Peter Egan Skagway, Panhandle, Alaska February 6, 2003 88 Eliza's friend Kit becomes better friends with Shane. 88 5 "Sir Nigel (Part 1)" Max Martinez Sheila M. Anthony Cairngorm, Scotland, United Kingdom March 30, 2003 90 The Thornberrys pay a visit to Nigel's parents in Scotland at Thornberry Hall right before Nigel is to be made a knight by the Queen of the United Kingdom. Once there, Nigel's mother, Cordelia, presses him to accept a tenured professorship at Oxford. The prospect of the family settling down upsets Eliza but thrills Debbie. Meanwhile, Eliza rushes to save some golden eagles from eating poisoned meat from a trapper. 89 6 "Sir Nigel (Part 2)" Ron Noble Sheila M. Anthony Cairngorm, Scotland, United Kingdom March 30, 2003 91 Eliza rescues her golden eagle friend from the trapper and the Thornberry clan rushes to London for Nigel's knighting ceremony. After being knighted, the newly christened Sir Nigel chooses to continue his show over teaching at Oxford much to the annoyance of Debbie and Cordelia. 90 7 "Look Who's Squawking" Ron Noble David Rosenberg McMurdo Station, Ross Dependency (New Zealand), Antarctica April 4, 2003 80 Filming penguins in Antarctica, Eliza begins practicing for her future profession as a vet, when she comes across a wounded penguin. She rescues her, but may have made matters worse by separating the penguin from her mate and her egg. When she borrows a snow speeder to get back to the penguin breeding grounds she needs to make things right again. 91 8 "Eliza Unplugged" Joseph Scott S : Sheila M. Anthony; T : David Rosenberg Behm Canal, Panhandle, Alaska June 11, 2004 89 Shane is ready to leave the Thornberrys to go back to his life as a pop star and Eliza has to be fast to tell Shane her true feelings for him before it's too late. But when Shane and Eliza have a little fight and Shane runs away Eliza must find him to make up and tell him her true feelings. Meanwhile, Marianne fears the girls are getting older and she's losing them. When Shane's plane arrives Shane says goodbye to each Thornberry and shares a kiss with Eliza. Eliza watches his plane take off and disappear from view. Films (2002–03) Title Directed by Written by Original release date The Wild Thornberrys Movie Cathy Malkasian, Jeff McGrath & Charlie Adler (voice) Kate Boutilier December 20, 2002 Rugrats Go Wild Norton Virgien & John Eng Kate Boutilier June 13, 2003 References External links The Wild Thornberrys – list of episodes at IMDb vte The Wild Thornberrys Episodes Films The Wild Thornberrys Movie (2002)Rugrats Go Wild (2003) Video games The Wild Thornberrys: RamblerNicktoons RacingNickelodeon Party BlastNickelodeon All-Star Brawl Music "Father and Daughter" Category Category Categories: Lists of American children's animated television series episodesThe Wild ThornberrysLists of Nickelodeon television series episodes Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView history Search Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version
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Post by Freddie on Aug 19, 2021 8:10:11 GMT 1
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MANAGEMENT Code of Conduct World Organization of the Scout Movement © World Scout Bureau Inc. Management February 2019 World Scout Bureau Global Support Centre Kuala Lumpur Suite 3, Level 17 Menara Sentral Vista 150 Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad Brickfields 50470 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA Tel.: + 60 3 2276 9000 Fax: + 60 3 2276 9089 worldbureau@scout.org scout.org Reproduction is authorized to National Scout Organizations and Associations which are members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. Credit for the source must be given. Code of Conduct World Organization of the Scout Movement Version: 27 February 2019 4 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT PREAMBLE Scope The Code of Conduct of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (Code) applies to all individuals appointed or elected on the World, Regional, or Zonal level of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM), as well as World Scout Bureau (WSB) employees. We refer to members of each of these groups collectively as the “WOSM Team.” Description The Code is based on the Scout values contained in the Scout Promise and Law. As such, the Code acts as guidelines on how members of the WOSM Team are expected to behave with other Scouts, and also when attending non-Scouting events and representing WOSM. We want to promote an environment where our behaviour is guided by Scouting values and everyone feels safe and respected. This Code will help us prevent unwanted behaviours and also allow us to take action if they occur. As Scouts, we want to build a better world where people are self-fulfilled and play a constructive role in society. Our actions as volunteers and employees in our everyday life should promote our Scouting values and our mission. This document is to help clarify, in concrete terms, what is expected of each member of the WOSM Team. 5 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT Summary All WOSM Team members should consider their actions and ask for guidance when in doubt about certain conduct or situation. If there is doubt, then the member should not do it. Considering these questions may assist: • Is it in line with the Code? • Is it legal and ethical? • Does it reflect well on me and on WOSM? • Would I be happy if it appeared as a headline on social media or news media outlets? All WOSM Team members are responsible for upholding the Code as well as Scouting values, and creating a safe environment for Scouting. Key Documents • Terms of Reference of the Ethics Committee • World Safe from Harm Policy • Diversity and Inclusion in Scouting • WOSM Complaints Policy • Code of Conduct for Bidders for World Scout Events • Peace and Human Rights Education in Scouting • World Scout Bureau Employee Handbook • World Adults in Scouting Policy • The Essential Characteristics of Scouting • SCOUTS Brand Manual 6 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT Date of Effectiveness The Code becomes effective from 27 February 2019 onwards, following the issuance of the ScoutPak containing the latest version of this Code. Applicability This Code shall apply to any conduct in relation to any work or any events in Scouting at the World, Regional or Zonal levels. No individual shall be sanctioned for breaching this Code on account of an act or omission which would not have contravened the Code applicable at the time it was committed. No individual may be subjected to a sanction greater than the maximum sanction applicable at the time the conduct occurred. Non-exhaustiveness In the event that any breach not stated or provided for in the Code materialises, disciplinary action may be taken against any action that is contrary to the Code, the Scout Law, or the Scout Promise as laid down in Article II.2 of the WOSM Constitution. Limitation Period WOSM reserves the right to follow up on any breach to the Code at any time, and the decision will be the responsibility of the Ethics Committee. 7 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT Making a Complaint Complaints should be addressed to the World Scout Bureau at complaints@scout.org or by post or by hand to the World Scout Bureau at Rue Henri-Christiné 5, P.O. Box 91, 1205 Genève, Switzerland. The designated WSB employees receiving complaints will respond to the complainant within three business days, acknowledging receipt of the complaint and will thereafter provide administrative support for the investigation process, keeping the complainant updated at regular intervals. Kindly refer to the WOSM Complaints Policy for details. Severability Regardless of any of the elements described in this Code, WOSM shall adhere to and abide by the law of the land in which the breach occurred. The law of the land shall prevail in a situation involving a conflict between a provision of the Code and the relevant law. Amendment The Ethics Committee may propose amendments to this Code to the World Scout Committee (WSC) for approval. 8 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT GENERAL PROVISIONS 1. Individual Member’s Actions in Relation to Others 1.1. The Scout Movement depends upon the participation of all its members. As Scouts, we should take all steps to make the Scout Movement open and accessible to all by encouraging the active involvement of all members at all levels. In particular, as members of the movement, we must take steps to promote and respect diversity and inclusion in the movement, especially with members who are part of groups normally excluded or marginalised from decision-making. Adults and young people in Scouting should experience Scouting events as a safe space, where they can trust that they and their ideas are respected, and that our Scouting values are promoted. 1.2. A Scout is a friend to all. As Scouts, we celebrate diversity and honour our differences. Discrimination is against what Scouting stands for, recognising that every individual has the right to not be subjected to discrimination. A Scout should treat everyone equally irrespective of their gender, age, race, ethnicity, religious beliefs, socio economic background, disabilities, sexual orientation, gender expression, or any other basis of discrimination, abstaining from any direct or indirect discrimination as well as any form of harassment. This means that we proactively create an inclusive and respectful environment that is safe for all, at formal and informal parts of any Scout event or external events where we are representing the movement. It also means that we refrain from using demeaning or abusive language towards others or making inappropriate remarks based on discriminative grounds that could make someone uncomfortable or discriminated against. 9 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 1.3. Abuse, harassment, and violence are unacceptable within Scouting. Scouting must be free from any form of violence or abuse as such freedom is the right of every individual. Behaviours such as sexual and physical assault or threats, verbal abuse, and gestures (including sexist, racist and homophobic language) will not be tolerated. A commitment to protect children and young people is a responsibility shared by every individual involved in the Scout Movement, as such we are committed to address and prevent practices that harm them (refer to the World Safe From Harm Policy). This includes physical, psychological, and emotional abuse. Engaging in sexual relations with a young person to whom a duty of care is owed or getting closer to them to form a relationship (grooming) are unacceptable behaviours from adults involved in Scouting. Additional duty of care is owed to young persons under the age of consent. All adults are required to report any suspicion or all known events or acts of abuse towards young people immediately to the designated person of the particular WOSM Team and to the WSB, so that WOSM’s internal processes can be initiated and the statutory process of the country where the incident occurs can be followed to help address and mitigate abusive behaviour. 1.4. Positive Consent. We recognise that consenting individuals can and do have intimate relations in the context of Scout events, and as Scouts, respect for others should be central. We respect other people’s personal boundaries. It is the responsibility of each and everyone to seek and receive positive consent before engaging physically. If we doubt the appropriateness of a physical encounter, we should ask. We must not engage in any sexual activities without the explicit and informed consent of the other persons involved at every step. How we communicate about sexual activities will be different for each person depending on their culture, background, and personal boundary. Respecting the person is absolutely necessary. If the other person does not say “no” (or says nothing), it does not mean that it is okay to continue. It is essential to get clear consent and agreement from the other person involved. If you have doubts about what the other person wants, ask them. If you are unsure, then you must stop. 10 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 2. Actions in Relation to Youths 2.1. As Scouting exists to support the positive development of all youths, the responsibility of ensuring the safety of our children and young people is a priority for all WOSM Team members. Therefore, over and above the expectations laid out in Chapter 1 in respect of interactions with others, there is an additional, higher, standard of care required for all youth members. 2.2. This priority must be implemented in all aspects of the implementation of any activity run under the branding of WOSM or under the control of a WOSM Team member, or any action taken by WOSM Team members in their Scouting Roles to ensure a safe, healthy, and positive environment for young people. 2.3. As defined in the World Safe from Harm Policy, it is the responsibility of every WOSM Team member to ensure the safeguarding and promotion of the welfare of children and young people, which includes but is not limited to: • protecting children and young people from all forms of abuse • preventing the impairment of a young person’s health or development • ensuring that Scouting is providing children and young people with a healthy environment in which they can grow and develop • taking action to promote the safety of children and young people in all possible situations 2.4. Any action, or inaction, by a WOSM Team member that either violates these responsibilities or enables another party to do so will be subject to disciplinary action under this code. 2.5. In the event of any serious allegation of such a breach by a WOSM Team member involving a youth member, immediate steps must be taken, which may include referring to the legal authorities, to ensure that the respondent is prevented from any further access to youth members while the allegation is investigated. 2.6. Where the violation is over and above any breach of this Code of Conduct and is also a violation of the law in the location where the breach takes place, WOSM will cooperate fully with the relevant authorities. 11 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 3. Actions in Relation to the Organisation 3.1. Commitment to Regulatory Compliance Scouting is a worldwide movement. As such, Scouting activities take place in different countries and jurisdictions. Through its educational methods, Scouting creates positive social change, with the aim to leave this world a better place. All WOSM Team members are committed to comply with all applicable laws and regulations of the country in which the event occurs. 3.2. Respecting Democratic Processes WOSM adheres to the values of democracy, mutual respect, understanding, peace, and equality. It values the active participation of its members, especially youth members, in the decision-making process. WOSM members shall abstain from practices that interfere with democratic decision-making such as collusion, bribery (or any other forms of corruption), and blackmail. 3.3. Defined Roles WOSM Team members respect the relevant decisions of Regional/World Scout Committees and Regional/World Scout Conferences and have clearly defined Terms of References under which they operate. 3.4. Corruption WOSM Team members must comply with all relevant anticorruption laws of the country and adhere to the relevant international standards. Corrupt activities are not only a violation of this code, but can also result in serious violations of anti–corruption laws and criminal liability. WOSM Team members are obliged to immediately report any potential or actual, passive (receiving), or active (giving) corrupt activities to the Ethics Committee. 3.5. Intellectual Property WOSM Team members will protect WOSM’s brand (refer to SCOUTS Brand Manual) and alert the designated WSB employees of any potential violations to the WOSM branding. WOSM Team members will protect and report to the WSB any violation (including potential violations) of WOSM’s intellectual property rights, which WOSM holds on its processes and materials to protect WOSM from financial and reputational damage. WOSM’s brand, processes, and materials shall only be used in a Scouting context. WOSM materials must not be used for personal financial gain. 12 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 3.6. Elections Elections shall be free, fair, and open. WOSM Team Members shall abstain from actions that directly or indirectly affect the outcome of elections while acting in an official WOSM capacity. Candidates for election who hold an office or appointment in any capacity as part of the WOSM Team shall not make use of such office to further their own campaign. Candidates as members of the WOSM Team shall be treated with the same respect as given to all other members. 3.7. Bidding (refer to the Code of Conduct for Bidders for World Scout Events) All bidders of World Scout Events must comply with the Code of Conduct in effect for the respective bidding process. 3.7.1. The Code of Conduct for the bidding of World Scout Events promotes an honest, transparent and fair procedure for all NSOs considering bidding for World Scout Events. 3.7.2. The Code of Conduct for the bidding of World Scout Events ensures equal conditions and opportunities for all NSOs in relation to bids for World Scout Events. 3.7.3. 3.7.3 Members of the WOSM Team shall refrain from any action that will directly or indirectly effect the process or outcome of bidding. 3.8. Voluntary Element of Scouting – Conflict of Interest Within WOSM, any potential for conflict of interest must be recognised and disclosed, and appropriate steps taken to prevent and mitigate influence or favouritism. The reputation and credibility of WOSM rests on its ability to make fair, objective, and impartial decisions in accordance with carefully defined criteria. Consequently, it is essential to avoid situations where a conflict of interest may influence, or appear to influence the decision-making process. A conflict of interest arises when one’s personal, professional, or political activities and relationships interfere, or appear to interfere, with one’s ability to act or make decisions in the best interest of WOSM. 13 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 3.8.1. Conflicts of interest are common in voluntary, public, and commercial dealings. Having a conflict of interest does not mean that a WOSM Team member has done something wrong or that he or she must always stand down from involvement in that decision. However, the WOSM Team member needs to act with prudence to prevent conflicts of interest from interfering with the WOSM Team member’s ability to make a decision in the best interests of WOSM. 3.8.2. Especially considering gifts, WOSM members must ensure that an outside party could not interpret any gift as an attempt to improperly influence a decision or gain an improper advantage. All gifts are to be symbolic and reflect the Scouting spirit. 3.8.3. For further guidance, refer to the Conflict of Interest Policy of the World Scout Committee. 3.9. Non-political As an educational movement, Scouting is non-political. WOSM acknowledges the right of its members to partake in political activities in their personal and professional capacities. However, WOSM is political party neutral and does not make political party endorsements or contributions. WOSM Team members must make it clear that any personal political activity reflects their individual beliefs and not those of WOSM. WOSM Team members shall, to the best of their ability, ensure that WOSM decision-making and its events are free of party political interference. For further guidance, refer to The Essential Characteristics of Scouting. 3.10. Confidentiality As an essential part of their responsibilities to WOSM, WOSM Team members often have access to information, some of which is confidential. Members of WOSM must protect the privacy and security of private data entrusted to WOSM. WOSM collects and uses personal information only for lawful purposes and complies with the applicable laws when transferring personal information across international borders. The obligation to respect confidentiality survives the completion or termination of member’s role within WOSM. WOSM Team members will also comply with the relevant data protection and data privacy laws of any applicable local, national, or cross-border jurisdictions. 14 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 3.11. Reputation WOSM Team members are ambassadors and representatives of WOSM as a whole. All WOSM Team members need to be aware that their actions can jeopardise WOSM’s mission and reputation. WOSM Team members shall avoid engaging in activities in their personal or professional capacity that may bring WOSM into disrepute. 4. Finance and Trust WOSM relies on various financial sources to fund its activities for the benefit of World Scouting and to serve its members. Such funds are managed and safeguarded by WOSM Team members with honesty, integrity, and prudence to protect the trust and confidence of all WOSM members and affiliates. Therefore, the proper management and handling of WOSM funds are paramount to preserving WOSM’s reputation and for WOSM to continually deliver good Scouting to all its members. 4.1. Management and Handling of WOSM Funds All WOSM Team members, who are entrusted with handling of WOSM funds, are held to a high standard of care and must adhere to the applicable national and international laws and regulations, as well as WOSM’s financial policies, rules, and procedures. 4.2. Internal Control System WOSM maintains an Internal Control System to ensure money handling and payment procedures are being followed. Any interference with the Internal Control System that is not part of the authorised review process is a material breach and is a basis for further investigation. 4.3. Legitimate Funds and Partnerships WOSM Team Members conduct Scouting by using legitimate funds and by seeking out reputable partners or donors, whose collaboration and services can best contribute to Scouting’s purpose and represent its principles. 15 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 4.4. Financial Crime and Fraudulent Behavior Financial crime may include but is not limited to fraud, theft, scams, bribery, embezzlement, money laundering, forgery, and terrorism financing. 4.4.1. All types of financial crime and fraud against WOSM, which is defined as any misappropriation of money, equipment, or other tangible or intangible property belonging to WOSM, is not tolerated and has no place in Scouting. 4.4.2. WOSM Team members must formally report signs of potential financial crime or fraudulent behaviour at the earliest detection. Information in such reports will be kept confidential to the extent that such confidentiality does not conflict with legal obligations to disclose to the relevant authorities. 4.4.3. Upon reasonable suspicion that a financial crime has been committed, the WSB will adhere to legal obligations to report details of such financial crime to the relevant authorities for further criminal investigation, and may take further action against perpetrators to protect the interests of WOSM. 5. Duty to Report and Assist 5.1. Failure to Report is a Disciplinable Breach WOSM Team members have the responsibility to promote high ethical standards. If the WOSM Team observe, in good faith, any violation or potential violation of this Code, WOSM Team members must take action and report the issue to complaints@scout.org. This is the only way we can prevent breaches of this Code and protect WOSM’s reputation. 5.2. Protecting Whistleblowing WOSM does not tolerate any form of retaliation against individuals who report violations of this Code in good faith – reporting in good faith means providing all the information you know and believe to be true. Retaliation includes any adverse action taken against an individual who reports violations or acts of misconduct. 16 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT 6. Sanctions Sanctions are meant to be corrective actions and may be imposed by the WSB upon approval of the WSC to address any and all complaints and vexatious complaints as defined in Articles 2.1 and 2.3 of the WOSM Complaints Policy. The Ethics Committee may recommend sanctions to the WSC for approval. Such sanctions may include: 6.1. Verbal and written warnings 6.2. Cease and desist letters 6.3. Reassignments 6.4. Withdrawal of any award or recognition granted by WOSM 6.5. Removal from WOSM (World, Regional and Zonal levels) 6.6. Any legal action to seek redress 6.7. Any other sanctions it deems appropriate which are within the authority of the WOSM Constitution and the relevant WOSM policies
18 CODE OF CONDUCT OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION OF THE SCOUT MOVEMENT © World Scout Bureau Inc. Management February 2019 World Scout Bureau Global Support Centre Kuala Lumpur Suite 3, Level 17 Menara Sentral Vista 150 Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad Brickfields 50470 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA Tel.: + 60 3 2276 9000 Fax: + 60 3 2276 9089 worldbureau@scout.org scout.org Reproduction is authorized to National Scout Organizations and Associations which are members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. Credit for the source must be given.
© World Scout Bureau Inc. Management February 2019 World Scout Bureau Global Support Centre Kuala Lumpur Suite 3, Level 17 Menara Sentral Vista 150 Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad Brickfields 50470 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA Tel.: + 60 3 2276 9000 Fax: + 60 3 2276 9089 worldbureau@scout.org scout.org
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Post by Freddie on Aug 20, 2021 21:00:26 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Brigadier general (United States) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about a United States military rank. For other countries that use a similar rank, see Brigadier general. Brigadier General US-O7 insignia.svg One-star insignia of the rank of Brigadier General. Style and method of wear may vary between different uniforms and different service branches. Country United States Service branch Army Marine Corps Air Force Abbreviation BG (Army) BGen (Marine Corps) Brig Gen (Air Force and Space Force) Rank One-star NATO rank code OF-6 Non-NATO rank O-7 Next higher rank Major General Next lower rank Colonel Equivalent ranks Rear admiral (Lower Half) in the other uniformed services which use naval ranks In the United States Armed Forces, a brigadier general is a one-star general officer in the United States Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force.
A brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below a major general. The pay grade of brigadier general is O-7. It is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral (lower half) in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks. It is abbreviated as BG in the Army, BGen in the Marine Corps, and Brig Gen in the Air Force and Space Force.
U.S. Army rank insignia of a brigadier general.
U.S. Marine Corps rank insignia of a brigadier general.
U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force rank insignia of a brigadier general.
Contents 1 History 2 Statutory limits 3 Promotion, appointment and tour length 4 Retirement 5 See also 6 References History U.S. brigadier general insignias
U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Space Force rank insignia for brigadier general. Style and method of wear may vary between the services.
Rank flag of a brigadier general in the U.S. Army. The background is maroon on an Army Medical Dept. brigadier general's flag and purple on a chaplain brigadier general's.
Flag of a United States Marine Corps brigadier general.
Flag of a United States Air Force brigadier general.
Flag of a United States Space Force brigadier general. The rank of brigadier general has existed in the U.S. military since the inception of the Continental Army in June 1775. To prevent mistakes in recognizing officers, a general order was issued on July 14, 1775, establishing that brigadier generals would wear a ribbon, worn across the breast, between coat and waistcoat, pink in color.[1] Later, on June 18, 1780, it was prescribed that brigadier generals would instead wear a single silver star on each epaulette.[1] At first, brigadier generals were infantry officers who commanded a brigade; however, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, the responsibilities of the rank expanded significantly.
During the period from March 16, 1802, to January 11, 1812, the rank of major general was abolished and brigadier general became the highest rank in the U.S. Army. Foreseeing the need for an expanded general staff in case of war, which seemed imminent, Congress restored the rank of major general in January 1812.[2][3]
The first brigadier general in the U.S. Marine Corps was Commandant Archibald Henderson, brevetted to the rank of brigadier general in the 1830s for his service in the Second Seminole War.[citation needed] The first non-brevet brigadier general in the Marines was Commandant Jacob Zeilin who was promoted to the rank in 1874, but when he retired in 1876, colonel once again became the highest rank in the Marines until March 1899 when Commandant Charles Heywood was promoted. Ever since then, the office of Commandant has been held by a general officer, with the permanent rank of the commandant raised to major general in 1908, and then to lieutenant general and subsequently to general during World War II, which rank it has held ever since.[citation needed]
The insignia for a brigadier general is one silver star worn on the shoulder or collar, and has not changed since the creation of the rank two centuries ago. Since the Mexican–American War, however, the lower rank of colonel has been the normal rank appointed to command a brigade that is organic to a division (e.g., the 1st Brigade of the 94th Infantry Division, vice the 187th Infantry Brigade). While separate brigades (e.g. the 187th, commanded by then-BG William Westmoreland in Korea) were traditionally commanded by brigadier generals, this practice has ceased in recent history.
Today, an Army or Marine Corps "BG" or "BGen," respectively, typically serves as deputy commander to the commanding general of a division or division-sized units and assists in overseeing the planning and coordination of a mission. A Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), as the medium capability (and sized) scalable Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) with up to 20,000 Marines, is normally commanded by a Marine BGen.[4] An Air Force brigadier general typically commands a large wing or serves as the deputy commander for a NAF. Additionally, one-star officers of all services may serve as high-level staff officers in large military organizations.
Statutory limits U.S. law explicitly limits the total number of general officers who may be on active duty.[5] The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, and 198 for the Air Force. The President or Secretary of Defense may increase the number of slots for one branch, so long as they subtract an equal number from another.[6] Some of these slots are reserved by statute.
Promotion, appointment and tour length For promotion to the permanent grade of brigadier general, eligible officers are screened by a promotion board consisting of general officers from their branch of service.[7] This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank.[8] This list is then sent to the service secretary and the joint chiefs for review before it can be sent to the President, through the defense secretary, for consideration.[9] The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the service secretary, and if applicable, the service's chief of staff or commandant.[10] The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, but this is uncommon.[11] The Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once the nominee is confirmed, they are promoted to that rank once they assume or hold an office that requires or allows an officer of that rank. For positions of office reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position. For all three uniformed services, because the grade of brigadier general is a permanent rank, the nominee may still be screened by an in-service promotion board. The rank does not expire when the officer vacates a one-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, or when the officer receives a new assignment. The average tour length per one-star billet is two to four years.
Retirement Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. All brigadier generals must retire after five years in grade or 30 years of service, whichever is later, unless selected or appointed for promotion, or reappointed to grade to serve longer.[12] Otherwise, all general and flag officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday.[13] However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a general or flag officer's retirement until the officer's 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday. Because there are a finite number of General officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, General and flag officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors.[14]
See also Rear admiral Commodore admiral List of brigadier generals in the United States Regular Army before February 2, 1901 List of United States military leaders by rank United States Army officer rank insignia United States Marine Corps officer rank insignia United States Air Force officer rank insignia References "Officer Insignia of Rank – Origin". The Institute of Heraldry. Office of the Administrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army. Archived from the original on 2012-07-15. Retrieved 20 May 2013. Memory.loc.gov, Act of January 11, 1812, ch. 14, 2 Stat. 671 "Types of MAGTFs". U.S. Marine Corps. 2013-12-11. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved 2018-03-16. James Clark (May 16, 2016) Does The US Military Have Too Many Generals?: 411 one stars, 299 two stars, 139 three stars, and 37 four-stars across DoD 10 U.S.C. § 526. Authorized strength: general and flag officers on active duty Law.cornell.edu, 10 U.S.C. 611. Convening of selection boards Law.cornell.edu, 10 U.S.C. 616. Recommendations for promotion by selection boards Law.cornell.edu, 10 U.S.C. 618. Action on reports of selection boards Law.cornell.edu, 10 U.S.C. 624. Promotions: how made. Law.cornell.edu, 10 U.S.C. 5149. Office of the Judge Advocate General: Deputy Judge Advocate General; Assistant Judge Advocates General Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com, 10 U.S.C. 635. Retirement for years of service: regular brigadier generals and rear admirals (lower half). thomas.loc.gov Archived 2015-11-01 at the Wayback Machine, 10 U.S.C. 1253. Age 64: regular commissioned officers in general and flag officer grades; exception. Defenselink.mil, DoD News Briefing on Thursday, June 6, 1996. Retirement of Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr. vte United States uniformed services commissioned officer and officer candidate ranks vte United States warrant officer and commissioned warrant officer ranks Categories: One-star officersMilitary ranks of the United States ArmyMilitary ranks of the United States Marine CorpsOfficer ranks of the United States Air ForceOfficer ranks of the United States Space ForceBrigadier generals Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView history Search Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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🌐 The Global Network 🌐United States Army From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Not to be confused with United States Department of the Army or United States Armed Forces. United States Army Military service mark of the United States Army.svg Military service mark of the United States Army[1] US Army logo.svg Army Star logo[2] Founded 14 June 1775 (246 years, 2 months ago)[3][4] Country United States Type Army Role Prompt and sustained land combat Combined arms operations Combined arms maneuver and wide area security Armored and mechanized operations Airborne and air assault operations Special operations Set and sustain the theater for the joint force Integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land Size 485,000 Regular Army personnel (2021)[5] 336,000 Army National Guard personnel (2021) 189,500 Army Reserve personnel (2021)[5] 1,005,725 total uniformed personnel 252,747 civilian personnel (30 September 2020) 1,258,472 total 4,406 manned aircraft[6] Part of United States Armed Forces Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Headquarters The Pentagon Arlington County, Virginia, U.S. Motto(s) "This We'll Defend" Colors Black, gold and white[7][8] March "The Army Goes Rolling Along" About this soundPlay (help·info) Mascot(s) Army Mules Anniversaries Army Birthday: 14 June Equipment List of U.S. Army equipment Engagements See list Website Army.mil Commanders Commander-in-Chief President Joe Biden Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin Secretary of the Army Christine Wormuth Chief of Staff GEN James C. McConville[10] Vice Chief of Staff GEN Joseph M. Martin[11] Sergeant Major of the Army SMA Michael A. Grinston[12] Insignia Flag Flag of the United States Army (official proportions).svg Field flag Field flag of the United States Army.svg United States Armed Forces Flag of the United States.svg Executive departments United States Department of Defense Seal.svg Department of Defense Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg Department of Homeland Security Staff Joint Chiefs of Staff seal.svg Joint Chiefs of Staff Military departments Emblem of the United States Department of the Army.svg Department of the Army Seal of the United States Department of the Navy.svg Department of the Navy Seal of the United States Department of the Air Force.svg Department of the Air Force Military service branches Mark of the United States Army.svg United States Army Emblem of the United States Marine Corps.svg United States Marine Corps Emblem of the United States Navy.svg United States Navy Mark of the United States Air Force.svg United States Air Force Seal of the United States Space Force.png United States Space Force Seal of the United States Coast Guard.svg United States Coast Guard Unified combatant commands Geographic combatant commands Functional combatant commands vte The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.[13] As the oldest and most senior branch of the U.S. military in order of precedence,[14] the modern U.S. Army has its roots in the Continental Army, which was formed (14 June 1775) to fight the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)—before the United States of America was established as a country.[15] After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784 to replace the disbanded Continental Army.[16][17] The United States Army considers itself to be a continuation of the Continental Army, and thus considers its institutional inception to be the origin of that armed force in 1775.[15]
The U.S. Army is a uniformed service of the United States and is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the secretary of the Army (SECARMY) and by a chief military officer, the chief of staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. It is the largest military branch, and in the fiscal year 2020, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 480,893 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 336,129 soldiers and the U.S. Army Reserve (USAR) had 188,703 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,005,725 soldiers.[18] As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders".[19] The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States.
Contents 1 Mission 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 19th century 2.2.1 Early wars on the Frontier 2.2.2 American Civil War 2.2.3 Later 19th century 2.3 20th century 2.3.1 World wars 2.3.2 Cold War 2.3.2.1 1945–1960 2.3.2.2 1960–1970 2.3.2.3 1970–1990 2.3.3 1990s 2.4 21st century 3 Organization 3.1 Planning 3.2 Army components 3.3 Army commands and army service component commands 3.4 Structure 3.5 Combat maneuver organizations 3.6 Special operations forces 4 Personnel 4.1 Commissioned officers 4.2 Warrant officers 4.3 Enlisted personnel 4.4 Training 5 Equipment 5.1 Weapons 5.1.1 Individual weapons 5.1.2 Crew-served weapons 5.2 Vehicles 5.3 Uniforms 5.3.1 Berets 5.4 Tents 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Mission The United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U.S. Armed Forces. Section 3062 of Title 10, U.S. Code defines the purpose of the army as:[20][21]
Preserving the peace and security and providing for the defense of the United States, the Commonwealths and possessions and any areas occupied by the United States Supporting the national policies Implementing the national objectives Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the United States In 2018, the Army Strategy 2018 articulated an eight-point addendum to the Army Vision for 2028.[22] While the Army Mission remains constant, the Army Strategy builds upon the Army's Brigade Modernization by adding focus to Corps and Division-level echelons.[22] Modernization, reform for high-intensity conflict, and Joint multi-domain operations are added to the strategy, to be completed by 2028.[22]
The Army's five core competencies are prompt and sustained land combat, combined arms operations (to include combined arms maneuver and wide–area security, armored and mechanized operations and airborne and air assault operations), special operations, to set and sustain the theater for the joint force, and to integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land.[23]
History Main article: History of the United States Army
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This article or section may need to be cleaned up or summarized because it has been split from/to History of the United States Army. Origins The Continental Army was created on 14 June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress[24] as a unified army for the colonies to fight Great Britain, with George Washington appointed as its commander.[15][25][26][27] The army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources and military thinking helped shape the new army. A number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills.
The storming of Redoubt No. 10 in the Siege of Yorktown during the American Revolutionary War prompted Great Britain's government to begin negotiations, resulting in the Treaty of Paris and Great Britain's recognition of the United States as an independent state. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780 and 1781, at times using the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, under the leadership of Major General Nathanael Greene, hit where the British were weakest to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776 and the Philadelphia campaign in 1777. With a decisive victory at Yorktown and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British.
After the war, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates and disbanded in a reflection of the republican distrust of standing armies. State militias became the new nation's sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point's arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The Regular Army was at first very small and after General St. Clair's defeat at the Battle of the Wabash,[28] where more than 800 Americans were killed, the Regular Army was reorganized as the Legion of the United States, which was established in 1791 and renamed the United States Army in 1796.
In 1798, during the Quasi-War with France, Congress established a three-year "Provisional Army" of 10,000 men, consisting of twelve regiments of infantry and six troops of light dragoons. By March 1799 Congress created an "Eventual Army" of 30,000 men, including three regiments of cavalry. Both "armies" existed only on paper, but equipment for 3,000 men and horses was procured and stored.[29]
19th century Early wars on the Frontier Further information: Army on the Frontier
General Andrew Jackson standing on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders during the defense of New Orleans, the final major and most one-sided battle of the War of 1812 The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. The U.S. Army did not conquer Canada but it did destroy Native American resistance to expansion in the Old Northwest and it validated its independence by stopping two major British invasions in 1814 and 1815. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U.S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U.S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops who had dubbed the U.S. Army "Regulars, by God!", were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. The regular army, however, proved they were professional and capable of defeating the British army during the invasions of Plattsburgh and Baltimore, prompting British agreement on the previously rejected terms of a status quo antebellum. Two weeks after a treaty was signed (but not ratified), Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, and became a national hero. U.S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides (the United States and Great Britain) returned to the geographical status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict.
The army's major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars (1818–1858) to finally defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma. The usual strategy in Indian wars was to seize control of the Indians' winter food supply, but that was no use in Florida where there was no winter. The second strategy was to form alliances with other Indian tribes, but that too was useless because the Seminoles had destroyed all the other Indians when they entered Florida in the late eighteenth century.[30]
The U.S. Army fought and won the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), which was a defining event for both countries.[31] The U.S. victory resulted in acquisition of territory that eventually became all or parts of the states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, Wyoming and New Mexico.
American Civil War Further information: Union Army
The Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, the Confederate States Army, led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the "Union" or "the North") formed the Union Army, consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except South Carolina.[32]
For the first two years, Confederate forces did well in set battles but lost control of the border states.[33] The Confederates had the advantage of defending a large territory in an area where disease caused twice as many deaths as combat. The Union pursued a strategy of seizing the coastline, blockading the ports, and taking control of the river systems. By 1863, the Confederacy was being strangled. Its eastern armies fought well, but the western armies were defeated one after another until the Union forces captured New Orleans in 1862 along with the Tennessee River. In the Vicksburg Campaign of 1862–1863, General Ulysses Grant seized the Mississippi River and cut off the Southwest. Grant took command of Union forces in 1864 and after a series of battles with very heavy casualties, he had General Robert E. Lee under siege in Richmond as General William T. Sherman captured Atlanta and marched through Georgia and the Carolinas. The Confederate capital was abandoned in April 1865 and Lee subsequently surrendered his army at Appomattox Court House. All other Confederate armies surrendered within a few months.
The war remains the deadliest conflict in U.S. history, resulting in the deaths of 620,000 men on both sides. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6.4% in the North and 18% in the South.[34]
Later 19th century
Army soldiers in 1890 Following the Civil War, the U.S. Army had the mission of containing western tribes of Native Americans on the Indian reservations. They set up many forts, and engaged in the last of the American Indian Wars. U.S. Army troops also occupied several Southern states during the Reconstruction Era to protect freedmen.
The key battles of the Spanish–American War of 1898 were fought by the Navy. Using mostly new volunteers, the U.S. Army defeated Spain in land campaigns in Cuba and played the central role in the Philippine–American War.
20th century Starting in 1910, the army began acquiring fixed-wing aircraft.[35] In 1910, during the Mexican Revolution, the army was deployed to U.S. towns near the border to ensure the safety of lives and property. In 1916, Pancho Villa, a major rebel leader, attacked Columbus, New Mexico, prompting a U.S. intervention in Mexico until 7 February 1917. They fought the rebels and the Mexican federal troops until 1918.
World wars For a list of campaigns see List of United States Army campaigns during World War II
U.S. Army troops assaulting a German bunker in France, c. 1918 The United States joined World War I as an "Associated Power" in 1917 on the side of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the other Allies. U.S. troops were sent to the Western Front and were involved in the last offensives that ended the war. With the armistice in November 1918, the army once again decreased its forces.
In 1939, estimates of the Army's strength range between 174,000 and 200,000 soldiers, smaller than that of Portugal's, which ranked it 17th or 19th in the world in size. General George C. Marshall became Army chief of staff in September 1939 and set about expanding and modernizing the Army in preparation for war.[36][37]
U.S. soldiers hunting for Japanese infiltrators during the Bougainville Campaign The United States joined World War II in December 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Some 11 million Americans were to serve in various Army operations.[38][39] On the European front, U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that landed in French North Africa and took Tunisia and then moved on to Sicily and later fought in Italy. In the June 1944 landings in northern France and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany, millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role.
In the Pacific War, U.S. Army soldiers participated alongside the United States Marine Corps in capturing the Pacific Islands from Japanese control. Following the Axis surrenders in May (Germany) and August (Japan) of 1945, army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations. Two years after World War II, the Army Air Forces separated from the army to become the United States Air Force in September 1947. In 1948, the army was desegregated by order 9981 of President Harry S. Truman.
Cold War 1945–1960
U.S. Army soldiers observing an atomic bomb test of Operation Buster-Jangle at the Nevada Test Site during the Korean War The end of World War II set the stage for the East–West confrontation known as the Cold War. With the outbreak of the Korean War, concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose. Two corps, V and VII, were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and U.S. strength in Europe rose from one division to four. Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany, with others in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack.[40]:minute 9:00–10:00
US tanks and Soviet tanks at Checkpoint Charlie, 1961 During the Cold War, U.S. troops and their allies fought communist forces in Korea and Vietnam. The Korean War began in June 1950, when the Soviets walked out of a UN Security Council meeting, removing their possible veto. Under a United Nations umbrella, hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea and later to invade the northern nation. After repeated advances and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the Korean Armistice Agreement returned the peninsula to the status quo in July 1953.
1960–1970 The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively established and maintained control of the "traditional" battlefield, but they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the People's Army Of Vietnam (NVA).[41][42]
A U.S. Army infantry patrol moving up to assault the last North Vietnamese Army position at Dak To, South Vietnam during Operation Hawthorne During the 1960s, the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve.[43] In 1967, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to eight divisions (one mechanized infantry, two armored, and five infantry), but increased the number of brigades from seven to 18 (one airborne, one armored, two mechanized infantry and 14 infantry). The loss of the divisions did not sit well with the states. Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them. Under the proposal, the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base. However, no reduction in total Army National Guard strength was to take place, which convinced the governors to accept the plan. The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968.
1970–1990
U.S. Army soldiers preparing to take La Comandancia in the El Chorrillo neighborhood of Panama City during Operation Just Cause The Total Force Policy was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involved treating the three components of the army – the Regular Army, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force.[44] General Abrams' intertwining of the three components of the army effectively made extended operations impossible without the involvement of both the Army National Guard and Army Reserve in a predominately combat support role.[45] The army converted to an all-volunteer force with greater emphasis on training to specific performance standards driven by the reforms of General William E. DePuy, the first commander of United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. Following the Camp David Accords that was signed by Egypt, Israel that was that was brokered by president Jimmy Carter in 1978, as part of the agreement, both the United States and Egypt agreed that there would be a joint military training led by both countries that would usually take place every 2 years, that exercise is known as Exercise Bright Star.
The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization. The Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 created unified combatant commands bringing the army together with the other four military services under unified, geographically organized command structures. The army also played a role in the invasions of Grenada in 1983 (Operation Urgent Fury) and Panama in 1989 (Operation Just Cause).
By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close. Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength. By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans to reduce army end strength by 23%, from 750,000 to 580,000.[46] A number of incentives such as early retirement were used.
1990s
M1 Abrams tanks moving out before the Battle of Al Busayyah during the Gulf War In 1990, Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor, Kuwait, and U.S. land forces quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia. In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced, a U.S.-led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops, the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations, to drive out Iraqi forces. The campaign ended in total victory, as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army. Some of the largest tank battles in history were fought during the Gulf war. The Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Norfolk and the Battle of 73 Easting were tank battles of historical significance.[47][48][49]
Iraqi tanks destroyed by Task Force 1-41 Infantry during the Gulf War, February 1991 After Operation Desert Storm, the army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s but did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities. In 1990 the Department of Defense issued guidance for "rebalancing" after a review of the Total Force Policy,[50] but in 2004, Air War College scholars concluded the guidance would reverse the Total Force Policy which is an "essential ingredient to the successful application of military force".[51]
21st century
U.S. Army Rangers taking part in a raid during an operation in Nahr-e Saraj, Afghanistan On 11 September 2001, 53 Army civilians (47 employees and six contractors) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al-Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building, as part of the September 11 attacks.[52] In response to the 11 September attacks and as part of the Global War on Terror, U.S. and NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, displacing the Taliban government. The U.S. Army also led the combined U.S. and allied invasion of Iraq in 2003; it served as the primary source for ground forces with its ability to sustain short and long-term deployment operations. In the following years, the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency, resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S. service members (as of March 2008) and injuries to thousands more.[53][54] 23,813 insurgents were killed in Iraq between 2003 and 2011.[55]
U.S. Army soldiers with the 2nd Battalion, 327th Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division returning fire during a firefight with Taliban forces in Barawala Kalay Valley in Kunar province, Afghanistan, March 2011 Until 2009, the army's chief modernization plan, its most ambitious since World War II,[56] was the Future Combat Systems program. In 2009, many systems were canceled, and the remaining were swept into the BCT modernization program.[57] By 2017, the Brigade Modernization project was completed and its headquarters, the Brigade Modernization Command, was renamed the Joint Modernization Command, or JMC.[58] In response to Budget sequestration in 2013, Army plans were to shrink to 1940 levels,[59] although actual Active-Army end-strengths were projected to fall to some 450,000 troops by the end of FY2017.[60][61] From 2016 to 2017, the Army retired hundreds of OH-58 Kiowa Warrior observation helicopters,[62] while retaining its Apache gunships.[63] The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15 to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[64]
Organization
Organization of the United States Army within the Department of Defense Planning By 2017, a task force was formed to address Army modernization,[65] which triggered shifts of units: RDECOM, and ARCIC, from within Army Materiel Command (AMC), and TRADOC, respectively, to a new Army Command (ACOM) in 2018.[66] The Army Futures Command (AFC), is a peer of FORSCOM, TRADOC, and AMC, the other ACOMs.[67] AFC's mission is modernization reform: to design hardware, as well as to work within the acquisition process which defines materiel for AMC. TRADOC's mission is to define the architecture and organization of the Army, and to train and supply soldiers to FORSCOM.[68]:minutes 2:30–15:00[40] AFC's cross-functional teams (CFTs) are Futures Command's vehicle for sustainable reform of the acquisition process for the future.[69] In order to support the Army's modernization priorities, its FY2020 budget allocated $30 billion for the top six modernization priorities over the next five years.[70] The $30 billion came from $8 billion in cost avoidance and $22 billion in terminations.[70]
Army components Main article: Structure of the United States Army
U.S. Army organization chart[71] The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775.[72] In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.
Senior American commanders of the European theatre of World War II. *Seated are (from left to right) Generals William H. Simpson, George S. Patton, Carl A. Spaatz, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Courtney H. Hodges, and Leonard T. Gerow *standing are (from left to right) Generals Ralph F. Stearley, Hoyt Vandenberg, Walter Bedell Smith, Otto P. Weyland, and Richard E. Nugent By the twentieth century, the U.S. Army had mobilized the U.S. Volunteers on four occasions during each of the major wars of the nineteenth century. During World War I, the "National Army" was organized to fight the conflict, replacing the concept of U.S. Volunteers.[73] It was demobilized at the end of World War I, and was replaced by the Regular Army, the Organized Reserve Corps and the state militias. In the 1920s and 1930s, the "career" soldiers were known as the "Regular Army" with the "Enlisted Reserve Corps" and "Officer Reserve Corps" augmented to fill vacancies when needed.[74]
In 1941, the "Army of the United States" was founded to fight World War II. The Regular Army, Army of the United States, the National Guard and Officer/Enlisted Reserve Corps (ORC and ERC) existed simultaneously. After World War II, the ORC and ERC were combined into the United States Army Reserve. The Army of the United States was re-established for the Korean War and Vietnam War and was demobilized upon the suspension of the draft.[74]
Currently, the Army is divided into the Regular Army, the Army Reserve and the Army National Guard.[73] Some states further maintain state defense forces, as a type of reserve to the National Guard, while all states maintain regulations for state militias.[75] State militias are both "organized", meaning that they are armed forces usually part of the state defense forces, or "unorganized" simply meaning that all able-bodied males may be eligible to be called into military service.
The U.S. Army is also divided into several branches and functional areas. Branches include officers, warrant officers, and enlisted Soldiers while functional areas consist of officers who are reclassified from their former branch into a functional area. However, officers continue to wear the branch insignia of their former branch in most cases, as functional areas do not generally have discrete insignia. Some branches, such as Special Forces, operate similarly to functional areas in that individuals may not join their ranks until having served in another Army branch. Careers in the Army can extend into cross-functional areas for officer,[76] warrant officer, enlisted, and civilian personnel.
U.S. Army branches and functional areas Branch Insignia and colors Branch Insignia and colors Functional Area (FA) Acquisition Corps (AC) Acquisition-Corps-Branch-In.png Air Defense Artillery (AD) USAADA-BRANCH.svg Information Network Engineering (FA 26) Adjutant General's Corps (AG) Includes Army Bands (AB) AdjGenBC.svg ArmyBand Collar Brass.PNG Armor (AR) Includes Cavalry (CV) Armor-Branch-Insignia.png US-Cavalry-Branch-Insignia.png Information Operations (FA 30) Aviation (AV) US Army Aviation Branch Insignia.svg Civil Affairs Corps (CA) USA - Civil Affairs.png Strategic Intelligence (FA 34) Chaplain Corps (CH) ChristChaplainBC.gif JewishChaplainBC.gif US Army Hindu Faith Branch Insignia.png BuddhistChaplainBC.gif MuslimChaplainBC.gif ChaplainAsstBC.gif Chemical Corps (CM) Chemical Branch Insignia.svg Space Operations (FA 40) Cyber Corps (CY) US Army Cyber Branch Insignia.png Dental Corps (DC) USA - Army Medical Dental.png Public Affairs Officer (FA 46) Corps of Engineers (EN) USA - Engineer Branch Insignia.png Field Artillery (FA) USA - Army Field Artillery Insignia.png Academy Professor (FA 47) Finance Corps (FI) USA - Army Finance Corps.png Infantry (IN) USA - Army Infantry Insignia.png Foreign Area Officer (FA 48) Inspector General (IG) USA - Inspector General Branch Insignia.png Logistics (LG) USA - Logistics Branch Insignia.png Operations Research/Systems Analysis (FA 49) Judge Advocate General's Corps (JA) JAGC Staff Corps Insignia Army.gif Military Intelligence Corps (MI) MI Corps Insignia.svg Force Management (FA 50) Medical Corps (MC) USA - Army Medical Corps.png Medical Service Corps (MS) USA - Army Medical Specialist Corps.png Acquisition (FA 51)[76] Military Police Corps (MP) USAMPC-Branch-Insignia.png Army Nurse Corps (AN) USA - Army Medical Nurse.png Simulation Operations (FA 57) Psychological Operations (PO) USA - Psych Ops Branch Insignia.png Medical Specialist Corps (SP) USA - Army Medical Specialist.png Army Marketing (FA 58)[77] Quartermaster Corps (QM) USA - Quartermaster Corps Branch Insignia.png Staff Specialist Corps (SS) (USAR and ARNG only) StaffSpecUSAR ARNGBC.gif Health Services (FA 70) Special Forces (SF) USA - Special Forces Branch Insignia.png Ordnance Corps (OD) Ordnance Branch Insignia.svg Laboratory Sciences (FA 71) Veterinary Corps (VC) USA - Army Medical Veterinary.png Public Affairs (PA) PublicAffairsBC.svg Preventive Medicine Sciences (FA 72) Transportation Corps (TC) USA - Transportation Corps Branch Insignia.png Signal Corps (SC) Insignia signal.svg Behavioral Sciences (FA 73) Special branch insignias (for some unique duty assignments) National Guard Bureau (NGB) NatlGuardBureauBC.gif General Staff USA - Army General Staff Branch Insignia.png U.S. Military Academy Staff US Military Academy Staff Insignia.png Chaplain Candidate Chaplain Candidate Branch Insignia.png Officer Candidate US Army Officer Candidate Insignia.png Warrant Officer Candidate US Army Warrant Officer Candidate Insignia.png Aide-de-camp Lapel insignia of an aide-de-camp to a U.S. Army Brigadier General.jpg MajGenAide.jpg LtGenAide.jpg GenAide.jpg GA-Aide.GIF Branch insignia, Aide to Vice Chief, National Guard Bureau.jpg Branch insignia, Aide to Chief, National Guard Bureau.jpg Aide VCoS-Army BC.png AideCoSArmyBC.gif Aide UnderSec-Army BC.png AideSecyArmyBC.gif Aide VJCoS BC.png AideJCoSBC.gif AideSecyDefenseBC.gif Aide-de-camp insignia for VP aide.gif AidePOTUSBC.gif Senior Enlisted Advisor (SEA) USA - Army Immaterial Command Insignia.png Sma-bos.jpg SEAC-collar1.jpg Before 1933, members of the Army National Guard were considered state militia until they were mobilized into the U.S. Army, typically on the onset of war. Since the 1933 amendment to the National Defense Act of 1916, all Army National Guard soldiers have held dual status. They serve as National Guardsmen under the authority of the governor of their state or territory and as reserve members of the U.S. Army under the authority of the president, in the Army National Guard of the United States.
Since the adoption of the total force policy, in the aftermath of the Vietnam War, reserve component soldiers have taken a more active role in U.S. military operations. For example, Reserve and Guard units took part in the Gulf War, peacekeeping in Kosovo, Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Army commands and army service component commands Headquarters US Army SSI.png Headquarters, United States Department of the Army (HQDA):
Army Commands Current commander Location of headquarters United States Army Forces Command SSI.svg United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) GEN Michael X. Garrett Fort Bragg, North Carolina Army Futures Command SSI.png United States Army Futures Command (AFC) GEN John M. Murray Austin, Texas AMC shoulder insignia.svg United States Army Materiel Command (AMC) GEN Edward M. Daly Redstone Arsenal, Alabama TRADOC patch.svg United States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) GEN Paul E. Funk II Fort Eustis, Virginia Army Service Component Commands Current commander Location of headquarters US3ASSI.svg United States Army Central (ARCENT)/Third Army LTG Ronald P. Clark Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina USAREUR Insignia.svg United States Army Europe and Africa (USAREUR-AF)/Seventh Army GEN Christopher G. Cavoli[78] Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany United States Army North CSIB.svg United States Army North (ARNORTH)/Fifth Army LTG Laura J. Richardson Joint Base San Antonio, Texas USARPAC insignia.svg United States Army Pacific (USARPAC) GEN Charles A. Flynn Fort Shafter, Hawaii UNITED STATES ARMY SOUTH SSI.svg United States Army South (ARSOUTH)/Sixth Army BG William L. Thigpen Joint Base San Antonio, Texas Surface Deployment and Distribution Command SSI.svg Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command (SDDC)[79] MG Heidi J. Hoyle[80] Scott AFB, Illinois US Army Cyber Command SSI.png United States Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER)[81][82][83] LTG Stephen G. Fogarty Fort Belvoir, Virginia[84] United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command Logo.svg United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command/United States Army Strategic Command (USASMDC/ARSTRAT) LTG Daniel L. Karbler Redstone Arsenal, Alabama US Army Special Operations Command SSI.svg United States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC) LTG Francis M. Beaudette Fort Bragg, North Carolina Operational Force Headquarters Current commander Location of headquarters Eighth United States Army CSIB.svg Eighth Army (EUSA)[85] LTG Willard M. Burleson III Camp Humphreys, South Korea Direct reporting units Current commander Location of headquarters Arlington National Cemetery Seal.png Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery[86] Katharine Kelley[87] (civilian) Arlington, Virginia US Army ASAALT Insignia.svg United States Army Acquisition Support Center (USAASC)[88] Craig A. Spisak[89] (civilian) Fort Belvoir, Virginia US Army Civilain Human Resources Agnecy seal.png United States Army Civilian Human Resources Agency (CHRA)[90] Carol Burton[91] (civilian) Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland USACE.gif United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) LTG Scott A. Spellmon[92] Washington, D.C. Cid patch color.jpg United States Army Criminal Investigation Command (USACIDC) MG Duane R. Miller Quantico, Virginia HRCPatch.png United States Army Human Resources Command (HRC)[93] BG Thomas R. Drew Fort Knox, Kentucky INSCOM.svg United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) MG Michele H. Bredenkamp Fort Belvoir, Virginia MEDCOM.png United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) LTG R. Scott Dingle Joint Base San Antonio, Texas United States Army Military District of Washington CSIB.svg United States Army Military District of Washington (MDW) MG Allan M. Pepin Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C. United States Army Test and Evaluation Command SSI.png United States Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC) MG James J. Gallivan[94] Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland US Army War College SSI.png United States Army War College (AWC)[95] MG Stephen J. Maranian Carlisle, Pennsylvania USMA SSI.png United States Military Academy (USMA) LTG Darryl A. Williams West Point, New York Source: U.S. Army organization[96]
Structure Main article: Reorganization plan of United States Army See Structure of the United States Army for a detailed treatment of the history, components, administrative and operational structure and the branches and functional areas of the Army.
U.S. Army soldiers of the 1st Battalion, 175th Infantry Regiment, Maryland Army National Guard conducting an urban cordon and search exercise as part of the army readiness and training evaluation program in the mock city of Balad at Fort Dix, New Jersey The U.S. Army is made up of three components: the active component, the Regular Army; and two reserve components, the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve. Both reserve components are primarily composed of part-time soldiers who train once a month – known as battle assemblies or unit training assemblies (UTAs) – and conduct two to three weeks of annual training each year. Both the Regular Army and the Army Reserve are organized under Title 10 of the United States Code, while the National Guard is organized under Title 32. While the Army National Guard is organized, trained and equipped as a component of the U.S. Army, when it is not in federal service it is under the command of individual state and territorial governors. However, the District of Columbia National Guard reports to the U.S. president, not the district's mayor, even when not federalized. Any or all of the National Guard can be federalized by presidential order and against the governor's wishes.[97]
U.S. soldiers from the 6th Infantry Regiment taking up positions on a street corner during a foot patrol in Ramadi, Iraq The U.S. Army is led by a civilian secretary of the Army, who has the statutory authority to conduct all the affairs of the army under the authority, direction and control of the secretary of defense.[98] The chief of staff of the Army, who is the highest-ranked military officer in the army, serves as the principal military adviser and executive agent for the secretary of the Army, i.e., its service chief; and as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a body composed of the service chiefs from each of the four military services belonging to the Department of Defense who advise the president of the United States, the secretary of defense and the National Security Council on operational military matters, under the guidance of the chairman and vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[99][100] In 1986, the Goldwater–Nichols Act mandated that operational control of the services follows a chain of command from the president to the secretary of defense directly to the unified combatant commanders, who have control of all armed forces units in their geographic or function area of responsibility, thus the secretaries of the military departments (and their respective service chiefs underneath them) only have the responsibility to organize, train and equip their service components. The army provides trained forces to the combatant commanders for use as directed by the secretary of defense.[101]
The 1st Cavalry Division's combat aviation brigade performing a mock charge with the horse detachment By 2013, the army shifted to six geographical commands that align with the six geographical unified combatant commands (CCMD):
United States Army Central headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina United States Army North headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas United States Army South headquartered at Fort Sam Houston, Texas United States Army Europe headquartered at Clay Kaserne, Wiesbaden, Germany United States Army Pacific headquartered at Fort Shafter, Hawaii United States Army Africa headquartered at Vicenza, Italy
U.S. Army Special Forces soldiers from the 3rd Special Forces Group patrolling a field in the Gulistan district of Farah, Afghanistan The army also transformed its base unit from divisions to brigades. Division lineage will be retained, but the divisional headquarters will be able to command any brigade, not just brigades that carry their divisional lineage. The central part of this plan is that each brigade will be modular, i.e., all brigades of the same type will be exactly the same and thus any brigade can be commanded by any division. As specified before the 2013 end-strength re-definitions, the three major types of brigade combat teams are:
Armored brigades, with a strength of 4,743 troops as of 2014. Stryker brigades, with a strength of 4,500 troops as of 2014. Infantry brigades, with a strength of 4,413 troops as of 2014. In addition, there are combat support and service support modular brigades. Combat support brigades include aviation (CAB) brigades, which will come in heavy and light varieties, fires (artillery) brigades (now transforms to division artillery) and expeditionary military intelligence brigades. Combat service support brigades include sustainment brigades and come in several varieties and serve the standard support role in an army.
Combat maneuver organizations To track the effects of the 2018 budget cuts, see Transformation of the United States Army#Divisions and brigades The U.S. Army currently consists of 10 active divisions and one deployable division headquarters (7th Infantry Division) as well as several independent units. The force is in the process of contracting after several years of growth. In June 2013, the Army announced plans to downsize to 32 active brigade combat teams by 2015 to match a reduction in active-duty strength to 490,000 soldiers. Army chief of staff Raymond Odierno projected that the Army was to shrink to "450,000 in the active component, 335,000 in the National Guard and 195,000 in U.S. Army Reserve" by 2018.[102] However, this plan was scrapped by the new administration and now the Army plans to grow by 16,000 soldiers to a total of 476,000 by October 2017. The National Guard and the Army Reserve will see a smaller expansion.[103][104]
Within the Army National Guard and United States Army Reserve, there are a further 8 divisions, over 15 maneuver brigades, additional combat support and combat service support brigades and independent cavalry, infantry, artillery, aviation, engineer and support battalions. The Army Reserve in particular provides virtually all psychological operations and civil affairs units.
United States Army Forces Command SSI.svg United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)
Direct reporting units Current commander Location of headquarters U.S. I Corps CSIB.svg I Corps MG Xavier T. Brunson (acting) Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington 3 Corps Shoulder Sleeve Insignia.svg III Corps LTG Robert "Pat" White Fort Hood, Texas V Corps.svg V Corps LTG John S. Kolasheski Fort Knox, Kentucky XVIII Airborne Corps CSIB.svg XVIII Airborne Corps LTG Michael E. Kurilla Fort Bragg, North Carolina 1st Army.svg First Army[105] LTG Antonio A. Aguto Jr. Rock Island Arsenal, Illinois US Army Reserve Command SSI.svg United States Army Reserve Command (USARC)[106] LTG Jody J. Daniels Fort Bragg, North Carolina Combat maneuver units aligned under FORSCOM Name Headquarters Subunits Subordinate to United States Army 1st Armored Division CSIB.svg1st Armored Division Fort Bliss, Texas and New Mexico 3 armored BCTs (ABCTs),[107] 1 Division Artillery (DIVARTY), 1 Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 1 Cav Shoulder Insignia.svg1st Cavalry Division Fort Hood, Texas 3 armored BCTs, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and a sustainment brigade III Corps 1st US Infantry Division.svg 1st Infantry Division Fort Riley, Kansas 2 armored BCTs, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 3dACRSSI.PNG3rd Cavalry Regiment Fort Hood, Texas 4 Stryker squadrons, 1 fires squadron, 1 engineer squadron, and 1 support squadron (overseen by the 1st Cavalry Division)[108] III Corps United States Army 3rd Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg3rd Infantry Division Fort Stewart, Georgia 2 armored BCT, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade as well as the 48th Infantry BCT of the Georgia Army National Guard XVIII Airborne Corps 4th Infantry Division SSI.svg4th Infantry Division Fort Carson, Colorado 2 Stryker BCT, 1 armored BCT, DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade III Corps 7th Infantry Division SSI (1973-2015).svg7th Infantry Division Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington Administrative control of 2 Stryker BCTs, and 1 DIVARTY of the 2nd Infantry Division as well as the 81st Stryker BCT of the Washington and California Army National Guard. I Corps 10th Mountain Division SSI.svg10th Mountain Division Fort Drum, New York 3 infantry BCTs, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps 25th Infantry Division CSIB.svg25th Infantry Division Schofield Barracks, Hawaii 2 infantry BCTs, 1 airborne infantry BCT, 1 Stryker BCT, 1 DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 sustainment brigade I Corps 82 ABD SSI.svg82nd Airborne Division Fort Bragg, North Carolina 3 airborne infantry BCTs, 1 airborne DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 airborne sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps US 101st Airborne Division patch.svg101st Airborne Division Fort Campbell, Kentucky 3 air assault infantry BCTs, 1 air assault DIVARTY, 1 CAB, and 1 air assault sustainment brigade XVIII Airborne Corps Combat maneuver units aligned under other organizations Name Headquarters Subunits Subordinate to US 2nd Cavalry Regiment SSI.jpg2nd Cavalry Regiment Rose Barracks, Vilseck, Germany 4 Stryker squadrons, 1 engineer squadron, 1 fires squadron, and 1 support squadron U.S. Army Europe and Africa 2nd Infantry Division SSI (full color).svg2nd Infantry Division Camp Humphreys, South Korea 2 Stryker BCTs, 1 mechanized brigade from the ROK Army,[109] 1 DIVARTY (under administrative control of 7th ID), 1 sustainment brigade, a stateside ABCT from another active division that is rotated in on a regular basis, and the 81st Stryker BCT of the Washington and California Army National Guard Eighth Army 173Airborne Brigade Shoulder Patch.png173rd Airborne Brigade Camp Ederle, Vicenza, Italy 3 airborne infantry battalions (including 1st Battalion, 143rd Infantry Regiment of the Texas and Rhode Island Army National Guard), 1 airborne field artillery battalion, 1 airborne cavalry squadron, 1 airborne engineer battalion,[110] and 1 airborne support battalion U.S. Army Europe and Africa Seal of the United States Army National Guard.svg Combat maneuver units aligned under the Army National Guard, until federalized Name Locations Subunits 28th Infantry Division SSI (1918-2015).svg28th Infantry Division Pennsylvania, Ohio and Maryland 2nd Infantry BCT, 56th Stryker BCT, 28th CAB, US Army 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade.png 55th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB),[111] and the 28th Infantry Division Sustainment Brigade (SB) 29th Infantry Division SSI.svg29th Infantry Division Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina and Florida 30th Infantry Division SSI.svg 30th Armored BCT, 53rd Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 53rd Infantry BCT, 116th Infantry BCT, 29th CAB, 142FABdeSSI.svg 142nd Field Artillery Regiment, 29th Infantry Division SB, and the 226MnvrEnhance.jpg 226th MEB[112] 34th 'Red Bull' Infantry Division SSI.svg34th Infantry Division Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa and Idaho 1st Armored BCT, 2nd Infantry BCT, 32nd infantry division shoulder patch.svg 32nd Infantry BCT, 116th Cavalry Brigade CSIB.svg 116th Cavalry BCT, 115FABdeSSI.png 115th Field Artillery Brigade, 34th CAB, 34th Infantry Division SB, and the 57th Field Artillery Brigade SSI.svg 157th MEB 35th Infantry Division SSI.svg35th Infantry Division Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Oklahoma, Georgia, Arkansas, and Nebraska 33rd Infantry Division SSI.svg 33rd Infantry BCT, USArmy 39th Inf Brig Patch.svg 39th Infantry BCT, 45thIBCTSSI.png 45th Infantry BCT, 130FABdeSSI.svg 130th Field Artillery Brigade, 35th CAB, and the 67th Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 67th MEB 36th Infantry Division CSIB.svg36th Infantry Division Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi 56th Infantry BCT, 72nd Infantry BCT, 256 INF BRGDE SSI.svg 256th Infantry BCT, 155th Armored Brigade Combat Team CSIB.svg 155th Armored BCT, US278ACRSSI.svg 278th Armored Cavalry Regiment, 36th CAB, 36th Infantry Division SB, and the 136th MEB.png 136th MEB 38th Infantry Division SSI.svg38th Infantry Division Indiana, Michigan, Ohio and Tennessee 37th Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 37th Infantry BCT, 76th IBCT shoulder sleeve insignia.jpg 76th Infantry BCT, 138FABdeSSI.png 138th Field Artillery Brigade, 38th CAB, 38th Infantry Division SB, and the 149th Armored Brigade CSIB.svg 149th MEB 40th Infantry Division CSIB.svg40th Infantry Division Arizona, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington 29th Infantry Brigade SSI.svg 29th Infantry BCT, 41st Infantry Division SSI.svg 41st Infantry BCT, 79 Infantry Brigade Combat Team insignia.svg 79th Infantry BCT, 40th CAB, and the 40th Infantry Division SB 42nd Infantry Division SSI.svg42nd Infantry Division New York, New Jersey and Vermont 27th Infantry Division SSI.svg 27th Infantry BCT, US Army 44th Infantry Division SSI.png 44th Infantry BCT, 86th BCT (MTN).jpg 86th Infantry BCT (Mountain), 197th FA Brigade patch.png 197th Field Artillery Brigade, 42nd CAB, 42nd Infantry Division SB, and the Yankee Division.svg 26th MEB For a description of U.S. Army tactical organizational structure, see: a U.S. context and also a global context.
Special operations forces US Army Special Operations Command SSI.svg United States Army Special Operations Command (Airborne) (USASOC):[113]
Name Headquarters Structure and purpose US Army Special Forces SSI.png1st Special Forces Command Fort Bragg, North Carolina Manages seven special forces groups designed to deploy and execute nine doctrinal missions: unconventional warfare, foreign internal defense, direct action, counter-insurgency, special reconnaissance, counter-terrorism, information operations, counterproliferation of weapon of mass destruction, and security force assistance. The command also manages two psychological operations groups—tasked to work with foreign nations to induce or reinforce behavior favorable to U.S. objectives—a civil affairs brigade—that enables military commanders and U.S. ambassadors to improve relationships with various stakeholders via five battalions—and a sustainment brigade—that provides combat service support and combat health support units via three distinct battalions. U.S. Army Special Operations Aviation Command SSI (2013-2015).pngArmy Special Operations Aviation Command Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Commands, organizes, mans, trains, resources, and equips Army special operations aviation units to provide responsive, special operations aviation support to special operations forces consisting of five units, including the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne). 75 Ranger Regiment Shoulder Sleeve Insignia.svg75th Ranger Regiment Fort Benning, Georgia In addition to a regimental headquarters, a special troops battalion, and a military intelligence battalion, the 75th Ranger Regiment has three maneuver battalions of elite airborne infantry specializing in large-scale, joint forcible entry operations and precision targeting raids. Additional capabilities include special reconnaissance, air assault, and direct action raids seizing key terrain such as airfields, destroying or securing strategic facilities, and capturing or killing enemies of the Nation. The Regiment also helps develop the equipment, technologies, training, and readiness that bridge the gap between special operations and traditional combat maneuver organizations. JFKSWCS SSI.gifJohn F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Selects and trains special forces, civil affairs, and psychological operations soldiers consisting of two groups and other various training units and offices. US Army Special Operations Command SSI.svg1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta Ft. Bragg, North Carolina Commonly referred to as Delta Force, Combat Applications Group (CAG), "The Unit," Army Compartmented Element (ACE), or Task Force Green, SFOD–D is the U.S. Army's Tier 1 Special Mission Unit tasked with performing the most complex, classified, and dangerous missions directed by the National Command Authority. Under the control of Joint Special Operations Command, SFOD–D specializes in hostage rescue, counter-terrorism, direct action, and special reconnaissance against high-value targets via eight squadrons: four assault, one aviation, one clandestine, one combat support, and one nuclear disposal.[114][115] Personnel See also: List of ranks used by the United States Army The Army's Talent Management Task Force (TMTF) has deployed IPPS-A,[116] the Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army, an app which serves the National Guard, and in 2021 the Army Reserve and Active Army. Soldiers are reminded to update their information using the legacy systems to keep their payroll and personnel information current by December 2021. IPPS-A is the Human Resources system for the Army, is now available for download for Android, or the Apple store.[117] It will be used for future promotions and other personnel decisions. Among the changes are:
BCAP, the Battalion Commander Assessment Program. In January 2020, over 800 majors and lieutenant colonels from all over the Army converged on Fort Knox to take part in a five day program to select the next battalion commanders for the Army (beginning in FY2021). This process replaces the former selection process which was based solely on rank and individual reviews of past performance. From now on, more consideration will be given to an individual officer's personal preference, as part of 25 other selection criteria.[118] "Promotion boards will now be able to see almost all substantiated adverse information".[119] The promotion boards will be able to see anything in an officer’s human resource record. Officers are encouraged to become familiar with their human resource record, and to file rebuttals to adverse information.[119] Depending on the success of this initiative, other assessment programs could be instituted as well, for promotion to sergeants major,[120] and for assessment of colonels for command.[121] Below are the U.S. Army ranks authorized for use today and their equivalent NATO designations. Although no living officer currently holds the rank of General of the Army, it is still authorized by Congress for use in wartime.
Commissioned officers Main article: United States Army officer rank insignia There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer[122] including the United States Military Academy, Reserve Officers' Training Corps, Officer Candidate School, and Direct commissioning. Regardless of which road an officer takes, the insignia are the same. Certain professions including physicians, pharmacists, nurses, lawyers and chaplains are commissioned directly into the Army.
Most army commissioned officers (those who are generalists)[123] are promoted based on an "up or out" system. A more flexible talent management process is underway.[123] The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980 establishes rules for the timing of promotions and limits the number of officers that can serve at any given time.
Army regulations call for addressing all personnel with the rank of general as "General (last name)" regardless of the number of stars. Likewise, both colonels and lieutenant colonels are addressed as "Colonel (last name)" and first and second lieutenants as "Lieutenant (last name)".[124]
US DoD Pay Grade O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 Special grade[125] NATO Code OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 OF-10 Insignia US-O1 insignia.svg US-O2 insignia.svg US-O3 insignia.svg US-O4 insignia.svg US-O5 insignia.svg US-O6 insignia.svg US-O7 insignia.svg US-O8 insignia.svg US-O9 insignia.svg US-O10 insignia.svg US-O11 insignia.svg Service Green Uniform Insignia US Army O1 (Army greens).svg US Army O2 (Army greens).svg US Army O3 (Army greens).svg US Army O4 (Army greens).svg US Army O5 (Army greens).svg US Army O6 (Army greens).svg US Army O7 (Army greens).svg US Army O8 (Army greens).svg US Army O9 (Army greens).svg US Army O10 (Army greens).svg US Army O11 (Army greens).svg Title Second lieutenant First lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant colonel Colonel Brigadier general Major general Lieutenant general General General of the Army Abbreviation 2LT 1LT CPT MAJ LTC COL BG MG LTG GEN GA Warrant officers Main article: United States Army officer rank insignia Warrant officers[122] are single track, specialty officers with subject matter expertise in a particular area. They are initially appointed as warrant officers (in the rank of WO1) by the secretary of the Army, but receive their commission upon promotion to chief warrant officer two (CW2).
By regulation, warrant officers are addressed as "Mr. (last name)" or "Ms. (last name)" by senior officers and as "sir" or "ma'am" by all enlisted personnel.[124] However, many personnel address warrant officers as "Chief (last name)" within their units regardless of rank.
US DoD Pay Grade W-1 W-2 W-3 W-4 W-5 NATO Code WO-1 WO-2 WO-3 WO-4 WO-5 Insignia US-Army-WO1.svg US-Army-CW2.svg US-Army-CW3.svg US-Army-CW4.svg US-Army-CW5.svg Title Warrant officer 1 Chief warrant officer 2 Chief warrant officer 3 Chief warrant officer 4 Chief warrant officer 5 Abbreviation WO1 CW2 CWO CW4 CW5 Enlisted personnel Main article: United States Army enlisted rank insignia See also: Enlisted rank Sergeants and corporals are referred to as NCOs, short for non-commissioned officers.[122][126] This distinguishes corporals from the more numerous specialists who have the same pay grade but do not exercise leadership responsibilities. Beginning in 2021, all corporals will be required to conduct structured self-development for the NCO ranks, completing the basic leader course (BLC), or else be laterally assigned as specialists. Specialists who have completed BLC and who have been recommended for promotion will be permitted to wear corporal rank before their recommended promotion as NCOs.[127]
Privates and privates first class (E3) are addressed as "Private (last name)", specialists as "Specialist (last name)", corporals as "Corporal (last name)" and sergeants, staff sergeants, sergeants first class and master sergeants all as "Sergeant (last name)". First sergeants are addressed as "First Sergeant (last name)" and sergeants major and command sergeants major are addressed as "Sergeant Major (last name)".[124]
U.S. DoD Pay grade E-1 E-2 E-3 E-4 E-5 E-6 E-7 E-8 E-9 NATO Code OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 OR-8 OR-9 Service Green Uniform Insignia No insignia Army-USA-OR-02 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-03 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-04b (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-04a (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-05 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-06 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-07 (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-08b (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-08a (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-09c (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-09b (Army greens).svg Army-USA-OR-09a (Army greens).svg USA SEAC (Army greens).svg Title Private Private [128] Private first class Specialist Corporal Sergeant Staff sergeant Sergeant first class Master sergeant First sergeant Sergeant major Command sergeant major Sergeant major of the Army Senior enlisted advisor to the chairman[129] Abbreviation PV1 ¹ PV2 ¹ PFC SPC ² CPL SGT SSG SFC MSG 1SG ³ SGM CSM SMA SEAC ¹ PVT is also used as an abbreviation for both private ranks when pay grade need not be distinguished.[130] ² SP4 is sometimes encountered instead of SPC for specialist. This is a holdover from when there were additional specialist ranks at pay grades E-5 to E-7. ³ First sergeant is considered a temporary and lateral rank and is senior to master sergeant. A first sergeant can revert to master sergeant upon leaving assignment. Training
U.S. Army Rangers practicing fast roping techniques from an MH-47 during an exercise at Fort Bragg Training in the U.S. Army is generally divided into two categories – individual and collective. Because of COVID-19 precautions, the first two weeks of basic training — not including processing and out-processing — incorporate social distancing and indoor desk-oriented training. Once the recruits have tested negative for COVID-19 for two weeks, the remaining 8 weeks follow the traditional activities for most recruits,[131] followed by Advanced Individualized Training (AIT) where they receive training for their military occupational specialties (MOS). Some individual's MOSs range anywhere from 14 to 20 weeks of One Station Unit Training (OSUT), which combines Basic Training and AIT. The length of AIT school varies by the MOS. The length of time spent in AIT depends on the MOS of the soldier. Certain highly technical MOS training requires many months (e.g., foreign language translators). Depending on the needs of the army, Basic Combat Training for combat arms soldiers is conducted at a number of locations, but two of the longest-running are the Armor School and the Infantry School, both at Fort Benning, Georgia. Sergeant Major of the Army Dailey notes that an infantrymen's pilot program for One Station Unit Training (OSUT) extends 8 weeks beyond Basic Training and AIT, to 22 weeks. The pilot, designed to boost infantry readiness ended in December 2018. The new Infantry OSUT covered the M240 machine gun as well as the M249 squad automatic weapon.[132] The redesigned Infantry OSUT started in 2019.[133][134] Depending on the result of the 2018 pilot, OSUTs could also extend training in other combat arms beyond the infantry.[133] One Station Unit Training will be extended to 22 weeks for Armor by Fiscal Year 2021.[22] Additional OSUTs are expanding to Cavalry, Engineer, and Military Police (MP) in the succeeding Fiscal Years.[135]
A new training assignment for junior officers was instituted, that they serve as platoon leaders for Basic Combat Training (BCT) platoons.[136] These lieutenants will assume many of the administrative, logistical, and day-to-day tasks formerly performed by the drill sergeants of those platoons and are expected to "lead, train, and assist with maintaining and enhancing the morale, welfare and readiness" of the drill sergeants and their BCT platoons.[136] These lieutenants are also expected to stem any inappropriate behaviors they witness in their platoons, to free up the drill sergeants for training.[136]
A trainer with Company A, 1st Battalion 502nd Infantry Regiment, Task Force Strike, 101st Airborne Division assisting Iraqi army ranger students during a room clearing drill at Camp Taji, Iraq on 18 July 2016 The United States Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) was introduced into the Army, beginning in 2018 with 60 battalions spread throughout the Army.[137] The test is the same for all soldiers, men or women. It takes an hour to complete, including resting periods.[138] The ACFT supersedes the Army physical fitness test (APFT),[139][140][141] as being more relevant to survival in combat.[137] Six events were determined to better predict which muscle groups of the body were adequately conditioned for combat actions:[138] three deadlifts,[142] a standing power throw of a ten-pound medicine ball,[143] hand-release pushups[144] (which replace the traditional pushup), a sprint/drag/carry 250 yard event,[145] three pull-ups with leg tucks (or a plank test in lieu of the leg tuck),[146][147] a mandatory rest period, and a two-mile run.[148] On 1 October 2020 all soldiers from all three components (Active Army, Reserve, and National guard)[149] are subject to this test.[150][151] The ACFT now tests all soldiers in basic training as of October 2020. The ACFT becomes the official test of record 1 October 2020; before that day every Army unit is required to complete a diagnostic ACFT[152] (All Soldiers with valid APFT scores can use them until March 2022. The Holistic Health and Fitness (H2F) System is one way that soldiers can prepare.).[153][154] The ACFT movements directly translate to movements on the battlefield.[134]
Following their basic and advanced training at the individual level, soldiers may choose to continue their training and apply for an "additional skill identifier" (ASI). The ASI allows the army to take a wide-ranging MOS and focus it on a more specific MOS. For example, a combat medic, whose duties are to provide pre-hospital emergency treatment, may receive ASI training to become a cardiovascular specialist, a dialysis specialist, or even a licensed practical nurse. For commissioned officers, training includes pre-commissioning training, known as Basic Officer Leader Course A, either at USMA or via ROTC, or by completing OCS. After commissioning, officers undergo branch-specific training at the Basic Officer Leaders Course B, (formerly called Officer Basic Course), which varies in time and location according to their future assignments. Officers will continue to attend standardized training at different stages of their careers.[155]
U.S. Army soldiers familiarizing with the latest INSAS 1B1 during exercise Yudh Abhyas 2015 Collective training at the unit level takes place at the unit's assigned station, but the most intensive training at higher echelons is conducted at the three combat training centers (CTC); the National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, the Joint Readiness Training Center (JRTC) at Fort Polk, Louisiana and the Joint Multinational Training Center (JMRC) at the Hohenfels Training Area in Hohenfels and Grafenwöhr,[156] Germany. ARFORGEN is the Army Force Generation process approved in 2006 to meet the need to continuously replenish forces for deployment, at unit level and for other echelons as required by the mission. Individual-level replenishment still requires training at a unit level, which is conducted at the continental U.S. (CONUS) replacement center (CRC) at Fort Bliss, in New Mexico and Texas before their individual deployment.[157]
Chief of Staff Milley notes that the Army is suboptimized for training in cold-weather regions, jungles, mountains, or urban areas where in contrast the Army does well when training for deserts or rolling terrain.[158]:minute 1:26:00 Post 9/11, Army unit-level training was for counter-insurgency (COIN); by 2014–2017, training had shifted to decisive action training.[159]
Equipment Main article: List of equipment of the United States Army The chief of staff of the Army has identified six modernization priorities, in order: artillery, ground vehicles, aircraft, network, air/missile defense, and soldier lethality.[160]
Weapons
A Lockheed Martin Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system used for ballistic missile protection Individual weapons The United States Army employs various weapons to provide light firepower at short ranges. The most common weapon type used by the army is the M4 carbine, a compact variant of the M16 rifle,[161] along with the 7.62×51mm variant of the FN SCAR for Army Rangers. The primary sidearm in the U.S. Army is the 9 mm M9 pistol; the M11 pistol is also used. Both handguns are to be replaced by the M17[162] through the Modular Handgun System program.[163] Soldiers are also equipped with various hand grenades, such as the M67 fragmentation grenade and M18 smoke grenade.
Many units are supplemented with a variety of specialized weapons, including the M249 SAW (Squad Automatic Weapon), to provide suppressive fire at the squad level.[164] Indirect fire is provided by the M320 grenade launcher. The M1014 Joint Service Combat Shotgun or the Mossberg 590 Shotgun are used for door breaching and close-quarters combat. The M14EBR is used by designated marksmen. Snipers use the M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle, the M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle and the M110 Semi-Automatic Sniper Rifle.
Crew-served weapons The army employs various crew-served weapons to provide heavy firepower at ranges exceeding that of individual weapons.
The M240 is the U.S. Army's standard Medium Machine Gun.[165] The M2 heavy machine gun is generally used as a vehicle-mounted machine gun. In the same way, the 40 mm MK 19 grenade machine gun is mainly used by motorized units.[166]
The U.S. Army uses three types of mortar for indirect fire support when heavier artillery may not be appropriate or available. The smallest of these is the 60 mm M224, normally assigned at the infantry company level.[167] At the next higher echelon, infantry battalions are typically supported by a section of 81 mm M252 mortars.[168] The largest mortar in the army's inventory is the 120 mm M120/M121, usually employed by mechanized units.[169]
Fire support for light infantry units is provided by towed howitzers, including the 105 mm M119A1[170] and the 155 mm M777.[171]
The U.S. Army utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an Anti-Armor Capability. The AT4 is an unguided projectile that can destroy armor and bunkers at ranges up to 500 meters. The FIM-92 Stinger is a shoulder-launched, heat seeking anti-aircraft missile. The FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles.
Vehicles
A U.S. soldier on patrol with the support of a Humvee vehicle U.S. Army doctrine puts a premium on mechanized warfare. It fields the highest vehicle-to-soldier ratio in the world as of 2009.[172] The army's most common vehicle is the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV), commonly called the Humvee, which is capable of serving as a cargo/troop carrier, weapons platform and ambulance, among many other roles.[173] While they operate a wide variety of combat support vehicles, one of the most common types centers on the family of HEMTT vehicles. The M1A2 Abrams is the army's main battle tank,[174] while the M2A3 Bradley is the standard infantry fighting vehicle.[175] Other vehicles include the Stryker,[176] the M113 armored personnel carrier[177] and multiple types of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.
3rd Infantry Division soldiers manning an M1A1 Abrams in Iraq The U.S. Army's principal artillery weapons are the M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzer[178] and the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS),[179] both mounted on tracked platforms and assigned to heavy mechanized units.
While the United States Army Aviation Branch operates a few fixed-wing aircraft, it mainly operates several types of rotary-wing aircraft. These include the AH-64 Apache attack helicopter,[180] the UH-60 Black Hawk utility tactical transport helicopter[181] and the CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift transport helicopter.[182] Restructuring plans call for reduction of 750 aircraft and from 7 to 4 types.[183]
Under the Johnson-McConnell agreement of 1966, the Army agreed to limit its fixed-wing aviation role to administrative mission support (light unarmed aircraft which cannot operate from forward positions). For UAVs, the Army is deploying at least one company of drone MQ-1C Gray Eagles to each Active Army division.[184]
Uniforms Main article: Uniforms of the United States Army
The 2020 Army Greens uniform The Army Combat Uniform (ACU) currently features a camouflage pattern known as Operational Camouflage Pattern (OCP); OCP replaced a pixel-based pattern known as Universal Camouflage Pattern (UCP) in 2019.
An element of the 18th Infantry Regiment, wearing ASUs, representing the United States at the 2010 Victory Day commemoration in Moscow On 11 November 2018, the Army announced a new version of 'Army Greens' based on uniforms worn during World War II that will become the standard garrison service uniform.[185] The blue Army Service Uniform will remain as the dress uniform. The Army Greens are projected to be first fielded in the summer of 2020.[185]
Berets
The Ranger Honor Platoon marching in their tan berets and former service uniform The beret flash of enlisted personnel displays their distinctive unit insignia (shown above). The U.S. Army's black beret is no longer worn with the ACU for garrison duty, having been permanently replaced with the patrol cap. After years of complaints that it was not suited well for most work conditions, Army chief of staff General Martin Dempsey eliminated it for wear with the ACU in June 2011. Soldiers who are currently in a unit in jump status still wear berets, whether the wearer is parachute-qualified or not (maroon beret), while members of Security Force Assistance Brigades (SFABs) wear brown berets. Members of the 75th Ranger Regiment and the Airborne and Ranger Training Brigade (tan beret) and Special Forces (rifle green beret) may wear it with the Army Service Uniform for non-ceremonial functions. Unit commanders may still direct the wear of patrol caps in these units in training environments or motor pools.
Tents The Army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment (Force Provider Expeditionary (FPE)).[160].146 The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities),[186] forward operating bases (FOBs), after-action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), morale, welfare and recreation (MWR) facilities, as well as security checkpoints. Furthermore, most of these tents are set up and operated through the support of Natick Soldier Systems Center. Each FPE contains billeting, latrines, showers, laundry and kitchen facilities for 50–150 Soldiers,[160].146 and is stored in Army Prepositioned Stocks 1, 2, 4 and 5. This provisioning allows combatant commanders to position soldiers as required in their Area of Responsibility, within 24 to 48 hours.
The U.S. Army is beginning to use a more modern tent called the deployable rapid assembly shelter (DRASH). In 2008, DRASH became part of the Army's Standard Integrated Command Post System.[187]
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DAGO 2017-04, DESIGNATION OF UNITED STATES ARMY HUMAN RESOURCES COMMAND AND ITS SUBORDINATE ELEMENTS AS DIRECT REPORTING UNIT, apd.army.mil, dated 4 January 2017, last accessed 13 January 2017 (13 June 2018) ATEC welcomes new commander Commanding General: Brig. Gen. James J. Gallivan "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015. Organization, United States Army Perpich v. Department of Defense, 496 U.S. 334 (1990) "10 U.S.C. 3013" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2016. "10 U.S.C. 3033" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2016. "10 U.S.C. 151" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2016. "10 U.S.C. 162" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2016. "CSA Odierno and SMA Chandler virtual town hall, Jan 6, 2015". Army.mil. Retrieved 2 May 2016. "Army offers up to $90K bonuses to lure troops back". Foxbusiness.com. 6 June 2017. "Needing troops, U.S. Army offers up to $90K bonuses to re-enlist". Daily-chronicle.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017. "First Army – Mission". army.mil. 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Retrieved 13 December 2016. 28th Infantry Division, Pennsylvania National Guard official website, last accessed 4 December 2020 29th Infantry Division, Virginia National Guard official homepage, last accessed 4 December 2020 Army Special Operations Forces Fact Book 2018 Archived 19 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, USASOC official website, dated 2018, last accessed 28 July 2019 "The U.S. Army's Delta Force: How This Secret Group of Deadly Soldiers Came to Be". The National Interest. 30 April 2019. Naylor, Sean (2015). Relentless Strike: The Secret History of Joint Special Operations Command. St. Martin's Press. pp. 73, 122, 201, 222, 476. ISBN 9781466876224. Integrated Personnel and Pay System - Army Army Public Affairs(2 Jun 2021) New Army pay, personnel mobile app and unifies unit and location information for all Soldiers using Army Organization Server data interface (AOSDI), unified with IPPS-A on the back-end. This allows aggregation of data on ACOM/ASCC, Corps, Division, Brigade, Battalion, Company, Platoon, and Squad levels Jared Serbu (16 October 2019) Army debuts new system to pick commanders amid focus on talent management Thomas Brading, Army News Service (8 June 2021) Promotion boards to receive adverse information earlier when considering officers Eric Pilgrim (23 November 2020) Prototype Sergeants Major Assessment Program at Fort Knox on the right path Eric Pilgrim (13 August 2020) Army vice chief walks through brigade command program to witness Army’s newest assessment tool From the Future Soldiers Web Site. Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (25 October 2017) Can The Pentagon Protect Young Innovators? Fixing the 'up or out' culture, which favors generalists "Army Regulation 600-20" (PDF). Retrieved 2 May 2016. Reserved for wartime use only. From the Enlisted Soldiers Descriptions Web Site. Joseph Lacdan, Army News Service (4 June 2021) Soldiers to pin on corporal after BLC "Ranks". Army.mil. Archived from the original on 4 August 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019. JCS.mil - SEAC Troxell announces new positional rank insignia "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012. Mitch Meador (21 May 2020) Brigades move to new model for basic training "Soldiers train on M240 machine gun during 22-week Infantry OSUT transformation". Army.mil. "Sgt. Maj. of the Army: Extending training would bolster readiness, lethality". Army.mil. "Extended OSUT allows repetition to hone combat skills, major general says". Army.mil. "Preparing for current and future Army drill sergeant mission requirements through adaptive measures". Army.mil. "Lieutenants to become BCT leaders". Army.mil. "ACFT ensures Soldiers are lethal, physically conditioned". Army.mil. "Post gets look at new fitness test". Army.mil. Joe Lacdan, Army News Service (22 May 2020) SMA expects ACFT to continue as planned in COVID-19 environment "Soldiers can use their last APFT score to remain promotion eligible." "Army Directive 2018–22 (8 Nov 2018) Retention Policy for Non-Deployable Soldiers" (PDF). Armypubs.army.mil. Retrieved 22 July 2019. "Non-deployable directive to help Army work toward more 'lethal' force". Army.mil. "Army Combat Fitness Test: 3 Repetition Maximum Deadlift (MDL) (Event 1)". 24 October 2018 – via YouTube. "Army Combat Fitness Test: Standing Power Throw (SPT) (Event 2)". 24 October 2018 – via YouTube. "5 Hand Release Pushup event execution". 17 May 2019 – via YouTube. "Army Combat Fitness Test: Sprint-Drag-Carry (SDC) (Event 4)". 29 October 2018 – via YouTube. Lolita C Baldor (22 Mar 2021) Army revamps fitness exam, kicks out leg tuck requirement "Army Combat Fitness Test: Leg Tuck (LTK) (Event 5)". 24 October 2018 – via YouTube. "Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT)". 25 July 2018 – via YouTube. SGT Zach Mott (May 10, 2019) SECFOR Soldiers 'Crawl' Through ACFT Familiarization SECFOR Soldiers serve as the security force (force protection during a deployment) "Army secretary: New fitness test measures combat readiness". Army.mil. Harry Sarles (July 24, 2019) Pre-Command Course conducts diagnostic Army Combat Fitness Test Maj. Stephen Martin (December 27, 2019) Kentucky Guard first to receive ACFT equipment "36,608 ACFT sets for the total army by May 15". "The Army is focused on the tactical athlete". Staff Sgt. Warren Wright (10 January 2020) NY National Guard finds creative ways to train for new fitness test "finding creative ways to exercise at home and on their own time" Thomas Brading, Army News Service (18 June 2020) SMA takes to social media, addresses ACFT 2.0 concerns US Army (2020) US Army soldier prepares for ACFT Learning how to retrain an injured body; using resistance bands (good for leg tucks); know your limits; use out-training (see video for sample); practice technique (good for deadlift, and power throw) "Pilot program provides a new option for Army officers' professional military education". Army.mil. "Workshop guides future growth in Grafenwoehr". Army.mil. (13 December 2017) CONUS Replacement Center receives new command Archived 14 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine CRC 5 transition to CRC 6 "Army Officials Testify on FY 2019 Budget Request". 16 May 2018 – via YouTube. "Army Updates Mobilization Model". Association of the United States Army. 8 October 2018. ASA(ALT) Weapon Systems Handbook 2018 Page 32 lists how this handbook is organized. 440 pages. M4. U.S. Army Fact Files O'Melveny, Sean (19 January 2017). "Army Picks Sig Sauer's P320 Handgun to Replace M9 Service Pistol". Military.com. Individual Weapons Future Innovations Archived 24 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Project Manager Soldier Weapons. M249, U.S. Army Fact Files M240, U.S. Army Fact Files MK 19, U.S. Army Fact Files M224, U.S. Army Fact Files M252, U.S. Army Fact Files M120, U.S. Army Fact Files M119, U.S. Army Fact Files John Pike. "M777 Lightweight 155mm howitzer (LW155)". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 April 2015. Us Future Combat & Weapon Systems Handbook. Int'l Business Publications. 30 March 2009. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-4387-5447-5. Retrieved 12 May 2017. HMMWV, U.S. Army Fact Files Abrams Archived 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Army Fact Files Bradley, United States Army Fact Files Stryker, U.S. Army Fact Files M113, U.S. Army Fact Files Paladin, Army.mil MLRS, U.S. Army Fact Files Apache, U.S. Army Fact Files Blackhawk, U.S. Army Fact Files Chinook, U.S. Army Fact Files Stevenson, Beth (22 January 2015), "US Army continues to face financial challenge of rotary fleet maintenance", Flightglobal, Reed Business Information, archived from the original on 23 January 2015, retrieved 23 January 2015 Jahner, Kyle (7 August 2017). "Army to build dedicated drone runway at Fort Bliss". Army Times. "U.S. Army to roll out new Army Greens uniform". Army.mil. Joe Lacdan (August 13, 2018) Automated meal entitlement system, food trucks to improve Soldier dining experience Accomplishes paperwork reduction based on reading each soldier's Common Access Card at each use at DFAC. NG, DHS Technologies to support SICPS/TMSS United Press International Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army Center of Military History document: "Army Birthdays". Further reading For a more comprehensive list, see Bibliography of United States military history. Library resources about United States Army Resources in your library Resources in other libraries "Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award (VUA) Citations". US Army Center of Military History. Retrieved 26 December 2014. Bailey, Beth. America's Army: Making the All-Volunteer Force (2009) ISBN 0674035364 Bluhm, Jr, Raymond K. (Editor-in-Chief); Andrade, Dale; Jacobs, Bruce; Langellier, John; Newell, Clayton R.; Seelinger, Matthew (2004). U.S. Army: A Complete History (Beaux Arts ed.). Arlington, VA: The Army Historical Foundation. p. 744. ISBN 978-0-88363-640-4. Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed. The Oxford Guide to American Military History (1999) online at many libraries Clark, J. P. Preparing for War: The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army, 1815–1917 (Harvard UP, 2017) 336 pp. Coffman, Edward M. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I (1998), a standard history Kretchik, Walter E. U.S. Army Doctrine: From the American Revolution to the War on Terror (University Press of Kansas; 2011) 392 pages; studies military doctrine in four distinct eras: 1779–1904, 1905–1944, 1944–1962, and 1962 to the present. Woodward, David R. The American Army and the First World War (Cambridge University Press, 2014). 484 pp. online review External links United States Army at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Resources from Wikiversity Official website – United States Army official website Army.mil/photos – United States Army featured photos GoArmy.com – official recruiting site U.S. Army Collection – Missouri History Museum Finding Aids for researching the U.S. Army (compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History) US-militaria.com – The U.S. Army during the Second World War vte United States Army vte United States Armed Forces vte United States Department of Defense vte Uniformed services of the United States vte NATO Allied Land Command Categories: United States ArmyUniformed services of the United StatesMilitary units and formations established in 17751775 establishments in the Thirteen ColoniesUnited States Armed Forces service branchesOrganisations designated as terrorist by Iran Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView history Search Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons
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Post by Freddie on Aug 26, 2021 18:50:16 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Faction: Resistance Level: 11 Ingress Prime
THERE’S STILL TIME! COURIER CHALLENGE ENDS 30 AUGUST
The Courier #MeetYouOutThere Challenge started on Friday, 20 August and there’s still time to get involved! Through 1600 UTC on Monday, 30 August, get +888AP for each new All-Time Unique Portal Visit as indicated by the Visited layer on the Layers button and 15-minute Dronenet cooldown.
Agents can earn a tiered medal based on all AP earned during the event window. Use the Visited layer to find new unique Portals to visit and claim the bonus AP. To help, a new metric is activated in your Scanner to track progress and Apex bundles are available in the store for the duration of the event. Be on the lookout for media drops from Portal hacks and Drone hacks.
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INTERNATIONAL FRIENDSHIP DAY
International Friendship Day was 30 July and Agent ModularModular (RES) shared the story of how they met their Ingress best friend, L05tNmu.
SHARE YOURS SEPTEMBER EVENTS Check out the Community Forum for the highlights of the upcoming events, and more information regarding the event will be released on the Forum as the event date approaches.
LEARN MORE AUGUST FS@HOME RECAP
Another amazing FS@Home this August, with 225 cities participating. Thank you to all the Agents and FevGames who continue to show support for Ingress First Saturdays.
Our next FS@Home will be happening on 4 September. Make sure to register your city to be involved in the fun activities the Faction leaders have planned.
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Women of Ingress Spotlight For #InternationalWomensDay, we are turning the spotlight on the awe-inspiring female Niantics who have been an integral part of the Ingress Journey.
Winnie Gee is a part of the Niantic Marketing team and has been with the company for over a year. She loves seeing how the Ingress community is staying connected and working together through her work on the Ingress monthly newsletter.
Every week this month, we will be showcasing their stories and their aspirations for Ingress. #WomenOfIngress #IWD2021.
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Ingress Agent Spotlight On 15 August, BatrachianAnura and 18 other Agents worked together for more than 7.5 hours to draw a horse in Enschede, Netherlands representing the regional flag and their local soccer team. It’s beautiful! Thank you for sharing this with us, Agents!
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Post by Freddie on Sept 3, 2021 23:26:26 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Featured article Page semi-protected Mars From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the planet. For the deity, see Mars (mythology). For other uses, see Mars (disambiguation). Mars Astronomical symbol of Mars Mars appears as a red-orange globe with darker blotches and white icecaps visible on both of its poles. Pictured in natural color in 2007 Designations Pronunciation /ˈmɑːrz/ (About this soundlisten) Adjectives Martian /ˈmɑːrʃən/ Orbital characteristics[5] Epoch J2000 Aphelion 249200000 km (154800000 mi; 1.666 AU) Perihelion 206700000 km (128400000 mi; 1.382 AU) Semi-major axis 227939200 km (141634900 mi; 1.523679 AU) Eccentricity 0.0934 Orbital period 686.980 d (1.88085 yr; 668.5991 sols)[1] Synodic period 779.96 d (2.1354 yr) Average orbital speed 24.007 km/s (86430 km/h; 53700 mph) Mean anomaly 19.412°[2] Inclination 1.850° to ecliptic; 5.65° the Sun's equator; 1.63° to invariable plane[3] Longitude of ascending node 49.558° Time of perihelion 2020-Aug-03[4] Argument of perihelion 286.502° Satellites 2 Physical characteristics Mean radius 3389.5 ± 0.2 km [6] (2106.1 ± 0.1 mi) Equatorial radius 3396.2 ± 0.1 km [6] (2110.3 ± 0.1 mi; 0.533 Earths) Polar radius 3376.2 ± 0.1 km [6] (2097.9 ± 0.1 mi; 0.531 Earths) Flattening 0.00589±0.00015 Surface area 144798500 km2[7] (55907000 sq mi; 0.284 Earths) Volume 1.6318×1011 km3[8] (0.151 Earths) Mass 6.4171×1023 kg[9] (0.107 Earths) Mean density 3.9335 g/cm3[8] (0.1421 lb/cu in) Surface gravity 3.72076 m/s2[10] (12.2072 ft/s2; 0.3794 g) Moment of inertia factor 0.3644±0.0005[9] Escape velocity 5.027 km/s (18100 km/h; 11250 mph) Rotation period 1.02749125 d[11] 24h 39m 36s (synodic; solar day) Sidereal rotation period 1.025957 d 24h 37m 22.7s[8] Equatorial rotation velocity 241.17 m/s (868.22 km/h; 539.49 mph) Axial tilt 25.19° to its orbital plane[1] North pole right ascension 317.68143° 21h 10m 44s North pole declination 52.88650° Albedo 0.170 geometric[12] 0.25 Bond[1] Surface temp. min mean max Kelvin 130 K 210 K[1] 308 K Celsius −143 °C[14] −63 °C 35 °C[15] Fahrenheit −226 °F[14] −82 °F 95 °F[15] Apparent magnitude −2.94 to +1.86[13] Angular diameter 3.5–25.1″[1] Atmosphere[1][16] Surface pressure 0.636 (0.4–0.87) kPa 0.00628 atm Composition by volume 95.97% carbon dioxide 1.93% argon 1.89% nitrogen 0.146% oxygen 0.0557% carbon monoxide 0.0210% water vapor 0.0100% nitrogen oxide 0.00025% neon 0.00008% hydrogen deuterium oxide 0.00003% krypton 0.00001% xenon Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, being larger than only Mercury. In English, Mars carries the name of the Roman god of war and is often referred to as the "Red Planet".[17][18] The latter refers to the effect of the iron oxide prevalent on Mars's surface, which gives it a reddish appearance distinctive among the astronomical bodies visible to the naked eye.[19] Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, with surface features reminiscent of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth.
The days and seasons are comparable to those of Earth, because the rotational period as well as the tilt of the rotational axis relative to the ecliptic plane are similar. Mars is the site of Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and highest known mountain on any planet in the Solar System, and of Valles Marineris, one of the largest canyons in the Solar System. The smooth Borealis basin in the Northern Hemisphere covers 40% of the planet and may be a giant impact feature.[20][21] Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are small and irregularly shaped. These may be captured asteroids, similar to 5261 Eureka, a Mars trojan.[22][23]
Mars has been explored by several uncrewed spacecraft. Mariner 4 was the first spacecraft to visit Mars; launched by NASA on 28 November 1964, it made its closest approach to the planet on 15 July 1965. Mariner 4 detected the weak Martian radiation belt, measured at about 0.1% that of Earth, and captured the first images of another planet from deep space.[24] The Soviet Mars 3 mission included a lander, which achieved a soft landing in December 1971; however, contact was lost seconds after touchdown.[25] On 20 July 1976, Viking 1 performed the first successful landing on the Martian surface.[26] On 4 July 1997, the Mars Pathfinder spacecraft landed on Mars and on 5 July released its rover, Sojourner, the first robotic rover to operate on Mars.[27] The Mars Express orbiter, the first European Space Agency (ESA) spacecraft to visit Mars, arrived in orbit on 25 December 2003.[28] In January 2004, NASA's Mars Exploration Rovers, named Spirit and Opportunity, both landed on Mars; Spirit operated until 22 March 2010 and Opportunity lasted until 10 June 2018.[29] NASA landed its Curiosity rover on August 6, 2012, as a part of its Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission to investigate Martian climate and geology.[30] On 24 September 2014, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) became the fourth space agency to visit Mars when its maiden interplanetary mission, the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft, arrived in orbit.[31] The United Arab Emirates became the fifth to successfully undertake a mission to Mars, having inserted an orbiter into the Martian atmosphere on 9 February 2021.[32] China National Space Administration (CNSA)'s Tianwen-1 spacecraft arrived in Martian orbit on 10 February 2021.[33] NASA's Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter successfully landed on Mars on 18 February 2021.[34] Ingenuity successfully completed the first powered controlled flight by an aircraft on any planet besides Earth on 19 April 2021, taking off vertically, hovering and landing on Mars. [35][36] On 14 May 2021, CNSA's Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover successfully landed on Mars.[37] Zhurong rover was successfully deployed on 22 May 2021, which makes China the second country to successfully deploy a rover on Mars, after the United States.[38]
There are investigations assessing the past habitability of Mars, as well as the possibility of extant life. Astrobiology missions are planned, such as the European Space Agency's Rosalind Franklin rover.[39][40][41][42] Liquid water on the surface of Mars cannot exist due to low atmospheric pressure, which is less than 1% of the atmospheric pressure on Earth, except at the lowest elevations for short periods.[43][44][45] The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water.[46][47] The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the planetary surface to a depth of 11 metres (36 ft).[48] In November 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior.[49][50][51]
Mars can easily be seen from Earth with the naked eye, as can its reddish coloring. Its apparent magnitude reaches −2.94, which is surpassed only by Venus, the Moon and the Sun.[13] Optical ground-based telescopes are typically limited to resolving features about 300 kilometres (190 mi) across when Earth and Mars are closest because of Earth's atmosphere.[52]
Contents 1 Nomenclature 2 Physical characteristics 2.1 Internal structure 2.2 Surface geology 2.3 Soil 2.4 Hydrology 2.4.1 Polar caps 2.5 Geography and naming of surface features 2.5.1 Map of quadrangles 2.5.2 Impact topography 2.5.3 Volcanoes 2.5.4 Tectonic sites 2.5.5 Holes 2.6 Atmosphere 2.6.1 Methane 2.6.2 Aurora 2.7 Climate 3 Orbit and rotation 4 Habitability and search for life 5 Moons 6 Exploration 6.1 Future 7 Astronomy on Mars 8 Viewing 8.1 Closest approaches 8.1.1 Relative 8.1.2 Absolute, around the present time 9 Historical observations 9.1 Ancient and medieval observations 9.2 Martian "canals" 9.3 Spacecraft visitation 10 In culture 10.1 Intelligent "Martians" 11 Interactive Mars map 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Images 15.2 Videos 15.3 Cartographic resources Nomenclature In English, the planet is named after the Roman god of war,[53] an association made because of its red color, which suggests blood.[54] The adjectival form of Latin Mars is Martius,[55] which provides the English words Martian, used as an adjective or for a putative inhabitant of Mars, and Martial, used as an adjective corresponding to Terrestrial for Earth.[56] In Greek, the planet is known as Ἄρης Arēs, with the inflectional stem Ἄρε- Are-.[57] From this come technical terms such as areology, as well as the adjective Arean[58] and the star name Antares.
Mars is also the basis of the name of the month of March (from Latin Martius mēnsis 'month of Mars'),[59] as well as of Tuesday (Latin dies Martis 'day of Mars'), where the old Anglo-Saxon god Tíw was identified with Roman god Mars by Interpretatio germanica.[60]
Due to the global influence of European languages in astronomy, a word like Mars or Marte for the planet is common around the world, though it may be used alongside older, native words. A number of other languages have provided words with international usage. For example:
Arabic مريخ mirrīkh – which connotes fire – is used as the (or a) name for the planet in Persian, Urdu, Malay and Swahili,[61] among others Chinese 火星 [Mandarin Huǒxīng] 'fire star' (in Chinese the five classical planets are identified with the five elements) is used in Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese.[62] India uses the Sanskrit term Mangal derived from the Hindu goddess Mangala.[63] A long-standing nickname for Mars is the "Red Planet". That is also the planet's name in Hebrew, מאדים ma'adim, which is derived from אדום adom, meaning 'red'.[64] The archaic Latin form Māvors (/ˈmeɪvɔːrz/) is seen, but only very rarely, in English, though the adjectives Mavortial and Mavortian mean 'martial' in the military rather than planetary sense.[65] Physical characteristics Mars is approximately half the diameter of Earth, with a surface area only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land.[1] Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity. The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide, or rust.[66] It can look like butterscotch;[67] other common surface colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on the minerals present.[67]
Comparison: Earth and Mars File:Mars.ogvPlay media Animation (00:40) showing major features of Mars File:GMM-3 Mars Gravity.webmPlay media Video (01:28) showing how three NASA orbiters mapped the gravity field of Mars Internal structure Like Earth, Mars has differentiated into a dense metallic core overlaid by less dense materials.[68] Current models of its interior imply a core consisting primarily of iron and nickel with about 16–17% sulfur.[69] This iron(II) sulfide core is thought to be twice as rich in lighter elements as Earth's.[70] The core is surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but it appears to be dormant. Besides silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in the Martian crust are iron, magnesium, aluminium, calcium, and potassium. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 kilometres (31 mi), with a maximum thickness of 125 kilometres (78 mi).[70] Earth's crust averages 40 kilometres (25 mi).
Mars is seismically active, with InSight recording over 450 marsquakes and related events in 2019.[71][72] In 2021 it was reported that based on eleven low-frequency Marsquakes detected by the InSight lander the core of Mars is indeed liquid and has a radius of about 1830±40 km and a temperature around 1900–2000 K. The Martian core radius is more than half the radius of Mars and about half the size of the Earth's core. This is somewhat larger than models predicted, suggesting that the core contains some amount of lighter elements like oxygen and hydrogen in addition to the iron–nickel alloy and about 15% of sulfur.[73][74]
The core of Mars is overlain by the rocky mantle, which, however, does not seem to have a layer analogous to the Earth's lower mantle. The martial mantle appears to be solid down to the depth of about 500 km, where the low-velocity zone (partially melted asthenosphere) begins.[75] Below the asthenosphere the velocity of seismic waves starts to grow again and at the depth of about 1050 km there lies the boundary of the transition zone.[74] At the surface of Mars there lies a crust with the average thickness of about 24–72 km.[76]
Surface geology Main article: Geology of Mars Mars is a terrestrial planet whose surface consists of minerals containing silicon and oxygen, metals, and other elements that typically make up rock. The Martian surface is primarily composed of tholeiitic basalt,[77] although parts are more silica-rich than typical basalt and may be similar to andesitic rocks on Earth, or silica glass. Regions of low albedo suggest concentrations of plagioclase feldspar, with northern low albedo regions displaying higher than normal concentrations of sheet silicates and high-silicon glass. Parts of the southern highlands include detectable amounts of high-calcium pyroxenes. Localized concentrations of hematite and olivine have been found.[78] Much of the surface is deeply covered by finely grained iron(III) oxide dust.[79][80]
Geologic map of Mars (USGS, 2014)[81] Although Mars has no evidence of a structured global magnetic field,[82] observations show that parts of the planet's crust have been magnetized, suggesting that alternating polarity reversals of its dipole field have occurred in the past. This paleomagnetism of magnetically susceptible minerals is similar to the alternating bands found on Earth's ocean floors. One theory, published in 1999 and re-examined in October 2005 (with the help of the Mars Global Surveyor), is that these bands suggest plate tectonic activity on Mars four billion years ago, before the planetary dynamo ceased to function and the planet's magnetic field faded.[83]
It is thought that, during the Solar System's formation, Mars was created as the result of a stochastic process of run-away accretion of material from the protoplanetary disk that orbited the Sun. Mars has many distinctive chemical features caused by its position in the Solar System. Elements with comparatively low boiling points, such as chlorine, phosphorus, and sulphur, are much more common on Mars than Earth; these elements were probably pushed outward by the young Sun's energetic solar wind.[84]
After the formation of the planets, all were subjected to the so-called "Late Heavy Bombardment". About 60% of the surface of Mars shows a record of impacts from that era,[85][86][87] whereas much of the remaining surface is probably underlain by immense impact basins caused by those events. There is evidence of an enormous impact basin in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars, spanning 10,600 by 8,500 kilometres (6,600 by 5,300 mi), or roughly four times the size of the Moon's South Pole – Aitken basin, the largest impact basin yet discovered.[20][21] This theory suggests that Mars was struck by a Pluto-sized body about four billion years ago. The event, thought to be the cause of the Martian hemispheric dichotomy, created the smooth Borealis basin that covers 40% of the planet.[88][89]
Artist's impression of how Mars may have looked four billion years ago[90] The geological history of Mars can be split into many periods, but the following are the three primary periods:[91][92]
Noachian period (named after Noachis Terra): Formation of the oldest extant surfaces of Mars, 4.5 to 3.5 billion years ago. Noachian age surfaces are scarred by many large impact craters. The Tharsis bulge, a volcanic upland, is thought to have formed during this period, with extensive flooding by liquid water late in the period. Hesperian period (named after Hesperia Planum): 3.5 to between 3.3 and 2.9 billion years ago. The Hesperian period is marked by the formation of extensive lava plains. Amazonian period (named after Amazonis Planitia): between 3.3 and 2.9 billion years ago to the present. Amazonian regions have few meteorite impact craters but are otherwise quite varied. Olympus Mons formed during this period, with lava flows elsewhere on Mars. Geological activity is still taking place on Mars. The Athabasca Valles is home to sheet-like lava flows created about 200 Mya. Water flows in the grabens called the Cerberus Fossae occurred less than 20 Mya, indicating equally recent volcanic intrusions.[93] On 19 February 2008, images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed evidence of an avalanche from a 700-metre-high (2,300 ft) cliff.[94]
Soil Main article: Martian soil
Exposure of silica-rich dust uncovered by the Spirit rover The Phoenix lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing elements such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and chlorine. These nutrients are found in soils on Earth, and they are necessary for growth of plants.[95] Experiments performed by the lander showed that the Martian soil has a basic pH of 7.7, and contains 0.6% of the salt perchlorate,[96][97][98][99] concentrations that are toxic to humans.[100][101]
Streaks are common across Mars and new ones appear frequently on steep slopes of craters, troughs, and valleys. The streaks are dark at first and get lighter with age. The streaks can start in a tiny area, then spread out for hundreds of metres. They have been seen to follow the edges of boulders and other obstacles in their path. The commonly accepted theories include that they are dark underlying layers of soil revealed after avalanches of bright dust or dust devils.[102] Several other explanations have been put forward, including those that involve water or even the growth of organisms.[103][104]
Hydrology Main article: Water on Mars Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars due to low atmospheric pressure, which is less than 1% that of Earth's,[43] except at the lowest elevations for short periods.[44][45] The two polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water.[46][47] The volume of water ice in the south polar ice cap, if melted, would be sufficient to cover the entire planetary surface to a depth of 11 metres (36 ft).[48] A permafrost mantle stretches from the pole to latitudes of about 60°.[46] Large quantities of ice are thought to be trapped within the thick cryosphere of Mars. Radar data from Mars Express and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) show large quantities of ice at both poles (July 2005)[105][106] and at middle latitudes (November 2008).[107] The Phoenix lander directly sampled water ice in shallow Martian soil on 31 July 2008.[108]
Photomicrograph by Opportunity showing a gray hematite concretion, nicknamed "blueberries", indicative of the past existence of liquid water. Landforms visible on Mars strongly suggest that liquid water has existed on the planet's surface. Huge linear swathes of scoured ground, known as outflow channels, cut across the surface in about 25 places. These are thought to be a record of erosion caused by the catastrophic release of water from subsurface aquifers, though some of these structures have been hypothesized to result from the action of glaciers or lava.[109][110] One of the larger examples, Ma'adim Vallis, is 700 kilometres (430 mi) long, much greater than the Grand Canyon, with a width of 20 kilometres (12 mi) and a depth of 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in places. It is thought to have been carved by flowing water early in Mars's history.[111] The youngest of these channels are thought to have formed as recently as only a few million years ago.[112] Elsewhere, particularly on the oldest areas of the Martian surface, finer-scale, dendritic networks of valleys are spread across significant proportions of the landscape. Features of these valleys and their distribution strongly imply that they were carved by runoff resulting from precipitation in early Mars history. Subsurface water flow and groundwater sapping may play important subsidiary roles in some networks, but precipitation was probably the root cause of the incision in almost all cases.[113]
Along crater and canyon walls, there are thousands of features that appear similar to terrestrial gullies. The gullies tend to be in the highlands of the Southern Hemisphere and to face the Equator; all are poleward of 30° latitude. A number of authors have suggested that their formation process involves liquid water, probably from melting ice,[114][115] although others have argued for formation mechanisms involving carbon dioxide frost or the movement of dry dust.[116][117] No partially degraded gullies have formed by weathering and no superimposed impact craters have been observed, indicating that these are young features, possibly still active.[115] Other geological features, such as deltas and alluvial fans preserved in craters, are further evidence for warmer, wetter conditions at an interval or intervals in earlier Mars history.[118] Such conditions necessarily require the widespread presence of crater lakes across a large proportion of the surface, for which there is independent mineralogical, sedimentological and geomorphological evidence.[119]
A cross-section of underground water ice is exposed at the steep slope that appears bright blue in this enhanced-color view from the MRO.[120] The scene is about 500 meters wide. The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground. The ice sheets extend from just below the surface to a depth of 100 meters or more.[121] Further evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars comes from the detection of specific minerals such as hematite and goethite, both of which sometimes form in the presence of water.[122] In 2004, Opportunity detected the mineral jarosite. This forms only in the presence of acidic water, which demonstrates that water once existed on Mars.[123] More recent evidence for liquid water comes from the finding of the mineral gypsum on the surface by NASA's Mars rover Opportunity in December 2011.[124][125] It is estimated that the amount of water in the upper mantle of Mars, represented by hydroxyl ions contained within the minerals of Mars's geology, is equal to or greater than that of Earth at 50–300 parts per million of water, which is enough to cover the entire planet to a depth of 200–1,000 metres (660–3,280 ft).[126]
In 2005, radar data revealed the presence of large quantities of water ice at the poles[105] and at mid-latitudes.[107][127] The Mars rover Spirit sampled chemical compounds containing water molecules in March 2007.
On 18 March 2013, NASA reported evidence from instruments on the Curiosity rover of mineral hydration, likely hydrated calcium sulfate, in several rock samples including the broken fragments of "Tintina" rock and "Sutton Inlier" rock as well as in veins and nodules in other rocks like "Knorr" rock and "Wernicke" rock.[128][129][130] Analysis using the rover's DAN instrument provided evidence of subsurface water, amounting to as much as 4% water content, down to a depth of 60 centimetres (24 in), during the rover's traverse from the Bradbury Landing site to the Yellowknife Bay area in the Glenelg terrain.[128] In September 2015, NASA announced that they had found conclusive evidence of hydrated brine flows on recurring slope lineae, based on spectrometer readings of the darkened areas of slopes.[131][132][133] These observations provided confirmation of earlier hypotheses based on timing of formation and their rate of growth, that these dark streaks resulted from water flowing in the very shallow subsurface.[134] The streaks contain hydrated salts, perchlorates, which have water molecules in their crystal structure.[135] The streaks flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above −23° Celsius, and freeze at lower temperatures.[136]
Perspective view of Korolev crater shows 1.9 kilometres (1.2 mi) deep water ice. Image taken by ESA's Mars Express. Researchers suspect that much of the low northern plains of the planet were covered with an ocean hundreds of meters deep, though this remains controversial.[137] In March 2015, scientists stated that such an ocean might have been the size of Earth's Arctic Ocean. This finding was derived from the ratio of water to deuterium in the modern Martian atmosphere compared to that ratio on Earth. The amount of Martian deuterium is eight times the amount that exists on Earth, suggesting that ancient Mars had significantly higher levels of water. Results from the Curiosity rover had previously found a high ratio of deuterium in Gale Crater, though not significantly high enough to suggest the former presence of an ocean. Other scientists caution that these results have not been confirmed, and point out that Martian climate models have not yet shown that the planet was warm enough in the past to support bodies of liquid water.[138]
Near the northern polar cap is the 81.4 kilometres (50.6 mi) wide Korolev Crater, where the Mars Express orbiter found it to be filled with approximately 2,200 cubic kilometres (530 cu mi) of water ice.[139] The crater floor lies about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) below the rim, and is covered by a 1.8 kilometres (1.1 mi) deep central mound of permanent water ice, up to 60 kilometres (37 mi) in diameter.[139][140]
In February 2020, it was found that dark streaks called recurring slope lineae (RSL), which appear seasonably, are caused by briny water flowing for a few days annually.[141][142]
Polar caps Main article: Martian polar ice caps
North polar early summer water ice cap (1999); a seasonal layer of carbon dioxide ice forms in winter and disappears in summer.
South polar midsummer ice cap (2000); the south cap has a permanent carbon dioxide ice cap mixed with water ice.[143] Mars has two permanent polar ice caps. During a pole's winter, it lies in continuous darkness, chilling the surface and causing the deposition of 25–30% of the atmosphere into slabs of CO2 ice (dry ice).[144] When the poles are again exposed to sunlight, the frozen CO2 sublimes. These seasonal actions transport large amounts of dust and water vapor, giving rise to Earth-like frost and large cirrus clouds. Clouds of water-ice were photographed by the Opportunity rover in 2004.[145]
The caps at both poles consist primarily (70%) of water ice. Frozen carbon dioxide accumulates as a comparatively thin layer about one metre thick on the north cap in the northern winter only, whereas the south cap has a permanent dry ice cover about eight metres thick. This permanent dry ice cover at the south pole is peppered by flat floored, shallow, roughly circular pits, which repeat imaging shows are expanding by meters per year; this suggests that the permanent CO2 cover over the south pole water ice is degrading over time.[146] The northern polar cap has a diameter of about 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) during the northern Mars summer,[147] and contains about 1.6 million cubic kilometres (5.7×1016 cu ft) of ice, which, if spread evenly on the cap, would be 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) thick.[148] (This compares to a volume of 2.85 million cubic kilometres (1.01×1017 cu ft) for the Greenland ice sheet.) The southern polar cap has a diameter of 350 kilometres (220 mi) and a thickness of 3 kilometres (1.9 mi).[149] The total volume of ice in the south polar cap plus the adjacent layered deposits has been estimated at 1.6 million cubic km.[150] Both polar caps show spiral troughs, which recent analysis of SHARAD ice penetrating radar has shown are a result of katabatic winds that spiral due to the Coriolis Effect.[151][152]
The seasonal frosting of areas near the southern ice cap results in the formation of transparent 1-metre-thick slabs of dry ice above the ground. With the arrival of spring, sunlight warms the subsurface and pressure from subliming CO2 builds up under a slab, elevating and ultimately rupturing it. This leads to geyser-like eruptions of CO2 gas mixed with dark basaltic sand or dust. This process is rapid, observed happening in the space of a few days, weeks or months, a rate of change rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars. The gas rushing underneath a slab to the site of a geyser carves a spiderweb-like pattern of radial channels under the ice, the process being the inverted equivalent of an erosion network formed by water draining through a single plughole.[153][154][155][156]
Geography and naming of surface features
A MOLA-based topographic map showing highlands (red and orange) dominating the Southern Hemisphere of Mars, lowlands (blue) the northern. Volcanic plateaus delimit regions of the northern plains, whereas the highlands are punctuated by several large impact basins.
These new impact craters on Mars occurred sometime between 2008 and 2014, as detected from orbit Main article: Geography of Mars Further information: Areoid See also: Category:Surface features of Mars Although better remembered for mapping the Moon, Johann Heinrich Mädler and Wilhelm Beer were the first areographers. They began by establishing that most of Mars's surface features were permanent and by more precisely determining the planet's rotation period. In 1840, Mädler combined ten years of observations and drew the first map of Mars. Rather than giving names to the various markings, Beer and Mädler simply designated them with letters; Meridian Bay (Sinus Meridiani) was thus feature "a".[157]
Today, features on Mars are named from a variety of sources. Albedo features are named for classical mythology. Craters larger than 60 km are named for deceased scientists and writers and others who have contributed to the study of Mars. Craters smaller than 60 km are named for towns and villages of the world with populations of less than 100,000. Large valleys are named for the word "Mars" or "star" in various languages; small valleys are named for rivers.[158]
Large albedo features retain many of the older names but are often updated to reflect new knowledge of the nature of the features. For example, Nix Olympica (the snows of Olympus) has become Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus).[159] The surface of Mars as seen from Earth is divided into two kinds of areas, with differing albedo. The paler plains covered with dust and sand rich in reddish iron oxides were once thought of as Martian "continents" and given names like Arabia Terra (land of Arabia) or Amazonis Planitia (Amazonian plain). The dark features were thought to be seas, hence their names Mare Erythraeum, Mare Sirenum and Aurorae Sinus. The largest dark feature seen from Earth is Syrtis Major Planum.[160] The permanent northern polar ice cap is named Planum Boreum, whereas the southern cap is called Planum Australe.
Mars's equator is defined by its rotation, but the location of its Prime Meridian was specified, as was Earth's (at Greenwich), by choice of an arbitrary point; Mädler and Beer selected a line for their first maps of Mars in 1830. After the spacecraft Mariner 9 provided extensive imagery of Mars in 1972, a small crater (later called Airy-0), located in the Sinus Meridiani ("Middle Bay" or "Meridian Bay"), was chosen by Merton Davies of the Rand Corporation[161] for the definition of 0.0° longitude to coincide with the original selection.[162]
Because Mars has no oceans and hence no "sea level", a zero-elevation surface had to be selected as a reference level; this is called the areoid[163] of Mars, analogous to the terrestrial geoid.[164] Zero altitude was defined by the height at which there is 610.5 Pa (6.105 mbar) of atmospheric pressure.[165] This pressure corresponds to the triple point of water, and it is about 0.6% of the sea level surface pressure on Earth (0.006 atm).[166]
Map of quadrangles Main article: List of quadrangles on Mars For mapping purposes, the United States Geological Survey divides the surface of Mars into thirty cartographic quadrangles, each named for a classical albedo feature it contains. The quadrangles can be seen and explored via the interactive image map below.
Mars Quad Map 0°N 180°W0°N 0°W90°N 0°WMC-01Mare BoreumMC-02DiacriaMC-03ArcadiaMC-04Mare AcidaliumMC-05Ismenius LacusMC-06CasiusMC-07CebreniaMC-08AmazonisMC-09TharsisMC-10Lunae PalusMC-11Oxia PalusMC-12ArabiaMC-13Syrtis MajorMC-14AmenthesMC-15ElysiumMC-16MemnoniaMC-17PhoenicisMC-18CopratesMC-19MargaritiferMC-20SabaeusMC-21IapygiaMC-22TyrrhenumMC-23AeolisMC-24PhaethontisMC-25ThaumasiaMC-26ArgyreMC-27NoachisMC-28HellasMC-29EridaniaMC-30Mare Australe The image above contains clickable linksClickable image of the 30 cartographic quadrangles of Mars, defined by the USGS.[167][168] Quadrangle numbers (beginning with MC for "Mars Chart")[169] and names link to the corresponding articles. North is at the top; 0°N 180°W is at the far left on the equator. The map images were taken by the Mars Global Surveyor.(viewtalk) Impact topography
Newly formed impact crater (est 2016 – 2019). False blue color highlights exposed bedrock
Bonneville crater and Spirit rover's lander The dichotomy of Martian topography is striking: northern plains flattened by lava flows contrast with the southern highlands, pitted and cratered by ancient impacts. Research in 2008 has presented evidence regarding a theory proposed in 1980 postulating that, four billion years ago, the Northern Hemisphere of Mars was struck by an object one-tenth to two-thirds the size of Earth's Moon. If validated, this would make the Northern Hemisphere of Mars the site of an impact crater 10,600 by 8,500 kilometres (6,600 by 5,300 mi) in size, or roughly the area of Europe, Asia, and Australia combined, surpassing the South Pole–Aitken basin as the largest impact crater in the Solar System.[20][21]
Fresh asteroid impact on Mars at 3.34°N 219.38°E. These before and after images of the same site were taken on the Martian afternoons of 27 and 28 March 2012 respectively (MRO).[170] Mars is scarred by a number of impact craters: a total of 43,000 craters with a diameter of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) or greater have been found.[171] The largest confirmed of these is the Hellas impact basin, a light albedo feature clearly visible from Earth.[172] Due to the smaller mass and size of Mars, the probability of an object colliding with the planet is about half that of Earth. Mars is located closer to the asteroid belt, so it has an increased chance of being struck by materials from that source. Mars is more likely to be struck by short-period comets, i.e., those that lie within the orbit of Jupiter.[173] In spite of this, there are far fewer craters on Mars compared with the Moon, because the atmosphere of Mars provides protection against small meteors and surface modifying processes have erased some craters.
Martian craters can have a morphology that suggests the ground became wet after the meteor impacted.[174]
Volcanoes
Viking 1 image of Olympus Mons. The volcano and related terrain are approximately 550 km (340 mi) across. Main article: Volcanology of Mars The shield volcano Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus) is an extinct volcano in the vast upland region Tharsis, which contains several other large volcanoes. Olympus Mons is roughly three times the height of Mount Everest, which in comparison stands at just over 8.8 kilometres (5.5 mi).[175] It is either the tallest or second-tallest mountain in the Solar System, depending on how it is measured, with various sources giving figures ranging from about 21 to 27 kilometres (13 to 17 mi) high.[176][177]
Tectonic sites
Valles Marineris (2001 Mars Odyssey) The large canyon, Valles Marineris (Latin for "Mariner Valleys", also known as Agathadaemon in the old canal maps), has a length of 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) and a depth of up to 7 kilometres (4.3 mi). The length of Valles Marineris is equivalent to the length of Europe and extends across one-fifth the circumference of Mars. By comparison, the Grand Canyon on Earth is only 446 kilometres (277 mi) long and nearly 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) deep. Valles Marineris was formed due to the swelling of the Tharsis area, which caused the crust in the area of Valles Marineris to collapse. In 2012, it was proposed that Valles Marineris is not just a graben, but a plate boundary where 150 kilometres (93 mi) of transverse motion has occurred, making Mars a planet with possibly a two-tectonic plate arrangement.[178][179]
Holes Images from the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) aboard NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter have revealed seven possible cave entrances on the flanks of the volcano Arsia Mons.[180] The caves, named after loved ones of their discoverers, are collectively known as the "seven sisters".[181] Cave entrances measure from 100 to 252 metres (328 to 827 ft) wide and they are estimated to be at least 73 to 96 metres (240 to 315 ft) deep. Because light does not reach the floor of most of the caves, it is possible that they extend much deeper than these lower estimates and widen below the surface. "Dena" is the only exception; its floor is visible and was measured to be 130 metres (430 ft) deep. The interiors of these caverns may be protected from micrometeoroids, UV radiation, solar flares and high energy particles that bombard the planet's surface.[182]
Atmosphere Main article: Atmosphere of Mars
The tenuous atmosphere of Mars visible on the horizon Mars lost its magnetosphere 4 billion years ago,[183] possibly because of numerous asteroid strikes,[184] so the solar wind interacts directly with the Martian ionosphere, lowering the atmospheric density by stripping away atoms from the outer layer. Both Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express have detected ionised atmospheric particles trailing off into space behind Mars,[183][185] and this atmospheric loss is being studied by the MAVEN orbiter. Compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is quite rarefied. Atmospheric pressure on the surface today ranges from a low of 30 Pa (0.0044 psi) on Olympus Mons to over 1,155 Pa (0.1675 psi) in Hellas Planitia, with a mean pressure at the surface level of 600 Pa (0.087 psi).[186] The highest atmospheric density on Mars is equal to that found 35 kilometres (22 mi)[187] above Earth's surface. The resulting mean surface pressure is only 0.6% of that of Earth 101.3 kPa (14.69 psi). The scale height of the atmosphere is about 10.8 kilometres (6.7 mi),[188] which is higher than Earth's, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi), because the surface gravity of Mars is only about 38% of Earth's, an effect offset by both the lower temperature and 50% higher average molecular weight of the atmosphere of Mars.
The atmosphere of Mars consists of about 96% carbon dioxide, 1.93% argon and 1.89% nitrogen along with traces of oxygen and water.[1][189] The atmosphere is quite dusty, containing particulates about 1.5 µm in diameter which give the Martian sky a tawny color when seen from the surface.[190] It may take on a pink hue due to iron oxide particles suspended in it.[18]
Methane Main article: Methane on Mars
Potential sources and sinks of methane (CH 4) on Mars Methane has been detected in the Martian atmosphere;[191][192] it occurs in extended plumes, and the profiles imply that the methane is released from discrete regions. The concentration of methane fluctuates from about 0.24 ppb during the northern winter to about 0.65 ppb during the summer.[193]
Estimates of its lifetime range from 0.6 to 4 years,[194][195] so its presence indicates that an active source of the gas must be present. Methane could be produced by non-biological process such as serpentinization involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.[196] Methanogenic microbial life forms in the subsurface are among possible sources. But even if rover missions determine that microscopic Martian life is the source of the methane, the life forms likely reside far below the surface, outside of the rover's reach.[197]
Escaping atmosphere on Mars (carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen) by MAVEN in UV[198] Aurora In 1994, the European Space Agency's Mars Express found an ultraviolet glow coming from "magnetic umbrellas" in the Southern Hemisphere. Mars does not have a global magnetic field which guides charged particles entering the atmosphere. Mars has multiple umbrella-shaped magnetic fields mainly in the Southern Hemisphere, which are remnants of a global field that decayed billions of years ago.[citation needed]
In late December 2014, NASA's MAVEN spacecraft detected evidence of widespread auroras in Mars's Northern Hemisphere and descended to approximately 20–30° North latitude of Mars's equator. The particles causing the aurora penetrated into the Martian atmosphere, creating auroras below 100 km above the surface, Earth's auroras range from 100 km to 500 km above the surface. Magnetic fields in the solar wind drape over Mars, into the atmosphere, and the charged particles follow the solar wind magnetic field lines into the atmosphere, causing auroras to occur outside the magnetic umbrellas.[199]
On 18 March 2015, NASA reported the detection of an aurora that is not fully understood and an unexplained dust cloud in the atmosphere of Mars.[200]
In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet Mars were temporarily doubled, and were associated with an aurora 25 times brighter than any observed earlier, due to a massive, and unexpected, solar storm in the middle of the month.[201]
Climate Main article: Climate of Mars Of all the planets in the Solar System, the seasons of Mars are the most Earth-like, due to the similar tilts of the two planets' rotational axes. The lengths of the Martian seasons are about twice those of Earth's because Mars's greater distance from the Sun leads to the Martian year being about two Earth years long. Martian surface temperatures vary from lows of about −143 °C (−225 °F) at the winter polar caps[14] to highs of up to 35 °C (95 °F) in equatorial summer.[15] The wide range in temperatures is due to the thin atmosphere which cannot store much solar heat, the low atmospheric pressure, and the low thermal inertia of Martian soil.[202] The planet is 1.52 times as far from the Sun as Earth, resulting in just 43% of the amount of sunlight.[203]
If Mars had an Earth-like orbit, its seasons would be similar to Earth's because its axial tilt is similar to Earth's. The comparatively large eccentricity of the Martian orbit has a significant effect. Mars is near perihelion when it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere and winter in the north, and near aphelion when it is winter in the Southern Hemisphere and summer in the north. As a result, the seasons in the Southern Hemisphere are more extreme and the seasons in the northern are milder than would otherwise be the case. The summer temperatures in the south can be warmer than the equivalent summer temperatures in the north by up to 30 °C (54 °F).[204]
Mars has the largest dust storms in the Solar System, reaching speeds of over 160 km/h (100 mph). These can vary from a storm over a small area, to gigantic storms that cover the entire planet. They tend to occur when Mars is closest to the Sun, and have been shown to increase the global temperature.[205]
Mars (before/after) global dust storm (July 2018) Dust storms on Mars
18 November 2012
25 November 2012
6 June 2018[206] Locations of the Opportunity and Curiosity rovers are noted Orbit and rotation Main article: Orbit of Mars See also: Timekeeping on Mars
Mars is about 230 million km (143 million mi) from the Sun; its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days, depicted in red. Earth's orbit is in blue. Mars's average distance from the Sun is roughly 230 million km (143 million mi), and its orbital period is 687 (Earth) days. The solar day (or sol) on Mars is only slightly longer than an Earth day: 24 hours, 39 minutes, and 35.244 seconds.[207] A Martian year is equal to 1.8809 Earth years, or 1 year, 320 days, and 18.2 hours.[1]
The axial tilt of Mars is 25.19° relative to its orbital plane, which is similar to the axial tilt of Earth.[1] As a result, Mars has seasons like Earth, though on Mars they are nearly twice as long because its orbital period is that much longer. In the present day epoch, the orientation of the north pole of Mars is close to the star Deneb.[16]
Mars has a relatively pronounced orbital eccentricity of about 0.09; of the seven other planets in the Solar System, only Mercury has a larger orbital eccentricity. It is known that in the past, Mars has had a much more circular orbit. At one point, 1.35 million Earth years ago, Mars had an eccentricity of roughly 0.002, much less than that of Earth today.[208] Mars's cycle of eccentricity is 96,000 Earth years compared to Earth's cycle of 100,000 years.[209] Mars has a much longer cycle of eccentricity, with a period of 2.2 million Earth years, and this overshadows the 96,000-year cycle in the eccentricity graphs.[clarification needed] For the last 35,000 years, the orbit of Mars has been getting slightly more eccentric because of the gravitational effects of the other planets. The closest distance between Earth and Mars will continue to mildly decrease for the next 25,000 years.[210]
Habitability and search for life Main article: Life on Mars
Viking 1 lander's sampling arm scooped up soil samples for tests (Chryse Planitia) The current understanding of planetary habitability – the ability of a world to develop environmental conditions favorable to the emergence of life – favors planets that have liquid water on their surface. Most often this requires the orbit of a planet to lie within the habitable zone, which for the Sun extends from just beyond Venus to about the semi-major axis of Mars.[211] During perihelion, Mars dips inside this region, but Mars's thin (low-pressure) atmosphere prevents liquid water from existing over large regions for extended periods. The past flow of liquid water demonstrates the planet's potential for habitability. Recent evidence has suggested that any water on the Martian surface may have been too salty and acidic to support regular terrestrial life.[212]
Detection of impact glass deposits (green spots) at Alga crater, a possible site for preserved ancient life[213] The lack of a magnetosphere and the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars are a challenge: the planet has little heat transfer across its surface, poor insulation against bombardment of the solar wind and insufficient atmospheric pressure to retain water in a liquid form (water instead sublimes to a gaseous state). Mars is nearly, or perhaps totally, geologically dead; the end of volcanic activity has apparently stopped the recycling of chemicals and minerals between the surface and interior of the planet.[214]
In situ investigations have been performed on Mars by the Viking landers, Spirit and Opportunity rovers, Phoenix lander, and Curiosity rover. Evidence suggests that the planet was once significantly more habitable than it is today, but whether living organisms ever existed there remains unknown. The Viking probes of the mid-1970s carried experiments designed to detect microorganisms in Martian soil at their respective landing sites and had positive results, including a temporary increase of CO 2 production on exposure to water and nutrients. This sign of life was later disputed by scientists, resulting in a continuing debate, with NASA scientist Gilbert Levin asserting that Viking may have found life. A re-analysis of the Viking data, in light of modern knowledge of extremophile forms of life, has suggested that the Viking tests were not sophisticated enough to detect these forms of life. The tests could even have killed a (hypothetical) life form.[215] Tests conducted by the Phoenix Mars lander have shown that the soil has an alkaline pH and it contains magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride.[216] The soil nutrients may be able to support life, but life would still have to be shielded from the intense ultraviolet light.[217] A recent analysis of martian meteorite EETA79001 found 0.6 ppm ClO− 4, 1.4 ppm ClO− 3, and 16 ppm NO− 3, most likely of Martian origin. The ClO− 3 suggests the presence of other highly oxidizing oxychlorines, such as ClO− 2 or ClO, produced both by UV oxidation of Cl and X-ray radiolysis of ClO− 4. Thus, only highly refractory and/or well-protected (sub-surface) organics or life forms are likely to survive.[218]
This image from Gale crater in 2018 prompted speculation that some shapes were worm-like fossils, but they were geological formations probably formed under water.[219] A 2014 analysis of the Phoenix WCL showed that the Ca(ClO 4) 2 in the Phoenix soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form, perhaps for as long as 600 million years. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO 4) 2 in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO 4. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction.[220]
Scientists have proposed that carbonate globules found in meteorite ALH84001, which is thought to have originated from Mars, could be fossilized microbes extant on Mars when the meteorite was blasted from the Martian surface by a meteor strike some 15 million years ago. This proposal has been met with skepticism, and an exclusively inorganic origin for the shapes has been proposed.[221]
Small quantities of methane and formaldehyde detected by Mars orbiters are both claimed to be possible evidence for life, as these chemical compounds would quickly break down in the Martian atmosphere.[222][223] Alternatively, these compounds may instead be replenished by volcanic or other geological means, such as serpentinite.[196]
Location of subsurface water in Planum Australe Impact glass, formed by the impact of meteors, which on Earth can preserve signs of life, has been found on the surface of the impact craters on Mars.[224][225] Likewise, the glass in impact craters on Mars could have preserved signs of life if life existed at the site.[226][227][228]
In May 2017, evidence of the earliest known life on land on Earth may have been found in 3.48-billion-year-old geyserite and other related mineral deposits (often found around hot springs and geysers) uncovered in the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. These findings may be helpful in deciding where best to search for early signs of life on the planet Mars.[229][230]
In early 2018, media reports speculated that certain rock features at a site called Jura looked like a type of fossil, but project scientists say the formations likely resulted from a geological process at the bottom of an ancient drying lakebed, and are related to mineral veins in the area similar to gypsum crystals.[219]
On 7 June 2018, NASA announced that the Curiosity rover had discovered organic compounds in sedimentary rocks dating to three billion years old,[231] indicating that some of the building blocks for life were present.[232][233]
In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery of a subglacial lake on Mars, the first known stable body of water on the planet. It sits 1.5 km (0.9 mi) below the surface at the base of the southern polar ice cap and is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) wide.[234][235] The lake was discovered using the MARSIS radar on board the Mars Express orbiter, and the profiles were collected between May 2012 and December 2015.[236] The lake is centered at 193° East, 81° South, a flat area that does not exhibit any peculiar topographic characteristics. It is mostly surrounded by higher ground except on its eastern side, where there is a depression.[234]
Moons Main articles: Moons of Mars, Phobos (moon), and Deimos (moon)
Enhanced-color HiRISE image of Phobos, showing a series of mostly parallel grooves and crater chains, with Stickney crater at right
Enhanced-color HiRISE image of Deimos (not to scale), showing its smooth blanket of regolith Mars has two relatively small (compared to Earth's) natural moons, Phobos (about 22 kilometres (14 mi) in diameter) and Deimos (about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) in diameter), which orbit close to the planet. Asteroid capture is a long-favored theory, but their origin remains uncertain.[237] Both satellites were discovered in 1877 by Asaph Hall; they are named after the characters Phobos (panic/fear) and Deimos (terror/dread), who, in Greek mythology, accompanied their father Ares, god of war, into battle. Mars was the Roman counterpart of Ares.[238][239] In modern Greek, the planet retains its ancient name Ares (Aris: Άρης).[240]
From the surface of Mars, the motions of Phobos and Deimos appear different from that of the Moon. Phobos rises in the west, sets in the east, and rises again in just 11 hours. Deimos, being only just outside synchronous orbit – where the orbital period would match the planet's period of rotation – rises as expected in the east but slowly. Despite the 30-hour orbit of Deimos, 2.7 days elapse between its rise and set for an equatorial observer, as it slowly falls behind the rotation of Mars.[241]
Orbits of Phobos and Deimos (to scale) Because the orbit of Phobos is below synchronous altitude, the tidal forces from the planet Mars are gradually lowering its orbit. In about 50 million years, it could either crash into Mars's surface or break up into a ring structure around the planet.[241]
The origin of the two moons is not well understood. Their low albedo and carbonaceous chondrite composition have been regarded as similar to asteroids, supporting the capture theory. The unstable orbit of Phobos would seem to point towards a relatively recent capture. But both have circular orbits, near the equator, which is unusual for captured objects and the required capture dynamics are complex. Accretion early in the history of Mars is plausible, but would not account for a composition resembling asteroids rather than Mars itself, if that is confirmed.[citation needed]
A third possibility is the involvement of a third body or a type of impact disruption.[242] More-recent lines of evidence for Phobos having a highly porous interior,[243] and suggesting a composition containing mainly phyllosilicates and other minerals known from Mars,[244] point toward an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit,[245] similar to the prevailing theory for the origin of Earth's moon. Although the VNIR spectra of the moons of Mars resemble those of outer-belt asteroids, the thermal infrared spectra of Phobos are reported to be inconsistent with chondrites of any class.[244]
Mars may have moons smaller than 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft) in diameter, and a dust ring is predicted to exist between Phobos and Deimos.[23]
Exploration Main article: Exploration of Mars
The descent stage of the Mars Science Laboratory mission carrying the Curiosity rover deploys its parachutes to decelerate itself before landing, photographed by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Dozens of crewless spacecraft, including orbiters, landers, and rovers, have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, the United States, Europe, India, the United Arab Emirates, and China to study the planet's surface, climate, and geology.
As of 2021, Mars is host to fourteen functioning spacecraft: eight in orbit – 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, Mars Orbiter Mission, ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, the Hope orbiter, and the Tianwen-1 orbiter – and six on the surface – the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover, the InSight lander, the Perseverance rover, the Ingenuity helicopter, the Tianwen-1 lander, and the Zhurong rover.[246] The public can request images of Mars via the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's HiWish program.
The Mars Science Laboratory, named Curiosity, launched on 26 November 2011, and reached Mars on 6 August 2012 UTC. It is larger and more advanced than the Mars Exploration Rovers, with a movement rate up to 90 metres (300 ft) per hour.[247] Experiments include a laser chemical sampler that can deduce the make-up of rocks at a distance of 7 metres (23 ft).[248] On 10 February 2013, the Curiosity rover obtained the first deep rock samples ever taken from another planetary body, using its on-board drill.[249] The same year, it discovered that Mars's soil contains between 1.5% and 3% water by mass (albeit attached to other compounds and thus not freely accessible).[250] Observations by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter had previously revealed the possibility of flowing water during the warmest months on Mars.[251]
On 24 September 2014, Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), reached Mars orbit. ISRO launched MOM on 5 November 2013, with the aim of analyzing the Martian atmosphere and topography. The Mars Orbiter Mission used a Hohmann transfer orbit to escape Earth's gravitational influence and catapult into a nine-month-long voyage to Mars. The mission is the first successful Asian interplanetary mission.[252]
The European Space Agency, in collaboration with Roscosmos, launched the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and Schiaparelli lander on 14 March 2016.[253] While the Trace Gas Orbiter successfully entered Mars orbit on 19 October 2016, Schiaparelli crashed during its landing attempt.[254]
In May 2018, NASA's InSight lander was launched, along with the twin MarCO CubeSats that flew by Mars and acted as telemetry relays during the landing. The mission arrived at Mars in November 2018.[255][256] InSight detected potential seismic activity (a "marsquake") in April 2019.[257][258]
InSight Lander – panorama (9 December 2018) In 2019, MAVEN spacecraft mapped high-altitude global wind patterns at Mars for the first time.[259][260] It was discovered that the winds which are miles above the surface retained information about the land forms below.[259]
The United Arab Emirates' Mars Hope orbiter was launched on 19 July 2020, and successfully entered orbit around Mars on 9 February 2021.[261] The probe will conduct a global study of the Martian atmosphere.[262] With this accomplishment, UAE became the second country, after India, to reach Mars on its first attempt.
NASA launched the Mars 2020 mission on 30 July 2020.[263] The Perseverance rover and the Ingenuity helicopter successfully landed on the surface of Mars on 18 February 2021. The mission will cache samples for future retrieval and return of them to Earth.
China's Tianwen-1 lander-rover vehicle successfully landed on Mars on 14 May 2021 (15 May Beijing Time).[246]
Future Main article: Exploration of Mars § Timeline of Mars exploration
Concept for a Bimodal Nuclear Thermal Transfer Vehicle in low Earth orbit The current concept for the Mars sample-return mission would launch in 2026 and feature hardware built by NASA and ESA.[264] The European Space Agency will launch the ExoMars rover and surface platform sometime between August and October 2022.[265]
Several plans for a human mission to Mars have been proposed throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, but no human mission has yet launched. SpaceX founder Elon Musk presented a plan in September 2016 to, optimistically, launch a crewed mission to Mars in 2024 at an estimated development cost of US$10 billion, but this mission is not expected to take place before 2027.[266] In October 2016, President Barack Obama renewed United States policy to pursue the goal of sending humans to Mars in the 2030s, and to continue using the International Space Station as a technology incubator in that pursuit.[267][268] The NASA Authorization Act of 2017 directed NASA to get humans near or on the surface of Mars by the early 2030s.[269]
Astronomy on Mars Main article: Astronomy on Mars See also: Solar eclipses on Mars With the presence of various orbiters, landers, and rovers, it is possible to practice astronomy from Mars. Although Mars's moon Phobos appears about one-third the angular diameter of the full moon on Earth, Deimos appears more or less star-like, looking only slightly brighter than Venus does from Earth.[270]
Various phenomena seen from Earth have also been observed from Mars, such as meteors and auroras.[271] The apparent sizes of the moons Phobos and Deimos are sufficiently smaller than that of the Sun; thus, their partial "eclipses" of the Sun are best considered transits (see transit of Deimos and Phobos from Mars).[272][273] Transits of Mercury and Venus have been observed from Mars. A transit of Earth will be seen from Mars on 10 November 2084.[274]
On 19 October 2014, comet Siding Spring passed extremely close to Mars, so close that the coma may have enveloped Mars.[275][276][277][278][279][280]
Earth and the Moon (MRO HiRISE, November 2016)[281]
Phobos transits the Sun (Opportunity, 10 March 2004)
Tracking sunspots from Mars Viewing
Animation of the apparent retrograde motion of Mars in 2003 as seen from Earth. The mean apparent magnitude of Mars is +0.71 with a standard deviation of 1.05.[13] Because the orbit of Mars is eccentric, the magnitude at opposition from the Sun can range from about −3.0 to −1.4.[282] The minimum brightness is magnitude +1.86 when the planet is in conjunction with the Sun.[13] At its brightest, Mars (along with Jupiter) is second only to Venus in luminosity.[13] Mars usually appears distinctly yellow, orange, or red. NASA's Spirit rover has taken pictures of a greenish-brown, mud-colored landscape with blue-grey rocks and patches of light red sand.[283] When farthest away from Earth, it is more than seven times farther away than when it is closest. When least favorably positioned, it can be lost in the Sun's glare for months at a time. At its most favorable times — at 15-year or 17-year intervals, and always between late July and late September — a lot of surface detail can be seen with a telescope. Especially noticeable, even at low magnification, are the polar ice caps.[284]
As Mars approaches opposition, it begins a period of retrograde motion, which means it will appear to move backwards in a looping motion with respect to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion lasts for about 72 days, and Mars reaches its peak luminosity in the middle of this motion.[285]
Closest approaches Relative
Geocentric animation of Mars's orbit relative to Earth from January 2003 to January 2019 Mars · Earth
Mars distance from Earth in millions of km (Gm). The point at which Mars's geocentric longitude is 180° different from the Sun's is known as opposition, which is near the time of closest approach to Earth. The time of opposition can occur as much as 8.5 days away from the closest approach. The distance at close approach varies between about 54 and 103 million km (34 and 64 million mi) due to the planets' elliptical orbits, which causes comparable variation in angular size.[286][287] The second-to-last Mars opposition occurred on 27 July 2018,[288] at a distance of about 58 million km (36 million mi).[289] The last Mars opposition occurred on 13 October 2020, at a distance of about 63 million km (39 million mi).[289] The average time between the successive oppositions of Mars, its synodic period, is 780 days; but the number of days between the dates of successive oppositions can range from 764 to 812.[290]
As Mars approaches opposition it begins a period of retrograde motion, which makes it appear to move backwards in a looping motion relative to the background stars. The duration of this retrograde motion is about 72 days.
Absolute, around the present time Mars made its closest approach to Earth and maximum apparent brightness in nearly 60,000 years, 55,758,006 km (0.37271925 AU; 34,646,419 mi), magnitude −2.88, on 27 August 2003, at 09:51:13 UTC. This occurred when Mars was one day from opposition and about three days from its perihelion, making it particularly easy to see from Earth. The last time it came so close is estimated to have been on 12 September 57,617 BC, the next time being in 2287.[291] This record approach was only slightly closer than other recent close approaches. For instance, the minimum distance on 22 August 1924, was 0.37285 AU, and the minimum distance on 24 August 2208, will be 0.37279 AU.[209]
Every 15 to 17 years, Mars comes into opposition near its perihelion. These perihelic oppositions make a closer approach to earth than other oppositions which occur every 2.1 years. Mars comes into perihelic opposition in 2003, 2018 and 2035, with 2020 and 2033 being close to perihelic opposition.
Historical observations Main article: History of Mars observation The history of observations of Mars is marked by the oppositions of Mars when the planet is closest to Earth and hence is most easily visible, which occur every couple of years. Even more notable are the perihelic oppositions of Mars, which occur every 15 or 17 years and are distinguished because Mars is close to perihelion, making it even closer to Earth.
Ancient and medieval observations
Galileo Galilei was the first person to see Mars via telescope, in 1610.[292] The ancient Sumerians believed that Mars was Nergal, the god of war and plague. During Sumerian times, Nergal was a minor deity of little significance, but, during later times, his main cult center was the city of Nineveh.[293] In Mesopotamian texts, Mars is referred to as the "star of judgement of the fate of the dead."[294] The existence of Mars as a wandering object in the night sky was recorded by the ancient Egyptian astronomers and, by 1534 BCE, they were familiar with the retrograde motion of the planet.[295] By the period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the Babylonian astronomers were making regular records of the positions of the planets and systematic observations of their behavior. For Mars, they knew that the planet made 37 synodic periods, or 42 circuits of the zodiac, every 79 years. They invented arithmetic methods for making minor corrections to the predicted positions of the planets.[296][297] In Ancient Greece, the planet was known as Πυρόεις.[298]
In the fourth century BCE, Aristotle noted that Mars disappeared behind the Moon during an occultation, indicating that the planet was farther away.[299] Ptolemy, a Greek living in Alexandria,[300] attempted to address the problem of the orbital motion of Mars. Ptolemy's model and his collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi-volume collection Almagest, which became the authoritative treatise on Western astronomy for the next fourteen centuries.[301] Literature from ancient China confirms that Mars was known by Chinese astronomers by no later than the fourth century BCE.[302] In the East Asian cultures, Mars is traditionally referred to as the "fire star" (Chinese: 火星), based on the Five elements.[303][304][305]
During the seventeenth century, Tycho Brahe measured the diurnal parallax of Mars that Johannes Kepler used to make a preliminary calculation of the relative distance to the planet.[306] When the telescope became available, the diurnal parallax of Mars was again measured in an effort to determine the Sun-Earth distance. This was first performed by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1672. The early parallax measurements were hampered by the quality of the instruments.[307] The only occultation of Mars by Venus observed was that of 13 October 1590, seen by Michael Maestlin at Heidelberg.[308] In 1610, Mars was viewed by Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei, who was first to see it via telescope.[292] The first person to draw a map of Mars that displayed any terrain features was the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens.[309]
Martian "canals"
Map of Mars by Giovanni Schiaparelli
Mars sketched as observed by Lowell before 1914 (south on top)
Map of Mars from the Hubble Space Telescope as seen near the 1999 opposition (north on top) Main article: Martian canal By the 19th century, the resolution of telescopes reached a level sufficient for surface features to be identified. A perihelic opposition of Mars occurred on 5 September 1877. In that year, the Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli used a 22 centimetres (8.7 in) telescope in Milan to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called canali, which were later shown to be an optical illusion. These canali were supposedly long, straight lines on the surface of Mars, to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term, which means "channels" or "grooves", was popularly mistranslated in English as "canals".[310][311]
Influenced by the observations, the orientalist Percival Lowell founded an observatory which had 30 and 45 centimetres (12 and 18 in) telescopes. The observatory was used for the exploration of Mars during the last good opportunity in 1894 and the following less favorable oppositions. He published several books on Mars and life on the planet, which had a great influence on the public.[312][313] The canali were independently found by other astronomers, like Henri Joseph Perrotin and Louis Thollon in Nice, using one of the largest telescopes of that time.[314][315]
The seasonal changes (consisting of the diminishing of the polar caps and the dark areas formed during Martian summer) in combination with the canals led to speculation about life on Mars, and it was a long-held belief that Mars contained vast seas and vegetation. The telescope never reached the resolution required to give proof to any speculations. As bigger telescopes were used, fewer long, straight canali were observed. During an observation in 1909 by Camille Flammarion with an 84 centimetres (33 in) telescope, irregular patterns were observed, but no canali were seen.[316]
Near the end of the nineteenth century, it was widely accepted in the astronomical community that Mars had life-supporting qualities, including oxygen and water. However, in 1894 W. W. Campbell at Lick Observatory observed the planet and found that "if water vapor or oxygen occur in the atmosphere of Mars it is in quantities too small to be detected by spectroscopes then available". This contradicted many of the measurements of the time and was not widely accepted. Campbell and V. M. Slipher repeated the study in 1909 using better instruments, but with the same results. It wasn't until the findings were confirmed by W. S. Adams in 1925 that the myth of the Earth-like habitability of Mars was finally broken.[317] However, even in the 1960s, articles were published on Martian biology, putting aside explanations other than life for the seasonal changes on Mars. Detailed scenarios for the metabolism and chemical cycles for a functional ecosystem have been published.[318]
Spacecraft visitation Main article: Exploration of Mars
Annotated map of the main geological features and sites of past and future missions to Mars. Once spacecraft visited the planet during NASA's Mariner missions in the 1960s and 1970s, these concepts were radically broken. The results of the Viking life-detection experiments aided an intermission in which the hypothesis of a hostile, dead planet was generally accepted.[319]
Mariner 9 and Viking allowed better maps of Mars to be made using the data from these missions, and another major leap forward was the Mars Global Surveyor mission, launched in 1996 and operated until late 2006, that allowed complete, extremely detailed maps of the Martian topography, magnetic field and surface minerals to be obtained.[320] These maps are available online; for example, at Google Mars. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Mars Express continued exploring with new instruments and supporting lander missions. NASA provides two online tools: Mars Trek, which provides visualizations of the planet using data from 50 years of exploration, and Experience Curiosity, which simulates traveling on Mars in 3-D with Curiosity.[321]
In culture Main articles: Mars in culture and Mars in fiction Mars symbol.svg Mars is named after the Roman god of war. In different cultures, Mars represents masculinity and youth. Its symbol, a circle with an arrow pointing out to the upper right, is used as a symbol for the male gender.
The many failures in Mars exploration probes resulted in a satirical counter-culture blaming the failures on an Earth-Mars "Bermuda Triangle", a "Mars Curse", or a "Great Galactic Ghoul" that feeds on Martian spacecraft.[322]
Intelligent "Martians" The fashionable idea that Mars was populated by intelligent Martians exploded in the late 19th century. Schiaparelli's "canali" observations combined with Percival Lowell's books on the subject put forward the standard notion of a planet that was a drying, cooling, dying world with ancient civilizations constructing irrigation works.[323]
An 1893 soap ad playing on the popular idea that Mars was populated Many other observations and proclamations by notable personalities added to what has been termed "Mars Fever".[324] In 1899, while investigating atmospheric radio noise using his receivers in his Colorado Springs lab, inventor Nikola Tesla observed repetitive signals that he later surmised might have been radio communications coming from another planet, possibly Mars. In a 1901 interview, Tesla said:
It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another.[325]
Tesla's theories gained support from Lord Kelvin who, while visiting the United States in 1902, was reported to have said that he thought Tesla had picked up Martian signals being sent to the United States.[326] Kelvin denied this report shortly before leaving: "What I really said was that the inhabitants of Mars, if there are any, were doubtless able to see New York, particularly the glare of the electricity."[327]
In a New York Times article in 1901, Edward Charles Pickering, director of the Harvard College Observatory, said that they had received a telegram from Lowell Observatory in Arizona that seemed to confirm that Mars was trying to communicate with Earth.[328]
Early in December 1900, we received from Lowell Observatory in Arizona a telegram that a shaft of light had been seen to project from Mars (the Lowell observatory makes a specialty of Mars) lasting seventy minutes. I wired these facts to Europe and sent out neostyle copies through this country. The observer there is a careful, reliable man and there is no reason to doubt that the light existed. It was given as from a well-known geographical point on Mars. That was all. Now the story has gone the world over. In Europe, it is stated that I have been in communication with Mars, and all sorts of exaggerations have spring up. Whatever the light was, we have no means of knowing. Whether it had intelligence or not, no one can say. It is absolutely inexplicable.[328]
Pickering later proposed creating a set of mirrors in Texas, intended to signal Martians.[329]
Martian tripod illustration from the 1906 French edition of The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells In recent decades, the high-resolution mapping of the surface of Mars, culminating in Mars Global Surveyor, revealed no artifacts of habitation by "intelligent" life, but pseudoscientific speculation about intelligent life on Mars continues from commentators such as Richard C. Hoagland. Reminiscent of the canali controversy, these speculations are based on small scale features perceived in the spacecraft images, such as "pyramids" and the "Face on Mars". Planetary astronomer Carl Sagan wrote:
Mars has become a kind of mythic arena onto which we have projected our Earthly hopes and fears.[311]
The depiction of Mars in fiction has been stimulated by its dramatic red color and by nineteenth-century scientific speculations that its surface conditions might support not just life but intelligent life.[330] Thus originated a large number of science fiction scenarios, among which is H. G. Wells' The War of the Worlds, published in 1898, in which Martians seek to escape their dying planet by invading Earth.
Influential works included Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles, in which human explorers accidentally destroy a Martian civilization, Edgar Rice Burroughs' Barsoom series, C. S. Lewis' novel Out of the Silent Planet (1938),[331] and a number of Robert A. Heinlein stories before the mid-sixties.[332]
Jonathan Swift made reference to the moons of Mars, about 150 years before their actual discovery by Asaph Hall, detailing reasonably accurate descriptions of their orbits, in the 19th chapter of his novel Gulliver's Travels.[333]
A comic figure of an intelligent Martian, Marvin the Martian, appeared in Haredevil Hare (1948) as a character in the Looney Tunes animated cartoons of Warner Brothers, and has continued as part of popular culture to the present.[334]
After the Mariner and Viking spacecraft had returned pictures of Mars as it really is, an apparently lifeless and canal-less world, these ideas about Mars had to be abandoned, and a vogue for accurate, realist depictions of human colonies on Mars developed, the best known of which may be Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy. Pseudo-scientific speculations about the Face on Mars and other enigmatic landmarks spotted by space probes have meant that ancient civilizations continue to be a popular theme in science fiction, especially in film.[335]
Interactive Mars map Map of Mars The image above contains clickable linksInteractive image map of the global topography of Mars. Hover your mouse over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations, based on data from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (+12 to +8 km); followed by pinks and reds (+8 to +3 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Polar regions are noted.(See also: Mars Rovers map and Mars Memorial map) (view • discuss)
See also List of missions to Mars Mars monolith Mineralogy of Mars Outline of Mars Timekeeping on Mars Wikipedia table comparing stats of planets in the Solar System Notes This image was taken by the Rosetta spacecraft's Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS), at a distance of ≈240,000 kilometres (150,000 mi) during its February 2007 encounter. The view is centered on the Aeolis quadrangle, with Gale crater, the landing site of the Curiosity rover, prominently visible just left of center. The darker, more heavily cratered terrain in the south, Terra Cimmeria, is composed of older terrain than the much smoother and brighter Elysium Planitia to the north. Geologically recent processes, such as the possible existence of a global ocean in Mars's past, could have helped lower-elevated areas, such as Elysium Planitia, retain a more youthful look. Best-fit ellipsoid References Williams, David R. (1 September 2004). "Mars Fact Sheet". 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Galeon, Dom; Creighton, Jolene (9 March 2017). "US Government Issues NASA Demand, 'Get Humans to Mars By 2033'". Futurism. Retrieved 16 February 2018. "Deimos". Planetary Societies's Explore the Cosmos. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2006. Bertaux, Jean-Loup; et al. (2005). "Discovery of an aurora on Mars". Nature. 435 (7043): 790–794. Bibcode:2005Natur.435..790B. doi:10.1038/nature03603. PMID 15944698. S2CID 4430534. Bell, J. F., III; et al. (7 July 2005). "Solar eclipses of Phobos and Deimos observed from the surface of Mars". Nature. 436 (7047): 55–57. Bibcode:2005Natur.436...55B. doi:10.1038/nature03437. PMID 16001060. S2CID 4424182. Staff (17 March 2004). "Martian Moons Block Sun in Unique Eclipse Images From Another Planet". SpaceDaily. Retrieved 13 February 2010. Meeus, J.; Goffin, E. (1983). "Transits of Earth as seen from Mars". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 93 (3): 120–123. Bibcode:1983JBAA...93..120M. Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne; Jones, Nancy; Steigerwald, Bill (19 October 2014). "All Three NASA Mars Orbiters Healthy After Comet Flyby". NASA. Retrieved 20 October 2014. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. "A Comet's Brush With Mars". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 19 October 2014. Retrieved 20 October 2014. Denis, Michel (20 October 2014). "Spacecraft in great shape – our mission continues". European Space Agency. Retrieved 21 October 2014. Staff (21 October 2014). "I'm safe and sound, tweets MOM after comet sighting". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 October 2014. Moorhead, Althea; Wiegert, Paul A.; Cooke, William J. (1 December 2013). "The meteoroid fluence at Mars due to comet C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". Icarus. 231: 13–21. Bibcode:2014Icar..231...13M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.11.028. hdl:2060/20140010989. Grossman, Lisa (6 December 2013). "Fiercest meteor shower on record to hit Mars via comet". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 December 2013. St. Fleur, Nicholas (9 January 2017). "Looking at Your Home Planet from Mars". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
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Post by Freddie on Sept 4, 2021 21:49:29 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Wiki Loves Monuments: Fotografera ett minnesmärke, hjälp Wikipedia och vinn! Läs mer Koordinater: 57°42′N 11°56′Ö Göteborgs hamn Hoppa till navigeringHoppa till sök Göteborgs hamn Gothenburg, Sweden, from the Älsborgs Bridge.jpg Innerhamnen sedd från Älvsborgsbron Hamn, hamnstad Redigera Land Sverige Redigera Administrativt område • Västra Götalands län • Göteborgs kommun Redigera Koordinater 57°42′0″N 11°55′48″E Redigera Webbplats www.portofgothenburg.com Redigera Har del Majnabbehamnen, Göteborgs fiskhamn, Gamla Varvet, Stenpiren, Lilla Bommen, Skandiahamnen, Frihamnen Redigera Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap Röda sten mot Slottsberget 1981 Fil:Evening drone footage of Gothenburg harbour.webm Inflygning över Göteborgs hamn Göteborgs hamn är en hamn längs de båda stränderna av Göta älvs utlopp genom Göteborg, Norra Älvstranden på Hisingen och Södra Älvstranden på Göteborgs fastland. Innehåll 1 Bakgrund 2 Historia 2.1 Strömbåtsgillet 2.2 Den moderna hamnen 3 Hamnen under andra världskriget 4 Tidigare hamnar och kajer 5 Hamnar (kajlängd/djup, i meter) 5.1 Södra Älvstranden 5.2 Norra Älvstranden 6 Fakta 7 Övrigt 8 Referenser 8.1 Noter 8.2 Tryckta källor 9 Vidare läsning 10 Externa länkar Bakgrund Hamnen är en kombinerad flod- och kusthamn, med en total kajlängd på 13,1 kilometer (kajlängd 1905 var 4,8 kilometer).[1][2] Göteborgs hamn är Skandinaviens och Sveriges största hamn med en handelsvolym på 38,2 miljoner ton (2015). Volymerna domineras av olja (60%) följt av containergods och skogsprodukter. Mängden olja var 29,7 miljoner ton, och antalet containrar var 798 000 TEU (2017).[3] Det finns även betydande passagerartrafik. Verksamheten bedrivs av ett kommunalt hamnbolag - Göteborgs Hamn AB – och tre terminalbolag som drivs av privata operatörer: Älvsborgs Ro/Ro av DFDS och Cobelfret, Gothenburg Car Terminal av det svenska logistikföretaget Logent och Skandia Container Terminal av APM Terminals, som ingår i den danska Maersk-koncernen.[4] Utöver gods- och färjetrafik anordnas varje år cirka 40 anlöp av kryssningsfartyg. Det har under 2000-talet varit en uttalad målsättning av Göteborgs kommun att öka antalet kryssningsanlöp. Helikopterbild över Skandiahamnen. Numera ligger hamnarna för fraktfartyg utanför Älvsborgsbron, på Hisingssidan. Längst ut ligger hamnen för råolja, Torshamnen. Innanför ligger Skandiahamnen, för containrar och RoRo-fartyg. Närmast utanför Älvsborgsbron ligger Oljehamnen, för utskeppning av oljeprodukter, som bensin, diesel och eldningsolja. Två av Sveriges fyra raffinaderier ligger i närheten, på Hisingssidan, dessa är Preemraff Göteborg och St1s Raffinaderi. Innanför Älvsborgsbron, på Södra Älvstranden ligger bilfärjeterminaler. Marken tillhör Göteborgs kommun, men hyrs av Stena Line. Dessutom finns här Amerikaskjulet för kryssningsfartyg, Göteborgs fiskhamn samt Lilla Bommens hamn för fritids- och skärgårdsbåtar. På Norra Älvstranden finns Frihamnen, och något längre västerut ligger reparationsvarvet Götaverken Cityvarvet. Dessutom finns det ett antal mindre hamnanläggningar för fritidsbåtar på Norra Älvstranden. Hamnarna på Hisingssidan utanför Älvsborgsbron och Frihamnen har järnvägsförbindelse via Göteborgs hamnbana, en nationellt viktig järnväg för gods. Samtliga hamnar har förbindelse via vägar där lastbilar går. Det är en princip att andelen gods på järnväg ska öka i förhållande till mängden på lastbil. Därför ska banan byggas ut. Hamnens västra gräns gick länge vid en norr-/södergående linje, mellan Röda sten - vid Stora Billingen - på fastlandet och Rya näs på Hisingen. Gränsen utgjordes av en vitmålad boj med en nyckelsymbol på, "Vite gavel" kallad. Med detta ville man markera att de närliggande Nya Varvet, Nya Älvsborg och befästningarna på Rya Nabbe utgjorde låset för Göteborgs hamn.[5] År 1863 anges hamnens gränser vara "--- hela rivieret innanför sänkverket vid Nya varfvet till Tingstaudde."[6] Rivièret kallas den naturliga hamnbassäng som avgränsas av Lindholmen i väster och Frihamnen i öster. Före torrläggningen av Lundbyvassen var den mer än dubbelt så stor.[7] Centralhamnen blev en modernare benämning på samma område.[8] År 1900 räknades till "Hamnområdet": Hela Rivièret från Tingstads udde till Göta älfs utlopp mellan Billingen och Rya Nabbe, jemte stadens hamnkanaler och vallgraf, äfvensom den del af Göta älf, som är belägen mellan Tingstads udde och stadens gräns mot Lerjeholm. Summa längdmeter kaj var 4 652.[9] Historia Det var Gustav II Adolf som den 17 oktober 1619 till generalståthållaren Nils Göransson Stiernsköld sände en första "ordning över den byggningshjälp", som skulle utgå till hamnändamål, sedermera Götheborgs byggningshjelp. Han utanordnade därmed av kronans tillgångar ett belopp av 16 912 daler silvermynt, samt ett stort parti ekpålar, furuplankor och sågblock. Den 3 januari 1621 anvisade kungen därutöver till samma ändamål ett belopp av 12 469 daler silvermynt, jämte ett avsevärt parti sågblock, ved till kolning, hö och spannmål. Totalt under åren 1619-22 beviljades 35 000 daler silvermynt.[10] Ansvarig för hamnbygget blev Stiernsköld och den ekonomiska förvaltningen sköttes av fogden Nils Börjesson. Som tekniska ledare för hamnbygget anställdes två holländska fackmän, vallmästarna (person med uppgift att leda anläggandet av en vall) Jan Aertsen och Joost van Werdt, med början i januari 1620 mot en lön av 40 daler silvermynt i månaden vardera. Arbetet påbörjades förmodligen på våren 1620, och hamnen försågs successivt med träskoning av furupålar, endast "utanför hamnhufvudet" och "på en brygga ut till älfven" blev dessa beslagna med ekplankor. Enligt kungens "uträkning och förslag" den 4 april 1620, skulle arbetet börja med grävandet av "en graf ifrån där vassen och djupet begynnes och till torget" (Gustav Adolfs torg) och att vallmästarna trodde sig bli färdiga med detta arbete redan under sommaren (1620). I den ursprungliga stadsplanen från 1619 hade man skissat på en hamnkanal kring Kvarnberget, med sin norra mynning vid nuvarande Lilla Bommen och sin utgång i nordväst vid nuvarande Stora Hamnkanalens mynning. Meningen var att hamnen på detta sätt skulle hållas isfri samt spolas ren av Göta älvs genomströmning. Omfattande grävningsarbeten utfördes med start i slutet av 1619, men planerna fick överges då utlöparna från Kvarnberget kom i dagen redan på 4–5 meters djup. Resultatet av grävningarna blev "gropen" eller "pölen", ett cirka 150x90 meter stort område, som sträckte sig från Tyska kyrkan och uppemot Nedre Kvarnbergsgatan (där stadens första begravningsplats blev lokaliserad). Först i slutet av 1630-talet lades gropen igen, men fortsatte att ställa till problem för husbyggare under många år.[11][12][13][14] Man anlade också från början en "vattenkvarn", ett pumpverk, som hörde till det viktigaste vid ett stads- och hamnbygge i sumpmark. Det drevs av 16 stycken "verkhästar". År 1620 uppfördes i Göteborg två smedjor för hamnbyggets räkning, där några av kronans knektar mot särskild lön hjälpte till. Hamnen får anses vara färdig i sitt första utförande på sommaren 1622, men fortfarande så grund att endast hemförarebåtar och mindre segelskutor kunde lägga till. Större skepp fick lägga sig på redden ute vid Klippan. Den på 1620-talet utgrävda Stora Hamnkanalen var stadens första anlagda hamn, och i anslutning till den grävdes kanalerna fram till de stora köpmanshusen. Stora Bommen var tullgräns och avskiljde Stora Hamnkanalen, Masthamnen (nuvarande Packhusplatsen) och Västra Hamnen (nuvarande Västra Hamngatan) från älven. Lilla Bommen avskiljde på samma sätt Östra Hamnen (nuvarande Östra Hamngatan). Under mer än tvåhundra år - eller fram till mitten av 1800-talet - var Stora Hamnkanalen fortfarande stadens huvudhamn. Några stenkajer fanns då inte utanför kanalerna. Större fartyg ankrade vanligtvis vid Klippan eller vid Gamla Varvet (nuvarande Stigbergskajen).[15] År 1639 meddelar kronans tullnär Henrik Sinclair, att "inge synnerlige skepp lossade eller ladade inom bommen, utan sådant skedde mest ute på redde".[16] Stora Hamnen uppmättes 1644 till en längd av 800 meter (från Göta älv och fram till nuvarande Kvarnbron, som går mellan Hotellplatsen och Norra Hamngatan)[17] och till en bredd av 43 meter.[18] Hamnens första utbyggnad, Stora Hamnen och Östra Hamnkanalen, var helt färdiga i början av 1630-talet. Västra Hamnkanalen blev färdig först ett tiotal år senare. Vattendjupet i dessa var 2-3 meter. För att underlätta sjöfarten in till Göteborg, blev inloppet i älven 1670 försett med prickar, eftersom de många grunden utgjorde en stor fara. Året därpå lät hamnmyndigheten införskaffa en "mudderqvarn"-byggare från Holland, då älven grundat upp och fartygen inte kunde komma in mot stränderna.[19] Den första Hamnordningen kom till genom beslut av Kungl. Maj:t den 30 juni 1752, "till förekommande af hamnens uppgrundning och i öfrigt till bibehållande af ordning". Resurserna var en hamnmästare med två drängar, och för kanalerna en hamn- och torgfogde.[20] "Kongl. Direktionen öfver Göteborgs Hamn- och Elfarbeten" var därefter namnet på hamnens förvaltning 1839-1897,[21] vars verksamhet i huvudsak omfattade alla i och för sjötrafiken nödvändiga arbeten i Göteborgs hamn och revier (den inre hamnbassängen). Genom kungligt brev den 30 juli 1897 inrättades en särskild styrelse under benämning Hamnstyrelsen, vilken övertog ansvaret för stadens hamnar, revier och kanaler, som tidigare tillhört "Kongl. Direktionen öfver Göteborgs Hamn- och Elfarbeten", drätselkammaren samt gatu- och vägförvaltningen.[22] Strömbåtsgillet År 1625 inrättades Strömbåtsgillet, vilka ombesörjde lastning och lossning av fartyg i Göteborg samt transporten av järn, trä och annat köpmansgods till och från Åkerström ("Strömmen" kallat) söder om Trollhättefallen på älvens västsida. Det var med nära nog monopolrätt, som gillet ansvarade för alla transporter, och dessutom även för riktig vägning och förtullning av allt tullpliktigt gods. Efter 20 års verksamhet uppdelades gillet 1645 i två delar, varav det ena, som behöll det gamla namnet, skulle ombesörja trafiken från Göteborg inåt landet till Åkerström, medan det andra, "Hemförare-Båtgillet", tog hand om lastning och lossning av skeppen samt transporter inom hamnen.[23] Båtägarna var en slags redare som använde lejda båtkarlar för sina tjänster. Juridiskt betraktades båtarna som fastigheter, med förbehållet att de skulle stå till Kungl. Maj:ts disposition i krigstid. Köpmännen var förbjudna att använda andra båtar för sina varutransporter än gillets, vilket ofta orsakade klagomål på deras kapacitet till Kungl. Maj:t.[24] Eftersom skeppen på grund av det låga djupet i älven fick ankra på redden ute vid Klippan, måste lasterna tas in till magasinen i Stora hamnkanalen med hemförarebåtar. Ursprungligen var hemförarna 14 stycken, och 1841 var man 25 stycken. Gillet kan sägas ha varit våra dagars hamnarbetare, stuvare och bogserbåtar. År 1846 miste gillet genom näringsförordningen sina privilegier, men efterföljaren Hemförarebåtföreningen var verksam fram till i början av 1870-talet. Dessutom fanns ett "Roddargille" med uppgiften att frakta både passagerare och varor.[25][26] År 1670 kostade en båtresa mellan Göteborgs hamn och Styrsö 40 öre silvermynt, och till Kungälv 24 riksdaler.[27] Den moderna hamnen Plan av Göteborgs hamn 1932. Först i samband med byggandet av Trollhätte- och Göta kanal på 1820- till 1840-talen, började den moderna hamnen att utformas. Omfattande muddringsarbeten utfördes då i älvens yttre del samt ovanför Stora Bommen. Nedanför Stora Bommen muddrades till 15 fots djup och längre upp i älven till 10-12 fot. Förtöjningsplatser närmare staden för större fartyg kunde därmed erbjudas, varför sjöförbindelsen med inlandet underlättades väsentligt. Säffle kanal blev klar 1837 och Dalslands kanal 1868. Därigenom knöts ett mycket stort område i Bergslagen, Värmland och Dal med dess skogar och järnbruk, till Göteborg.[28] År 1843 utarbetades den hamnplan som omfattade Stora och Lilla Bommens hamnar med sina strandområden samt Stenpiren. En ny hamnplan tillkom 1857, främst på grund av järnvägarnas framväxt och Västra stambanan beräknades medföra stora trafikökningar för Göteborg. Här ingick en fortsatt utbyggnad kring Stora- och Lilla Bommens hamnar, från Järnvågen, strax väster om Vallgraven, till den västra delen av Gullbergskajen i öster. Dessa arbeten var klara kring 1874. Bergslagsbanan medförde att Gullbergskajen byggdes ut åt öster och den nya banans hamnspår förlades dit. Hamnbanan på Gullbergskajen stod klar 1879, då Bergslagsbanan invigdes i sin helhet.[28] Om man bortser från hamnkanalerna, är Stenpiren från 1845 hamnens äldsta kaj. Det var framför allt den ökade trafiken i samband med ångfartygens och Göta Kanals tillkomst, som ställde krav på en betydligt större och djupare hamn. Hamndelarna väster om Lilla Bommens hamn var avsedda för ett djup av 17 fot (5,1 meter) och åt öster för 7, 10 och 12 fots djup (2,1, 3,0 och 3,6 meter). I älvfåran utanför kajerna var djupet i genomsnitt cirka 1 fot (30 centimeter) större. Kajerna saknade vid denna tid all utrustning, undantaget Stora Tullpackhuset (1864) och ett mindre träskjul (1873) vid Packhuskajen. År 1878 blev den tredje hamnplanen klar. Den omfattade ytterligare fördjupning av segelrännan till 20 fots djup (6 meter), byggandet av en kaj för samma djup - och 900 meter lång - längs Masthugget samt en reglering av vattenområdet utanför Gullbergskajen och förlängning av denna åt öster. Den blivande Masthuggskajen skulle utrustas med varuskjul och hamnspår för kranar. Kungl Maj:t godkände planen 1879, och kring sekelskiftet 1900 var arbetena i huvudsak genomförda.[29] Göteborgs hamn 1947 Göteborgs hamn, Oljehamnen. Den första fasta förbindelsen mellan älvstränderna i Göteborg tillkom 1874, Hisingsbron. Därmed delades hamnen i praktiken upp i två delar; den östra, som huvudsakligen var avsedd för inlands-(kanal-)trafiken och den västra för kust- och havstrafiken.[30] Den centrala Packhuskajen blev speciellt hemvist for emigranttrafiken till Amerika under denna tid. Den närbelägna Sillgatan, senare Postgatan var den speciella gata med billiga hotell, som betjänade emigranterna. Trafiken gick inte direkt till USA utan i de flesta fall till Hull i England, varifrån emigranterna fortsatte med tåg till Liverpool för vidare transport över Atlanten. Ovanför Packhuskajen ligger Lilla Bommens hamn, som användes av trafiken på Vänern och Göta kanal. Idag är den gästhamn för småbåtar. Stenpiren och den numera rivna Träpiren nedanför denna blev ändpunkt för passagerartrafiken längs Bohuslänska kusten och till Göteborgs skärgård, medan Skeppsbrokajen i övrigt användes av det mindre kust- och kanaltonnaget, under 1900-talet betecknat som segelfartyg med hjälpmotor. Idag är all denna trafik försvunnen. Till Göteborgs norra skärgård går det bilfärjor från Stora Varholmen på Hisingen, och till den södra skärgården går trafiken från Saltholmen. De första åren på 1900-talet anlades Masthuggskajen för oceangående fartyg, inseglingsrännan muddrades till 7 meters djup, och kajerna fick järnvägsspår. Utvecklingen i tonnagets storlek gjorde att Masthuggskajen sedan främst användes för styckegodstrafiken till Västeuropa och Medelhavsländerna. Massgodset, där importen av kol och koks var en viktig del, fick sin egen första hamn i Sannegårdshamnen på den norra Älvstranden med 8 meters vattendjup. Göteborgs stad anslog den 6 februari 1908 medel till en massgodshamn vid Sannegården,[31] och hamnen blev klar 1914.[32] Under perioden 1913-22 tippades 6 miljoner kubikmeter muddermassor i havet, medan 1,5 miljoner användes till fyllning av främst Tingstad- och Lundbyvassarna, Gullbergsvass, Lärje, Arendal, Sannegården och älvstranden Inom Vallgraven. Sammanlagt vann staden på detta sätt 525 hektar mark, varav 75 hektar genom länspumpning.[33] Stigbergskajen kom till under åren 1906-10. Den kom att användas för passagerartrafik. Betongskjulet, senare kallat Amerikaskjulet, på Stigbergskajen stod klart 1912, ritat av arkitekt Hans Hedlund[34]. Det kom alltså till innan Svenska Amerika Linien etablerades 1915 och fick sin terminal där. Från Stigbergskajen gick också länge Svenska Lloyds passagerarfartyg till Tilbury vid London. Under åren efter andra världskriget var det direkt anslutning med snälltåget Londonpilen från Stockholm till Englandsbåtens avgångar, vissa tider med sittvagn helt till kajplatsen. Granne med Stigbergskajen är Göteborgs Fiskhamn, som anlades samtidigt med denna. Den första fiskauktionen hölls i den nya fiskhamnen hölls 10 oktober 1910. Dessförinnan hade fiskhandeln varit förlagd till Fisktorget vid Rosenlundskanalen, där Göteborgs stads fiskhall, i senare tid också officiellt kallad Feskekörka, stod färdig 1874. Göteborgs Frihamn på norra älvstranden stod färdig och öppnades år 1922. Flygfoto över hamnområdet från cirka 1960. Antalet ankommande och avgående fartyg 1913 var 21 574 stycken, med ett registrerat tonnage på 5 610 154 ton.[35] Tankbåt på väg in i hamnen, 1982 Hamnen utökades år 1938 med Lindholmshamnen, vars stora kajskjul kom till under krigsåren och Lundbyhamnen öppnades för trafik 1952. Båda dessa betjänade de större oceangående lastfartygen. Majnabbehamnen utbyggdes i etapper åren 1951–1962 med anläggningar för styckegods och färjetrafik. Passagerartrafiken på England fick sin nya hamn där. Oljehamnen i Rya påbörjades 1929 och 1951 startade anläggandet av en ny oljehamn, Skarvikshamnen, där en pir om två kajplatser med 12 meters vattendjup blev klar 1957 och ytterligare en kajplats färdigställdes under 1965. Torshamnen utanför Hjärtholmen vid Rivöfjorden, färdigställdes 1966, och var avsedd för import av råolja till raffinaderierna BP och Koppartrans.[36] Piren, som i första utbyggnadsetappen kunde ta emot fartyg på 90 000 ton, öppnades för trafik 1967. Efter att inseglingsleden fördjupades 1968-69 tog piren emot fartyg upp till 225 000 ton. I Skandiahamnen togs tre terminaler för europatrafik i bruk 1966 och den första etappen i en fjärde anläggning för transocean containertrafik och feedertrafik blev klar 1967. I Älvsborgshamnen blev de första två tilläggsplatserna färdiga 1966 och 1970 togs ytterligare en kaj i bruk. Den 30 december 1978 var det premiär för den nya Volvoterminalen i Älvsborgshamnen.[37] Till Torshamnen muddrades 1964-65 en farled med 15 meters vattendjup, som fördjupades 1968-69 till 20,7 meter.[38] Hamnen under andra världskriget Mot bakgrund av att Göteborgs hamn kunde utnyttjas för tyskarnas krigförande ändamål på våren 1944, planerades en sprängning av Götaälvbron med också en blockering av hamninloppet. Tre fartyg ingick i "Operation spärrning", där det mest betydande var tankern Buenos Aires på 17 000 dwt - byggd vid Götaverken för skeppsredare Aristoteles Onassis räkning och sjösatt 17 januari 1942, men på grund av kriget inspärrad i Göteborg. Fartyget bogserades ut från sin ankarplats och placerades tvärs över Göta älv. Därefter vattenfylldes hennes tankar och bottenventilerna öppnades så att hon stod på botten, men med däcket ovanför vattnet. Fartyget placeras i en linje från omedelbart väster om Nya Varvets örlogsstation och till Rya Nabbe på Hisingssidan, där Göta älv är som smalast längst ut i väster, innan den övergår i Älvsborgsfjorden. De militära anläggningarna på Stora Billingen i anslutning till Nya Varvet skulle också vara av stort värde när det gällde att försvara spärren mot eventuella inkräktare. På morgonen den 1 maj 1944 låg två stora tankfartyg sänkta tvärs älven och ett av två mindre lastfartyg låg förberett för sprängning. En del av älvfåran från Hisingssidan och utåt blockerades av ytterligare ett tankfartyg, som även detta vattenfylldes.[39] Tidigare hamnar och kajer Masthuggskajen. Kronans Masthamn - var en hamnbassäng som låg innanför Stora Bombastionen vid nuvarande Packhusplatsen/Packhuskajen, på platsen för det som senare blev Tull- och Packhuset (1864), numera Casino Cosmopol.[40] Masthamnen var rektangelformad, cirka 35 meter bred och sträckte sig längs- och väster om Franska tomten (ungefär nuvarande Packhusplatsen 4) till i höjd med Kronhusgatan. Hamnen upptog därmed större delen av Packhusplatsen.[41] Broströms kaj - inom Götaverkens område vid Stjärngatan. Carnegiekajen - infart vid dåvarande Oscars- eller Banehagsgatan. Gasverkskajen - öster om Gullbergskajen, vid Gullbergs Strandgata. Ringökajen - vid Ringön, infart vid Ringögatan/Smidesgatan.[42] Mast- och brädehamnarna, sträckte sig mellan Stigberget (strax öster om Gamla Varvet, vid Bläsan) och Vallgraven vid Carlsporten. Hamnarna bestod år 1711 av 23 tomter, med början vid Stigberget.[43] Wærnerska hamnen - var en hamnegendom och lastplats, som fick sitt namn av Carl Fredrik Wærn som här vid mitten av 1800-talet startade tillverkning av guano. Hamnen låg vid Klippan strax sydväst om Frigången, en smal väg ner mot en tilläggsplats. Hit ner rann Forsbäcken, från en större damm. Vid en eldsvåda i fabriksbyggnaderna i december 1857, skadades anläggningen svårt. Vid Wærns hastiga död sex månader senare, tog sonen Fredrik Wærn över. Under dennes tid användes hamnen till transitoupplag av tackjärn och stångjärn, telegraf- och gruvstolpar, plank och bräder. Varorna anlände från de många Wærnska bruken och sågarna i Dalsland. Hamnområdet utgjorde en egen domän, avspärrad från det övriga grannskapet och dit ingen utomstående ägde tillträde. År 1923 övertog staden egendomen, vilken utarrenderades till olika firmor.[44][45] År 1900 var de fem mest frekventerade kajplatserna i hamnen (antalet anlöp): Franska Tomtens kaj, (412) Nya kajen, (406). Menas sträckan mellan Stora Hamnkanalen och Rosenlundskanalen. Masthuggskajen, (402) Stora Hamnkanalen, (257) Rosenlundskanalen, (224) [46] Hamnar (kajlängd/djup, i meter) Stenpiren. Stigbergskajen. Stapelbädden ses på Norra Älvstranden. Södra Älvstranden Älvnabbens petroleumhamn (äldre), nuvarande militärhamn för Göteborgs garnison Tånguddens hamn, sedan 2005 läge för Räddningstjänstens och fem statliga myndigheters fartyg Nya Varvet (äldre) Carnegiekajen (äldre; 225/5,4-7,5) Klippan (äldre) Majnabbehamnen, (485/3-8). Öppnades 1951. Varvet Kusten (äldre) Göteborgs fiskhamn Gamla Varvet (äldre) Stigbergskajen, (496/7-9). I maj 1906 anslog Göteborgs stadsfullmäktige 825 000 kronor till det som först var tänkt som en fortsättning av Masthuggskajen. Ytterligare 242 000 kronor beviljades senare. Kajen stod klar i september 1910.[47] Den 5 mars 1916 rasade Stigbergskajen på en 110 meter lång och 35 meter bred sträcka.[48] Masthuggskajen, (927/6,3-7,6). Området för kajen, som ännu på 1880-talet kallades för "Sänkvarfvet", och utgjordes av enskilda så kallade hamnar — upplag av mast- och skeppsvirke — gav senare Masthugget och därmed kajen sitt namn.[49] Kajen uppfördes i slutet av 1880-talet och moderniserades 1959-1961, då bland annat kajen byggdes ut med drygt 10 meter i älven och breddades till 982 meter. Tre järnvägsspår drogs fram och vattendjupet vid kaj ökades till 6,5 meter. Kostnaden för upprustningen uppgick till 21 miljoner kronor. År 1961 fanns kajskjul 21, 25, 26, 29 och 31. Pirerna var 21, 23-32. Den 25 november 1900 rasade en sträcka - i höjd med S:t Johanneskyrkan[50] - på cirka 100 x 25 meter av kajen ner i Göta älv. Det kostade närmare 200 000 kronor att återställa kajen, vilket blev klart först 1902.[51]. Numera är järnvägsspåren rivna och hamnen används för bilfärjor mot Frederikshavn. Svenska Amerika Linien, Transoceana linjefartyg. Skeppsbrokajen Skeppsbrokajen, (150/3) Turbåten Trubaduren vid Stenpiren Stenpiren, (215/3-6). Västkusttrafiken (skärgårdstrafiken). Stora Hamnen/Stora Hamnkanalen (äldre) Packhuskajen vid Operan i Göteborg 1977 Packhuskajen, (230/3). Östersjötrafik, linjebåtar, Nordsjön. Lilla Bommens hamn. Gästhamn för mindre privata båtar. Tidigare också styckegods och kanalbåtar. Gullbergskajen, (1 294/3-5,8). Kol, trä, styckegods. Gasverkskajen, (äldre; 255/5,8) Lärjehamnen, (äldre; 310/3,6-5,3) Rosenlundskanalen, byggnadsmaterial, ved, fisk och diverse.[52] Norra Älvstranden Norra Älvstranden. Vy mot Oljehamnen i Göteborg, ca 1998 Torshamnen, (630/20,5), råolja Torshamnen, (250/6,5), torrlasthamn Arendal, (450/8), sedan 2010 kryssningsfartyg som inte går under Älvsborgsbron. Älvsborgshamnen, (1246/9-11), last på lastbilar med mera Skandiahamnen, (2200/6-14,2), containrar, nya bilar med mera Skarvikshamnen, (1735/7-13) Ryahamnen, (1275/3,5-9,5), oljeprodukter. Åren 1940-46 tillkom 220 meter kajlängd.[53] Eriksbergshamnen 2008 Eriksbergshamnen, Älvsnabben, Elida, privatbåtar och Ostindiefararen Götheborg. Sannegårdshamnen, (äldre; 890/7-7,5). Nu privata nöjesbåtar. Förr: Västra sidan: kol och koks. Östra sidan: tillfälligt massgods. Lindholmshamnen, (äldre; 908/4,2-9), blev klar 1940, mellan Lindholmen och Götaverken.[54] Älvsnabben och privatbåtar. Hamnen hade ursprungligen 670 meter kajlängd.[53] Lundbyhamnen, (680/8), numera reparationsvarvet Cityvarvet. Tidigare Transatlantics trafik på Afrika, Australien och USA. Ursprunglig kajlängd var 600 meter. Hamnen påbörjades 1946.[53] Frihamnen, (1937/6-9,5), numera Stena Line och kryssningsfartyg. Nyligen Englandsbåtar, förr frihamn. I slutet av 1940-talet fick Frihamnen ytterligare en bassäng för 2-3 oceangående fartyg. Åren 1940-46 tillkom 145 meter kajlängd.[53] Ringökajen, (195/3), Gotenius varv Kvarnen Tre Lejon, (äldre; 310/3-9) [1][55] Fakta 1946 - kajlängderna var 11 090 meter och antalet kranar 166 stycken. Totalytan på varuskjulen var 133 000 kvadratmeter, en ökning med 64% sedan 1939 (andra världskrigets utbrott). Spårlängden inom hamnområdet var 123 kilometer.[53] Övrigt Isbrytaren I, hette hamnens första isbrytare. Året var 1882 (den såldes 1916).[56] Den följdes av Isbrytaren II (1895), Isbrytaren III (1917) och Göta Lejon (1932).[57] Handdrivna kranar kom 1836, ångdrivna kranar 1900 och eldrivna 1904.[52] Den första "flodångsprutan" inköptes 1908, och skulle främst bekämpa bränder i hamnen.[58] Referenser Noter ^ Göteborgs Stad: Statistisk Årsbok ^ Göteborgs hamn genom tiderna : med 409 illustrationer efter originalfotografier, Leo Bonsdorff, Elanders Boktryckeri, Göteborg 1931 s. 6 ^ Om Göteborgs Hamn; Göteborgs Hamn i siffror ^ Göteborgs hamn: Hamnens nya struktur ^ Stadsdel i väster : skisser från Majorna, Ronald Ryheden, Cirkelförlagets Tryckeri, Göteborg 1966 s. 4-5 ^ Göteborgs stadsfullmäktiges handlingar, N:o 22, 1863, "Förslag till hamnordning och Instruktion för Hamnbefälet." ^ Hugo Hammar ..., (1939), s. 74f ^ Svartvitt flygfoto över Centralhamnen 1921. Göteborgs stadsmuseum. ^ Statistisk Årsbok för Göteborg, [Första årgången 1900], Komitén för Göteborgs stads kommunalstatistik 1902, s. 7-8 ^ Göteborg förr och nu : Göteborgs hembygdsförbunds skriftserie , utgiven av Göteborgs hembygdsförbund 1960 s. 72 ^ Stadsbildningar och stadsplaner i Götaälvs mynningsområde: Från äldsta tider till omkring adertonhundra, Göteborgs Jubileumspublikationer, del VII, Albert Lilienberg, Göteborgs Litografiska AB 1928 s. 155-226 ^ Äldsta planen öfver Göteborgs befästningar, Fortifikationsarkivet, III AAA 2 ^ Där! sa unge kungen, red. Sven Schånberg, utgiven av Göteborgs Byggnadsnämnd, Bergendahls Boktryckeri, Göteborg 1975 s. 8-9 ^ Befästnings- och stadsplan för Göteborg 1924, Fortifikationsarkivet II a. C n:r 9 ^ Stor-Göteborg, Aktiebolaget Bokförmedlingen, Göteborg 1957 s. 46ff ^ Göteborgs historia: Grundläggningen och de första hundra åren: Från grundläggningen till enväldet (1619-1680) - Göteborgs Jubileumspublikationer, del I:I, professor Helge Almquist, Göteborgs Litografiska AB, Göteborg 1929 s. 71-74 ^ Göteborgs kanaler och broar berättar, Bengt A. Öhnander, Tre Böcker Förlag AB, Göteborg 2007 ISBN 978-91-7029-630-7 s. 43 ^ Beskrivning till Historiskt kartverk över Göteborg : Upprättat för Jubileumsutställningen i Göteborg 1923, [16 kartblad], av andre Stadsingenjören A. Södergren s. 8 ^ Samlingar till Göteborgs historia [1] : Kulturhistoriska skildringar, Wilhelm Berg, F. & G. Beijers förlag, Stockholm 1882 s. 142 ^ Staden Göteborgs Historia och Beskrifning : Förra Delen, P[er] A[dolf] Granberg, Elméns och Granbergs tryckeri, Stockholm 1814 s. 245 ^ Göteborgs kalender för 1857, redaktör S A Hedlund & Anton Berg, Göteborg 1857 s. 53 ^ Göteborgs kommunalkalender 1938, red. Werner Göransson, utgiven av Göteborgs stads statistiska byrå, Göteborg 1938 s. 103 ^ Göteborg : En översikt vid 300-årsjubileet 1923, Göteborgs Jubileumspublikationer, del XX, huvudredaktör Nils Wimarson, utgiven av Stadsfullmäktiges Jubileumsberedning 1923 s. 607-608 ^ Berättelser ur Göteborgs Historia under Envåldstiden, Hugo Fröding, Göteborg 1915, s. 74f ^ Göteborgsköpmannen : Specialnummer till Sveriges Köpmannaförbunds kongress i Göteborg 19-24 aug. 1944, red. Hubert Lärn, utgiven av Göteborgs Köpmannaförbund 1944 Artikel: "Hamnens krönika i ett sammandrag", s. 64 ^ Göteborgs hamn genom tiderna, (1931), s. 64 ^ Samlingar till Göteborgs historia [1] : Kulturhistoriska skildringar, Wilhelm Berg, F. & G. Beijers förlag, Stockholm 1882 s. 160 ^ Thulin m.fl (1948), s. 274f ^ Thulin m.fl (1948), s. 275f ^ Thulin m.fl (1948), s. 275 ^ Kronologiska anteckningar om viktigare händelser i Göteborg 1619-1982, Agne Rundqvist, Ralf Scander, Anders Bothén, Elof Lindälv, utgiven av Göteborgs hembygdsförbund 1982, s. 82 ^ Stor-Göteborg (1957), s. 46ff ^ Göteborg : En översikt vid 300-årsjubileet 1923, Göteborgs Jubileumspublikationer, [del XX], huvudredaktör Nils Wimarson, utgiven av Stadsfullmäktiges Jubileumsberedning, Göteborg 1923, s. 631 ^ Byggnader i Göteborg : en guide till 1900-talsarkitektur, Claes Caldenby, Matts Heijl, Eva Jönsson, Jaan Tomasson, Sektionen för arkitektur, Chalmers Tekniska Högskola 1979 s. 35 ^ Sveriges land och folk : historisk-statistisk handbok, [Andra delen], Joseph Guinchard, Norstedt, Stockholm 1915, s. 546 ^ Göteborgs hamnstyrelse - årsberättelse 1966, s. 2 ^ Det hände mycket i Göteborg på sjuttiotalet: [En kronologisk krönika i urval av Bengt Ason Holm] Tre böcker förlag, Göteborg 2015 ISBN 978-91-7029-757-1, s. 88. ^ Göteborgs kommunalkalender 1973, årgång XXXXV, red. Gunnar Bergsten, utgiven av Göteborgs stadskansli, Elanders boktryckeri, Göteborg 1973 s. 71 ^ Redarna kring runda bordet, Algot Mattsson, Tre Böcker Förlag, Göteborg 1996 ISBN 91-7029-196-9 s. 181-190 ^ Göteborg i äldre och nyare tid, [: Bilder samlade och beskrifna af Carl Lagerberg], Wald. Zahrissons Förlag, Göteborg 1902 s. 100-101 ^ Det gamla Göteborg: lokalhistoriska skildringar, personalia och kulturdrag - den inre staden, Andra delen, C R A Fredberg (1921), Faksimil med omfattande kommentarer och tillägg, Sven Schånberg, Arvid Flygare, Bertil Nyberg, Walter Ekstrands Bokförlag 1977 ISBN 91-7408-015-6 s. 921 ^ Vägledare över Stor-Göteborg (Poliskalendern) år 1972, red. Torgny Falck, utgiven av polisföreningen "Kamratskapet", Göteborg 1972 s. 32 ^ Göteborgs Mast- och Bräde hambnar, [karta], 1711 ^ Göteborgs hamn genom tiderna, (1931), s. 377ff ^ Det gamla Göteborg: lokalhistoriska skildringar, personalia och kulturdrag - staden i väster, [Första delen], C R A Fredberg (1921). Faksimil med omfattande kommentarer och tillägg, Sven Schånberg, Arvid Flygare, Bertil Nyberg, Walter Ekstrands Bokförlag 1977 ISBN 91-7408-015-6, s. 67 ^ Statistisk Årsbok för Göteborg, [Första årgången 1900], Komitén för Göteborgs stads kommunalstatistik 1902, s. 114 ^ Millennium - årtusendets bok, red. Jan Hansson, utgiven av Göteborgs-Posten 1999, s. 123 ^ Gamla Masthuggspojkars Tidning 1976, [årgång 30], utgiven av Föreningen Gamla Masthuggspojkar, Göteborg 1976, s. 32 ^ Bonsdorff (1931), s. 156 ^ Hvar 8 dag : illustreradt magasin, Andra årgången, [1 oktober 1900 - 29 september 1901], D F Bonnier, Göteborg 1901, s. 159 ^ Kronologiska anteckningar om viktigare händelser i Göteborg 1619-1982, Agne Rundqvist, Ralf Scander, Anders Bothén, Elof Lindälv, utgiven av Göteborgs hembygdsförbund 1982 s. 75 ^ Göteborgs Hamn: Liv - Arbete - Konst, (2005), s. 35 ^ Vad Göteborgs hamn vill ge, Göteborgs hamn 1947 ^ Göteborgs stadsfullmäktige 1863-1962, del I:2, Göteborg 1913-1962, [Näringsliv och ekonomisk utveckling], professor Artur Attman, utgiven av Göteborgs stadsfullmäktige, Göteborg 1963, s. 277 ^ Statistisk årsbok : Göteborg 1968, [Sextioåttonde årgången], utgiven av Göteborgs stads statistiska kontor 1968 s. 118 ^ Ett svunnet Göteborg, Kjell Hjern, Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm 1964 fig.53 ^ Hugo Hammar ..., (1939), s. 81 ^ Göteborg : En översikt vid 300-årsjubileet 1923, Göteborgs Jubileumspublikationer, [del XX], huvudredaktör Nils Wimarson, utgiven av Stadsfullmäktiges Jubileumsberedning, Göteborg 1923, s. 264 Tryckta källor Hamnbilder från Göteborg. Göteborg: Wezäta. 1981. Libris 7745300. ISBN 91-85074-78-0 Hugo Hammar 1864 4/3 1939: jubileumsskrift utg. av Sjöfartsmuseet i Göteborg : [Red.av Olof Traung.] [Illustr.]. Göteborg. 1939. Libris 2686286 Nilson, Allan T.; Fredlund, Björn (2005). Göteborgs hamn: liv, arbete, konst. Sävedalen: Warne. Libris 9876671. ISBN 91-86425-81-1 Port of Gothenburg : A technical summary of harbour expansion since 1945, Gothenburg 1961 Port of Gothenburg : Traffic Centre in Scandinavia, Stig Axelsson, The Port of Gothenburg Authority, Gothenburg 1965 Thulin, Otto (1948). Göteborg. Svenska stadsmonografier, 99-0820146-8. Göteborg: Religion & Kultur. Libris 1209892 Vidare läsning Port of Gothenburg: year book. Göteborg. 1928-1949. Libris 12279784 Axelson, Rolf (1998). Minnen från Göteborgs hamn. Göteborg: Tre böcker. Libris 7593026. ISBN 91-7029-367-8 Axelson, Stig (1991). Position Göteborg: en krönika om Göteborgs hamns utveckling 1950-1970. Göteborg: Tre böcker. Libris 8369468. ISBN 91-7029-050-4 Göteborg 1875-1950 : hamnen. Lidköping: E. Flygare. 1994. Libris 1845893 Johansson, Kjell Georg (2006). Arbetsmarknad och makt : Göteborgs hamnarbetskontor och arbetsförhållandena i Göteborgs hamn under 1900-talet. [Alingsås: Kjell Georg Johansson]. Libris 10155629. ISBN 91-631-8330-7 Petterson, Knut E (1922). Göteborgs hamn under 300 år. Göteborg: Göteborgs handelstidn. Libris hwwjwssdf01zq2m3 Petterson, Knut E. (1932). Göteborgs hamn under 50-års-perioden 1882 till 1932. Göteborg. Libris 8553991 På vattnet / Gudrun Nyberg red. Hundra år i Göteborg ; volym nr 10. Stockholm: Carlssons. 2020. Libris t4kk6485rcfpfgtb. ISBN 9789189063075 Externa länkar Commons-logo.svg Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Göteborgs hamn. Göteborgs hamns webbplats Plan av Göteborgs hamn 1932 Snabbfakta om Göteborgs hamn : Volymer/Ekonomi/Teknik Svenska Hamnarbetarförbundet, Avdelning 4, Göteborg Varvshistoriska Föreningen i Göteborg v • r Göteborg v • r Kommunikationer i Göteborg v • r Göteborgs Stadshus AB – kommunal koncern Kategorier: Företag med ägande av Göteborgs kommunGöteborgs hamnSjöfart i Göteborg Navigeringsmeny Inte inloggad Diskussion Bidrag Skapa konto Logga in ArtikelDiskussion LäsRedigeraRedigera wikitextVisa historikNära Sök Sök på Wikipedia Huvudsida Introduktion Deltagarportalen Bybrunnen Senaste ändringarna Slumpartikel (−bot) Ladda upp filer Stöd Wikipedia Kontakta Wikipedia Hjälp På andra projekt Commons Skriv ut/exportera Skapa en bok Ladda ner som PDF Utskriftsvänlig version Verktyg Sidor som länkar hit Relaterade ändringar Specialsidor Permanent länk Sidinformation Använd som referens Wikidata-objekt
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Post by Freddie on Sept 11, 2021 23:47:09 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Wiki Loves Monuments: Fotografera ett minnesmärke, hjälp Wikipedia och vinn! Läs mer Jonas Bergström (skådespelare) Hoppa till navigeringHoppa till sök Jonas Bergström Född Jonas Lennart Bergström 11 maj 1946 (75 år) Stockholm Maka Ann-Sofie Wretman (1970–1973) Christina Thelin (1986-nutid) IMDb SFDb Jonas Lennart Bergström, född 11 maj 1946 i Stockholm[1], är en svensk skådespelare.[2] Innehåll 1 Biografi 2 Filmografi (urval) 3 Teater 3.1 Roller (ej komplett) 4 Källor 4.1 Fotnoter 5 Externa länkar Biografi Bergström är son till skådespelarna Olof Bergström och Anita Björk.[2] Bergström började som barnskådespelare i Oscarsteaterns uppsättning av musikalen Oliver 1961. Efter realexamen studerade han en period vid den lyriska linjen vid Malmö stadsteaters elevskola och sökte därefter till Scenskolan i Stockholm där han kom in 1965. Efter studierna engagerades han vid Dramatens ensemble 1968 med kortare avbrott för filmarbete utomlands och engagemang vid Riksteatern.[2] Han var gift första gången 1970–1973 med matskribenten Ann-Sofie Wretman (född 1946), dotter till hovtraktören Tore Wretman och skådespelaren Lillebil Kjellén.[3] Andra gången gifte han sig 1986 med barnmorskan Christina Thelin (född 1955).[4][5] Han är far till scenartisten och musikern Joachim Bergström (född 1970) och Jacob Bergström (född 1995).[källa behövs] Filmografi (urval) 1968 – Doktor Glas 1969 – Kråkguldet (TV-serie) 1969 – Ådalen 31 1970 – Frida och hennes vän (TV-serie) 1971 – Den byxlöse äventyraren (TV-serie) 1972 – The Day the Clown Cried 1973 – Makt på spel (TV-serie) 1973 – Robin Hood (röst som Robin Hood) 1973 – Håll alla dörrar öppna 1977 – Peter och draken Elliott (röst) 1978 – En och en 1979 – En handelsresandes död 1982 – The Day Before You Came (ABBA-video: Agnethas man) 1984 – Bakom jalusin 1986 – Skuggan av Henry (TV-serie) 1987 – Fadern, Sonen och Den Helige Ande... 1987 – Svart gryning 1988 – Min granne Totoro (röst till Pappa Kusakabe) 1993 – Rederiet (TV-serie) 1994 – Polis polis potatismos 1995 – Babe – den modiga lilla grisen (röst) 1995 – En nämndemans död (TV-serie) 1999 – Pokemon filmen'' (röst till Pokedex) 1999 – Asterix och Obelix möter Caesar (röst) 2001 – Jimmy Neutron: Underbarnet (röst) 2002 – Harry Potter och Hemligheternas kammare (röst som Arthur Weasley) 2002 – Spy Kids 2 (röst) 2003 – Fullt hus (röst) 2003 – Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (röst) 2003 – Looney Tunes: Back In Action (röst) 2004 – Harry Potter och fången från Azkaban (röst som Arthur Weasley) 2004 – Superhjältarna (röst som rektor John Walker) 2004 – Leka med elden 2005 – Harry Potter och den flammande bägaren (röst som Arthur Weasley) 2007 – Lego Star Wars (röst som Han Solo) 2007 – Harry Potter och Fenixorden (röst som Arthur Weasley) Teater Roller (ej komplett) År Roll Produktion Regi Teater 1961 Räven Oliver! Lionel Bart Sven Aage Larsen Oscarsteatern[6] 1973 Jesus Godspell John-Michael Tebelak och Stephen Schwartz Jonnie Christen Klaus Pagh Jarlateatern[7] 1974 Jens Sanddosa Den jäktade Ludvig Holberg Henning Moritzen Dramaten 1976 Läkaren Gud bevare omgivningen när en människa får en idé Stig Ossian Ericson Per Sjöstrand Dramaten Jansson Chez nous Per Olov Enquist och Anders Ehnmark Lars Göran Carlson Dramaten 1977 Barremo, LKAB Ranstadvalsen Jan Guillou och Gunnar Ohrlander Margaretha Byström Dramaten 1989 Charleys tant Brandon Thomas Per Gerhard Vasateatern[8] 1991 Gröna hissen Avery Hopwood Hans Bergström Vasateatern[9] 1992 Petter Broder Giovanni Romeo och Julia William Shakespeare Peter Langdal Dramaten 1994 Medverkande Den stora kicken, revy Ulf Eklund Vasateatern[10] 2001 Borny, advokat Tillbaka till öknen Bernard-Marie Koltès Staffan Valdemar Holm Dramaten 2004 F. Alexander Zophar A Clockwork Orange 2004 Anthony Burgess Kasper Bech Holten Dramaten 2008 Sven Svenskt landskap med kinesiska detaljer Lucas Svensson Carolina Frände Dramaten 2009 Doktor Caius Pistol Muntra fruarna i Windsor William Shakespeare John Caird Dramaten 2010 Hantverkarna Gösta Ekman Dramaten Antonio Stormen William Shakespeare John Caird Dramaten 2011 Romeo och Julia William Shakespeare John Caird Dramaten 2012 Baron Spöksonaten August Strindberg Mats Ek Dramaten Oscar Hummel Spoon River Edgar Lee Masters Benoît Malmberg Dramaten 2015 Måsen Anton Tjechov Anita Ekström Kullehusteatern Källor Fotnoter ^ Sveriges befolkning 1970, CD-ROM, Version 1.04, Sveriges Släktforskarförbund (2002). ^ ”Jonas Bergström”. Svensk Filmdatabas. Läst 13 oktober 2012. ^ Bergström, Jonas L, skådespelare, Sthlm i Vem är det / Svensk biografisk handbok / 1993 / s 117. ^ Bergström, Jonas L, skådespelare, Sthlm i Vem är det / Svensk biografisk handbok / 2007 / s 64. ^ Sveriges befolkning 1990, CD-ROM, Version 1.00, Riksarkivet (2011). ^ Folke Hähnel (15 september 1961). ”'Oliver' på Oscarsteatern”. Dagens Nyheter: s. 20. Läst 22 augusti 2015. ^ Ingmar Glanzelius (21 september 1973). ”'Godspell': Fart och spelglädje och mycket vitsande”. Dagens Nyheter: s. 22. Läst 20 augusti 2015. ^ Marcus Boldemann (1 oktober 1989). ”'Charleys tant' yvig familjeföreställning”. Dagens Nyheter: s. 25. Läst 23 augusti 2015. ^ Marcus Boldemann (19 januari 1991). ”Vanlig underklädserotik - men utan rätta stilen”. Dagens Nyheter. Läst 7 december 2020. ^ Lars-Olof Franzén (25 september 1994). ”Flera friska fläktar i unken lokal. "Den stora kicken" på Vasateatern träffar tonen i nittiotalets Sverige med kraftfullt utspel”. Dagens Nyheter. Arkiverad från originalet den 23 januari 2016. Läst 28 juni 2015. Externa länkar Jonas Bergström på Internet Movie Database (engelska) Jonas Bergström i Dramatens rollbok Kategorier: Svenska skådespelareSvenska röstskådespelareFödda 1946MänLevande personerSkådespelare från Stockholm Navigeringsmeny Inte inloggad Diskussion Bidrag Skapa konto Logga in ArtikelDiskussion LäsRedigeraRedigera wikitextVisa historik Sök Sök på Wikipedia Huvudsida Introduktion Deltagarportalen Bybrunnen Senaste ändringarna Slumpartikel (−bot) Ladda upp filer Stöd Wikipedia Kontakta Wikipedia Hjälp Skriv ut/exportera Skapa en bok Ladda ner som PDF Utskriftsvänlig version Verktyg Sidor som länkar hit Relaterade ändringar Specialsidor Permanent länk Sidinformation Använd som referens Wikidata-objekt
Språk العربية English Bahasa Indonesia مصرى Redigera länkar Sidan redigerades senast den 7 december 2020 kl. 13.33. Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 3.0 Unported. För bilder, se respektive bildsida (klicka på bilden). Se vidare Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt och användarvillkor. Wikimedias integritetspolicyOm WikipediaFörbehållMobil vyUtvecklareStatistikInformation om kakorWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki
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Post by Freddie on Sept 11, 2021 23:49:06 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Wiki Loves Monuments: Fotografera ett minnesmärke, hjälp Wikipedia och vinn! Läs mer Darkwing Duck Hoppa till navigeringHoppa till sök Darkwing Duck Darkwing Duck 1991 logo.svg Genre Superhjälte Komedi Skapad av Tad Stones Medverkande Jim Cummings Christine Cavanaugh Terry McGovern Musik Steve Nelson Thom Sharp Philip Giffin Antal avsnitt 91 Längd (per avsnitt) 22 minuter Antal säsonger 3 Land USA USA Språk Engelska Produktion Produktionsbolag Walt Disney Television Animation Walt Disney Television Distributör Buena Vista Television Sändning Originalkanal The Disney Channel (1991) Syndikering (1991–1995) ABC (1991–1993) Originalvisning 8 september 1991 – 5 december 1992 Bildformat SD: 4:3 (utsändning/DVD release) HD: 16:9 (strömning) Ljudformat Stereo Status Avslutad Officiell webbplats IMDb
Personer utklädda till Sigge McKvack och Darkwing Duck. För datorspelet, se Darkwing Duck (datorspel). Darkwing Duck är en amerikansk tecknad TV-serie från Walt Disney Television och sändes i USA åren 1991 och 1992, totalt 91 avsnitt. Huvudpersonen är ankan Darkwing Duck, en pulp-pastisch, som bekämpar brottslighet i den fiktiva staden S:t Canard (en ordlek, då "canard" är franska för "anka"), en grannstad till Ankeborg. Serien är en spin-off av DuckTales, som lades ner 1990.
Innehåll 1 Karaktärer 1.1 Hjältarna 1.2 Skurkarna 2 Avsnitt 2.1 Säsong 1 (1991) 2.2 Säsong 2 (1991) 2.3 Säsong 3 (1992) 3 Serietidningarnas värld 4 TV-spel 5 Darkwing Duck i Sverige 6 Se även 7 Källor 8 Externa länkar Karaktärer Hjältarna Drake Mallard (Drake Mallard) - Seriens huvudperson, som har vigt sitt liv åt att bekämpa brottslighet - som superhjälten Darkwing Duck. Spelades av Anders Öjebo i Sverige. Även signatursångens svenska version sjöngs av Öjebo. Sigge McKvack (Launchpad McQuack) - Darkwings något fumlige sidekick, Joakim von Ankas f.d. pilot, som tidigare var en av centralfigurerna i DuckTales. Spelades av Ulf Källvik i Sverige. Gåsalin Waggermeyer-Mallard (Gosalyn Waddlemeyer-Mallard) - Darkwings hyperaktiva adoptivdotter. Vill hjälpa Darkwing även om han inte vill. Hon har även haft flera superhjälte-alias. De två gillar varandra men bråkar ofta. Gåsalin är förresten den enda medlemmen i sin familj som överlevt. Spelades av Monica Forsberg i Sverige. Ture Fummelfot (Herbert "Honker" Muddlefoot Jr.) - Gåsalins bästa vän, betydligt mer tillbakadragen än hon - något av en bokmal. Den enda vid sidan av Gåsalin, Sigge (och senare Morgana) som känner till att Drake i själva verket är Darkwing Duck. Spelades av Christel Körner i Sverige. Allan Fummelfot (Herbert "Herb" Muddlefoot) - Tures far, och Drakes granne. Godmodig, om än aningen för påträngande för Drakes smak. Spelades av Roger Storm i Sverige. Doris Fummelfot (Binkie Muddlefoot) - Tures mor, en typisk amerikansk hemmafru. Kär i P-G Boss. Spelades av Christel Körner i Sverige. Bert Fummelfot (Tank Muddlefoot) - Tures bullrige storebror, som inte försitter en chans att bråka med honom. Spelades av Monica Forsberg i Sverige. Morgana MacAber (Morgana Macawber) - Häxa och före detta superskurk, omvänd till den goda sidan efter att hon fallit för Darkwing, och blivit hans flickvän. Hennes pappa gillar dock inte att hon är ihop med någon som är normal. Spelades av Christel Körner i Sverige. P-G Boss (J. Gander Hooter) - Högste chef för "Agentbyrån" (S.H.U.S.H.), en topphemlig säkerhetsorganisation, som inte alltför sällan tvingas be Darkwing om hjälp att lösa de mest komplicerade fallen. P-G Boss och byrån dök för första gången upp i DuckTales-avsnittet "Double-O-Duck". Kär i Doris Fummelfot. Spelades av Roger Storm i Sverige. Agent Vladimir Grizzlykoff (Vladimir Goudenov Grizzlikof) - Agentbyråns främsta agent, av rysk härkomst. Är inte alltid så glad åt att byrån tar hjälp av Darkwing. Spelades av Jan Koldenius i Sverige. Webra Walters (Webra Walters) - Skjutjärnsjournalist som ursprungligen dök upp i DuckTales. Tenderar att allt som oftast vara på plats när någonting händer. Spelades av Christel Körner i Sverige. Gizmokvack (Gizmoduck) - Sigges gamle vän och Darkwings hjälterival. Precis som Sigge dök han ursprungligen upp i DuckTales. Som Fenton Spadrig dyker han endast upp i 2 avsnitt. Spelades av Roger Storm i Sverige. Dino (Stegmutt) - En före detta anka som har förvandlats till en stegosaurus. Innan förvandlingen var han vaktmästare på museet. Spelades av Bertil Engh i Sverige. Neptunia (Neptunia) - En fiskliknande varelse som skyddar havet från nedskräpning och annat skadligt för dess invånare. Spelades av Birgitta Fernström i Sverige. Skurkarna Taurus Bulba - en tjur och Darkwings kanske farligaste fiende. Bulba är ett skarpsinnigt kriminellt geni. I det tvådelade pilotavsnittet stal han "The ramrod", ett vapen som skapats av Gåsalins farfar. Det slutade med att Bulba dog i en explosion, men inför seriefinalen återupplivades han av F.O.V.L, då som en oslagbar cyborg kallad "The Steerminator". Spelades av Ingemar Carlehed i Sverige. Negaduck - Darkwings ärkefiende och dubbelgångare; undantaget färgerna på kläderna är Negaduck och Darkwing varandras absoluta avbilder. Negaduck kommer från Negaverse, ett universum där allt är precis tvärtom som i St. Canard. Spelades av Anders Öjebo (liksom Darkwing) i Sverige. Megavolt (Megavolt) - Superskurk med en stark förkärlek till elektricitet. Visade sig med tiden vara en gammal skolkompis till Drake. Han har ett ganska hett temperament. Spelades av Bertil Engh i Sverige. Ragnar Kvickrot (Reginald Bushroot) - Botanist som genom ett misslyckat experiment blev förvandlad till en vandrande växt. En av Darkwings mest förekommande fiender. Ganska rädd och ängslig av sig. Spelades av Hans Gustafsson i Sverige. Fläskaninni (Tuskerninni) - En pompös och galen regissör som har film som gimmick. Har pingviner som medhjälpare. Spelades av Ingemar Carlehed i Sverige. Kvackerjack (Quackerjack) - Före detta leksakstillverkare, som gick i konkurs då samtliga hans leksaker var livsfarliga. Försörjer sig huvudsakligen som bankrånare. Spelades av Bertil Engh i Sverige. Vattuskräcken (Liquidator) - Källvattentillverkaren Bror Flod ("Bud Fludd"), som genom ett misslyckat förgiftningsförsök fick sin kropp omvandlad till en efter eget tycke formbar vattenmassa. Spelades av Ingemar Carlehed i Sverige. Järnnäbb (Steelbeak) - Toppagent inom brottsorganisationen F.O.V.L. - Föreningen Ohederlighet för hela Världens Ligister (F.O.W.L. - Fiendish Organization for World Larceny), Agentbyråns ärkefiender. Precis som Agentbyrån, dök F.O.V.L. (men dock inte Järnnäbb) - ursprungligen upp i DuckTales. Spelades av Roger Storm i Sverige. Ammonia Klorén (Ammonia Pine) - Rengöringsbesatt skurk som avskyr, och har rädsla för, smuts. Hon rekryterades till F.O.V.L. för deras gemena planer. I ett avsnitt blir hon förälskad i Järnnäbb, men den kärleken blir inte besvarad. I ett annat avsnitt har hon en syster vid namn Smeta Orén som är hennes raka motsats. Spelades av Christel Körner i Sverige. Smeta Orén (Ample Grime) - Ammonias syster. Till skillnad från sin syster är hon väldigt smutsig och avskyr renlighet. Hon har bara dykt upp i avsnittet "Dirty Something". Spelades av Monica Forsberg i Sverige. Kluddan Palett (Splatter Phoenix) - Konsttjuv, som med hjälp av en kemisk färg kan träda in i olika tavlor, och dess dimensioner. Spelades av Christel Körner i Sverige. Professor Mullvad (Professor Moliarty) - En intelligent mullvad som vanligen har ett underjordiskt tema bakom sina brott. I ett avsnitt försökte han blockera solen så att hans art kunde gå till ytan och ta över St. Canard. Hans engelska namn är en ordlek för Professor Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes ärkefiende. Spelades av Ingemar Carlehed i Sverige. Det finns dessutom ytterligare kopplingar till DuckTales. Guld-Ivar Flinthjärta, Magica de Hex och Björnligan, samtliga välkända skurkar från såväl DuckTales som från serierna med Kalle Anka, gör mindre framträdanden i Darkwing-avsnittet "In Like Blunt".
Avsnitt Säsong 1 och 2 sändes parallellt.
Säsong 1 (1991) Visades varje vardagseftermiddag på Disney Afternoon, genom syndikering. Avsnitt 1 och 2 sändes ursprungligen som ett avsnitt, men har delats upp i senare reprisvisningar.
1. Darkly Dawns the Duck Part 1 (1991-09-08) 2. Darkly Dawns the Duck Part 2 (1991-09-08) 3. Beauty and the Beet (1991-09-09) 4. Getting Antsy (1991-09-10) 5. Night of the Living Spud (1991-09-11) 6. Apes of Wrath (1991-09-12) 7. Dirty Money (1991-09-13) 8. Duck Blind (1991-09-16) 9. Comic Book Capers (1991-09-17) 10. Water Way to Go (1991-09-18) 11. Paraducks (1991-09-19) 12. Easy Come, Easy Grows (1991-09-20) 13. A Revolution in Home Appliances (1991-09-23) 14. Trading Faces (1991-09-24) 15. Hush, Hush Sweet Charlatan (1991-09-25) 16. Can't Bayou Love (1991-09-26) 17. Bearskin Thug (1991-09-27) 18. You Sweat Yout Life (1991-09-30) 19. Days of Blunder (1991-10-01) 20. Just Us Justice Ducks Part 1 (1991-10-02) 21. Just Us Justice Ducks Part 2 (1991-10-03) 22. Double Darkwings (1991-10-04) 23. Aduckyphobia (1991-10-07) 24. When Aliens Collide (1991-10-08) 25. Jurassic Jumble (1991-10-09) 26. Cleanliness Is Next to Badliness (1991-10-10) 27. Smarter Than a Speeding Bullet (1991-10-11) 28. All's Fahrenheit in Love and War (1991-10-14) 29. Whiffle While You Work (1991-10-15) 30. Ghoul of My Dreams (1991-10-16) 31. Adopt-a-Con (1991-10-21) 32. Toys Czar Us (1991-10-22) 33. The Secret Origins of Darkwing Duck (1991-10-23) 34. Up, Up, and Awry (1991-10-24) 35. Life, the Negaverse, and Everything (1991-10-25) 36. Dry Hard (1991-10-28) 37. Heavy Mental (1991-10-29) 38. Disguise the Limit (1991-10-30) 39. Planet of the Capes (1991-10-31) 40. Darkwing Doubloon (1991-11-01) 41. It's a Wonderful Leaf (1991-11-04) 42. Twitching Channels (1991-11-05) 43. Dances with Bigfoot (1991-11-06) 44. Twin Beaks (1991-11-07) 45. The Incredible Bulk (1991-11-08) 46. My Valentine Ghoul (1991-11-11) 47. Dead Duck (1991-11-12) 48. A Duck by Any Other Name (1991-11-13) 49. Let's Get Respectable (1991-11-14) 50. In Like Blunt (1991-11-15) 51. Quack of Ages (1991-11-18) 52. Time and Punishment (1991-11-19) 53. Stressed to Kill (1991-11-20) 54. The Darkwing Squad (1991-11-21) 55. Inside Binkie's Brain (1991-11-22) 56. The Haunting of Mr. Banana Brain (1991-11-25) 57. Slime OK, You're OK (1991-11-26) 58. Whirled History (1991-11-27) 59. U.F. Foe (1991-11-28) 60. A Star Is Scorned (1991-11-29) 61. The Quiverwing Quack (1991-12-02) 62. Jail Bird (1991-12-03) 63. Dirtysomething (1991-12-04) 64. Kung Fooled (1991-12-05) 65. Bad Luck Duck (1991-12-06) Säsong 2 (1991) Visades lördagmornar på ABC, parallellt med säsong 1.
66. That Sinking Feeling (1991-09-07) 67. Film Flam (1991-09-14) 68. Negaduck (1991-09-21) 69. Fungus Amongus (1991-09-28) 70. Slaves to Fashion (1991-10-05) 71. Something Fishy (1991-10-12) 72. Tiff of the Titans (1991-10-19) 73. Calm a Chameleon (1991-10-26) 74. Battle of the Brainteasers (1991-11-02) 75. Bad Tidings (1991-11-09) 76. Going Nowhere Fast (1991-11-16) 77. A Brush with Oblivion (1991-11-23) 78. The Merchant of Menace (1991-11-30) Säsong 3 (1992) Visades lördagmornar på ABC.
79. Monsters R Us (1992-09-12) 80. Inherit the Wimp (1992-09-19) 81. Revenge of the Brainteasers, Too (1992-09-26) 82. Star Crossed Circuits (1992-10-03) 83. The Steerminator (1992-10-10) 84. The Frequency Fiends (1992-10-17) 85. Paint Misbehavin' (1992-10-24) 86. Hot Spells (1992-10-31) 87. Fraudcast News (1992-11-07) 88. Clash Reunion (1992-11-14) 89. Mutantcy on the Bouncy (1992-11-21) 90. Malice's Restaurant (1992-11-28) 91. Extinct Possibility (1992-12-05) Serietidningarnas värld I USA fick serien en egen serietidning, och serieäventyr med Darkwing Duck producerades även i andra länder. Totalt blev det omkring sextio avsnitt, men inga av dessa serier har än så länge blivit publicerade i Sverige.
TV-spel Serien gav även upphov till flera TV-spel, till NES, Game Boy & TurboGrafx-16.
Darkwing Duck i Sverige I Sverige visades serien först i Filmnet under tidigt 1990-tal. Där visades alla avsnitt av säsong 1 och 2, säsong 3 har aldrig dubbats eller visats i Sverige[1]. Serien visades även i Sveriges Television med start den 3 september 1993 i programmet Disneyklubben om fredagskvällarna [2].
Efter flera uppmärksammade händelser i Sverige och Norge i oktober-november 1994, var serien en av flera som drogs in eftersom de ansågs vara "för våldsamma" med tanke på att de var riktade till en yngre publik. I ett av fallen troddes våldet i barnprogrammen vara orsaken till att barn dödat barn.[3] Våldsbeskyllningarna kritiserades av många [vilka?] som ansåg att det våld som visades var både oskyldigt och väldigt sällan förekommande.
50 av seriens avsnitt hann visas innan den slutade sändas. [källa behövs]
Senare har serien också visats i TV3, Disney Channel och Toon Disney.
I den svenska humor/skräck serien Den sista dokusåpan citerar seriens antagonist Micke B Darkwing Ducks catch phrase "jag är faran som lurar i natten..." innan han skjuter Peppe, en av seriens protagonister.
Se även Lista över Disneys tecknade TV-serier Källor ^ ”Darkwing duck på Alltomtecknat.se”. Läst 9 maj 2016. ^ Disneyania – Följande avsnitt av TV-serien Darkwing Duck har visats i SVT 1993-1994 ^ International Herald Tribune 27 oktober 1994 – European Topics Externa länkar Darkwing Duck på Internet Movie Database (engelska) Darkwing Duck på TV.com Darkwing Duck på Disneyania Darkwing Duck på Dubbningshemsidan v • r Disney Afternoon Bumbibjörnarna (avsnitt) (1985–1991) · Ducktales (avsnitt) (1987–1990) · Piff och Puff – Räddningspatrullen (avsnitt) (1989–1990) · Luftens hjältar (avsnitt) (1990–1991) · Darkwing Duck (avsnitt) (1991–1992) · Långbens galna gäng (avsnitt) (1992–1993) · Bonkers (avsnitt) (1993–1994) · Aladdin (avsnitt) (1994–1995) · Gargoyles (avsnitt) (1994–1997) · Shnookums och Meat (avsnitt) (1995) · Timon och Pumbaa (avsnitt) (1995–1999) · Quack Pack (avsnitt) (1996) · Mighty Ducks (avsnitt) (1996–1997) Kategorier: Amerikanska animerade TV-serier från 1990-taletAnimerade TV-serier från DisneyFiktiva ankorTV-seriestarter 1991TV-serieavslutningar 1992TV-program i American Broadcasting CompanyEngelskspråkiga TV-serier Navigeringsmeny Inte inloggad Diskussion Bidrag Skapa konto Logga in ArtikelDiskussion LäsRedigeraRedigera wikitextVisa historik Sök Sök på Wikipedia Huvudsida Introduktion Deltagarportalen Bybrunnen Senaste ändringarna Slumpartikel (−bot) Ladda upp filer Stöd Wikipedia Kontakta Wikipedia Hjälp På andra projekt Commons Skriv ut/exportera Skapa en bok Ladda ner som PDF Utskriftsvänlig version Verktyg Sidor som länkar hit Relaterade ändringar Specialsidor Permanent länk Sidinformation Använd som referens Wikidata-objekt
Språk العربية Deutsch English Español Français Português Русский Suomi 中文 15 till Redigera länkar Sidan redigerades senast den 7 december 2020 kl. 23.54. Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 3.0 Unported. För bilder, se respektive bildsida (klicka på bilden). Se vidare Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt och användarvillkor. Wikimedias integritetspolicyOm WikipediaFörbehållMobil vyUtvecklareStatistikInformation om kakorWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki
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Post by Freddie on Sept 12, 2021 21:02:07 GMT 1
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Jungle Cruise From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For the film, see Jungle Cruise (film). Jungle Cruise Jungle Cruise Entrance Sunset.JPG Jungle Cruise at Disneyland Disneyland Area Adventureland Status Operating Opening date July 17, 1955; 66 years ago Magic Kingdom Area Adventureland Coordinates 33.8114°N 117.9201°W Status Operating Opening date October 1, 1971; 49 years ago Tokyo Disneyland Area Adventureland Status Operating Opening date April 15, 1983; 38 years ago Replaced by Jungle Cruise: Wildlife Expeditions Hong Kong Disneyland Name Jungle River Cruise Area Adventureland Status Operating Opening date September 12, 2005; 15 years ago General statistics Type Boat ride Designer Walt Disney Imagineering Capacity 1,800 riders per hour Duration 7 minutes[1] Sponsor ENEOS (Tokyo) FastPass+ available Jungle Cruise, formally named Jungle River Cruise, is a riverboat amusement ride located in the Adventureland themed section at various Disney theme parks worldwide. The attraction is a simulated riverboat cruise that travels along a waterway using a concealed guidance system through areas with Asian, African, and South American themes. Park guests board replica steam launches from a 1930s British explorers' lodge, and Audio-Animatronic jungle animals are displayed throughout the ride. A live Disney cast member acts as a tour guide and boat skipper that loosely follows a rehearsed script, providing passengers with a comedic narrative.
The first installation of the ride was featured at Disneyland for its grand opening in 1955. A variety of changes were made over the years, including enhanced audio effects, updates to the storyline, and the removal of culturally-sensitive material. The installation at Hong Kong Disneyland features a significantly different storyline from the other parks and provides guests with three different language options, each with its own line queue. Following years of planning and delays, a film adaptation of the ride was released in the United States on July 30, 2021.
Contents 1 Inspiration and design 2 Disneyland 2.1 Attraction summary 2.2 Major changes 2.3 Boats 3 Magic Kingdom and Tokyo Disneyland 3.1 Attraction summary 3.2 Magic Kingdom 3.2.1 Queue 3.2.2 Boats 3.3 Tokyo Disneyland 3.3.1 Boats 3.3.1.1 Retired boats 4 Hong Kong Disneyland 4.1 Attraction summary 4.1.1 Boats 5 Albert Awol 6 Background music 7 In popular culture 7.1 Soundtrack 7.2 Film adaptation 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Inspiration and design A project was planned by Disney to incorporate a jungle-themed ride into the list of attractions featured at Disneyland's grand opening in 1955.[2] Sources of inspiration include a 1955 documentary called The African Lion from the True Life Adventures film series, as well as the 1951 adventure film The African Queen. Disney Imagineer Harper Goff referenced The African Queen frequently in his ideas and drew inspiration from the steamer depicted in the film for the ride vehicle design.[3]
Bill Evans was the Imagineer responsible for landscaping Disneyland and most of Walt Disney World. During development of Jungle Cruise, he was given the difficult task of creating a realistic jungle on a limited budget.[4] In addition to importing actual tropical plants, he incorporated "character plants" which have an exotic appearance despite not being exotic. He used a well-known trick of uprooting local orange trees and replanting them upside-down, growing vines on the exposed roots.[5][6]
The ride's water clarity, known as turbidity, is controlled in a manner that obscures the boat's guidance system and other undesirable items like perches and mechanized platforms of the bathing Audio-Animatronic elephants and hippos. The waterway was originally dyed brown but was later changed to other colors: first to a green hue and later to a bluish-green.[4] When water returns to the attraction, it travels through a 37" diameter underground pipe before it can be utilized again. The waterway depth is approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) and circulates southward from the northern end of Frontierland's Rivers of America to Fantasyland. The path of the ride takes riders past Frontierland's entrance and into Adventureland, where it drifts alongside the Tiki Room, before re-entering Jungle Cruise near the ride's exit. The 1,920-foot (590 m) waterway was later shortened and re-routed in 1994.[citation needed]
Although Goff and Evans can be credited with the creation and initial design of the ride, animator Marc Davis – recognized for his work on venerable attractions such as The Haunted Mansion and Pirates of the Caribbean – added his own style in later versions. The "Indian Elephant Bathing Pool" and "Rhinoceros Chasing Explorers up a Pole" were among his contributions.[7]
Disneyland The attraction was in the opening day roster of the park, and has remained open and largely unchanged in theme and story since then. The original plan was to use real animals, but these plans were abandoned once Disney realized that the animals would likely sleep during the day.[8] Aside from alterations and maintenance changes, four completely new show scenes have been added to date. In 1994 the river channel was rerouted to make way for the queue buildings and entrance courtyard of the Indiana Jones Adventure.
While the ride's comedic spiel is filled with intentionally bad puns by the skipper, the original intent of the ride was to provide a realistic, believable voyage through the world's jungles. The original spiel was similar to the narration of a nature documentary.[citation needed]
Attraction summary The queue and station are themed as the headquarters and boathouse of the Jungle Navigation Company,[9] a river trading company located in a British colony (as shown by the Union Jack flying above the boathouse) circa 1938.[10] The queuing area is cluttered with appropriate props, such as pinned insects, an old radio on top of a bookshelf, an old typewriter, and a chessboard with miniature animals and decorated shotgun shells replacing the pieces. The extended queue winds upstairs and then downstairs again. Big band music from the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s plays overhead, punctuated by jungle-themed news bulletins, helping to reinforce the setting and threading together the show scenes and boat.[11]
Once aboard the boats, guests are introduced to their skipper and they head into the jungle, allegedly never to return. The first rivers simulated are the Irrawaddy and Mekong rivers, representing tropical Southeast Asia.[8] The boats sail through a dense rainforest inhabited by large butterflies and a pair of toucans, before passing by the Temple of the Forbidden Eye and a shrine of a cobra beholding a crystal ball. Passengers then glide precariously under the first of a pair of stone arches severely damaged by an earthquake centuries ago. These are part of the ruins of an ancient Cambodian city where a crumbling temple is one of the few things which have managed to avoid tumbling into the river. Here passengers see an Indochinese tiger, giant spiders, king cobras and mugger crocodiles. Passing a statue of a bowing elephant, the boats pass under the second arch and enter the Sacred Indian Elephant Bathing Pool. Here a large herd of Indian elephants frolic and squirt water at the passing vessels.
The theme moves to the rivers of Africa, and riders see a family of baboons, and a safari camp that has been overrun by gorillas. The boats narrowly avoid the dramatic waterfall, Schweitzer Falls (which riders are told is named after Dr. Albert Falls), and turn down Africa's Nile river where they pass between two African elephants, and large termite mounds. A tableau of the African Veldt follows, showing giraffes, wildebeest, zebras, vultures and gazelles; then a pride of lions feasting on a zebra beneath a rocky outcropping. Beyond the lion's den, an angry black rhinoceros has chased a safari party up a tree, much to the amusement of spotted hyenas. The skipper then pilots the boat into the Congo river spotting the wreckage of a boat that has sank while also disturbing a pod of hippos that signal their intent to attack the boat.[12]
Drums and chanting are heard as the boats enter through the Congo to spot another boat being taken over by chimps as they raid the boat of its supplies and accessories. The boats then pass by more chimps who have raided the box of butterflies.
The boats now pass behind Schweitzer Falls (referred to as "the Backside of Water", which they call "the Eighth Wonder of the World") to enter the Amazon River. Skeletal animal remains and warning signs featuring pictures of dagger-toothed fish forewarn the next show scene, where the boats encounter a swarm of leaping piranha. The guests then pass a couple of water buffalo and a boa constrictor. The boats then finally pass by a former lost and found stand which has been transformed by Trader Sam to become Trader Sam's Gift Shop.
Major changes Throughout the history of the attraction, Jungle Cruise has undergone many technical changes, as well as some story and content adaptations.
In 2001, ride skippers were "disarmed" of their pistols and no longer fired shots at animals during the ride.[13] In 2010, with the environment having undergone fifty-five years of growth and care, Disneyland's man-made jungle was declared to be "real" thanks to its own self-sustaining ecosystem.[14]
In 2013, the Jungle Cruise was first themed for the holiday season, becoming the "Jingle Cruise". This overlay included new decorations on the boathouse, Christmas lights on the boats, and a holiday-themed script, but few changes to the jungle itself.[citation needed] In 2014, the "Jingle Cruise" overlay returned, but with significant changes. Unlike the previous year, the boats and boathouse had few decorations, but the show scenes became themed. The script was rewritten to reflect a story of lost holiday supplies in the jungle.[citation needed] 2015's holiday overlay continued in the vein of 2014's, but added a new scene with giant snowmen.[citation needed]
In 2016, the Disneyland attraction underwent a four-month refurbishment. This included a new dock designed to stabilize the boats while loading and unloading, as well as some mechanical animal repairs, replacement of the on-ride audio systems, and tree replacement.[15]
In 2021, Disney announced one of the most major refurbishments of the attraction. In response to increasing scrutiny of Disney attractions, the attraction's final scene of tribal people would be removed in the spirit of removing "negative depictions of native people". These scenes would then be replaced in both the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom versions of the ride.[16][17] Despite previous reports that the attraction would now include or reference content from the 2021 film adaptation, these new refurbishments will only include the removal of "imperialist" and "racist" content.[17][18] The updated storyline emphasizes the re-imagined Trapped Safari characters consisting of Felix Pechman XIII, the unlucky skipper; Siobhan "Puffy" Murphy, an Irish ornithologist; Leonard Moss, a Black Canadian botanist; Kon Chunosuke, a Japanese entomologist in the Society of Explorers and Adventurers; and Rosa Sota Dominguez, a Latina artist, with the remains of their boat and supplies being taken over by a group of chimpanzees.
Boats There are 12 vehicles, with a maximum of 8 in operation at any given time. The boats in 1955 were painted as clean, idealized replicas, but have since been given a more realistic theming reflecting the grunge and wear of actual watercraft due to the addition of Indiana Jones Adventure and its ruggedness.
Names in use:
Amazon Belle (Renamed "Jingle Belle" during Christmas) Congo Queen (Renamed "Congo Caroler" then "Candy Cane Queen" during Christmas) Ganges Gal (Renamed "Ganges Garland" then "Gingerbread Gal" during Christmas) Hondo Hattie (Renamed "Hondo Hollie" then "Hanukkah Hattie" during Christmas) Irrawaddy Woman (Renamed "Irrawaddy Snowwoman" during Christmas) Kissimmee Kate (Renamed "Yule Kissimmee" then "Kissimmee Under the Mistetoe" during Christmas) Nile Princess (Wheelchair equipped) (Renamed "Nile Nutcracker" then "Noel Princess" during Christmas) Orinoco Adventuress (Renamed "Orinoco Ornament" then "Navidad Adventuress" during Christmas) Suwannee Lady (Renamed "Suwannee Sleigh" then "Sugar Plum Lady" during Christmas) Ucayali Una (Wheelchair equipped) (Renamed "Ucayali Eggnog" then "Evergreen Una" during Christmas) Yangtze Lotus (Renamed "Yuletide Lotus" during Christmas) Zambezi Miss (Renamed "Peppermint Miss" during Christmas) Names decommissioned in 1997:
Magdalena Maiden Mekong Maiden Magic Kingdom and Tokyo Disneyland
Jungle Cruise at Tokyo Disneyland Attraction summary The skipper welcomes the boat full of guests down the tropical rivers of the world. The ride starts out in the Amazon River, where the passengers encounter butterflies with one-foot wingspans, or as the skipper might say, twelve inches. The boat then passes Inspiration Falls, which transitions into the Congo River in Africa.
The skipper explains that there is a pygmy welcoming party waiting for them, but when the boat arrives at the beach, the canoes are empty, and the place deserted. The skipper wonders what scared off the pygmies, they soon discover that it was an African rock python. The boat then passes a camp that has been raided by western lowland gorillas, which transitions the cruise into the Nile River.
After encountering two African elephants, the boat passes along the African Veldt, riders see a family of olive baboons where numerous African animals including giraffes, wildebeest and zebras watch a pride of lions feasting on a zebra beneath a rocky outcropping. The boat then passes a lost safari group that has been chased up a pole by an angry black rhinoceros and are now trapped and surrounded by spotted hyenas. The group then passes by another waterfall, Schweitzer Falls (which riders are told is named after Dr. Albert Falls), and heads past the remains of a plane crash. The boat then encounters a pool of hippos, about to charge the boat until the skipper scares them off. Ominous drums are heard as the group enters headhunter territory. Natives are seen dancing near the boat and guests soon find themselves in an ambush. They escape and proceed into the Mekong River.
They enter a temple that has been destroyed by an earthquake. Inside, a peacock is seen showing off his feathers as well as some king cobras, giant spiders and a Bengal tiger can be found. After they exit, they come across an elephant bathing pool where numerous Indian elephants are relaxing in the water. The boat narrowly avoids being sprayed by water from one of the elephants. The cruise concludes after passing Chief Nami or Trader Sam (Trader Sam-Ta during Christmas), the head salesman of the jungle, who offers two shrunken heads for one of the passengers'.
Magic Kingdom The Walt Disney World Jungle Cruise is set as a depression-era British outpost on the Amazon River, operated by the fictional company, The Jungle Navigation Co., whose advertisement poster is painted on the wall near the exit of the attraction. Albert Awol's broadcast is different from that of Disneyland's, being ride specific. Also unlike Disneyland, the queue never extended to a second level.
Near the Hippo Pool, a piece of a downed airplane can be seen along the shoreline. This is the back half of the Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior previously found at The Great Movie Ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios in the Casablanca scene.
Each variety of plant throughout the attraction was carefully selected by landscape architect Bill Evans to ensure that the foliage would be able to endure Florida's unique climate: hot summers and relatively cool winters. The most difficult aspect of this was making sure these plants had the appropriate look and feel of traditional tropical plants in the equatorial jungle.[19]
A Holiday overlay, Jingle Cruise, runs during the Holiday season at the Magic Kingdom in Walt Disney World and the Disneyland Resort. This started in the Holiday season of 2013.
A Jungle Cruise themed restaurant, the Skipper Canteen, opened in December 2015 and expanded on the Jungle Navigation Co. storyline, making Dr. Albert Falls into the founder of the company in 1911, with his granddaughter Alberta Falls taking charge of the Navigation Company and the Jungle Cruise in the 1930s. This storyline has been incorporated into the 2021 refurbishment of the two American versions.
Queue The queue of the Jungle Cruise is heavily themed with period artifacts, tools, gear, photos and more. It is intended to resemble a colonial outpost where an exploration of the jungle rivers may be booked. It is divided into four main sections which may be opened or closed in sequence to accommodate crowd fluctuation. The queue was designed to wind about extensively so that guests may see all of the different artifacts in the queue. The most notable section of the queue is the office of Albert Awol.
Boats There are 15 vehicles, with a maximum of 9 in operation at any given time.
The Sankuru Sadie is one of two boats [20] in the Magic Kingdom's fleet to have ever sunk. Amazon Annie (Renamed "Eggnog Annie" during Christmas) Bomokandi Bertha (Wheelchair lift equipped) (Renamed "Brrrrr Bertha" during Christmas) Congo Connie (Renamed "Candy Cane Connie" during Christmas) Ganges Gertie (Renamed "Garland Gertie" during Christmas) Irrawaddy Irma (Renamed "Icicle Irma" during Christmas) Mongala Millie (Renamed "Mistletoe Millie" during Christmas) Nile Nellie (Renamed "Noel Nellie" during Christmas) Orinoco Ida (Renamed "Orino-cocoa Ida" during Christmas) Rutshuru Ruby (Renamed "Reindeer Ruby" during Christmas) Sankuru Sadie (Renamed "Sleigh Ride Sadie" during Christmas) Senegal Sal (Renamed "Poinsettia Sal" during Christmas) Ucayali Lolly (Renamed "Yule Log Lolly" during Christmas) Volta Val (Renamed "Vixen Val" during Christmas) Wamba Wanda (Wheelchair lift equipped) (Renamed "Wassail Wanda" during Christmas) Zambezi Zelda (Renamed "Fruitcake Zelda" during Christmas) Retired boats
Kwango Kate (Retired in 2000) Tokyo Disneyland The Magic Kingdom and Tokyo Disneyland attractions are very similar to each other, with the exception of a few minor differences. While the boats in the Magic Kingdom's attraction travel counter-clockwise, the boats at Tokyo Disneyland travel in a clockwise direction.
In Tokyo Disneyland, the station and surrounding area are themed to a more upscale African city, as opposed to an isolated jungle outpost. This version shares a station building with the park's steam train ride, Western River Railroad. The spiels in Tokyo Disneyland are delivered in Japanese.
In 2015, the ride was refurbished to include special effects.
Boats There are 13 vehicles, with a maximum of 12 in operation at any given time.
All boat names, except Orinoco Ida, are alliterations.
Jungle Cruise in Tokyo Disneyland shares a station complex with the Western River Railroad. Amazon Annie Congo Connie Ganges Gertie Irrawaddy Irma Kwango Kate Nile Nelly Orinoco Ida Rutshuru Ruby Sankuru Sadie Senegal Sal Volta Val Wamba Wanda Zambezi Zelda Retired boats Bomokandi Bertha (Retired in 2020) Hong Kong Disneyland
Jungle River Cruise at Hong Kong Disneyland
fire god sets and a water bomb The shape of Hong Kong Disneyland's route is significantly different compared to the others, and circumnavigates Tarzan's Treehouse. A grand finale is included with a battle between angry fire and water gods. Three languages are regularly available: Cantonese, English, and Mandarin. Each language has a separate queue, allowing visitors to experience the journey in their preferred language.
Attraction summary The queue takes place in a small boathouse of The Jungle Navigation Co. that is less elaborate than the boathouses found at the other parks. After winding through the queue, guests board one of the boats and meet their skipper who speaks either English, Cantonese, or Mandarin, to accompany the park's guests who speak many different languages themselves.
The boats then depart and head down the river, past Tarzan's Treehouse where the skipper tells guests to wave goodbye to the guests traversing the treehouse, for they will never see them again. The boats then drift past an Indian elephant and her calf playing in the water, followed by another elephant showering in a waterfall. A large bull Indian elephant emerges from the water squirting a plume of water at the boats with the guests narrowly avoiding the free shower.
The vessels then drift down a narrow stream past ancient Cambodian ruins which have been claimed by the jungle. Giant spiders and king cobras watch the boats as they move on. Up ahead several crocodiles are seen resting on a small beach, while a school of hungry piranha are jumping in the hopes of attacking the guests. The boats escape into Africa and they pass a large safari camp where several curious gorillas have discovered clothes, guns, hammocks, and books, as the "Trashin’ the Camp" song from Tarzan plays on a nearby 1930s radio. The African Veldt comes into view where antelope, giraffes, zebras, and African elephants stare at the boats. The vessels then drift into a small pool where a pod of hippos try to tip the boat. Several feet ahead a rhino is seen chasing a safari group up a tree while several hyenas look on laughing.
Skulls and cloth impaled on broken bamboo sticks appears as tribal drums and horns fill the air. The skipper tells guests that they have entered head hunter country and must quietly sneak by. The boats slowly pass through the main village where several upright shields rest in the tall grass. A native notices the boats and all the shields now revealed to have head hunters behind them begin firing spears and poison darts at the boats as they narrowly escape into a rocky canyon. In the rocky canyon, the boats stop near two unusual rock formations that look like faces, revealed by the skipper to be the fire god and the water god who constantly feud over their differences. The fire god sets the river ablaze while the water god vomits a water bomb, causing the flames to die and the whole canyon to become a cloud of steam. The boats escape the canyon and pass a baby elephant before returning to the boathouse.
Boats There are 9 vehicles, with a maximum of 8 in operation at any given time.
Amazon Annie Congo Queen (Wheelchair accessible) Ganges Gal (Wheelchair accessible) Irrawaddy Irma Lijiang Lady Mekong Maiden Nile Nellie Yangzi Ying Ying Zambezi Zelda Albert Awol Albert Awol is a fictional Jungle Cruise boat captain and disc jockey for the Disney Broadcasting Company. Considered the "Voice of the Jungle", he broadcasts everything from news, to quizzes, reminders, weather, etc. on the DBC (Disney Broadcast Company). He also serves as a period disc jockey for the station, filling the airwaves with music from the 1930s depression era.
Albert Awol was added in 1991 to the Jungle Cruise during a refurbishment. According to one report:
Standing in the Jungle Cruise queue was a somber affair prior to the aforementioned 1991 rehab; once guests crossed the threshold they were faced with a series of twists and turns that led past bare walls, their fellow guests and occasional glimpses of the river. There was no background music at that time either, so if the queue was full it promised a fair amount of shuffling drudgery. Of course DL's Jungle Cruise queue is now closer to the full embodiment of how cool a ride's waiting space can be, but Florida's 1991 upgrade did include queue music interspersed with radio commentary by Albert AWOL, "the voice of the jungle". A considerable array of visual enhancements were also made at that same time, from a series of new destination-based wall murals to the artifact-laden "office" in the center of the queue.[11]
Albert's broadcast is projected not just over the Jungle Cruise queuing area, but over Adventureland as a whole, setting the time period. In Disneyland, Albert is replaced by "Jungle Radio." Various air personalities comment on the environment, the luminaries who are in the area (including references to the designers of the attraction - Harper Goff, Bob Mattey, Winston Hibler [True-Life Adventure films, upon which Jungle Cruise is based]). The music is a good deal slower in pace and tempo than the tracks used at Walt Disney World. The music was previously linked with the outdoor speakers at the Temple of the Forbidden Eye (Indiana Jones Adventure), however, two separate tracks of material with similar tone and some songs now exist. The Jungle Radio at Disneyland does connect the setting with the nearby Indiana Jones attraction, and ties in announcements that reference Indiana Jones, and the temple in which the ride is set.[21]
Background music In popular culture In a Disney Sing Along Songs video volume called Disneyland Fun, the Jungle Cruise ride makes an appearance during "Following the Leader", a song from the 1953 Disney film Peter Pan. Jungle Cruise was parodied as Timon and Pumbaa's Virtual Safari on The Lion King Special Edition DVD (as their Nighttime Safari Boat Tour). A similar bonus feature called Baloo’s Virtual Swingin’ Jungle Cruise is featured on the 40th anniversary special edition DVD of the 1967 animated Disney film, The Jungle Book. The Maverick Theater in Fullerton, California, once hosted a reoccurring stand-up comedy show called the "Skipper Stand Up Show" featuring Jungle Cruise skippers.[22][23] "Weird Al" Yankovic wrote and recorded a song titled "Skipper Dan" about a failed actor who ended up as a guide on the Jungle Cruise. The song is included on his 2009 digital Internet Leaks EP and his 2011 album, Alpocalypse. The cruise boat and the "River Expedition Company" boathouse were incorporated into an original painting and limited edition print offering by artist Randy Souders titled "Jungle Cruise", created for the 1999 Official Disneyana Convention at Disneyland. Soundtrack A studio recorded soundtrack of the Jungle Cruise was released in 1968 by Disneyland Records included as the B side of the album Walt Disney Presents The Enchanted Tiki Room and the Adventurous Jungle Cruise (ST-3966). The Jungle Cruise attraction has always featured narration by a live Disney Cast Member; for the release the narration was provided by Thurl Ravenscroft. This soundtrack was also used in Disneyland television features as early as 1964.
Film adaptation Main article: Jungle Cruise (film) For years, Walt Disney Pictures contemplated the idea of making a full-length, action adventure film loosely inspired by the theme park attraction.[24] Early planning set a production starting date in 2006 with a planned theatrical release in 2007, but multiple changes to the script and other issues delayed film production. The original screenplay by Josh Goldstein and John Norville was reportedly rewritten by Al Gough and Miles Millar.[25]
Initially announced to star Toy Story duo Tom Hanks and Tim Allen,[26] a later iteration of the project selected Dwayne Johnson for the starring role. The film was described by The Hollywood Reporter as a "period piece in the vein of Humphrey Bogart's The African Queen".[27] Johnson also signed on as a producer, and production began in 2018.[28] The film's release was delayed from 2019 to 2020 originally,[29] and it was postponed again to 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The world premiere for Jungle Cruise was held at Disneyland on July 24, 2021, followed by a theatrical release in the United States on July 30, 2021.[30] The film's plot focuses on a group's riverboat journey through a jungle in search of a cure for many diseases.[31]
See also List of Disneyland attractions List of Magic Kingdom attractions Trader Sam's Enchanted Tiki Bar References Tully, Sarah (September 15, 2012). "Fall into river prompts changes". The Orange County Register. p. Local 4. Retrieved September 15, 2012. Strodder, Chris (2017). The Disneyland Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Santa Monica Press. pp. 268–270. ISBN 978-1595800909. The Imagineers (1996). Walt Disney Imagineering- A Behind the Dreams Look at Making the Magic Real. Disney Editions. p. 112. Carroll, Austin (2018-12-05). "The Origins of The World Famous Jungle Cruise". Medium. Retrieved 2020-07-03. Glover, Erin. "It's a Jungle Out There: The History of Jungle Cruise Horticulture". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 2020-07-03. Smaus, Robert (1992-08-30). "Disney's Jungle : How They Built It 40 Years Ago and How You Can Build One Now in Your Own Back Yard". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2020-07-03. Minnick, Nathaniel (2005). The Jungle Cruise: Foray into the Faux. University of Michigan. Tully, Sarah (July 28, 2012). "Jungle Cruise closes for week". The Orange County Register. p. Local 4. "Jungle Navigation Co. Ltd. Skipper Canteen". The Walt Disney Company. Retrieved 12 July 2016. Grad, Shelby (12 October 1997). "Disney Tells Jungle Cruise Jokers to Take a Ride". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 July 2016. Lee, Mike. "Widen Your World: The Jungle Cruise". Omniluxe.net. Archived from the original on November 1, 2016. Retrieved 2015-05-20. "The History of the Jungle Cruise". Hunting Pixie Dust. 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-12-31. Yoshino, Kimi (September 3, 2001). "Disneyland Is Now Safe for Hippos". The Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved February 28, 2020. Eades, Mark (April 6, 2010). "Disneyland's Fake Jungle Is Pretty Real". Orange County Register. Anaheim, CA. Retrieved February 28, 2020. Eades, Mark (May 6, 2016). "Jungle Cruise reopens with a brand-new dock at Disneyland". The Orange County Register. Retrieved 7 May 2016. Martens, Todd (2021-01-25). "Disneyland to make the Jungle Cruise more inclusive after years-long complaints of racism". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2021-01-26. Ferme, Antonio (January 25, 2021). "Disney Parks to Update Jungle Cruise Ride to 'Reflect and Value' Diversity". Variety. Retrieved January 25, 2021. "The Rock's Jungle Cruise Involvement Will Go Beyond The Movie". CINEMABLEND. 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2018-09-27. "110mb.com - Want to start a website?". Disneyreporter.110mb.com. Retrieved 2015-05-20. "Jungle Cruise ride at Disney's Magic Kingdom takes on water with guests on board". WESH. 2020-02-27. Retrieved 2020-02-27. b Minnick, Nathaniel. "Disney's Lands in the History of Colonial Displays of the Exotic" (University of Michigan, 2006) Larsen, Peter (August 1, 2021). "The Jungle Cruise and Its Skipper Comedians". Orange County Register. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. Thoensen, Sue (January 19, 2008). "Stand-up comic, professor takes the stage". LA Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved August 1, 2021. Collura, Scott (2007-02-14). "Disney Rides Again!". IGN. Retrieved 2007-03-22. "Coming to Theaters: New and Upcoming Films from Walt Disney Pictures". Ultimatedisney.com. 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-22. Young, John (2011-02-18). "Disney pairing Tom Hanks and Tim Allen for 'Jungle Cruise'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 2015-05-20. Kit, Borys (August 19, 2015). "Dwayne Johnson to Star in 'Jungle Cruise' Movie for Disney (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Kit, Borys (April 7, 2017). "Dwayne Johnson's 'Jungle Cruise' Is a Go at Disney (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 10, 2017. Welk, Brian (April 3, 2020). "'Black Widow' Moves to November as Other MCU Films Shift Back to 2021, 2022". The Wrap. Retrieved April 3, 2020. "Watch Disney's "Jungle Cruise" World Premiere Red Carpet Live Stream on July 24". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved 2021-07-15. "Jungle Cruise". Hollywood.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 2007-03-22. 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Post by Freddie on Sept 17, 2021 19:59:58 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
FORSKNING OM VON ANKA KLANEN & GRÖNGÖLINGSKÅREN
överste fredrik lindkvist
SYFTE MED FORSKNINGEN främst att veta så mycket som möjligt om klanen von anka fokucera främst på åren från 1800 till nutid
BELÖNING FÖR FORSKNINGEN 5 poäng i släktforskning 1 poäng i historiekunskap 1 poäng i uppsatsskrivande
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23:09 2018-10-18 hittat bilder och texter om klanen
23:34 2018-10-18 en medlem av klanen - simon mcduck - är den enda som inte finns med på något av de 2 släktträden men nämns många gånger i serien. han var skattmästare för tempelriddar orden.
men frågan är - varför finns han inte i släktträdet men dock näms i klanens hhistoria?
vill oxå ta reda på me rom de mindre kända ( bakgrunds figurer ) medlemmarna av klanen von anka
se historien Brev hemifrån där de letar efter sir kvack mcankas skatt
om man ser på det stora trädet så finns det otaliga von ankas. dessa vill jag också ta reda på mer om.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17:50 2018-10-19 kom på en ska idag jag har ju en mapp med hundratals inscannade tidningar där kan jag hämta massor av information om von anka klanen och gröngölingskåren g-kåren ska vara på ett enskilt dokument
20:31 2018-10-19 har massor av informationom joakim von ankas liv från ca 1880 till 1940 talet
20:35 2018-10-21
23:17 2018-10-21 har läst igenom ca 10 comics nu och samlat mer information om von anka klanen ocj G patrullen
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20:24 2018-10-22 informationen som jag hämtar ska främst komma från don rosa och carl barks historier
det är oxå från den gamla ducktales serien. inte den nya från 2017 eftersom den är en remake av den gamla
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21:03 2021-09-17
har hitta lite inofmration om simon von anka han finns inte md i don rosas släktträd eller det stora släktträdet
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Post by Freddie on Sept 17, 2021 20:44:48 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Clan McDuck Connected to: The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuckDonald DuckThe Old Castle's Secret
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Glasgow 1877, Clan McDuck portrait by Don Rosa; left to right: Jake, Matilda, Downy, Fergus, Hortense, Scrooge (age 10), and Angus; wall portraits: Malcolm, Eider, Quackly, Roast, and Hugh (Clicking on a character will take you to their section.) The Clan McDuck is a fictional Scottish clan of cartoon ducks from which Disney character Scrooge McDuck is descended. Within the Donald Duck universe, the clan is related to the American Duck family through the marriage of Hortense McDuck and Quackmore Duck, Donald and Della Duck's parents, giving both of them partial Scottish ancestry.
Clan McDuck was created by American comic book author Carl Barks, who also created the character of Scrooge McDuck. Barks' 1948 story "The Old Castle's Secret," in which Scrooge and his nephews search for hidden treasure in McDuck Castle, introduced the backstory of the clan. Other authors built on Barks' work, most notably Don Rosa in his 12-part comic saga The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck (1992–94) which introduced Scrooge's immediate family.
Literary origins
Carl Barks (left) and Don Rosa (right) In the early 1950s, Carl Barks was in his second decade of creating comic book stories starring Donald Duck and his various relatives. He had personally created several of the latter, including cousin Gladstone Gander and uncle Scrooge McDuck, although the specific relationships between them were still uncertain. To better define these relationships, Barks created a version of the McDuck/Duck/Coot family tree for his own personal benefit, incidentally creating several additional characters.
During his retirement, Barks' stories remained popular and gained him unexpected fame. Barks gave several interviews during which he answered questions about his stories and the characters he had created. In 1981, Barks described his personal version of Donald's family tree, which was used by amateur artist Mark Worden in drawing the family tree and including portraits of the characters mentioned. Worden's tree was first published in several fanzines, and later in the Disney-licensed Carl Barks Library, a ten-volume hardcover collection of Barks' stories in black-and-white.
In 1987, Don Rosa, a long-time fan of Carl Barks and a personal friend of Mark Worden, started creating his own stories featuring Scrooge McDuck. His stories contained numerous references to older stories by Barks as well as several original ideas. After several years he gained a fan base of his own. In the early 1990s, the Egmont Group, the publishing house employing Rosa, offered him an ambitious assignment: he was to create the definitive version of Scrooge's biography and a family tree to accompany it. The project was intended to end decades of contradictions between stories which caused confusion to readers. The project was to become The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The family tree accompanying it was first published in Norway on July 3, 1993.
In the process of working on Scrooge's biography, Rosa studied Barks' old stories in detail. Rosa made note of as many clues as he could of Scrooge's past given by Barks – which Rosa dubbed "Barksian facts" – and used them to write new stories. Despite the ambitious nature of the project, Rosa himself stressed in the introduction to the book "...this version of Scrooge's life is not the 'official' version – there's no particular reason why I (or anyone else) should expect other Duck writers to adhere to my vision of Scrooge's history. As carefully and authentically as I sought to construct it, it was never intended to be anything but my personal telling of the life of Scrooge McDuck."[1]
Modern family tree by Carl Barks The family tree below shows the McDuck portion of Donald's family tree according to Carl Barks. The chart is based on a 1950s sketch made by Barks for personal use, which was later illustrated by artist Mark Worden in 1981. According to Barks, Matilda McDuck is married to Goosetail Gander, and the couple adopts Donald's cousin Gladstone. The character Old "Scotty" McDuck does not appear in any stories, but eventually became Fergus McDuck in Don Rosa's stories.
[hide]Modern family tree by Carl Barks Old "Scotty" McDuck Duck family Scrooge McDuck Matilda McDuck Goosetail Gander Hortense McDuck Quackmore Duck Gladstone Gander (adopted) Donald Duck Thelma Duck Huey, Dewey, and Louie Modern family tree by Don Rosa This family tree is based on the work of Don Rosa.[2]
[hide]Modern family tree by Don Rosa Quagmire McDuck "Dirty" Dingus McDuck Molly Mallard Angus "Pothole" McDuck (1829–19??) Fergus McDuck (1835–1902) Downy O'Drake (1840–1897) Jake McDuck (1832–190?) Duck family Scrooge McDuck (b. 1867) Matilda McDuck (b. 1871) Hortense McDuck (b. 1876) Quackmore Duck (b. 1875) Donald Duck (b. 1920) Della Duck (b. 1920) Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck The seat of Clan McDuck McDuck Castle in The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home by Don Rosa. McDuck Castle in The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home by Don Rosa. The seat of Clan McDuck is McDuck Castle (alternately called Castle McDuck) which is located in Dismal Downs, somewhere in Rannoch Moor, a non-fictional location within Scotland. The nearest village is the fictional MacDuich. The castle usually appears in good condition considering its great age. However, in the Barks story "Hound of the Whiskervilles" (1960) the castle is in ruins.
The comics continuity does not establish when McDuck Castle was built, but it first appears (on the fictional timeline) in 946 when the Saxons laid siege to it. For many centuries the castle served as the home of the clan chief. In 1675, the McDucks were run out of the castle due to the depredations of a "monstrous devil dog" in Dismal Downs, later discovered to be a plot by the rival Clan Whiskerville.[3] At this time, many of the McDucks moved to the village of MacDuich and to Glasgow. Even after their departure, the clan still owned the castle and continued to pay the taxes by pooling their incomes. By 1885, only Fergus and Jake McDuck remain to pay the taxes, but their combined income is not enough, causing the Crown to auction it off. Scrooge then buys the estate, allowing his family to reoccupy the castle. He also hires local dogface Scottie McTerrier as caretaker.[4] Sometime after Scottie's death, Scrooge's sister Matilda becomes caretaker.[5]
In the DuckTales continuity, Castle McDuck was built by Scrooge's great-great grandfather Silas who incorporated the castle into an existing Druid stone circle to save on construction costs. This story would date the castle itself to about the 18th century. The Druids, seeking revenge on the McDucks for taking away their sacred meeting place, scared the clan away using trained phosphorescent hounds. Years later, Scrooge returns with Huey, Dewey, Louie, and Webby and uncovers the mystery. Scrooge befriends the Druids and partners with them to turn Castle McDuck into a tourist attraction. Scrooge plans to give a share of the profit to the Druids as reparations for desecrating their stone circle. The story is loosely based on the Barks story "Hound of the Whiskervilles", which was in turn loosely based on The Hound of the Baskervilles.[6] In the 2017 DuckTales series, the castle is Clan McDuck's ancestral home, as in the comics, and is protected by the spirits of the McDuck ancestors buried there. Scrooge used part of his fortune to purchase and restore the castle as a home for his parents, but because he used discount druid stones, his parents were cursed with immortality and bound to the castle, which appears only once every five years.[7]
The castle appears in the Carl Barks stories The Old Castle's Secret (1948) and Hound of the Whiskervilles (1960) and in the Don Rosa stories The Last of the Clan McDuck (1992), The New Laird of Castle McDuck (1993), The Billionaire of Dismal Downs (1993) and The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home (2004). Other comic book authors have also used the castle, such as Andrew Galton, Dave Angus, and Vicar in The Crying Monster (1982). In the 1987 TV series DuckTales, McDuck Castle appears in the episode "The Curse of Castle McDuck". In the 2017 DuckTales series, the castle is the setting of the episodes "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!" and "The Fight for Castle McDuck!".
Tartan of Clan McDuck Fictional McDuck tartan as drawn by Carl Barks and colored by Dell colorists Fictional McDuck tartan as drawn by Carl Barks and colored by Dell colorists The fictional McDuck tartan first appears in 1960 in Hound of the Whiskervilles. However, the coloring of the tartan was not Barks' decision but that of colorists working for Dell Comics, which first published the story; subsequent publications showed the tartan having differing colors. When Don Rosa decided to include the tartan in his stories, he used the original coloring of green and orange. Nevertheless, some European publications have still shown variations in Rosa's color scheme.[8] (See Sir Roast McDuck's tam o' shanter cap in the illustration at the top of the page, which was first published in France.)[9] The old clansmen seen on DuckTales wear a green and orange tartan, but of a slightly different design from that of the comics.
Ancient McDucks Scrooge Shah and Prince Donduk Scrooge Shah was the last king of Sagbad and the earliest known ancestor of Scrooge McDuck. A young King Khan Khan (2050 BC-1967 BC) sacked the city of Sagbad in 2033 BC, but Scrooge Shah and Prince Donduk, his heir apparent, managed to escape. Khan Khan lost their tracks, but would much later locate their distant descendants. Scrooge Shah features in the story "King Scrooge the First" (1967) by Carl Barks and Tony Strobl.
Postclassical McDucks Eider McDuck Sir Eider McDuck (880-946; from earlier Eider MacDuich) was the chief of Clan McDuck during an Anglo-Saxon invasion in 946 (despite England and Scotland signing a peace treaty in 945). Eider was killed during the Anglo-Saxons' siege of McDuck Castle after his serfs abandoned him. He had refused to buy them arrows because they were too expensive, and only paid his serfs, collectively, 30 copper pieces an hour.[10][11] Eider McDuck is first mentioned in Barks' The Old Castle's Secret (1948).
Friar Juicy McDuck (910-971) and Sir Smokt McDuck (b. 931) are buried in the McDuck cemetery as seen in the Carl Barks painting Dubious Doings at Dismal Downs.
He makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!", both as a statue in front of the titular Castle McDuck and as a ghost.
Quackly McDuck Sir Quackly McDuck (1010-1057; from earlier Quackly MacDuich) was clan chief when King Macbeth was killed in 1057. That same year, Macbeth offered Quackly a treasure chest in exchange for his support in the ongoing war for the throne. Quackly agreed and served the king during the war, but became obsessed with protecting the treasure, eventually trapping himself inside the castle walls with it. Quackly and his treasure became a McDuck legend, and it is believed that his ghost continues to protect the treasure and the castle.[11]
In 1877, Quackly's ghost saves a young Scrooge McDuck from the Whiskervilles of Dismal Downs. Without revealing his true identity, he suggests to Scrooge that he travel to America and work for his Uncle Pothole, thus serving as the catalyst for all of Scrooge's adventures. In 1885, Quackly again tries to save Scrooge, but his action unintentionally brings about Scrooge's temporary death. In heaven, Quackly is reprimanded by his relatives for interfering in earthly events.[10][12] Quackly McDuck is first mentioned in The Old Castle's Secret (1948) by Carl Barks, and first appears in The Last of the Clan McDuck (1994) by Don Rosa.
Murdoch McDuck Sir Murdoch McDuck (?-1066; from earlier Murdoch MacDuich) was a businessman who patented the longbow. Most notably in 1066, when the Normans invaded England, he had the latter sign a contract with him so they would have enough longbows to fight off the invaders. However, they did not have enough arrows as Sir Murdoch charged extra for them. He is also the last of the Dark Ages McDucks and the one who modernized their family name "MacDuich" to the more familiar "McDuck". He only appears in the unfinished sketch-only story "The History of the Clan McDuck" (written and drawn approx. in 1992 by Don Rosa, but not released until December 2011), which was meant to serve as a prologue to "The Last of the Clan McDuck" before it was scrapped.
In the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!", Downy McDuck relates Murdoch's history (which remains intact) to Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck, and Webby Vanderquack. His longbow is later used as a clue that the boys use to uncover the mystery behind their mother, Della's, disappearance.
Stuft McDuck Sir Stuft McDuck (1110-1175) was a successful chief of Clan McDuck who oversaw a period of prosperity.[10]
Roast McDuck Sir Roast McDuck (1159-1205) succeeded his father, Stuft McDuck, as clan chief, while Clan McDuck was one of the richest clans in Scotland. However, in 1189, Roast offered much of the clan's wealth to the king of Scotland, William the Lion, after William asked for his help in paying tribute to Richard I of England. This act of patriotic generosity led to financial ruin for the clan. Aside from this imprudence, Roast is primarily remembered for his gluttony. In 1205, he raided the king's pantry and ate himself to death. Roast's memorial suit of armor displayed in Castle McDuck holds a knife and fork in its hands.[11][12] The character is first mentioned in The Old Castle's Secret (1948) by Carl Barks. He has a small speaking role in The Last of the Clan McDuck (1994), but makes his first appearance in The New Laird of Castle McDuck.
His ghost makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!"
Swamphole McDuck Sir Swamphole McDuck (1190-1260)[13] succeeded his father, Roast McDuck, as clan chief and inherited its financial problems. In 1220, Swamphole sealed the dungeon of Castle McDuck, which he claimed was an attempt to decrease maintenance costs. He did, however, create secret passageways in the castle leading to the dungeons. (These passageways would later be useful during subsequent sieges.) After his death in 1260, Swamphole was not buried in the clan cemetery; rather, his skeleton was placed inside his memorial suit of armor, which was placed in Castle McDuck. Swamphole McDuck is first mentioned in The Old Castle's Secret by Carl Barks.[11] In The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home (2004) by Don Rosa, it is revealed that Swamphole sealed the dungeons not to reduce maintenance costs, but to conceal a treasure.
In the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!", he is stated to be a treasure hunter (like Scrooge) who constructed secret passageways underneath Castle McDuck and let loose a demon dog to protect his treasure. His ghost later appears to ward off said demon dog alongside the ghosts of several of his family members.
Donald McDuck Sir Donald McDuck, nicknamed "Black Donald" because of his foul temper, is said to have invented golf, the hammer throw, and the caber toss in 1440. His temper while playing golf resulted in James II of Scotland outlawing the sport. Black Donald is mentioned in "The History of the Clan McDuck" by Don Rosa.
In the 2017 DuckTales series episode "The Missing Links of Moorshire!", Scrooge McDuck relates the story of how "Black Donald" McDuck invented golf and subsequently got it banned due to his temper to Dewey, Louie, and Webby before participating in a golf tournament in Scotland.
Simon McDuck Sir Simon McDuck (1437-1509) was the treasurer of the Knights Templar and hid their treasure beneath McDuck Castle. He is mentioned in The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home (2004) by Don Rosa.
In the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck", Scrooge McDuck states Simon was the "accountant" to the Knights Templar who had stolen and hidden their treasure somewhere underneath Castle McDuck, and he had returned to his father Fergus to reluctantly ask for his help in finding it since he knows where it is. His ghost appears later in the episode to stop a ghost hound from attacking Scrooge's grandnephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie.
Early modern McDucks Malcolm McDuck Malcolm "Matey" McDuck (1530-1564?) was a McDuck relative who settled in England and is suggested to be a previous incarnation of Scrooge McDuck. Malcolm served in the English Navy, and in 1563 he became first mate of the frigate HMS Falcon Rover, serving under Captain Loyal Hawk. The Falcon Rover raided Spanish targets in the Caribbean Sea between 1563 and 1564. Also serving on the Falcon Rover was the boatswain, Pintail Duck, an ancestor of Donald Duck.
Malcolm is said to have lost his life on 9 December 1564 when the Spanish fleet sunk the HMS Falcon Rover. However, in 1579, Malcolm was also said to have commanded the newly founded Fort Drakeborough, an establishment that in 1818 was taken over by Cornelius Coot and renamed Fort Duckburg.[14] Malcolm first appears in "Back to Long Ago!" (1956) by Carl Barks.
He is mentioned on Webby Vanderquack's family chart in the 2017 DuckTales series.
Locksley McDuck Locksley McDuck was an 18th-century McDuck relative. Sometime after 1707, he became an associate of Scottish outlaw Rob Roy MacGregor who is characterized as a noble thief who would "rob from the rich to give to the poor". Locksley's alliance with MacGregor would come to an end after Locksley was unable to "give to the poor" after having robbed the rich. He is mentioned in The History of The Clan McDuck by Don Rosa. His name is derived from the English village of Loxley, the traditional birthplace of Robin Hood.
Hugh McDuck Captain Hugh "Seafoam" McDuck (1710-1776) was a McDuck relative who settled in Glasgow in 1727, as the clan had been driven from their ancestral home of Dismal Downs in 1675. Hugh turned to the sea for a living and became a successful merchant. He obtained his own ship, the Golden Goose, and became known by the nickname "Seafoam".
In 1753, Seafoam McDuck signed a contract with Swindle McSue to deliver a cargo of horseradish to Jamaica. But McSue sabotaged the Golden Goose and the ship sank before reaching Jamaica. Upon returning to Scotland, Seafoam McDuck learned that his contract with McSue contained fine print stating that if the shipment was not completed, McDuck would forfeit all his possessions to McSue. Seafoam escaped with nothing but the clothes on his back, a silver pocket watch, and the golden dentures in his mouth.[15] It is later presumed that Seafoam was involved in the American Revolutionary War and died in 1776. His descendant Quagmire McDuck inherited the silver pocket watch. Seafoam McDuck first appears in The Horseradish Story (1953) by Carl Barks.
His ghost makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck".
Modern McDucks (1st generation) Dingus McDuck "Dirty" Dingus McDuck, was Scrooge's paternal grandfather. He worked as a coal miner,[16] married Molly Mallard, and had three sons – Angus, Fergus, and Jake. He appeared in Don Rosa's illustrated family tree, but has not appeared in any comic book stories. A 1960s story by Bob Gregory and Tony Strobl identifies Scrooge's grandfather as Titus McDuck.
In the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck", Dingus is revealed to have had an antagonistic relationship with his son, Fergus (not unlike that of the latter and his son, Scrooge). In fact, knowing he would seek out Simon McDuck's treasure, he left his son a note telling him to work hard and not accept hand-outs inside a hidden chamber underneath Castle McDuck.
Molly Mallard Molly McDuck (née Mallard) was the wife of Dingus McDuck, Scrooge's paternal grandmother, the daughter-in-law of Dingus McDuck, and the mother of Angus, Fergus, and Jake McDuck. Her first and only appearance was in an illustrated family tree created by Don Rosa; she has not appeared in any stories. Coincidentally, her maiden name is the same as the title character of Darkwing Duck.
Her ghost makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 DuckTales series' episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!"
Quagmire McDuck Quagmire McDuck was Dingus McDuck's brother and Scrooge McDuck's paternal great uncle. He inherited a silver watch from his ancestor Hugh "Seafoam" McDuck and passed it on to his nephew Fergus. After his death, Quagmire's estate remained unclaimed. Quagmire appears in the Carl Barks story "The Heirloom Watch" (1955).[17]
His ghost makes a cameo appearance in the 2017 DuckTales series episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck".
Modern McDucks (2nd generation) Angus "Pothole" McDuck Angus "Pothole" McDuck (born 1829) is the first child of Dingus and Molly McDuck, and is Scrooge's paternal uncle. Angus was born in Glasgow in 1829.[10] He was first mentioned in "The Great Steamboat Race" by Carl Barks and later appeared in person in a handful of stories by Don Rosa.
Angus migrated to the United States during the late 1840s. In 1850 he was working as a cabin boy in the Mississippi riverboat Drennan Whyte when it sank. He was the only survivor.[18] He continued working on Mississippi riverboats and he had obtained his own by 1861, named Cotton Queen. Around the time of the American Civil War (1861–1865) he became quite successful as a river boater. Soon after the end of the war in 1865 he and fellow river boater Porker Hogg became the co-owners of Cornpone Gables, a Southern plantation that had gone bankrupt. The two were unable to settle their differences and they decided to have a riverboat race in 1870 to decide who would be the owner. Both riverboats sank. Porker had two more riverboats but Angus spent the next ten years as a professional card player.
In 1880, in a poker game with Porker, Angus won the rights to one of his rival's riverboats, named Dilly Dollar. Porker soon lost his other riverboat to Blackheart Beagle and his sons, the first generation of the Beagle Boys, a family of outlaws, and retired. Angus on the other hand hired his nephew Scrooge McDuck and a penniless inventor named Ratchet Gearloose as his crew. Business wasn't going well and Angus decided to retire in 1882. He left his riverboat to his nephew and settled down in New Orleans.[18]
He became the writer of a series of dime novels under the title The Master of Mississippi, based on a highly exaggerated description of his life. His dime novels became very popular and to have more material to add he occasionally traveled through the country.[19] In the story "The Vigilante of Pizen Bluff" by Don Rosa, he is seen appearing at Buffalo Bill's Wild West. After the show's money is stolen by the Dalton Gang, Angus rides out with Bill, Scrooge, P. T. Barnum, Annie Oakley, and Geronimo to stop the bandits.[19]
Angus' exact date of death is unknown.
In 1955, Porker's nephew, Horseshoe Hogg, and Scrooge McDuck would bring their uncles' steamboats back to the surface to finish the race for Cornpone Gables. Scrooge won, only to learn that 85 years of disuse made the mansion so fragile that he accidentally destroyed it with a sneeze.
A character based on Angus named "Catfish" McDuck appears in the 1987 DuckTales episode, "Once Upon a Dime", voiced by Peter Renaday,
Fergus McDuck Fergus McDuck (1835–1902[20]) is the second child of Dingus and Molly McDuck and the father of Scrooge McDuck. As such he is a prominent character in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck.
He was born in Glasgow in 1835 to Dingus McDuck and Molly Mallard, who were both working as coal miners at the time. He spent most of his life as a mill worker.[10]
According to a story by William Van Horn, Fergus at some point had a short marriage with an unidentified woman, with whom he had the son Rumpus McFowl.[21] He later married Downy O'Drake, his wife in Rosa's stories, who became the mother of three of his children – Scrooge, Matilda, and Hortense.
The rest of Fergus' biography is shown in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. In 1877 he encouraged his son to work to have his own money. Scrooge's obvious intelligence, skill at hard work and ambition made his father believe that Scrooge would be able to restore Clan McDuck to its former glory.[12] In the story Of Ducks, Dimes, and Destinies, it is revealed that Scrooge's Number One Dime came from Fergus, who gave it to the man who used it to pay Scrooge for shining his shoes.
In 1885 the Clan's hereditary lands would have been seized due to Fergus' inability to pay his taxes. But Scrooge spent his savings at the time ($10,000) to pay the taxes and become the new owner of their lands.[22] While Scrooge was away, Fergus and his family moved back to Castle McDuck, abandoned for centuries in Dismal Downs. The family continued to work to pay for the taxes and Scrooge sent them most all of the money he earned while traveling. Fergus became a widower in 1897.
Scrooge became rich in the Klondike and returned to Scotland in 1902 as a billionaire. Scrooge's intention was originally to settle in Dismal Downs but he quickly changed his mind and decided to settle in the United States. He wanted to take his family with him. His sisters accepted but Fergus decided to stay. He died during the night, aged 72, and was re-united with his wife Downy and the rest of the McDuck Clan as his three children left Scotland.[20]
In Don Rosa's The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home, it's revealed that Fergus tried to find the Knights Templar treasure hidden in the castle McDuck by one of his ancestors, a Knight himself. Even though Fergus decided not to tell Scrooge about the treasure, he learns about it through other ways and, like Matilda McDuck, thinks Fergus kept the secret from him because he disapproved of Scrooge. In the middle of their way to the treasure, Scrooge, Matilda and Scrooge's nephews find a letter from Fergus, who believed Scrooge would eventually find it, revealing the reason he hid the secret from Scrooge is that Scrooge would feel better building his own fortune instead of inheriting one.[23]
Fergus appears in the classic 1987 DuckTales episode, "Once Upon a Dime", which explores Scrooge's history. Here he is referred to as "McPapa." Fergus' name and image are also present in the 2017 DuckTales series, which draws heavily from the comics. He later appears in the episode "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!", having survived to the present day due to Scrooge rebuilding Castle McDuck using magic stones that granted his parents immortality. Scrooge and Fergus' relationship is initially tense, with the latter expressing apparent disapproval of the former; though in reality, he was upset because Scrooge had not been a part of his life. They later reconcile after Fergus reveals he was the one who gave Scrooge his Number One Dime, via Burt the Ditch Digger, in order to give him the gift of "self-reliance" since he was unable to afford a proper gift for him. Alan Young, who voiced Scrooge in the original series, was meant to provide Fergus's voice, but passed away before he could record any dialogue[24] and the role went to Graham McTavish.
In the 1993 NES game DuckTales 2, Scrooge and his nephews found a piece of a treasure map that led to the lost treasure of a character named Fergus McDuck. However, this Fergus is not Scrooge's father but Scrooge's great-great-uncle.
Downy O'Drake Downy McDuck (née O'Drake; 1840–1897) is Scrooge McDuck's mother. She was created by Don Rosa and first appears in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. She is of Irish origin and was born in 1840.[20]
She was a very devoted housewife and mother. She settled in Castle McDuck at Dismal Downs, Clan McDuck's old castle, along with her family in 1885. She died in 1897,[20] and was buried in the McDucks' cemetery.[20] She later appeared to her husband Fergus at his own passing, and together they joined various McDuck ancestors.
Downy's image and name are also present in the 2017 incarnation of DuckTales, usually alongside those of her husband. Alongside Fergus, she makes a physical appearance in the episode, "The Secret(s) of Castle McDuck!", voiced by Ashley Jensen.
Jake McDuck Jake McDuck (1832–?) is Scrooge McDuck's uncle. He was mentioned in the story "A Christmas for Shacktown" (1952) by Carl Barks, in which Donald Duck dresses up as Jake in an attempt to trick Scrooge into giving money to charity.
The character was later used by Don Rosa, and appears in three of twelve original chapters of Rosa's The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. He lived in the same house as his brother Fergus McDuck and helped Fergus and his wife Downy O'Drake to raise their children.[12] He settled in McDuck castle along with his brother in 1885.[22] However, it appears that by 1902, Jake was no longer living there.
According to Rosa's sketches and timelines, Jake was born in 1832[10] to coal miners Dingus McDuck and Molly Mallard, and grew up to become a stockyard hand in Glasgow. His date of death is unknown, but it appears that both Scrooge and Donald believed him to be alive in 1952.
Modern McDucks (3rd generation) Rumpus McFowl Rumpus McFowl was created by William Van Horn and introduced as a lazy and greedy cousin of Scrooge McDuck. It was soon revealed that he was in fact Scrooge's half-brother, born during his mother's brief marriage to Fergus McDuck.
Scrooge McDuck Main article: Scrooge McDuck
Scrooge McDuck (1867, according to Don Rosa) is the first child of Fergus and Downy McDuck and is the protagonist of most stories involving the Clan McDuck. Unlike his two younger sisters, he remains unmarried and has no offspring of his own, although he does come to maintain close relationships with his nephew Donald Duck and his grandnephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck.
Gideon McDuck Gideon represented in an Italian-made picture, holding a copy of "The Cricket" (Il Grillo Parlante) Gideon represented in an Italian-made picture, holding a copy of "The Cricket" (Il Grillo Parlante) Gideon McDuck (Gedeone de' Paperoni in original Italian) is Scrooge McDuck's moralistic brother, and is a recurring character in Italian comic stories; in those stories, Gideon is the editor of the newspaper "The County Conscience",[25] the most credible newspaper in Duckburg. The newspaper is originally known as "Il Grillo Parlante", which is the Italian name of the Pinocchio character The Talking Cricket and its Disney version Jiminy Cricket; a statue of Jiminy is therefore present in Gideon's office. Gideon also has an antagonistic relationship with his brother Scrooge.
The character was created by Romano Scarpa, and first appeared in the story "Paperino e i gamberi in salmì" (1956).[25] The character's debut story is the only one that was printed in the United States, as it was published in 2015 under the title "Shellfish Motives".
Gideon's existence is inconsistent with a statement made in Carl Barks's "The Old Castle's Secret".[11] In this story, Scrooge states that he is the last of the Clan McDuck, which would mean that he couldn't have a living sibling. However, Gideon is not the only living relative of Scrooge to carry the surname "McDuck", and therefore cause the same inconsistency with Barks's story; others include his sister Matilda and first cousin Douglas. In the American translation of "Shellfish Motives" Gideon is said to be younger than Scrooge, while the original version doesn't specify which one of them is younger.
Matilda McDuck Matilda McDuck (born 1871) is one of Scrooge McDuck's two younger sisters, the maternal aunt of his niece and nephew, Donald Duck and Della Duck and the maternal grandaunt of Huey, Dewey, and Louie. She was first mentioned in Carl Barks' 1950s sketch for a Duck family tree, where she was shown to have adopted Gladstone Gander.[26] The Matilda McDuck character was dropped in Barks' 1991 Duck Family Tree sketch (where Gladstone Gander is the biological grandson of Grandma Duck and not related to Scrooge), but Don Rosa picked up the name, and used Matilda McDuck as a prominent character in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck.
Matilda McDuck was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1871 to Fergus McDuck and Downy O'Drake.[10] She is the younger sister of Scrooge McDuck. She has a younger sister named Hortense.
In contrast to Scrooge and Hortense's fiery tempers, she usually had a calm demeanor. In 1902 Scrooge returned to Scotland and took both of his younger sisters with him to go to America.[20] When he established his base in Duckburg, Calisota, United States he left Matilda and Hortense to run his empire from 1902 to 1930. In the meantime he traveled the world expanding his financial empire. In 1930, a conflict with Scrooge ended all relationships between him and his family, and his younger sisters are believed to have left Duckburg.[27]
In the story The Old Castle's Other Secret or A Letter from Home (2004), Don Rosa used Matilda McDuck in a non-Life and Times story for the first time. In this story, it is shown that she was hired by her nephew Donald Duck (son of Hortense) to tend the McDuck castle in Scotland. The story shows the reconciliation between Matilda and Scrooge. It is suggested that Donald deliberately set them up for a reunion. Unfortunately, he did not get the thanks he expected until Scrooge admitted his shameful actions and regrets. This is the first time Huey, Dewey, and Louie met their maternal great aunt. In that story, Scrooge returns to McDuck Castle for another treasure and learns from Matilda that his family already knew about the treasure but their father Fergus decided not to tell Scrooge about it. Both Scrooge and Matilda thought that was because of Fergus' disapproval of Scrooge's greedy ways but after finding a letter on the way for the treasure (hence the other title "A Letter from Home") they learn Fergus's real motive was that he thought Scrooge would feel better building his own fortune instead of simply inheriting one.
Matilda, while trying to leave the castle, mentions Hortense. However, in the commentary in the American printing of the story, Don Rosa states that he was prevented from using Hortense because he would have had to explain why she had abandoned her family. So Hortense's fate remains a mystery. In the notes to the Danish publication of the story (Hall of Fame - Don Rosa Book 10), it is stated that the publisher decided that Hortense was "officially dead".
Matilda is usually drawn with a flower on her hat, which loses a petal in each panel in which she appears.
Don Rosa has suggested that Matilda McDuck could have married the well-known Disney character Ludwig Von Drake.[28]
A picture of Matilda appears in the 2017 DuckTales series pilot episode, "Woo-oo!", as part of Webby's research on Scrooge's family. She later appears in person in the episode "The Fight for Castle McDuck!", voiced by Michelle Gomez.
Hortense McDuck Hortense Duck (née McDuck; b. 1876) was introduced as a relatively well-connected member of her family. A daughter-in-law of Humperdink Duck and Elvira Duck, a younger sister to Matilda McDuck and Scrooge McDuck, wife to Quackmore Duck, sister-in-law of Goostave Gander and Daphne Duck, aunt to Gladstone Gander, mother of Della Duck and Donald Duck, and finally maternal grandmother of Huey, Dewey, and Louie.
Hortense was born in 1876 in Glasgow, Scotland as the youngest child of Fergus McDuck and Downy O'Drake. In Barks' tree, her oldest brother was Scrooge McDuck and her older sister Matilda McDuck. Some non-Barks writers gave Scrooge two half-brothers, Rumpus McFowl and Gideon McDuck, though these do not appear in Barks' conception of the family. De' Paperoni is a twin of Scrooge in a story. Jake McDuck, her paternal uncle, was also living with them.
Hortense was born in a working class family living in relative poverty. In 1877 her ten-year-old brother Scrooge started working as a shoe polisher in an effort to help support his family. At the time Hortense was merely an infant sucking on her thumb. She observed from a distance with her father and sister while her brother earned the number one dime. Scrooge would spend some of his leisure time with his younger sisters, and occasionally repaired their dolls. Otherwise Hortense spent most of her time clinging to her older sister.
By 1880, Scrooge came to realize that his earnings were not enough despite his hard work and efforts. He emigrated to the United States in hopes of earning his own fortune. He was hired as a cabin boy on a merchant ship heading to New Orleans. Scrooge noted that Hortense's "Bye, Scroogey" were her first spoken words. Before that, all she could say was "glxblt".
From an early age it was obvious Hortense had a fairly nasty temper combined with considerable strength, and on at least one occasion (in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, Chapter 10) she has been called a spitfire. In 1882, Scrooge was hired as a cowboy by Murdo MacKenzie. To do this he had to ride Widow Maker, a mare who had already managed to dispose of five other cowboys. Scrooge soon managed to become her rider although he never really managed to tame her. He renamed the horse Hortense after his spirited six-year-old sister. The latter found this idea unflattering at best.
In 1885, the Clan McDuck's hereditary lands were in danger of being seized due to her father being unable to pay taxes. The lands also included Dismal Downs, the Clan's castle which had been abandoned since 1675. The Whiskervilles, traditional enemies of the McDucks since the 15th century, planned to gain ownership of the lands and were already trying to plunder the castle and its graveyard in search of old relics and treasure. Fergus and Jake guarded the Castle in order to stop them. Nine-year-old Hortense offered to help them and proved more effective in conflict than either of the elder McDucks. The Whiskervilles came to fear her.
In 1902 Scrooge McDuck returned to Scotland to fetch Hortense and their sister Matilda McDuck. When Scrooge established Duckburg, Calisota as his home base he started journeying the world trying to expand his financial empire. One of her proudest moments was when she single-handedly caused the entire US military to flee Killmotor Hill armed only with a broom and her bad temper, much to the shame of the current president, Theodore Roosevelt, and the fear of the soldiers. From 1902 until 1930, she and Matilda ran Scrooge's empire from his home base while he was away. During these years Hortense met her boyfriend, Quackmore Duck, whom she married in 1920. Later the same year she gave birth to twins. Her son was named Donald Duck and her daughter Della Duck. Of the two only the boy inherited his mother's temper. A fight with Scrooge in 1930 ended all relationships between Scrooge and his family and she retired.
Scrooge may have claimed that he is the last McDuck, as he is the only male left. Hortense and Matilda changed their names to Duck after marriage, so, technically, Scrooge is the last McDuck.
Hortense is mentioned and pictured in the DuckTales 2017 premier "Woo-oo!", where Webby Vanderquack cites her as a connecting link between the triplets and Scrooge.
Douglas McDuck Douglas McDuck is a cousin of Scrooge who has appeared in several Danish Disney comic stories. He looks like Scrooge not only in appearance but also in temperament. He is so incredibly stingy that he considers Scrooge a spendthrift, often criticizing a frustrated Scrooge for not being "McDuck-like" enough. Douglas is, however, hopeless at finding and identifying gold; he generally lives a rustic life in mining country, locating only fool's gold and earning a modest living. In the story "Smarter Than The Toughies", Douglas was portrayed as being the uncle of Whitewater Duck.
Moocher McDuck Moocher McDuck is the beggar cousin of Scrooge who appeared for the first time in the story "Too Many McDucks" by Tony Strobl. Moocher's look is very similar to Scrooge's, except for the fact that he wears tattered clothes, but unlike his very rich cousin, Moocher is a sweetheart. He was used in some Brazilian comic stories in the 1970s.
Other relatives Duck family Main article: Duck family (Disney)
The Duck family are Scrooge's American relatives and include his nephew Donald, niece Della and grandnephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. They are related through Hortense's marriage to Quackmore Duck, Donald's father.
Aunt Eider Aunt Eider is the aunt of both Scrooge McDuck and John D. Rockerduck. The Italian story "La Stella di Burbank",[29] where she is portrayed as a myopic old woman who doesn't realize she needs to wear glasses, is presumably her first comic book appearance. But Aunt Eider appears wearing glasses in her next three comic book appearances. Dick Kinney wrote the last three comic stories where this character was used, and three famous cartoonists respectively drew those ones. Al Hubbard, Marco Rota and Giorgio Cavazzano. Neither of these stories was published in America. The story "Most Helpful Aunt Eider" is the only one where Aunt Eider doesn't meet her wealthy nephews. It's a Junior Woodchucks story.[30]
Since there isn't any clue on how the tireless and slightly bossy Aunt Eider could be the aunt of both Scrooge and Rockerduck in the comic stories with her, some fans of this universe have invented their own explanations for this fact. It really seems she never had a surname, so she has been connected to Scrooge's family through his paternal grandmother, Molly Mallard, who would be an aunt of Eider. This wouldmake Eider a Mallard too, but, of course, this is not a widely accepted explanation at all. According to this same invented explanation, Aunt Eider would be a sister of Rockerduck's mother.
The first version of Scrooge's grandmother, Nonna Jenny, looks like Aunt Eider.[31] She was created by the Italian comic artists Guido Martina and Giovan Battista Carpi especially for the handbook I pensieri di Paperone, first published in 1973.[32]
Ludwig Von Drake Main article: Ludwig Von Drake
Ludwig Von Drake is Donald Duck's uncle whose relationship has never been consistently described. Don Rosa fans have speculated that Ludwig is married to Matilda McDuck, but the Disney company has portrayed him as a bachelor.
In other languages Arabic: عشيرة البط, "The Duck Clan" Bulgarian: Семейство МакДък, "Family Makdak" Danish: von And-Klanen Dutch: McDuck clan Finnish: MacAnkan Klaani French: Le clan McPicsou German: Der Duck-Clan Greek: Γενιά των Μακ Ντακ, "The line of the Mac Ducks" Icelandic: Ættin Aðalönd, "Family Aethalönd". The term Ættin refers to an extended family, dynasty, or clan. Indonesian: Klan Bebek Italian: Il clan de' Paperoni Norwegian: McDuck-klanen Polish: Klan McKwaczów Portuguese: Clã Mac Patinhas/Clã Mac Pato Spanish: El clan McPato Swedish: Klanen von Anka Turkish: McDuck Klanı In the Dutch and Finnish languages, Scrooge personally drops the "Mac/Mc" from his last name while other members of his family retain it.
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Post by Freddie on Sept 17, 2021 23:38:03 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐1 Mitt namn: MÄRKBART I Scouterna har vi märken för att det är roligt att kunna koppla sin kunskap och upplevelse till något. Märket blir en bekräftelse på vad du har lärt dig och att du har fått vara med om roliga äventyr med dina kompisar. 2 I den här boken lär du dig mer om Scouternas märken. Skriv gärna ditt namn på framsidan och kryssa i vilka märken i boken som du har fått och vilka som finns kvar att jobba med. Det finns också markeringar som visar i vilken åldersgrupp du jobbar med de olika märkena. Så här funkar Scouternas märkessystem Scouternas märkessystem är ett stöd för ledare och scouter att planera och genomföra Scouternas program så att scouterna får växa som personer. Efter att ni har genomfört projekt, gått i Scouterna en termin eller när du lärt dig något nytt fungerar ett märke som ett minne. På det sättet är märket så mycket mer än själva tygbiten. I Scouterna har vi tillhörighetsmärken, deltagandemärken, behörighetsmärken, bevismärken, intressemärken, märken för samverkansorganisationer och arrangemangsmärken som alla har olika betydelse. I boken går vi igenom de första fem kategorierna som är kopplade till Scouternas program. Märken får du av din ledare, som kan beställa dem från Scoutshopen. Alla märken har sin plats På de här bilderna ser du var du placerar märkena på scoutdräkten. Deltagande-, behörighets-, bevis- och intressemärken placerar du på vänster ärm. Ert patrullmärke syr du fast på höger bröstficka tillsammans med åldersgruppsmärket. Sverige-, Europa- och världsorganisationsmärkena sätter du högst upp på höger ärm. Redo för märken Världsförbund Nationella SVERIGE SWEDEN Europa EUROPEISKA UNIONEN EUROPEAN UNION Arrangemang WAGGGS /WOSM Eventuellt förbundsmärke för samverkansorganisationer Lokala märken/scoutkår Regionala märken/distrikt Sjöscout Ställningstagande Deltagande Bevis, intresse, behörighet Individuella utmaningar Utbildningsmärken Förtjänstmärken Scoutsymbolen (broderad på) Patrull Åldersgrupp Världsförbund Nationella SVERIGE SWEDEN Europa EUROPEISKA UNIONEN EUROPEAN UNION Arrangemang WAGGGS /WOSM Eventuellt förbundsmärke för samverkansorganisationer Lokala märken/scoutkår Regionala märken/distrikt Sjöscout Ställningstagande Deltagande Bevis, intresse, behörighet Individuella utmaningar Utbildningsmärken Förtjänstmärken Scoutsymbolen (broderad på) Patrull Åldersgrupp Världsförbund Nationella SVERIGE SWEDEN Europa EUROPEISKA UNIONEN EUROPEAN UNION Arrangemang WAGGGS /WOSM Eventuellt förbundsmärke för samverkansorganisationer Lokala märken/scoutkår Regionala märken/distrikt Sjöscout Ställningstagande Deltagande Bevis, intresse, behörighet Individuella utmaningar Utbildningsmärken Förtjänstmärken Scoutsymbolen (broderad på) Patrull Åldersgrupp 3 Inkludering Bra Kompis Isvett Förebild Klimat HLR Lägerbål Snö Musik Instrument Koda Livrädda Sjövett Klättring Grottning Dykning Bygga avancerat Dass Stormkök Fota Vara ute själv Sälen Valrossen Tumlaren Valen Späckhuggaren Hajen Abboren Grodan Maneten Gäddan Sköldpaddan Sjöstjärnan Bläckfisken Igelkotten Materialvård Överlevnad Hållbarhet Genus HBTQ Sjöcertifikat A Sjöcertifikat B Båtettan Båttvåan Båttrean 3mm 35mm 3mm LOKALA BEVISMÄRKEN Har blå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och blått. 4mm 4mm 29mm 4mm LOKALA INTRESSEMÄRKEN Har vit ram runt märket. NYA INTRESSEMÄRKEN NYA BEVISMÄRKEN BEHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN PATRULLMÄRKEN LOKALA MÄRKEN Inkludering Bra Kompis Isvett Förebild Klimat HLR Lägerbål Snö Musik Instrument Koda Livrädda Sjövett Klättring Grottning Dykning Bygga avancerat Dass Stormkök Fota Vara ute själv Sälen Valrossen Tumlaren Valen Späckhuggaren Hajen Abboren Grodan Maneten Gäddan Sköldpaddan Sjöstjärnan Bläckfisken Igelkotten Materialvård Överlevnad Hållbarhet Genus HBTQ Sjöcertifikat A Sjöcertifikat B Båtettan Båttvåan Båttrean 3mm 35mm 3mm LOKALA BEVISMÄRKEN Har blå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och blått. 4mm 4mm 29mm 4mm LOKALA INTRESSEMÄRKEN Har vit ram runt märket. NYA INTRESSEMÄRKEN NYA BEVISMÄRKEN BEHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN PATRULLMÄRKEN LOKALA MÄRKEN Inkludering Bra Kompis Isvett Förebild Klimat HLR Lägerbål Snö Musik Instrument Koda Livrädda Sjövett Klättring Grottning Dykning Bygga avancerat Dass Stormkök Fota Vara ute själv Sälen Valrossen Tumlaren Valen Späckhuggaren Hajen Abboren Grodan Maneten Gäddan Sköldpaddan Sjöstjärnan Bläckfisken Igelkotten Materialvård Överlevnad Hållbarhet Genus HBTQ Sjöcertifikat A Sjöcertifikat B Båtettan Båttvåan Båttrean 3mm 35mm 3mm LOKALA BEVISMÄRKEN Har blå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och blått. 4mm 4mm 29mm 4mm LOKALA INTRESSEMÄRKEN Har vit ram runt märket. NYA INTRESSEMÄRKEN NYA BEVISMÄRKEN BEHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN PATRULLMÄRKEN LOKALA MÄRKEN Patrullmärken För att lätt kunna veta vilken patrull du och andra scouter tillhör finns det patrullmärken som ni kan välja utifrån vad patrullen heter. Ni kan också designa ert eget patrullmärke. Åldersgruppsmärken För varje åldersgrupp i Scouterna finns det ett särskilt åldersgruppsmärke som visar vilken grupp vi tillhör. Sverigemärket Det här märket visar vilket land du kommer ifrån. För alla medlemmar i Scouterna innebär det Sverigemärket. WAGGGS och WOSM-märken* I världen finns det två världsscoutförbund. Med de här märkena visar du vilket världsscoutförbund du tillhör. I Sverige är alla kvinnliga scouter medlemmar i WAGGGS. Scouter med annan könstillhörighet än kvinna är medlemmar i WOSM. Märket placeras mellan lands- och Europamärket. Europa-märket Det här märket visar var du kommer ifrån utanför Sverige. Sverige är medlem i Europeiska unionen och därför finns Europa-märket. SVERIGE EUROPEISKA UNIONEN EUROPEAN UNION SWEDEN SVERIGE EUROPEISKA UNIONEN EUROPEAN UNION SWEDEN TILLHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN Tillhörighetsmärken visar att du tillhör en speciell grupp av scouter. Märkena finns till för att skapa gemenskap i patrullen, till exempel. *Världsscoutförbunden, World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts och World Organization of the Scout Movement Inkludering Bra Kompis Isvett Förebild Klimat HLR Lägerbål Snö Musik Instrument Koda Livrädda Sjövett Klättring Grottning Dykning Bygga avancerat Dass Stormkök Fota Vara ute själv Sälen Valrossen Tumlaren Valen Späckhuggaren Hajen Abboren Grodan Maneten Gäddan Sköldpaddan Sjöstjärnan Bläckfisken Igelkotten Materialvård Överlevnad Hållbarhet Genus HBTQ Sjöcertifikat A Sjöcertifikat B Båtettan Båttvåan Båttrean 3mm 35mm 3mm LOKALA BEVISMÄRKEN Har blå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och blått. 4mm 4mm 29mm 4mm LOKALA INTRESSEMÄRKEN Har vit ram runt märket. NYA INTRESSEMÄRKEN NYA BEVISMÄRKEN BEHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN PATRULLMÄRKEN LOKALA MÄRKEN 4 TILLHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN FAMILJESCOUTING För verksamheten Familjescouting finns sex olika tillhörighetsmärken. Märkena delas ut för att visa tillhörighet till gruppen. Ni väljer själva hur ni vill använda märkena i er grupp. Ni kan ha samma för hela verksamheten, olika för olika patruller eller välja att variera mellan de olika märkena för olika terminer. Familjescoutmärket är ett sätt att skapa samhörighet inom gruppen utan att behöva ha speciella kläder eller annan utrustning för denna verksamhet. 5 DELTAGANDEMÄRKEN Deltagandemärken delas ut till scouter som har varit med i ett projekt, en termin eller ett läger. Märkena skiljer sig åt för åldersgrupperna och utifrån äventyrarnas och utmanarnas olika intressen. För spårare finns det fyra deltagandemärken. Du får ett märke efter att du varit med i Scouterna en viss tid, till exempel en termin. Under terminen har du och dina kompisar lärt er saker som finns beskrivna i målspåren och ni har jobbat efter scoutmetoden. Precis som ett märke från ett läger blir ett deltagandemärke ett minne av upplevelserna patrullen haft tillsammans. Det finns sex deltagandemärken för upptäckare och det är upp till avdelningen att bestämma vilket märke som delas ut när. Det spelar ingen roll i vilken ordning ni använder dem, men bestäm inför varje termin vilket ni kommer att jobba med. De som vill kan bygga vidare på namnet eller temat för respektive märke under terminen, men det går lika bra att inte göra det. Oavsett hur ni gör kommer ni att koppla era minnen till respektive märke. Spårarscout upptäckarscout T 233 - PMS 365 T 231 - PMS 361 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 803 - PMS 3015 T 343 - PMS 547 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 803 - PMS 3015 T 343 - PMS 547 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 231 - PMS 361 T 233 - PMS 365 T 233 - PMS 365 T 231 - PMS 361 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 233 - PMS 365 T 231 - PMS 361 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 803 - PMS 3015 T 343 - PMS 547 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 803 - PMS 3015 T 343 - PMS 547 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 803 - PMS 3015 T 343 - PMS 547 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 803 - PMS 3015 T 343 - PMS 547 HORISONTEN FJÄRRAN MÄNNISKAN NÄRA VÄGEN BERÄTTELSEN FOTSPÅR LJUSSPÅR DJURSPÅR TIDSPÅR 6 Äventyren planeras och genomförs i patrullen utifrån era intressen och möjligheter. I Äventyrarnas handbok samt på Scouternas hemsida finns beskrivningar och idéer om vad de olika äventyrens märken kan innebära. Äventyrarscout FÖREBILDEN Skapa en heldagsaktivitet för yngre scouter i scoutkåren, till exempel spårarscouterna. Det kan vara en hajk, ett läger eller kanske att ni håller i vartannat spårarmöte. HAJKEN Planera och genomför en hajk i patrullen. Detta äventyr kan ni koppla ihop med andra äventyr eller intressemärken för att göra hajken mer speciell och mer av ett äventyr. MÖTET Träffa en annan ungdomsgrupp som har en annan inriktning än ni själva och fundera över hur era livsåskådningar är lika eller olika. RÖSTENGör något för att påverka världen utanför Scouterna. Ni kan skicka brev till politiker, starta en insamling till välgörenhet eller hitta någon annan fråga som ni brinner för och vill förändra. BYGGET Skapa något till er utrustning, patrullya, båt eller scoutlokal. Det behöver inte vara något stort, det viktiga är planeringen, genomförandet och reflektionen efteråt. MILJÖNGör något för miljön. Ni kan till exempel undersöka miljöskadliga platser i er omgivning, bygga ett vindkraftverk eller rena vatten när ni är ute på en hajk. VÄRLDENKnyt kontakter med scouter i ett annat land och lär er om hur deras liv ser ut. Idag är vägen till omvärlden inte så lång tack vare internet och många scouter vill prata med er! SCENENGör en teaterföreställning som handlar om vad patrullmedlemmarna tror på och står för. Ni kan också välja att framträda med något annat, till exempel en sång eller en dans. DELTAGANDEMÄRKEN 7 BÖRJAN - Den första personliga utmaningen är en ensamhajk, där du är för dig själv i naturen i ett dygn. Du lagar din egen mat och sover ensam en natt. HJÄLPA - För statistik över era goda gärningar och gör en godgärningsbok. - Gör en insamling till något gott ändamål. TA STÄLLNING - Undersök olika sorters mat, till exempel kravmärkt, GI, närproducerad, kosher, genmodifierad, vegetarisk eller E-nummer och diskutera vad ni vill äta och vad ni inte vill äta. - Gör en kampanj för att få folk att förstå hur alkohol negativt påverkar kroppen och möjligheterna i livet. UTVECKLA - Lär er origami. Vik tranor till Hiroshima eller sälj dem till förmån för atombombens offer. - Välj vilket ämne som helst som intresserar er och utveckla det genom att lära er mer om det. ORKA - Gör en hajk där ni får tänja era fysiska gränser. - Orka lyssna! Ta kontakt med och stötta en organisation som hjälper andra människor. Utmanarnas deltagandemärken, Utmaningarna, är större projekt som ni i patrullen planerar och genomför tillsammans för att utmana er själva eller er omgivning. Boken Våga utmana ger tips och råd. Här är några exempel på vad ni kan utmana er med! ENGAGERA - Ordna en inspirationsdag för kåren eller distriktet med inbjudna föreläsare. - Engagera fler i Scouterna! Gör en rekryteringsturné på skolor eller få föräldrar att engagera sig mer i er kår. VÅGA - Testa friluftsmetoder ni aldrig prövat förut, till exempel isklättring, mountainbiking eller forspaddling. - Bygg en höghöjdsbana. PÅVERKA - Påverka samhället i en fråga som ni brinner för. Det kan ni göra genom att skriva insändare, blogga eller kontakta politiker. - Få scoutkåren att börja sopsortera. UTFORSKA - Testa caving och att utforska grottor. - Jämför olika informationskällor, till exempel tidningar med olika politisk inriktning, olika nyhetskanaler och olika uppslagsverk som Nationalencyklopedin, Wikipedia, Conservapedia. FORTSÄTTNINGEN - Den andra personliga utmaningen gör du i slutet av din utmanartid. Den handlar om att synliggöra din utveckling. Utmaningen kan vara upplagd som en hajk, en heldag i scoutlokalen, eller utspridd på några kvällsmöten. DELTAGANDEMÄRKEN 8 Roverscout Som roverscout utformar du själv i stor utsträckning dina projekt. Därför skapar du också dina egna deltagandemärken för de projekt du är med i. Det finns dock fyra färdigställda tillhörighetsmärken som är kopplade till de fyra färdvalen du kan göra som roverscout. Mer om färdvalen kan du läsa om på Scouternas hemsida eller i Roversouternas guidebok Vägvis. LEDARSKAPET Genom färdval ledarskapet sätter du din personliga utveckling i fokus genom att leda andra till exempel genom styrelseuppdrag, att vara scoutledare eller helt enkelt leda ett kul projekt. NATUREN Genom färdval naturen har du alla möjligheter att fördjupa dig i miljöfrågor, ekosystem och naturens kretslopp. Kanske har du funderat över hur man kan göra vattenreningsverk mer effektiva eller vill du skriva en fågelbok för barn? Inom vägval naturen ryms även alla typer av utomhusaktiviteter och friluftsliv. Kanske drömmer du om att arrangera en överlevnadshajk? Eller så kanske du vill bygga en egendesignad kajak eller segla över Atlanten? SAMHÄLLET Genom färdval samhället kan du fokusera på att utvecklas inom samhällsengagemang, demokrati och påverkan. Samhällsengagemang finns med både i scoutmetoden och bland målspåren, men om du sätter på dig ”samhällsglasögonen” kan dina projekt ta extra skruv åt det hållet. KULTUREN Ordet kultur ger oftast associationer till konst, musik, mat eller religion. Men kultur kan också vara levnadsmönster, normer och vanor hos en grupp människor. Därför kan färdval kulturen innebära både att du fördjupar dig i olika kreativa uttryckssätt och att du sätter dig in i andra kulturer än du är van vid. DELTAGANDEMÄRKEN 9 BEVISMÄRKEN Bevismärkena skiljer sig från de övriga märkena genom att de har tydligare riktlinjer för vad du ska göra och klara av. Det är för att man ska veta att alla scouter som har tagit ett bevismärke kan klara av samma saker. Märket blir på så sätt ett bevis på vad du kan. Det här behöver du kunna: KNIV För att få knivbeviset ska du öva på olika aktiviteter som ger dig färdigheter och kunskaper som du behöver för att hantera en kniv på ett säkert sätt. Det är viktigt eftersom kniven är ett praktiskt verktyg som samtidigt kan skada allvarligt. För att få knivbeviset ska du: • känna till och kunna visa dina patrullkompisar och din ledare hur en kniv används. så att ingen person, du själv eller andra, skadar sig och följa detta när du använder kniven. • veta hur en kniv tas emot och lämnas på ett säkert sätt och följa detta när du använder kniven. • kunna hantera kniven på ett sätt som gör att den inte skadas eller slits mer än nödvändigt. • känna till vad den svenska knivlagen innebär. • veta vad knivens delar kallas. • kunna slipa en kniv. • ha provat att tälja något användbart på ett säkert sätt som ledaren godkänt. YXA OCH SÅG För att få märket ska du öva på olika aktiviteter som ger dig färdigheter och kunskaper som du behöver för att hantera verktygen på ett säkert sätt. Yxan och sågen är praktiska verktyg samtidigt som de kan skada allvarligt. För att få yx och sågbeviset ska du: • känna till och kunna visa dina patrullkompisar och din ledare att du kan hugga och såga säkert så att ingen person skadar sig. • veta hur en såg och en yxa skyddas när man ska ta dem med sig och följa detta när ni ska någonstans. • veta hur en såg och en yxa förvaras när de inte används, både utomhus och inne (på övernattning och i förråd) och följa detta. • kunna använda yxan till att kvista en slana eller stock för att kunna använda den till något. • kunna namnge yxans och sågens olika delar • kunna slipa en yxa och byta sågblad på en såg. SIMNING Att kunna simma är en bra förutsättning för att aktiviteter på eller i närheten av vatten ska vara säkra och roliga. För att få bevismärke Simning ska du kunna visa dina patrullkompisar och din ledare att: • du kan simma 200 meter. • du kan dyka eller hoppa i vattnet från en brygga eller bassängkant. • du känner till och följer de viktigaste badreglerna. Exempel på badregler som du ska kunna: • Bada alltid tillsammans med minst en kompis. • Knuffa aldrig i någon annan. • Simma inte under hoppställningar. • Dyk aldrig i vattnet om du inte vet hur det ser ut under ytan. • Ropa aldrig på hjälp på skoj. T 903 - PMS 8400 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 T 903 - PMS 8400 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 10 FÖRARINTYG Bevismärket Förarintyg är utformat efter Nämnden för båtlivsutbildnings förarintyg och visar att du har genomgått utbildning för förarintyg. Utbildningen görs av speciellt certifierade instruktörer och märket i sig är inget intyg. För att få bevismärke Förarintyg ska du: • Genomföra och bli godkänd i din certifiering för förarintyg hos Nämnden för båtlivsutbildning. • Ha teoretiska kunskaper om att framföra en båt i skyddade vatten, i dagsljus och under goda siktförhållanden. • Visa gott och schysst beteende på sjön. STORMKÖK Stormkök är praktiska för matlagning när du är ute på hajk och läger. Det är viktigt att förstå hur man ska hantera ett stormkök eftersom det kan bli farligt om du gör fel. För att få bevismärke Stormkök ska du kunna visa dina patrullkompisar och din ledare att du på ett säkert sätt: • Kan sätta upp och ta ner ett stormkök. • Kan hantera minst en sorts bränsle och tända fyr på det som del av stormköket (t.ex t-sprit eller gas). • Känner till riskerna med både t-sprit och gas som bränsle (men behöver inte ha använt båda). • Vet vad stormkökets delar kallas. • Kan rengöra stormköket efter användning. • Kan laga en maträtt i en gryta och på stekpannan i stormköket. BEVISMÄRKEN Det här behöver du kunna: KUSTSKEPPARE Bevismärket Kustskeppare är utformat efter Nämnden för båtlivsutbildnings kustskepparintyg och visar att du har genomgått utbildning för förarintyg. Utbildningen görs av speciellt certifierade instruktörer och märket i sig är inget intyg. För att få bevismärke Kustskeppare ska du: • Genomföra och bli godkänd i din certifiering som Kustkeppare hos Nämnden för båtlivsutbildning. • Ha förarintyg och praktisk erfarenhet av att framföra en båt. • Ha teoretiska kunskaper om sjövägsregler, navigation, båtlivskunskap. • Ha kunskaper om att framföra en båt i dagsljus, mörker och nedsatt sikt samt i skyddade och oskyddade farvatten. • Kunna föra en båt som har en längd på 12 meter eller mer i kombination med en bredd om 4 meter eller mer. HLR Att kunna hjärt-lungräddning kan rädda liv och är därför otroligt viktigt. Det här märket visar att du har genomgått utbildning i hjärt-lungräddning. Utbildningen görs av speciellt certifierade instruktörer och märket i sig är inget intyg. Det visar att du gått HLR-utbildningen i Scouterna och visar andra att du är HLR-kunnig. Kunskap i hjärt-lung-räddning behöver repeteras ofta så se till att fylla på din HLR-kunskap även efter du tagit märket. För att få bevismärke HLR ska du: • Ha genomgått HLR-utbildning av en certifierad instruktör och blivit godkänd. • Lärt dig att göra korrekt utförda kompressioner och inblåsningar på en övningsdocka. • Ha grundläggande kunskap om hur en hjärtstartare fungerar. • Ha grundläggande kunskap om luftvägsstopp. 11 BEHÖRIGHETSMÄRKEN Att lära dig hantera en båt är ett spännande lärande som aldrig tar slut. Märket kan användas för att visa vilken båt du får ta ut. Förutsättningarna i scoutkårer ser olika ut. Kriterierna behöver anpassas utifrån vilka båtar kåren har, vilka vatten som finns i närområdet och hur verksamheten är upplagd. Nedan finns förslag på kriterier för att underlätta vid gemensamma utfärder mellan kårer. Behörighetsmärkena är inte specificerade utifrån åldersgrupp eftersom åldersgrupp beror på förutsättningarna lokalt. Scoutkåren kan vid behov själva skapa ytterligare märken som Båtfyran, Båtfemman osv med samma utseende. BÅTETTAN Båtettan är ett märke som visar att scouten har tagit sina första steg till att lära sig manövrera en enklare båt. Förslag på kriterier: • Kunna någon av uppgifterna ombord, såsom att styra, trimma segel eller lägga till vid brygga. • Känna till grundläggande sjövettsregler. • Kunna de vanligaste delarna på en båt. • Använda flytväst rätt. • Uppträda ansvarsfullt på och vid vatten. BÅTTVÅAN Scouterna lär sig mer och prövar större båtar och tar mer ansvar. Förslag på kriterier: • Kunna uppgifterna rigga båten, styra, trimma segel och lägga till vid brygga. • Kunna förtöja i en naturhamn. • Känna till grundläggande sjövettsregler. • Kunna grundläggande sjötermer. • Använda flytväst rätt. • Uppträda ansvarsfullt på och vid vatten. BÅTTREAN Båttrean är ett märke som kan tas när du tagit stora utvecklingskliv och är säker i att hantera båten. Förslag på kriterier: • Kunna planera en seglats utifrån väder, vind och andra omständigheter. • Kunna navigera med sjökort. • Kunna fördela ansvar ombord. • Kunna ta ansvar för båtens underhåll. • Känna till och kunna använda säkerhetsutrustning. • Använda flytväst rätt. • Uppträda ansvarsfullt på och vid vatten. 12 INTRESSEMÄRKEN Intressemärken kan du själv, eller med din patrull, välja att arbeta med utifrån era egna intressen. Här kan du läsa vad du behöver göra för att klara ett visst märke. Vid varje märke finns också en markering som visar rekommenderade åldersgrupper och en kryssruta så att du kan följa vilka märken som finns kvar att ta. TÄNDA För att få värme, kunna laga mat och skapa en mysig stämning är det bra att veta hur man enkelt och säkert gör upp och underhåller en eld. Lär dig grunderna som att tända en lykta och eld, vilka risker det finns med elden och vad du gör om du bränner dig. HITTA Lär dig vad du ska göra om du går vilse i skogen eller i staden och hur du kan öka chansen att bli hittad. Du ska kunna din adress och ett telefonnummer till en vuxen anhörig utantill. BRINNA Som en fortsättning på Tända får du i Brinna lära dig mer om hur en bra eld fungerar och vad den behöver. Du får testa vad som händer om du tar bort en elds bränsle, syre eller värme och lära dig hur du gör upp en egen eld. NAVIGERA Jobba med kartor/ sjökort, kompasser och att hantera olika skalor. Du lär dig hur du identifierar de olika väderstrecken och hur satelliter och GPS fungerar. ELDA Som en fortsättning på Brinna får du i Elda lära dig ta hand om en eld under en längre tid med hjälp av vad du kan hitta i naturen. Du lär dig också hur olika eldtyper och bränslen skiljer sig från varandra och du får göra upp eld på nya sätt, till exempel med tändstål. T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 N V Ö S N V Ö S T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 N V Ö S T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 LIVSÅSKÅDNINGFör att få intressemärket Livsåskådning ska du fundera över jorden, universum och hur allt blev till. Du ska fundera på de livsfrågor som är aktuella för dig. Finns det en gud? Varför är bananer gula? Vad händer när vi dör? INTERNATIONELLT Scouting är en global rörelse med medlemmar i över 160 länder. Att lära sig mer och träffas över gränserna är en viktig del av scouting – på så sätt bidrar vi till fred och förståelse mellan folk och länder. Med detta märke tar du reda på vad det innebär att vara scout i ett annat land samt tar kontakt med eller träffar scouter från ett annat land där ni upptäcker och lär av varandras likheter och skillnader. BRA KOMPIS Att vara scout är att vara en bra kompis. Göra en plan för hur ni får nya att känna sig välkomna och träna på hur en kan säga ifrån när någon är taskig mot en eller någon annan. FÖREBILD Vi scouter vill utvecklas till förebilder. Fundera över vem som är din förebild, varför och berätta för personen. Gör något där du kan bli en förebild för andra. 13 INTRESSEMÄRKEN MATETTAN Äta bör man, annars dör man. Mat är inte bara en nödvändighet, det är också ett spännande och roligt hantverk. För att ta Matettan får du laga mat både inne och ute. Du lär dig hur du följer recept och hur du hanterar hygienen i ett kök. GODA GÄRNINGAR En god gärning är när du, utan att du måste det eller tjänar på det, gör något för att hjälpa någon annan eller för att göra någon annan glad. För att ta märket kan du skriva eller rita dina goda gärningar i en bok under en tid. SKAPA Att skapa något kreativt med sina egna händer är både en rolig utmaning och ett skönt sätt att koppla bort allt annat för en stund. För att ta märket Skapa ska du tillverka tre olika saker av tre olika material. Använd din fantasi och gör det du vill! MATTREAN Tredje matmärket får du genom att med en bestämd budget kunna planera, köpa och tillaga mat på en hajk, ett läger eller övernattning. Du använder mat som är nyttig och näringsrik och anpassad för tillfället. Du tar också hänsyn till miljö och rättviseperspektiv i din matlagning. SPELA Genom att spela teater tränar du dig på många saker, som att uttrycka dig, att visa känslor och att våga ta plats. För att få märket Spela arbetar du med att skapa ett eget manus, scen, rekvisita och att repetera in en teater som du hittat på själv eller som någon annan skapat. FIXA Gör om något till er scoutlokal, båt eller till någon annan. Ska ni sy eller kanske måla om? Spåna idéer, planera och gör! När arbetet är klart ska du tillsammans med de andra som var med och dina ledare utvärdera din insats och diskutera vad du lärt dig. JA NEJ JA NEJ JA NEJ JA NEJ T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 LÄGERBÅL Lägerbål är bland det härligaste som finns. Var med på tre lägerbål, lär dig fem sånger och uppträd på ett lägerbål tillsammans med din patrull. VÄRLDSFÖRBÄTTRAREN Planera en aktivitet tillsammans med dina scoutkompisar där ni gör något gott för andra. Det kan vara att planera och genomföra en insamling, städa ett skogsparti eller göra en kampanj för att minska bilåkandet. MATTVÅAN I fortsättningen på Matettan, Mattvåan, övar du dig på att planera matlagningen för en övernattning. Du ska också kunna följa mer avancerade recept inomhus och utomhus. Du lär dig dessutom varför viss mat behöver vara kyld medan annan mat inte behöver hållas kall. JA NEJ 14 INTRESSEMÄRKEN FÖRSTA REPMÄRKET Rep går att använda till en massa bra saker, framför allt när du är ute i naturen men också i helt andra situationer. Lär dig att lösa olika problem med hjälp av rep och knopar! För att få märket ska du kunna visa din ledare minst tre viktiga knopar. T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 ANDRA REPMÄRKET Andra repmärket bygger naturligt vidare på det första, du ska här kunna minst fem viktiga knopar och hur du använder dem i en riktig situation. Du ska känna till olika reptyper och deras användning och kunna göra en egengjord talja. T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 BYGGA Var delaktig i ett större byggprojekt från början till slut – från ritning till färdig konstruktion. Tillsammans i patrullen kan ni bygga vad ni vill! T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 172 - PMS 166 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 8324 - PMS 396 T 343 - PMS 547 T 342 - PMS 549 PMS 253 PMS 187 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 504 PMS 204 PMS 217 BYGGA AVANCERAT Att bygga är en härligt fysisk och kreativ aktivitet. Testa fem olika konstruktionstyper och led ett byggprojekt utifrån din egen konstruktion. KODA Programmering är en möjlighet att samarbeta, lösa problem och använda sin fantasi. I märket Koda får du och en scoutkompis tillsammans programmera något som fungerar. KLURA Att prova på att lösa kluriga gåtor, chiffer och lösa problem är en utmaning för de flesta. Det är både roligt och ett sätt att ha kontakt med andra. För Klura ska du lära dig att läsa två olika chiffer eller hemliga språk, eller skapa ett eget. PLÅSTRA Som scout ska du kunna ge dig ut på olika äventyr och då är det bra om du kan hantera de skador och olyckssituationer som kan hända. Lär dig att ta hand om lättare sår, lägga tryckförband, ta hand om skavsår, vad som är viktigast i sjukvårdslådan och hur du ringer och pratar med SOS Alarm. HJÄLPA Som en fortsättning på Plåstra kan du i Hjälpa arbeta mer med hur du kan hjälpa någon som har skadat sig. Du lär dig också vad du behöver ha med dig och hur du kan undvika att någon skadar sig, vad LABC är, hur du lägger en person i stabilt sidoläge och hur du tar hand om en stukad fot. RÄDDA Som det sista sjukvårdsmärket lär du dig mer om avancerade situationer och hur du bör agera vid en olycka. Det kan vara hur du överblickar en olycksplats, hur du genomför HLR, hur du tar hand om ett benbrott eller brännskador och hur du tar hand om en medvetslös person. T 231 - PMS 361 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 231 - PMS 361 T 172 - PMS 166 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 231 - PMS 361 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 172 - PMS 166 T 802 - PMS 2995 T 8324 - PMS 396 T 155 - PMS Rub Red T 172 - PMS 166 T 343 - PMS 547 T 8324 - PMS 396 T 155 - PMS Rub RedT 342 - PMS 549 T 343 - PMS 547 T 8324 - PMS 396 PMS 253 T 342 - PMS 549 T 343 - PMS 547PMS 187PMS 253 T 342 - PMS 549 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 187PMS 253PMS 504 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 187PMS 204 PMS 504 T 712 - PMS 1675 PMS 217PMS 204PMS 504 PMS 217PMS 204 PMS 217 15 INTRESSEMÄRKEN SÄKER PÅ NÄTET Att vara scout är att vara en bra kompis, på nätet och i verkligheten. Lär dig hur du håller dig säker och är en bra kompis på nätet och träna på hur du kan säga ifrån eller anmäla när någon är taskig. MATERIALVÅRD Utrustning som tas väl omhand varar längre än vi tror. Du får lära dig hur du tar hand om ditt eget och kårens material, och reparera ett objekt i din personliga utrustning. ÖVERLEVNAD Allting går inte alltid som planerat. I märket får du träna på att bygga en sovplats av naturliga material, vad som går att äta i naturen och annat som är bra att kunna i en nödsituation. JA NEJ NATURLIGT Lär dig känna igen de vanligaste träden, djuren och växterna i din närhet. Beroende på var du bor är olika växter bra att känna till – be dina ledare om hjälp att peka ut de viktigaste. Du kan också lära dig mer om de växter och djur som intresserar just dig. KLÄTTRING Klättring kräver smart tänkande och fysisk förmåga. Det kan vara en sport och det kan vara en lek. Oavsett hur du väljer att klättra kommer du få utmana dig själv och ha det roligt samtidigt. GROTTNING Ge dig ut på äventyr och utforska en grotta eller två. Lär dig mer om de djur som lever i grottornas värld. DYKNING Prova på att dyka och ta dina första andetag under vattnet. En spännande utmaning för den som vill utforska världen under vattenytan. FOTA Ett foto är ett minne men också en återberättelse av upplevelser i vår vardag. Du får testa att ta bilder med olika ljus och berätta en historia med hjälp av bilder. FILMA Här ska du vara delaktig i att skapa en film. I det ingår att skriva manus, förbereda miljö och rekvisita, öva in repliker, repetera, agera och filma. Antingen är du engagerad i allt eller så fördjupar du dig i något, till exempel i att skriva manus och regissera dina kompisar eller ansvara för filmning och lära dig mer om det. JA NEJ 16 VARA UTE: STADEN INTRESSEMÄRKEN För att få ett av intressemärkena Vara ute ska du ha varit med på en hajk eller ett läger med övernattning. Ni väljer själva miljö: vinter, vatten, staden, skogen eller fjällen. Beroende på var och när ni genomför ert äventyr kan aktiviteten se olika ut. Ni kan till exempel vandra, cykla, klättra, segla, paddla, åka skidor eller åka skridskor. Du ska vara delaktig i de förberedelser som behövs, som att planera packning, färdväg, övernattningsplats och matsedel. Efter hajken är det viktigt att du utvärderar den tillsammans med de andra som var med. Ni ska diskutera vad ni gjorde bra och vad ni kan göra annorlunda nästa gång. För att komma ihåg dina upplevelser och tankar är det bra om du fotograferar och antecknar under hajken. DÅ OCH NU Lär dig mer om hur vår historia ser ut i scoutrörelsen, både i Sverige och världen. Eller så har det hänt något annat speciellt i historien som du vill fördjupa dig i eller lära ut till andra. VARA UTE: VINTER VARA UTE: VATTEN VARA UTE: SKOGEN VARA UTE: FJÄLLET VARA UTE: SJÄLV ISVETT Att ge sig ut på en frusen sjö ger dig möjlighet att få se en välkänd miljö från ett nytt håll. Här lär du dig hur du håller dig själv och andra säkra. I märket isvett kan du också utmana dig själv med att ta dig upp ur en isvak. SNÖ Nu se det snöar! Bygg en snöiglo eller en annan konstruktion. Du får lära dig att klä dig rätt och ta hand om dina kompisar. 17 KLIMAT Har du det som krävs för att bli en klimathjälte? Få koll på ditt koldioxidavtryck, gör en satsning för klimatet i kåren och engagera dig i klimatfrågor. INTRESSEMÄRKEN GENUS HBTQ Alla har rätt att vara sig själva och att vara kär i den den vill. Undersök hur normer och acceptans för olikheter ser ut i de olika sammanhang du befinner dig i, exempelvis hem, skola, scouter och övriga samhället. INKLUDERING Vi vill att alla barn och unga ska få vara med i Scouterna. Ingen ska känna sig utanför för att man funkar på ett visst sätt eller har släkt från ett visst land. I patrullen får ni prata om hur ni är och hur ni funkar olika. För att få märket Inkludering ska ni även ha gjort en aktion för att inkludera mer. HÅLLBARHET Få koll på de globala hållbarhetsmålen och bestäm att du är en hållbarhetskämpe. Börja med en månads hållbarhetsutmaning, berätta om den för andra och reflektera över hur du vill gå vidare. PADDLA Att paddla är ett enkelt och smidigt sätt att ta sig ut på vatten. Paddling kan ske både på djupt och grunt vatten och med hjälp av en kanadensare eller kajak kan du i princip ta dig fram på alla sorters vatten. SORTERA OCH ÅTERVINN Lär dig mer om din egen miljöpåverkan genom att prata med scouter och ledare om er energianvändning, sopsortering och inköp både hemma och på kåren. Undersök vad som händer med allt det som vi årligen återvinner. MUSIK Att spela, lyssna på och göra musik tillsammans är något som kan stärka gruppen och ge en känsla av att vara en del av något större. Tillsammans får ni dela, lyssna på och göra musik på olika sätt. INSTRUMENT Musik går hand i hand med instrument. Att kunna spela ett eller flera instrument är bra för både hjärnan och hjärtat, och för att ta Instrument är det just det du ska göra. DASS Ska kroppen vara glad behöver vi sköta magen. När vi är ute på äventyr kan enkla toabesök bli besvärliga. Med dassmärket får du lära dig hur du ska ta hand om din mage och övrig hygien på läger. 18 MÖRKER Mörker kan vara både spännande och skrämmande. Mörker är dessutom en naturligt del av scouting t.ex under läger, hajker eller veckomötena under vinterhalvåret. Märket Mörker vill få scouter att känna sig trygga i mörkret och förstå hur underbart mörker kan vara och hur magisk en vacker natt är. VÄDER Något som i hög grad påverkar upplevelsen av att vara utomhus är olika väderförhållanden. Men hur mycket vet du egentligen om väder? Och hur ska du egentligen bete dig för att få en positiv upplevelse av din utevistelse trots hagel, snålblåst eller spöregn. SJÖVETT Sjövett behövs för att det ska vara säkert och roligt på sjön. Du får lära dig använda flytvästen rätt, kolla vädret, sjöregler och sjömärken och att väja med båten. LIVRÄDDA En scout känner ansvar för sig själv och andra. Du får lära dig om livräddning, testa klädsim och träna på att rädda en kompis. DEMOKRATI Demokrati handlar bland annat om att allas åsikter är lika mycket värda och att alla har samma möjlighet att påverka gemensamma beslut. Lär dig hur scouting är organiserat på olika nivåer, hur en kårstämma går till, hur länder styrs och hur ni gör för att påverka samhället. INTRESSEMÄRKEN SUPERHJÄLTE Bli superhjältar i patrullen genom att under en termin kämpa för något som är viktigt för er, till exempel klimatet, mobbning, trafiksäkerhet, hälsa eller nedskräpning. DIN RÖST Alla ska få vara med och påverka. Gör din röst hörd genom att delta i ett möte där ni bestämmer något viktigt och lär andra vad demokrati är genom en utställning, ett drama eller en installation. JA NEJ VATTEN Vatten är en förutsättning för liv. Besök ett reningsverk eller vattentorn och lär dig om vattentillgång lokalt och globalt. UNDER YTAN Genom att jobba med Under ytan bör du lära dig om vad vatten är och hur vatten fungerar. Du undersöker livet under vattenytan och allt som hör därtill. 19 LOKALA MÄRKEN Lokala märken är en typ av märken som är öppna för alla kårer att tillverka och designa efter de behov som passar för kårens egen verksamhet. Alla lokala märken har en vit kant för att tydliggöra att de inte är märken under Scouternas generella märkessystem. Det finns möjlighet att trycka upp både Bevismärken och Intressemärken som Lokala märken enligt beskrivningar här nedan. Patrullmärken kan tryckas upp med samma färger som beskrivs under avsnittet om patrullmärken. 6 Lokala märken är en typ av märken som är öppna för alla kårer att tillverka och designa efter de behov som passar för kårens egen verksamhet. Alla lokala märken har en vit kant för att tydliggöra att de inte är märken under Scouternas generella märkessystem. Det finns möjlighet att trycka upp både Bevismärken och Intressemärken som Lokala märken enligt beskrivningar här nedan. Patrullmärken kan tryckas upp med samma färger som beskrivs under avsnittet om patrullmärken. PANTONE 547 Har ljusblå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och mörkblått med en symbolik passande för innehållet. Har Bakgrund av valfri färg. Har vit ram runt märket. Har en prick av samma färg som bakgrund i nedre höger hörn. Motivet på märket kan ha varierande färg och utseende passande till innehållet. KONTAKTUPPGIFTER Har du fortfarande frågor eller vill veta mer? Kontakta, Patrik Broms patrik.broms@scouterna.se 6 Lokala märken är en typ av märken som är öppna för alla kårer att tillverka och designa efter de behov som passar för kårens egen verksamhet. Alla lokala märken har en vit kant för att tydliggöra att de inte är märken under Scouternas generella märkessystem. Det finns möjlighet att trycka upp både Bevismärken och Intressemärken som Lokala märken enligt beskrivningar här nedan. Patrullmärken kan tryckas upp med samma färger som beskrivs under avsnittet om patrullmärken. PANTONE 547 Har ljusblå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och mörkblått med en symbolik passande för innehållet. Har Bakgrund av valfri färg. Har vit ram runt märket. Har en prick av samma färg som bakgrund i nedre höger hörn. Motivet på märket kan ha varierande färg och utseende passande till innehållet. KONTAKTUPPGIFTER Har du fortfarande frågor eller vill veta mer? Kontakta, Patrik Broms patrik.broms@scouterna.se 3 Hittar ni inget patrullmärke i shopen som passar er. Var kreativ och skapa ert egna, det kan ha vilken färg och form som helst. Det går självklart bra att använda befintlig form och färg. Nedan ser du vilka färgnummer som gäller då. PANTONE 547 PANTONE 549 3 Hittar ni inget patrullmärke i shopen som passar er. Var kreativ och skapa ert egna, det kan ha vilken färg och form som helst. Det går självklart bra att använda befintlig form och färg. Nedan ser du vilka färgnummer som gäller då. PANTONE 547 PANTONE 549 3 Hittar ni inget patrullmärke i shopen som passar er. Var kreativ och skapa ert egna, det kan ha vilken färg och form som helst. Det går självklart bra att använda befintlig form och färg. Nedan ser du vilka färgnummer som gäller då. PANTONE 547 PANTONE 549 Lokala bevismärken Har ljusblå bakgrund med vit ram runt märket. Motivet på märket skall vara vitt och mörkblått med en symbolik passande för innehållet. Lokala patrullmärken Om ni inte hittar något patrullmärke i shopen som passar er – var kreativa och skapa ert egna! Det kan ha vilken färg och form som helst. Det går självklart bra att använda befintlig form och färg. Här är de färgnummer som gäller då. Lokala intressemärken Har bakgrund av valfri färg. Har vit ram runt märket. Har en prick av samma färg som bakgrund i nedre höger hörn. Motivet på märket kan ha varierande färg och utseende passande till innehållet. Märken På Scouternas hemsida hittar du mer information om märken. Märken beställer du på www.scoutshop.seScouternas program Du vet väl att hela din avdelning, både scouter och ledare, kan få Scouternas programböcker helt kostnadsfritt genom att starta en studiecirkel via Sensus.
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Post by Freddie on Sept 20, 2021 12:52:26 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
21 september varje år firar vi Scouternas fredsdag. Då tar vi också chansen att visa hur många scouter vi är i Sverige - och hur roligt det är!
Kampanjen 100% scout går ut på att visa att man är scout i skolan, på jobbet eller på andra platser genom att ha på sig sina scoutkläder hela dagen.
Att delta är enkelt - ta på dig ett scoutplagg och använd det i din vardag. Ta gärna en bild och lägg upp med taggarna #scouterna och #100procentscout.
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Post by Freddie on Sept 20, 2021 16:24:32 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
SHARE THIS PAGE CONNECT WITH US D23 Logo Hi Fredrik! General Member | My Account JOIN D23 MEMBERSHIP DISNEY+ MERCHANDISE NEWS EVENTS WALT DISNEY ARCHIVES HOME / MY D23 / FAQ/HELP IN THIS SECTION Skip to content About D23 Becoming a D23 Member General Membership Gold Membership Charter Membership Account Management/Renewal Membership Upgrade How to Cancel Membership Shipping D23 Events Contact Us
ABOUT D23 What is D23? What does D23 stand for? Is D23 on social media?
What is D23?
D23 is “The Official Disney Fan Club” — established on March 10, 2009, as the first-ever “official” club of its kind in the history of The Walt Disney Company. From beloved Disney Parks to the legendary Walt Disney Animation Studios, Disney has built a rich legacy on imagination and creativity, but would be nowhere without its passionate fans.
D23 was established to bring Disney fans closer to the “magic” through one-of-a-kind experiences, special events, unique merchandise offerings, quarterly publications, exclusive online content, and opportunities to meet others who share the same affection for Disney. D23 offers fans an insider look at every corner of Disney, from the parks, animation, television and film to the treasures of the legendary Walt Disney Archives.
What does D23 stand for? The “D” stands for Disney, and “23” represents 1923, the year that Walt Disney arrived in California and founded what was to ultimately become The Walt Disney Company.
Is D23 on social media? Yes! For breaking news and all things Disney, follow DisneyD23 on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Instagram.
Make sure to also update your account preferences on Facebook and YouTube to ensure that you get all the latest Disney news from D23! Step by step instructions are available here.
BECOMING A D23 MEMBER How do I become a D23 Member? Is there a cost to become a D23 Member? How old do I have to be to join D23? I live outside the United States. Can I become a D23 Member? Will I receive a confirmation of my membership upon joining D23? Can I give a D23 Membership as a gift?
How do I become a D23 Member? Visit the Membership Information page and select a General, or Gold Member.
Is there a cost to become a D23 Member? There are 2 types D23 Membership: Gold and General. Gold Memberships provide the most benefits and is available for an annual membership fee. Gold Membership has two plan options: an Individual Plan with one (1) Gold Membership or as a Duo Plan with two (2) Gold Memberships sharing some benefits. Visit the D23 Membership page to see the pricing and benefits associated with each membership plan.
How old do I have to be to join D23? You must be at least 18 years old to purchase an individual D23 Gold Membership for yourself or as a gift for another person (who also must be at least 18 years old), to purchase a D23 Gold Duo Plan for yourself, as the primary member, and a second person, as the affiliate member (who must also be at least 18 years old), and to purchase any other D23 goods or services. Each individual is allowed only one membership.
I live outside the United States. Can I become a D23 Member? Yes! Guests outside of the United States can join, upgrade and/or continue their D23 membership.
Will I receive a confirmation of my membership upon joining D23? Yes. An email confirmation will be sent to the email address entered when you completed your transaction.
Can I give a D23 Membership as a gift? Yes! Please visit the Membership Information page and select the “Gift” membership option. Only Gold and Gold Family Memberships are available as gifts. D23 gift membership recipients will receive instructions on how to register for access to D23.com. D23 Gift Memberships cannot be purchased or shipped internationally.
GENERAL MEMBERSHIP Is there a cost to become a D23 General Member? Can I upgrade my D23 General Membership to a Gold Membership? Do D23 General Members have access to all Member Discounts & Offers?
Is there a cost to become a D23 General Member? General Membership is complimentary however you do not receive the annual member gift, the Disney twenty-three publication, access to exclusive events or any of the other benefits that Gold Members receive. You will still need to complete your sign-up process on D23.com, but no credit card is required.
Can I upgrade my D23 General Membership to a Gold Membership? Yes, you can upgrade at any time. Click here for step-by-step instructions on how to upgrade.
Do D23 General Members have access to all Member Discounts & Offers? A few discounts are available to General Members, but upgrade to a Gold Membership to get access to all our discounts and offers. To see current discounts available, visit the Discount and Offers page.
GOLD MEMBERSHIP What is the cost to be come a D23 Gold Member? For the Gold Duo Plan, what is the difference between primary and affiliate members? I am an affiliate member on a Gold Duo Plan. Can I purchase a second Gold Member Collector Set or Disney twenty-three publication? Will I still be able to purchase or renew a D23 Gold Family Membership? Gold Family Membership allowed me to bring guests to select D23 events. Will the new Gold Duo Plan allow me to bring guests? I previously joined as a D23 Gold Family member, how do I transition my D23 Gold Family Membership to the D23 Gold Duo Plan? How many memberships can I purchase for myself? How long will it take before I receive my D23 Gold Member Collector Set? Can I cancel my Gold Membership? What do I do if I have not received my Membership Kit, or have missed an issue of Disney twenty-three
What is the cost to become a D23 Gold or Gold Family Member? Visit the Membership Information page to see the pricing and benefits for Gold and Gold Family membership.
For the Gold Duo Plan, what is the difference between primary and affiliate members? The initial subscriber and purchaser of the Gold Duo Plan will be designated as the primary member, and the additional secondary membership will be designated as the affiliate member. The primary member is responsible for the annual membership payment and receives the Gold Member Collector Set and four quarterly publications. The primary member determines the identity of the affiliate member and is responsible for providing the affiliate member with his or her D23 Gold Membership information to activate the membership. The affiliate’s D23 Gold Membership will terminate at the end of the annual Gold Duo Plan term, and the primary member will be responsible for either renewing or changing the identity of the affiliate member in connection with each renewal of the annual membership.
I am an affiliate member on a Gold Duo Plan. Can I purchase a second Gold Member Collector Set or Disney twenty-three publication? The Gold Member Collector Set and Disney twenty-three publication cannot be purchased separately.
Will I still be able to purchase or renew a D23 Gold Family Membership? As of January 1, 2021, Gold Family Memberships will no longer be available for purchase or renewal, but existing Gold Family Memberships will be honored through the expiration of each member’s annual term.
Gold Family Membership allowed me to bring guests to select D23 events. Will the new Gold Duo Plan allow me to bring guests? While we will continue to bring you events virtually, upon the return of in-person events, both D23 Gold Duo Plan members will be able to attend separately (or together) and each can bring guest(s) to select D23 events to join in the fun!
I previously joined as a D23 Gold Family member, how do I transition my D23 Gold Family Membership to the D23 Gold Duo Plan? In early January 2021, an email will be sent to all existing D23 Gold Family Members with instructions on how to transition to the D23 Gold Duo plan. Note: D23 Gold Family Members who transition to D23 Gold Duo and current Gold Members who upgrade to Gold Duo will not receive a physical card or certificate for the affiliate member until they renew in 2021. Affiliate D23 Gold Members will receive an email with their member number and description of benefits upon registration.
How many memberships can I purchase for myself? Members are limited to a single membership per calendar year.
How long will it take before I receive my D23 Gold Member Collector Set? Your complete D23 Gold Member Collector Set should arrive within 4-6 weeks of purchase. To expedite receipt, some items may be shipped separately.
Can I cancel my Gold Membership? Yes. However, D23 Gold Memberships are non-refundable and non-transferable, and there are no credits or refunds for partial-year cancellations.
What do I do if I have not received my Membership Kit, or have missed an issue of Disney twenty-three? Please contact GuestRelations@D23.com.
CHARTER MEMBERSHIP What is a D23 Charter Membership? If I let my Charter Membership lapse, can I renew next year and still be considered a Charter Member? If I am a Gold D23 Charter Member and renew as a General Member, will I retain my Charter status? I am a D23 Gold Charter Member. Can I become the affiliate member on a D23 Gold Membership Duo Plan and keep my Charter Member status?
What is a D23 Charter Membership? Charter Members are Disney Fans who joined D23 as D23 Gold Members when it was first established in 2009 and have remained Gold Members to date.
If I let my Charter Membership lapse, can I renew next year and still be considered a Charter Member? No. If you let your D23 Gold Membership lapse and wish to become a D23 Gold Member at a later date, the lapse in Gold Member will cause you to lose Charter Member status.
If I am a Gold D23 Charter Member and downgrade to a General Member, will I retain my Charter status? No. In order to maintain Charter status, you have to remain a D23 Gold Member with no lapses in Gold Member status.
I am a D23 Gold Charter Member. Can I become the affiliate member on a D23 Gold Membership Duo Plan and keep my Charter Member status? No. In order to maintain your D23 Charter Membership status, you must be an individual D23 Gold Member or the primary member on the D23 Gold Membership Duo Plan.
ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT/RENEWAL Whom can I contact if I have questions about my membership? How do I update my billing and shipping information? Will I have the same membership number if I change my membership level upon renewal? I’m outside of the United States, how do I renew my Gold Membership? I am an affiliate member on a Duo Plan, can I auto-renew my Gold Membership? What is the difference between a Disney Account and a D23 Membership? When does my membership expire? I am not receiving D23 emails and e-newsletters. How can I be added to the mailing list?
Whom can I contact if I have questions about my membership? Please contact GuestRelations@D23.com for any questions about your membership.
How do I update my billing and shipping information? For D23 Gold Members in the United States, D23 will automatically charge the annual membership fee to the payment method provided until you cancel. Ensure the payment method is the one you would like to use for your Membership renewal by following the steps below: Step 1: Sign in to your Disney Account on D23.com. Step 2: Select View Account from the My Account dropdown to access your Membership information. Step 3: Select Account Information from the left menu. Step 4: Verify that the payment method in the Payment Information section is the one you would like to use for your membership renewal. If no payment method is attached to your membership, please add a credit card. Step 5: Verify that the shipping address is where you would like your D23 Gold Membership offerings delivered. If no delivery address is attached to your membership, please add a new U.S. address.
Will I have the same membership number if I change my membership level upon renewal? Yes, your membership number and member since date will remain the same upon changing your membership level or downgrading to a D23 General Membership.
I’m outside of the United States, how do I renew my Gold Membership? If you are a member living outside of the United States, your D23 Gold Membership plan will need to be manually renewed each year, starting in the last 30 days of your membership year by following these simple steps: Step 1: Sign in to your Disney Account on D23.com. Step 2: Select View Account from the My Account dropdown to access your Membership information. Step 3: Click the “Renew Now” button on the Account Information page or click “Renew” from the left menu. Step 4: Click “Renew Today” to go to the checkout page. Confirm your details and select “Complete Order” to checkout.
Your membership has been renewed for another year. Note: this 1-Year Plan will need to be manually renewed every year to continue your Gold Member benefits. You have 30 days after your membership expires to renew your membership without a lapse in benefits.
I am an affiliate member on a Duo Plan, can I auto-renew my Gold Membership? No, at the completion of your membership term, you must enter a new membership code provided to the primary member after successful renewal.
What is the difference between a Disney Account and a D23 Membership? Your Disney Account is your access to everything Disney – allowing you to login to Disney websites, apps and other experiences, as well as your D23 membership. You must have a Disney Account to be a D23 member.
When does my membership expire? When signed in to D23.com, you can also view your profile information (including membership expiration date) by clicking on “View Account” from the My Account dropdown. For Gold Members, the expiration date is also on the back of your membership card. General memberships do not expire. Please contact GuestRelations@D23.com for additional questions about membership expiration.
I am not receiving D23 emails and e- newsletters. How can I be added to the mailing list? If you are a current D23 Member, please click here and ensure that D23 emails are selected in the list.
Please check your email Spam folder for emails from D23. Mark any emails from D23 as “Not Spam” to add it to your whitelist which should send future emails to your regular Inbox.
If you are a current D23 member, please contact GuestRelations@D23.com and provide your membership number and the name under which the membership is registered.
If you are not a D23 member, and would like to join the Official Disney Fan Club, visit the Membership Information page and join D23 today!
MEMBERSHIP UPGRADE How do I upgrade from General to a Gold or Gold Family Membership? Can I upgrade from Gold to Gold Family mid-year? What payment methods can I use?
How do I upgrade from General to a D23 Gold Membership plan? Upgrading your Membership just takes a few simple steps!
Step 1: Sign in to your Disney Account on D23.com. Step 2: Select View Account from the My Account dropdown to access your Membership information. Step 3: Select Upgrade from the left menu. Step 4: Select the Upgrade Today button for either a Gold or Gold Duo Plan to upgrade. Follow the prompts to confirm. Congratulations! You have upgraded your D23 Membership.
Have a question? We’re happy to help! Please call (855) D23-5973 or email GuestRelations@D23.com to reach our Guest Services team.
Can I upgrade from Gold to Gold Duo mid-year? Yes, you may upgrade at anytime. Step 1: Sign in to your Disney Account on D23.com. Step 2: Select View Account from the My Account dropdown to access your Membership information. Step 3: Select Modify/Cancel from the left menu. Step 4: Select the Upgrade Today button to upgrade. Follow the prompts to confirm. Congratulations! You have upgraded your D23 Membership. Notes: Upgrading your Membership mid-cycle does not extend your existing renewal date, you will receive a new Membership card in the mail.
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Post by Freddie on Sept 20, 2021 21:29:06 GMT 1
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in: SVU Characters, NYPD Characters, Males, and 21 more Elliot Stabler EDIT WATCH 01:01 Who is Elliot Stabler? Play Sound Elliot Stabler Elliotstablerocseason1.jpeg Name Elliot Stabler Title Detective (1989-present) Officer (1986-1989) Affiliation NYPD (1986-2011, 2017-present) United States Marine Corps (previously) Division Manhattan Special Victims Unit (1992-2011; retired) Unnamed Italy-based task force (2017-2021; transferred) Organized Crime Control Bureau (2021-present) Precinct 16th Precinct (1992-2011; transferred) Occupation U.S. Marine (retired) Police officer (1986-2011, 2017-present) Family Kathy Stabler (wife; deceased) Maureen Stabler (daughter) Kathleen Stabler (daughter) Richard Stabler (son) Elizabeth Stabler (daughter) Elliot Stabler, Jr. (son) Bernadette Stabler (mother) Joseph Stabler (father; deceased) Three unnamed brothers Two unnamed sisters Unnamed uncle Unnamed sister-in-law Status Alive Actor Christopher Meloni First Appearance SVU: "Payback" Detective Elliot "El" Stabler, Sr. was a detective in the Manhattan Special Victims Unit. He was partnered with Detective Olivia Benson for over twelve years, and reported to Captain Donald Cragen.
In 2011, Stabler retired from the force after fatally shooting a teenage girl who started shooting at her mother's killers. After working private security for six years, he came out of retirement in 2017 to become the NYPD's liaison detective in Italy and moved his family to Rome. In 2021, following the death of his wife Kathy, Stabler returned to New York, reconnected with Benson after ten years, and joined the Organized Crime Control Bureau, where he currently works.
Contents 1 Family 2 Early life 3 Police force 4 Personality 5 Partners 5.1 Pete Breslin 5.2 Olivia Benson 5.3 Dani Beck 5.4 Ayanna Bell 6 Officer-involved shootings 7 Trivia 8 Notes 9 Appearances Family Elliot had been married to Kathy Stabler for over 30 years; they were married in 1984 when they were both 17 years old. In 2021, Kathy was killed from a car bombing. Elliot has five children: Maureen Stabler (born 1984), Kathleen Stabler (born 1988), twins Elizabeth Stabler and Richard Stabler (born February 21st, 1993), and Elliot Stabler, Jr. (born November 17th, 2007 (SVU: "Paternity"). He mentioned that he worked in the bar of his uncle (SVU: "Class").
Early life Elliot was born on October 20, 1966, in Bayside, Queens. He came from an Irish American Catholic family and is one of six siblings (three brothers and two sisters), though we never see them on screen. He also went to the Catholic Sisters of Mercy School. He was a devout Catholic whose faith sometimes complicated the cases he worked on.
His father, Joseph Stabler, was also a police officer. He lost his job and pension when he refused to testify about fellow police officers.
Elliot had a difficult relationship with his parents; his father physically and emotionally abused him, while his mother, Bernadette, suffered from bipolar disorder (a condition that Elliot's second oldest daughter, Kathleen, inherited) and once nearly killed him during a manic phase when Elliot was three years old. His mom decided to drive them down Broadway during a snow storm. She crashed the car into a lamp post following snow flakes. As a result, he has "erased his childhood" and maintains little contact with his mother.
After he left the Marines, Elliot attended Queens College, where he earned his B.A. (SVU: "Hate")
Elliot served in the U.S. Marine Corps and has a USMC tattoo of an eagle, globe, and anchor on his forearm. He did a tour during Desert Storm.
Police force Stabler was a detective with Manhattan's 16th Precinct, also known as the Special Victims Unit, which investigates sex crimes. He was dedicated to his job, but this dedication occasionally turned into obsession, as he often takes cases personally, affecting his judgment. Nonetheless, Stabler had a 97% case closure rate. His badge number is 6313.
He had not been issued a passport until an investigation required him to travel to the Czech Republic in 2003. (SVU: "Pandora")
Stabler had, over the course of his career, suffered a host of injuries and faced a number of incidents; some of which have even threatened his job and his life.
In 2001, Stabler sustained a deep cut to the hand while searching the garage of former cop and murder suspect Sam Winfield. When he and Benson later pulled HIV-positive Gloria Palmera out of her tub after she slit her wrists in a suicide attempt, her blood soaked into Stabler's bandage, and he had to be tested for HIV and he took antivirals which made him sick. Fortunately, the test came back negative.
In May 2003, Stabler let his feelings interfere with his duty when he was called to the stand by the Assistant District Attorney, Alexandra Cabot, where he provided unsubstantiated information (that the victim had been raped) to a dead girl's father he sympathized with ("Grief (SVU)").
In May 2004, Elliot was nearly sexually assaulted by Meredith Rice, but he pushed her and she suffered a seizure from a brain tumor. (SVU: "Head")
In October 2004, Elliot was given a nose bleed by Ronald McCain.
In November 2004, Stabler was forced by Captain Cragen to take sick time in lieu of being suspended for refusing to seek counseling after finding the bodies of several murdered children in the Church of Wisdom and Sight; Stabler was flagged as being at risk for excessive emotional investment after mentioning to Dr. George Huang that one of the children was wearing the same brand of pajamas as one of his own kids. This was one of several incidents that contributed to the long-running acrimony between Stabler and Huang. Benson instead worked the case with John Munch, as Fin was also on sick leave.
In January 2005, Elliot fractured his ribs. Lindsay Stanton whacked him in the chest with a statue.
In September 2005, Elliot went undercover as parolee "Elliot McEvoy" in order to investigate paroled rapist Ray Schenkel. His actions were barely sanctioned by Cragen, and he was nearly pulled off the case after a failed attempt to bait his new "friend" with an undercover female officer. He later ended up in a sticky situation when Schenkel stole his van and picked up a live victim. He was knocked unconscious by Schenkel after setting the girl free, and came very close to being killed, but managed to put Schenkel in a sleeper hold.
In October 2005, Stabler encountered former partner Pete Breslin, whose son Luke was the prime suspect in an assault case. When Stabler advised the family of the victim not to file charges, Captain Cragen ordered him home for the remainder of the day. Stabler later witnessed Breslin assaulting Luke in the bathroom after Luke's arraignment. While defending the boy, Stabler lost his temper and beat Breslin unconscious. He sought counseling from Dr. Rebecca Hendrix, a forensic psychiatrist and former police officer, who helped him to deal with his long-repressed feelings toward his father.
Later that month, Stabler and John Munch had a close call when they were shot in the courtroom during the trial of white supremacist Brian Ackerman. Kyle Ackerman, Brian's teenage son, shot Stabler in the arm, while Christopher Rawlings, one of Brian's associates, shot Munch in the buttock. Munch fell to the floor after being shot, to which Stabler shot and killed Rawlings. Kyle used Casey Novak as a shield, but after Rawlings was shot, he let her go and shot Stabler in the arm. Stabler held his arm and fell unconscious. Kyle was then shot and killed by Dana Lewis who is revealed to be FBI. Stabler and Munch were rushed to Bellevue Hospital. They made a full recovery, and Stabler returned to work with his arm in a sling.
Stabler had another close call in January 2006, when he was held hostage by drug addict Daniel Hunter after a botched kidnapping, where was used as a human shield by Daniel in a bank. He was saved by Melinda Warner, who shot Hunter. In April of that same year, Stabler was held at gunpoint for several minutes in a warehouse by sadistic serial killer Victor Paul Gitano. Benson refused to shoot Gitano, as doing so would have put Stabler's life in even more danger. Benson subsequently asked to be reassigned because Stabler told her they couldn't put the other before the job if they were to remain partners.
In September 2006, Stabler was injured in an explosion involving dynamite but recovered from his injuries.
In November 2006, Elliot was stabbed in the chest with a pen. He was rushed to the hospital and Kathy and Kathleen came to the hospital to see if he was okay. There they meet his new partner, Dani.
In February 2007, Stabler injured his arm when Cupid threw him out the window, causing Stabler to lose all feeling in his arm. The doctor tells Stabler he came close to severing his radial nerve. Stabler assures him he was ready for work, but the doctor tells him he has to wait until the feeling comes back in his arm and hands. Cragen informs Stabler that he is on desk duty and that he would rather lose Stabler for a few weeks than attend his retirement party. Later that year, Stabler was put on suspension after he allegedly beat a teenage murder suspect to death. An eyewitness used a video phone to record the incident of Elliot punching and restraining the much smaller teen. Elliot was cleared of the charges when it was determined that the teen died due to cardiac arrest during the struggle, and the teen's internal injuries were not due to Elliot's use of force, but actually Elliot's attempts to use CPR to save the teen.
Stabler has been shown having to use deadly force. In one incident, a corrupt police officer raised his weapon at Stabler in fear of being caught, forcing Stabler to shoot him. (SVU: "Risk") At another time, Stabler shot a suspect who was threatening to shoot his hostage despite the suspect's willingness to work the situation out with Benson. (SVU: "Debt") His third known shooting was when he shot Christopher Rawlings when he pulled a gun in a courtroom and started shooting people with his accomplice Kyle Ackerman. (SVU: "Raw") The fourth time was when he shot Jenna Fox, a girl who opened fire in the precinct in retaliation for her mother's rape and murder. (SVU: "Smoked")
According to Cragen, there were two other occasions when Stabler used deadly force. (SVU: "Scorched Earth")
In September 2007, Stabler was temporarily blinded when schizophrenic rapist Saul Picard threw him into a car window.
In January 2008, Elliot was almost most choked to death by Cole Roderick. It was the second time he was almost choked to death. Luckily Elliot managed to break free and eventually subdue and arrest Cole for killing six people.
In October 2008, Elliot broken several ribs while trying to restrain 15-year-old Tommy Ross, who lashed out after his mother Susan died from untreated AIDS. Stabler pressed charges, but only did so in order to get Tommy to testify against his mother's doctor, Gideon Hutton; the charges were later dropped, though Stabler urged the boy to get tested for HIV, as Susan's death suggested that he was at risk for the disease. Tommy refused to get tested, but owed Stabler for dropping the charges so Stabler used it to convince him to meet a young boy named Kyle who was recovering from brain cancer after getting treated against his parents' wishes. Kyle convinced Tommy to get tested and he shared the results with Stabler: he was HIV positive, but Stabler convinced him his life wasn't over.
In May 2009, Elliot and Fin were chasing Harrison, who set a gas trap that nearly killed him and Detective Tutuola. Ryan O'Halloran told them they were lucky to be alive. Elliot was knocked out from behind by Stuckey. Stabler's phone then rings with a call from Benson and Stuckey answers, saying Stabler went out for lunch and left his phone. He then ties Stabler to a chair and starts to torture Stabler. Stuckey admits he killed the woman at Coney Island in order to frame Harrison, and that he attacked Zimmer and Donnelly for embarrassing him. Benson arrives and is held at gunpoint by Stuckey, but she convinces Stuckey that she too hates Stabler and is in love with Stuckey. While Benson kisses Stuckey to distract him, Stabler kicks him from behind, allowing Benson to knock Stuckey out and free Stabler. He asks Benson how she knew he was in trouble and Benson tells him that Stuckey told her he went out for sushi, something she knows he doesn't like since it has raw fish. (SVU: "Zebras")
In October 2009, Elliot was thrown off of a roof by Callum Donovan, out of fear, not knowing that Elliot had come to apologize to him. Donovan not only had a history with Stabler (he was the arresting officer that led to his incarceration) but during a case where Donovan is thought to be the suspect Elliot had come close to assaulting him before being stopped. Due to the harsh conditions of his incarceration and, not knowing that Elliot had come to apologize, not arrest him, Donovan threw him off. Because of his actions, Donovan was sentenced with the charge of attempted murder of an officer. In a move that was unusual for Elliot, he decided to place himself in his assaulter's shoes in order to better understand why Donovan acted the way he did. Stabler voluntarily requested to be placed in solitary confinement for three days only to find the conditions psychologically unbearable due to the lack of communication and light (leading to the displacement of time). When he is released he yelled at the guard, emphasizing that he had requested to only be kept inside for three days. He is horrified to learn that no mistake was made and that only three days had passed. Knowing that Donovan had spent the majority of his nineteen-year incarceration in solitary confinement he requested that the charges be dropped. ADA Sonya Paxton, who had a shared animosity with Stabler declined the request under the pretense that Donovan will re-offend if given the chance. When Callum is convicted and jailed he attempted suicide by repeatedly slamming his head against the wall of his cell. In the infirmary, Callum informed Stabler that Sonya, unbeknownst to Stabler, requested that after he recovered, Donovan be allowed to spend the remainder of his sentence in the general population. This act made Stabler re-evaluate Sonya and the tension he had with her. (SVU: "Solitary")
Stabler in 2008.
That year also saw Stabler get shot while working undercover to gather evidence against animal smuggler Andre Bushido. One bullet passed clean through his chest but did not damage any vital organs, while the other lodged in his bicep and had to be removed. Though he was urged to take a week off, he came back on the job the next day to take down Bushido.
During a case that involved eco-terrorists Stabler once again ran into FBI Agent Dana Lewis who was undercover. While investigating the eco-terrorist hideout Dana accidentally took the pinout of one of the explosives in a crate, resulting in the destruction of the house and Stabler being thrown back by the explosion and a subsequent concussion. This was the second time that he had been hospitalized while working with Agent Lewis. (SVU: "Informed")
In 2010, when Dana became a rape victim herself and turned to Olivia Benson for help, Stabler was injured while working alongside Dana for a third and final time. This instance saw Stabler receiving a gunshot wound (his second with Lewis) to the shoulder when Dana fired a bullet that ricocheted and pierced his shoulder. Though accidental, this incident led to Agent Lewis having her gun privilege suspended. (SVU: "Penetration")
While Elliot is normally mindful and respectful of the rules inside of a courtroom, he is not above making an exception if they conflict with him being able to provide information that will aid in a case. Most notably is an instance in October of 2010 when Elliot faked a hallucinogenic breakdown, leading to him being found in contempt and a subsequent visit to the hospital, in order to have a recess declared so he could relay pertinent information to the prosecution.
In 2011, Elliot was forced to fire on and take down an sixteen-year-old girl, Jenna Fox. Jenna, had come to the station to confirm that the people responsible for her mother's murder had been arrested. While there she was told and shown the three suspects and what their involvement was. Jenna acted as though she was going to leave but immediately returned and opened fire on the suspects, killing two and injuring the third. When her attention was drawn toward Elliot Jenna blindly fired and killed Sister Peg before ceasing fire. Elliot was nearly successful in getting her to drop the weapon when the injured suspect began taunting her. Though Stabler warned her again, when she raised the weapon to re-open fire, he fired a shot that punctured her in the ribs. As she fell, he ran to her and cradled her while she explained how she had purchased the weapon before perishing from the inflicted wound. (SVU: "Smoked")
Though the subsequent investigation would decide that it was a "good shoot", due to Stabler's history of lethal actions throughout his career (deemed high even by his former captain) and his general stubbornness about going to mandated counseling before being allowed to return, there was doubt on whether or not he would return. Instead, Stabler, traumatized by Jenna's death, decided to formally retire, much to the regret of Benson. (SVU: "Scorched Earth") It was later stated that he left town before the investigation was even concluded. (OC: "What Happens in Puglia")
After going for a "walkabout" for about six years working private security, Stabler rejoined the NYPD as it's liaison detective in Italy and moved himself, Kathy, and Eli to Rome. For the next four years, he would work in several task forces with Italian authorities combating mafia crimes and sex trafficking. In 2021, Stabler returned to New York, where Kathy died of her injuries after being caught in a car bomb meant for him, or so we thought. He was reunited with SVU as they investigated the case, but they were ultimately taken off of it. (SVU: "Return Of The Prodigal Son") Benson provided Stabler with all of the information and evidence she had on the case and Stabler, who had returned to New York partly to attend her awards ceremony, provided his old partner with the speech he had planned to give. Stabler successfully fought to be allowed to join the new Organized Crime task force that was being formed and survived another attempted assassination. (OC: "What Happens in Puglia")
Personality Stabler often mentioned his family, particularly his children, sometimes as a way to gain trust with the victims. He was protective of his children and became defensive if a suspect asks about his family. Stabler once revealed that he helped deliver all of his children (SVU: "Tragedy") to that point, and he sees aspects of them in every child molestation victim. As a result, he had an intense hatred of pedophiles, admitting that he sometimes fantasizes about killing them. (SVU: "Slaves") When he discovered that a self-proclaimed pedophile had a picture of his youngest daughter, he broke into his apartment and savagely beat him, almost losing his job. (SVU: "Confession") Elliot was also disgusted by child murderers, angered by people actually being willing to kill a young person.(SVU: "Fault")
Because of his own upbringing, Stabler found it particularly disturbing when he sees aspects of himself in a child abuser; in one instance, an abusive parent reminded him of a time he lost his temper and slapped his then-toddler daughter Maureen. While he restrained himself from hurting her further, he was frightened by his loss of control. (SVU: "Shaken")
Stabler often connected with child victims on a fatherly basis and had been very willing to use physical force to apprehend a suspect that he believed to have harmed a child. In turn, many victims tended to respond to him very warmly. For example, Stabler successfully reached out to a fifteen-year-old girl who regressed to a childlike state after being attacked by her father. (SVU: "Resilience")
At one point, Stabler and his wife separated, and Kathy moved in with her mother. (SVU: "Doubt") Though she had sole custody of their children, they frequently visited their father, once surprising him at work on his birthday. Kathy eventually sent him divorce papers; (SVU: "Raw") later, Stabler realized during a case involving a divorcing couple that "when love twists into hate, there's nothing you won't do," and silently returned the signed papers to his wife. However, eventually, Stabler showed up at Kathy's house at night after being cleared in the supposed beating death of a suspect. (SVU: "Dependent") He told her that he loved both his job and his family, and couldn't live with the thought of losing either, and asked for a reconciliation with his wife, saying "I want to come home". Stabler eventually moved back home with his family; he met Kathy for drinks to discuss rebuilding their relationship. (SVU: "Sin") They ultimately became intimate once again. (SVU: "Annihilated")
At one point, Stabler took his daughter Kathleen's driver's license and burnt it. (SVU: "Responsible") He did this because, two years prior, Kathleen had been arrested for DUI and Elliot had used his clout as a police officer to get the charge to disappear. Reasoning that he could not be a good father if he did that, Elliot decided to take away Kathleen's license. In 2007, Kathleen was arrested again for the DUI. (SVU: "Screwed") Kathy also told Elliot that she was pregnant and that she wanted him to come home; he did so and reconciled with Kathy. (SVU: "Alternate") Around that time, Kathy was briefly held hostage in their home by a knife-wielding perpetrator who allegedly suffered from multiple personality disorder and who appeared to be stalking Elliot.
Kathy's pregnancy continued to progress normally, and Kathleen did not receive jail time for her DUI conviction but was sentenced to community service. (SVU: "Alternate")
Kathy was seriously injured by a drunk driver who hit Olivia's car when she was driving Kathy to a doctor's appointment. Olivia and a team of firefighters managed to get Kathy out of the car and into an ambulance, where Kathy gave birth to a baby boy. Kathy's life appeared to be in jeopardy but she survived. Elliot was grateful to his partner, who asked him what name he and Kathy chose. Elliot said Kathy wanted to name the boy after him. "Just what the world needs," Olivia quipped, "another Elliot Stabler". (SVU: "Paternity")
Following his shooting of a young girl he was completely destroyed by his actions and ultimately chose to retire from the NYPD without even saying goodbye to his colleagues who he had worked with for over a decade.
When he returned after 10 years, he confided in Fin that he felt guilty about not talking to Benson prior to his resignation. stating he did not know what to say to her.
His wife being killed in a car bombing caused Elliot to experience PTSD as he suffered nightmares and started behaving erratically. He became determined to avenge the death of his wife swearing to any suspect that they were dead. To that end, he put distance between himself and his family and focused on his job despite the concerns of Kathleen and Benson.
Despite his focus on his job, glimpses of his old self were still seen such as him being quick to protect Eli from being abducted or when he assured Kathleen that he was fine and retracted a statement that indirectly referred to her being bipolar.
When Benson and his family held an intervention, he denied having a problem. However, this action would cause his relationship with his family and his old partner to become strained. However, it was restored once Kathy's killers were caught and Stabler and Benson reconnected during Fin's wedding.
Partners Before being partnered with Olivia Benson in 1999, Elliot was partnered with Jo Marlowe (his first female partner), Pete Breslin, Dave Rosetti, and "Old Fatso" Alfonse.
Pete Breslin An officer who used to be his partner before Olivia. Not much is known of their status, though they got along. They were close enough for Pete to be familiar with Kathy.
Stabler encountered Breslin again and the two caught up and Pete was shocked that Elliot and Kathy were separated. When Pete's son was accused of a crime this caused tension and Stabler wanted to apologize but found that Pete's son Luke had shot Pete, grazing him in the head, before fleeing. Stabler rushed him to a hospital, where he recovered. Stabler brought in Luke, who had been at his friend's house and threatening to commit suicide when Stabler explained that Pete was still alive. (SVU: "Ripped")
Olivia Benson Stabler's partner for thirteen years was Olivia Benson. Their relationship wasn't without friction, as the two sometimes argued over the cases they worked on; Benson was quicker to side with the victims while Stabler was more impartial. This became obvious when three women were charged with raping a male stripper; Benson and Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot were quick to come to the man's aid, while Stabler took a cynical view of his claim from the start. (SVU: "Ridicule") This also came to a head when a woman going through a bitter divorce claimed her husband raped her. (SVU: "Burned") Benson instantly believed her, while Stabler thought she might be lying. Stabler told her that as she was not married, she did not know how bitter divorces could be; while she accuses him of letting his own divorce influence his judgment. Ultimately Stabler was proven right, the woman's husband ultimately sets her on fire, but he never raped her.
Benson and Stabler were separated at times during their partnership. At one time Benson was briefly reassigned to the Computer Crimes division and replaced by a Queens SVU detective, Lucius Blaine. (SVU: "Fat") Benson returned to SVU soon after. (SVU: "Web") Later, Benson teamed up with an FBI agent and eventually went undercover in Oregon to infiltrate an eco-terrorist group. (SVU: "Informed")
Stabler's wife Kathy was worried that her husband preferred being at work with Benson but was told by Benson that it wasn't true. Elliot also had respect for Benson's privacy, as he did not pry into her relationship status after learning she was seeing Kurt Moss. (SVU: "Closet")
Season 11 Episode 21 introduced a former partner of his, Jo Marlowe, who is now an A.D.A. He has had at least two other partners: Dave Ruzzetti, who committed suicide over his inability to solve Debbie Cooper's murder, (SVU: "Execution"), and Alphonse, who retired and moved to Florida, and may have been his partner immediately prior to Olivia Benson. (SVU: "A Single Life")
Elliott left between season 12 and 13 but Olivia was told that he was on leave. In the season 13 premiere, Cragen tells Olivia that Elliot filed for retirement. She went into an interrogation room and cried. Stabler did not tell her goodbye. Cragen ordered her to pack Stabler's stuff.
Olivia became very cold immediately after. She got upset at Cragen for bringing in Rollins and Amaro because she would have to teach them everything since she was so used to working with experienced people. Cragen then assigns Amaro to work with her, regardless. She even adopted some of Elliot's abilities such as abusing suspects during interrogation. During the William Lewis arc, she subdued Lewis. She monologues while looking at his unconscious body, torturing him and calling Elliot to help her. Lewis also implied Benson wanted to see him again, something she did not deny.
Elliot, despite being gone for ten years, has had a very lasting impact on Olivia.
When the two reunited in 2021, Benson was very shocked to see Stabler especially with the circumstances regarding his wife. Kathy was even pleased to see them together again, remarking how they are still in sync. They have more or less regained part of their old friendship with talks. Elliot was also pleased to hear from Fin that Benson was a mother. Since their reunion, it is speculated by many characters that Stabler and Benson have romantic tension between them. A great example was when he told her that he loved her, during an intervention held by his kids but quickly covered it up. The crime lord Richard Wheatley even believes that Olivia is the woman that Elliot loves and remarked on this to Elliot.
Dani Beck Elliot's replacement partner when Benson takes an undercover assignment. In 2006, Elliot met Beck after a case. Beck had very different opinions on sexual assault compared to Stabler, which subsequently left Stabler having doubts on whether she was suited for the Special Victims Unit or not. She often found herself getting upset or traumatized by some cases, even getting too involved in some.
There was some romantic tension between Beck and Stabler, and they share a kiss in "Underbelly"; However, they never take their relationship to the next step because Elliot was still in love with his wife, despite being separated. When Elliot was stabbed, Dani was worried and held his hand before Elliot quickly dropped Dani's hand when Kathy and Kathleen arrived (having been called by Beck). Although Kathy was pleasant to Dani, she later revealed that she did not like her, and possibly suspected that there was something going on between Elliot and Dani (SVU: "Cage", "Burned").
On a case, Beck bonds with an abused child and takes her in, only to find that there is nothing she can do to help her when the child tries to burn down her house in an attempt to kill herself and Dani so they could be together forever. Traumatized, Beck decides to leave SVU while Elliot tried to plead with her to stay, as a hopeful Beck believed he may have wanted to be with her romantically. However, Elliot couldn't convey his possible feelings, due to his family. Disappointed, she bids him goodbye and returns to her original assignment in the Warrants Squad.
Ayanna Bell In 2021, Stabler joined the Organized Crime Control Bureau, and he was the only member when he arrived. Bell first met Stabler in a prison, where he was threatening prisoners suspected of murdering his wife Kathy. A few days after Stabler joined the Organized Crime Control Bureau, Ayanna started to gain more members such as Diego Morales, Freddie Washburn, and Jet Slootmaekers. Bell's main target was businessman and crime boss Richard Wheatley, who has close ties with the Mafia and is suspected to be involved in organized crime with his online pharmaceutical company Contrapos.
Officer-involved shootings Two unnamed people Detective Brad Kendall (SVU: "Risk") Snakehead gangster (SVU: "Debt") Christopher Rawlings (SVU: "Raw") Jenna Fox (SVU: "Smoked") Hitman (OC: "Forget It Jake; It's Chinatown") Trivia Stabler was a police officer for 25 years and a detective for 22 years (in SVU 19 years). He joined the NYPD in 1986 (SVU: "Wrong Is Right"), was promoted to detective Christmas 1989 (SVU: "Solitary"), joined SVU in late 1992 (SVU: "Rooftop", SVU: "Authority"), and retired on August 11, 2011 (according to SVU: "Scorched Earth" (09/21/2011) scene cards). Stabler has a deep-seated distrust of psychologists and psychiatrists stemming from his being hauled in front of the Morris Commission after being interviewed by Dr. Audrey Jackson (SVU: "Slaves"). This has manifested itself in his hostility towards Dr. George Huang, whom he views as meddlesome, particularly when it comes to interrogations. (SVU: "Execution", "Demons", "Scavenger") According to his mother, as a child, Stabler wanted to be an architect, (SVU: "Swing") since he made buildings out of blocks when he was eight. However, he mentioned to Dickie that he briefly considered being an Astronaut (SVU: "Lunacy"). But Stabler has said he always wanted to be a cop. (SVU: "Ripped", "Swing") Stabler's blood type is A positive, the same as Olivia.(SVU: "Choreographed") Stabler carries a Glock 19 as his sidearm and a Kahr K9 as his off-duty sidearm In the episode "Solitary", Stabler mentions how he got appointed to Detective in 1989, which would have made him 23 (which is near impossible in real life since you have to be 21 on the day of hire and do at least 18 months in an investigation unit before earning your gold shield, not simply run into a bank robber). Whenever the SVU team is involved with FBI Agent Dana Lewis, Elliot gets injured. Three times Elliot said it was because of her. Dana later joked about this in her third appearance in SVU. Stabler has been hurt ten times in the line of duty. Stabler has nearly lost his life 14 times in the line of duty. Stabler has been held hostage by Daniel Hunter, Victor Paul Gitano, and Dale Stuckey. Stabler was mentioned in the series a few times following his departure: In "Surrender Benson", Benson told William Lewis that "her old partner" would have known exactly what to do with him. Lewis referenced this during his trial. In "Surrendering Noah", Benson tells Amaro that she'd "grown more in [her] four years with [him] than [she] did in the twelve years with [her] old partner." Benson even contemplated calling Stabler to come to deal with Lewis, though she ultimately did not. In "Chicago Crossover", Benson notes that Stabler shares many similarities with Sergeant Hank Voight from Chicago P.D. while criticizing him for his harsh methods with suspects. Indeed, both Stabler and Voight often employed violent and extreme methods to force a confession out of suspects, and both men despised pedophiles compared to other types of criminals. However, Stabler was never a dirty cop, unlike Voight. Also, in many ways, Voight could be considered to be more extreme than Stabler ever was, performing illegal acts that Stabler would never have done, such as deliberately framing innocent men for crimes such as murder, and committing cold-blooded murder himself against a defenseless man (though that man had murdered Voight's son). While not a dirty cop, per se, Stabler tends to be an abusive detective, due to his anger management issues and his frequent assaulting of suspects and violations of suspects and defendants' constitutional rights. So far in the franchise, Stabler has read a suspect or culprit their Miranda rights as, "You have the right to remain silent. If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law." In the episode "Zebras", it is stated that Stabler doesn't like raw fish. After leaving SVU, he moved to Rome for about 10 years with his family. Notes Elliot lived at 72-12 Castleside Street in the Glen Oaks section of Queens with his family. (SVU: "Pure", "Paternity", "Swing", "Lunacy") Munch referred to Elliot as a Desert Storm veteran. (SVU: "Goliath") However, Desert Storm ran from August 1990 through February 1991 when Elliot was a detective in the NYPD - unless he was a reservist. Actor Nick Chinlund also originally screen-tested for the role of Stabler, according to Meloni. Chinlund later appeared in the SVU episode "Execution" in a different role. He was often referred to as "El" (instead of Elliot) by many people such as his partner, Olivia Benson, Captain Cragen, Kathy Stabler, and others. Stabler was often the senior detective on cases because he has been in the unit for longer than anyone else. He started there in late 1992. (SVU: "Rooftop") Stabler is a detective first grade. (SVU: "Haystack") Elliot's shield number is 6313. One of Elliot's best friends died in the World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks that took place in 2001. Between the end of Season 12 and the beginning of Season 13, Elliot was put on administrative leave. Although he was cleared after the shooting, he chose to retire from the police force. The directors of SVU later admitted that Stabler's abrupt departure from SVU was handled rather poorly. Stabler's departure created a major shift in the show. After his departure, Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins were hired in Season 13, and longtime running characters Captain Donald Cragen and John Munch were retired in Season 15, leaving Olivia Benson as the only character from Season 1 to still be on the show. He and his son Eli lived in apartment 5B. (OC: "The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of") Appearances Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (14 seasons, 270 episodes): Season 1: "Payback" • "A Single Life" • "...Or Just Look Like One" • "Hysteria" • "Wanderlust" • "Sophomore Jinx" • "Uncivilized" • "Stalked" •"Stocks & Bondage" • "Closure (Part I)" • "Bad Blood" • "Russian Love Poem" • "Disrobed" • "Limitations" • "Entitled" • "The Third Guy" • "Misleader" • "Chat Room" • "Contact" • "Remorse" • "Nocturne" • "Slaves" Season 2: "Wrong Is Right" • "Honor" • "Closure (Part II)" • "Legacy" • "Baby Killer" • "Noncompliance" • "Asunder" • "Taken" • "Pixies" • "Consent" • "Abuse" • "Secrets" • "Victims" • "Paranoia" • "Countdown" • "Runaway" • "Folly" • "Manhunt" • "Parasites" • "Pique" • "Scourge" Season 3: "Repression" • "Wrath" • "Stolen" • "Rooftop" • "Tangled" • "Redemption" • "Sacrifice" • "Inheritance" • "Care" • "Ridicule" • "Monogamy" • "Protection" • "Prodigy" • "Counterfeit" • "Execution" • "Popular" • "Surveillance" • "Guilt" • "Justice" • "Greed" • "Denial" • "Competence" • "Silence" Season 4: "Chameleon" • "Deception" • "Vulnerable" • "Lust" • "Disappearing Acts" • "Angels" • "Dolls" • "Waste" • "Juvenile" • "Resilience" • "Damaged" • "Risk" • "Mercy" • "Pandora" • "Tortured" • "Privilege" • "Desperate" • "Appearances" • "Dominance" • "Fallacy" • "Futility" • "Grief" • "Perfect" • "Soulless" Season 5: "Tragedy" • "Manic" • "Mother" • "Loss" • "Serendipity" • "Coerced" • "Choice" • "Abomination" • "Control" • "Shaken" • "Escape" • "Brotherhood" • "Hate" • "Ritual" • "Families" • "Home" • "Mean" • "Careless" • "Sick" • "Lowdown" • "Criminal" • "Painless" • "Bound" • "Poison" • "Head" Season 6: "Birthright" • "Debt" • "Obscene" • "Scavenger" • "Outcry" • "Conscience" • "Charisma" • "Doubt" • "Weak" • "Haunted" • "Contagious" • "Identity" • "Quarry" • "Game" • "Hooked" • "Ghost" • "Rage" • "Pure" • "Intoxicated" • "Night" • "Blood" • "Parts" • "Goliath" Season 7: "Demons" • "Design" • "Ripped" • "Raw" • "Name" • "Starved" • "Rockabye" • "Storm" • "Alien" • "Infected" • "Blast" • "Taboo" • "Manipulated" • "Gone" • "Class" • "Venom" • "Fault" • "Fat" • "Web" • "Influence" Season 8: "Informed" • "Clock" • "Recall" • "Uncle" • "Confrontation" • "Infiltrated" • "Underbelly" • "Cage" • "Choreographed" • "Scheherazade" • "Burned" • "Outsider" • "Loophole" • "Dependent" • "Haystack" • "Philadelphia" • "Sin" • "Responsible" • "Florida" • "Annihilated" • "Pretend" • "Screwed" Season 9: "Alternate" • "Avatar" • "Impulsive" • "Savant" • "Harm" • "Svengali" • "Blinded" • "Fight" • "Paternity" • "Snitch" • "Streetwise" • "Unorthodox" • "Inconceivable" • "Undercover" • "Closet" • "Authority" • "Trade" • "Cold" Season 10: "Trials" • "Confession" • "Swing" • "Lunacy" • "Retro" • "Babes" • "Wildlife" • "Persona" • "Smut" • "Stranger" • "Hothouse" • "Snatched" • "Transitions" • "Lead" • "Ballerina" • "Hell" • "Baggage" • "Selfish" • "Crush" • "Liberties" • "Zebras" Season 11: "Unstable" • "Sugar" • "Solitary" • "Hammered" • "Hardwired" • "Spooked" • "Users" • "Turmoil" • "Perverted" • "Anchor" • "Quickie" • "Shadow" • "P.C." • "Savior" • "Confidential" • "Witness" • "Disabled" • "Bedtime" • "Conned" • "Beef" • "Torch" • "Ace" • "Wannabe" • "Shattered" Season 12: "Locum" • "Bullseye" • "Behave" • "Merchandise" • "Wet" • "Branded" • "Trophy" • "Penetration" • "Gray" • "Rescue" • "Pop" • "Possessed" • "Mask" • "Flight" • "Spectacle" • "Pursuit" • "Bully" • "Bombshell" • "Totem" • "Reparations" • "Bang" • "Delinquent" • "Smoked" Season 22: "Return Of The Prodigal Son" • "Trick-Rolled At The Moulin'" • "Wolves In Sheep's Clothing" Season 23: "I Thought You Were On My Side" Law & Order: Organized Crime (2 seasons, 9 episodes): Season 1: "What Happens in Puglia" • "Not Your Father's Organized Crime" • "Say Hello To My Little Friends" • "The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of" • "An Inferior Product" • "I Got This Rat" • "Everybody Takes a Beating Sometime" • "Forget It Jake; It's Chinatown" Season 2: "The Man With No Identity" Law & Order (1 seasons, 2 episodes): Season 10: "Entitled" • "Fools For Love" Law & Order: Trial by Jury (1 seasons, 1 episode): Season 1: "Day"
Icon SVU.jpg Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - Main Characters Senior Detectives: Elliot Stabler • John Munch • Odafin Tutuola • Olivia Benson • Amanda Rollins Junior Detectives: Olivia Benson • Monique Jeffries • Odafin Tutuola • Chester Lake • Amanda Rollins • Nick Amaro • Dominick Carisi, Jr. • Katriona Tamin Squad Supervisors: John Munch • Olivia Benson Commanding Officers: Donald Cragen • Olivia Benson • Christian Garland Assistant District Attorneys: Alexandra Cabot • Casey Novak • Kim Greylek • Rafael Barba • Peter Stone • Dominick Carisi, Jr. Others: Melinda Warner • George Huang
Icon SVU.jpg Law & Order: Organized Crime - Main Characters Senior Detectives: Elliot Stabler Squad Supervisors: Ayanna Bell Support Personnel: Jet Slootmaekers Crime Family: Richard Wheatley • Angela Wheatley Categories Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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🌐 The Global Network 🌐Wiki Loves Monuments: Photograph a monument, help Wikipedia and win! Learn more Internet Archive From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Internet archive (disambiguation). For help citing the Wayback Machine (an Internet Archive service) in the English Wikipedia, see Help:Using the Wayback Machine. "archive.org" redirects here. It is not to be confused with arXiv.org. Coordinates: 37.782321°N 122.47161137°W Internet Archive Logo of Internet Archive Type of business 501(c)(3) nonprofit Type of site Digital library Available in English Founded May 12, 1996; 25 years ago[notes 1][1] Headquarters Richmond District San Francisco, California, U.S. Chairman Brewster Kahle Services Archive-It Open Library Wayback Machine (since 2001) Netlabels NASA Images Prelinger Archives Revenue Increase $20.3 million (2018)[2] Employees Increase 168 (2018)[2] URL archive.org Launched 1996 Current status Active Since late 2009, the headquarters of the Internet Archive has been the building that formerly housed the Fourth Church of Christ, Scientist (San Francisco, California). The Internet Archive is an American digital library with the stated mission of "universal access to all knowledge".[notes 2][notes 3] It provides free public access to collections of digitized materials, including websites, software applications/games, music, movies/videos, moving images, and millions of books. In addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating a free and open Internet. As of April 2021, the Internet Archive holds over 30 million books and texts, 8.9 million movies, videos and TV shows, 649,000 software programs, 13,225,000 audio files, 3.8 million images, and 580 billion web pages in the Wayback Machine. The Internet Archive allows the public to upload and download digital material to its data cluster, but the bulk of its data is collected automatically by its web crawlers, which work to preserve as much of the public web as possible. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains hundreds of billions of web captures.[notes 4][3] The Archive also oversees one of the world's largest book digitization projects. Contents 1 Operations 2 History 3 Web archiving 3.1 Wayback Machine 3.2 Archive-It 3.3 Internet Archive Scholar 4 Book collections 4.1 Text collection 4.2 Number of texts for each language 4.3 Number of texts for each decade 4.4 Open Library 4.5 Digitizing sponsors for books 5 Media collections 5.1 Audio 5.1.1 Audio Archive 5.1.2 Live Music Archive 5.1.3 The Great 78 Project 5.1.4 Netlabels 5.2 Images collection 5.2.1 Cover Art Archive 5.2.2 Metropolitan Museum of Art images 5.2.3 NASA Images 5.2.4 Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive 5.2.5 USGS Maps 5.2.6 Mathematical images 5.3 Machinima Archive 5.4 Microfilm collection 5.5 Moving image collection 5.6 Open Educational Resources 5.7 TV News Search & Borrow 5.8 Miscellaneous collections 5.8.1 Brooklyn Museum 5.8.2 Michelson library 6 Other services and endeavors 6.1 Physical media 6.2 Software 6.3 Table Top Scribe System 6.4 Credit Union 7 Controversies and legal disputes 7.1 Grateful Dead 7.2 National security letters 7.3 Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills 7.4 Opposition to Google Books settlement 7.5 Nintendo Power magazine 7.6 Government of India 7.7 Turkey 7.8 National Emergency Library 7.9 Publishers' lawsuit 8 Ceramic archivists collection 9 Artists in residence 10 See also 10.1 Similar projects 10.2 Other 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Operations Ambox current red Asia Australia.svg This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020) Mirror of the Internet Archive in the Bibliotheca Alexandrina The Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit operating in the United States. It has an annual budget of $10 million, derived from revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations, and the Kahle-Austin Foundation.[4] The Internet Archive also manages periodic funding campaigns. For instance, a December 2019 campaign had a goal of reaching $6 million in donations.[citation needed] The Archive is headquartered in San Francisco, California. From 1996 to 2009, its headquarters were in the Presidio of San Francisco, a former U.S. military base. Since 2009, its headquarters have been at 300 Funston Avenue in San Francisco, a former Christian Science Church. At one time, most of its staff worked in its book-scanning centers; as of 2019, scanning is performed by 100 paid operators worldwide.[5] The Archive also has data centers in three Californian cities: San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond. To reduce the risk of data loss, the Archive creates copies of parts of its collection at more distant locations, including the Bibliotheca Alexandrina[notes 5] in Egypt and a facility in Amsterdam.[6] The Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium[7] and was officially designated as a library by the state of California in 2007.[notes 6][8] History 2008 headquarters Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in May 1996 around the same time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet.[notes 7] In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities,[notes 8] though it saved the earliest pages in May 1996.[9][10] The archived content wasn't available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, beginning with the Prelinger Archives. Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of other projects: the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It, and the wiki-editable library catalog and book information site Open Library. Soon after that, the Archive began working to provide specialized services relating to the information access needs of the print-disabled; publicly accessible books were made available in a protected Digital Accessible Information System (DAISY) format.[notes 9] According to its website:[notes 10] Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture and heritage. Without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form. The Archive's mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced[11] that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for more than 1.3 million existing files, and all newly uploaded files.[12][13] This method is the fastest means of downloading media from the Archive, as files are served from two Archive data centers, in addition to other torrent clients which have downloaded and continue to serve the files.[12][notes 11] On November 6, 2013, the Internet Archive's headquarters in San Francisco's Richmond District caught fire,[14] destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments.[15] According to the Archive, it lost a side-building housing one of 30 of its scanning centers; cameras, lights, and scanning equipment worth hundreds of thousands of dollars; and "maybe 20 boxes of books and film, some irreplaceable, most already digitized, and some replaceable".[16] The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage.[17] In November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the Archive to be based somewhere in Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build a backup archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump.[18][19][20] Kahle was quoted as saying: On November 9th in America, we woke up to a new administration promising radical change. It was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and perpetually accessible. It means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions. It means serving patrons in a world in which government surveillance is not going away; indeed it looks like it will increase. Throughout history, libraries have fought against terrible violations of privacy—where people have been rounded up simply for what they read. At the Internet Archive, we are fighting to protect our readers' privacy in the digital world.[18] Beginning in 2017, OCLC and the Internet Archive have collaborated to make the Archive's records of digitized books available in WorldCat.[21] Since 2018, the Internet Archive visual arts residency, which is organized by Amir Saber Esfahani and Andrew McClintock, helps connect artists with the Archive's over 48 petabytes[notes 12] of digitized materials. Over the course of the yearlong residency, visual artists create a body of work which culminates in an exhibition. The hope is to connect digital history with the arts and create something for future generations to appreciate online or off.[22] Previous artists in residence include Taravat Talepasand, Whitney Lynn, and Jenny Odell.[23] In 2019, its headquarters in San Francisco received a bomb threat which forced a temporary evacuation of the building.[24] The Internet Archive acquires most materials from donations,[notes 13] such as hundreds of thousands of 78 rpm discs from Boston Public Library in 2017,[25] a donation of 250,000 books from Trent University in 2018,[26] and the entire collection of Marygrove College's library in 2020 after it closed.[27] All material is then digitized and retained in digital storage, while a digital copy is returned to the original holder and the Internet Archive's copy, if not in the public domain, is borrowed to patrons worldwide one at a time under the controlled digital lending (CDL) theory of the first-sale doctrine.[28] Web archiving Wayback Machine Main article: Wayback Machine Wayback Machine logo, used since 2001 MENU0:00 Mark Graham The Internet Archive capitalized on the popular use of the term "WABAC Machine" from a segment of The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoon (specifically, Peabody's Improbable History), and uses the name "Wayback Machine" for its service that allows archives of the World Wide Web to be searched and accessed.[29] This service allows users to view some of the archived web pages. The Wayback Machine was created as a joint effort between Alexa Internet (owned by Amazon.com) and the Internet Archive when a three-dimensional index was built to allow for the browsing of archived web content.[notes 14] Millions of web sites and their associated data (images, source code, documents, etc.) are saved in a database. The service can be used to see what previous versions of web sites used to look like, to grab original source code from web sites that may no longer be directly available, or to visit web sites that no longer even exist. Not all web sites are available because many web site owners choose to exclude their sites. As with all sites based on data from web crawlers, the Internet Archive misses large areas of the web for a variety of other reasons. A 2004 paper found international biases in the coverage, but deemed them "not intentional".[30] A purchase of additional storage at the Internet Archive A "Save Page Now" archiving feature was made available in October 2013,[31] accessible on the lower right of the Wayback Machine's main page.[notes 15] Once a target URL is entered and saved, the web page will become part of the Wayback Machine.[31] Through the Internet address web.archive.org,[32] users can upload to the Wayback Machine a large variety of contents, including PDF and data compression file formats. The Wayback Machine creates a permanent local URL of the upload content, that is accessible in the web, even if not listed while searching in the archive.org official website. May 12, 1996, is the date of the oldest archived pages on the archive.org WayBack Machine, such as infoseek.com.[33] In October 2016, it was announced that the way web pages are counted would be changed, resulting in the decrease of the archived pages counts shown.[34] Year Archived pages (billions) 2005 40[notes 16] 2006 85[notes 17] 2007 85[notes 18] 2008 85[notes 19] 2009 150[notes 20] 2010 150[notes 21] 2011 150[notes 22] 2012 150[notes 23] 2013 373[notes 24] 2014 430[35] 2015 479[notes 25] 2016 510 [notes 26] 273[34]
2017 286[notes 27] 2018 344[notes 28] A Using the old counting system used before October 2016 B Using the new counting system used after October 2016
In September 2020, the Internet Archive announced a partnership with Cloudflare to automatically index websites served via its "Always Online" services.[36]
Archive-It File:Internet-archive-brewster-kahle-2013-0329.webm Brewster Kahle of the Internet Archive talks about archiving operations Created in early 2006, Archive-It[37] is a web archiving subscription service that allows institutions and individuals to build and preserve collections of digital content and create digital archives. Archive-It allows the user to customize their capture or exclusion of web content they want to preserve for cultural heritage reasons. Through a web application, Archive-It partners can harvest, catalog, manage, browse, search, and view their archived collections.[38]
In terms of accessibility, the archived web sites are full text searchable within seven days of capture.[39] Content collected through Archive-It is captured and stored as a WARC file. A primary and back-up copy is stored at the Internet Archive data centers. A copy of the WARC file can be given to subscribing partner institutions for geo-redundant preservation and storage purposes to their best practice standards.[40] Periodically, the data captured through Archive-It is indexed into the Internet Archive's general archive.
As of March 2014, Archive-It had more than 275 partner institutions in 46 U.S. states and 16 countries that have captured more than 7.4 billion URLs for more than 2,444 public collections. Archive-It partners are universities and college libraries, state archives, federal institutions, museums, law libraries, and cultural organizations, including the Electronic Literature Organization, North Carolina State Archives and Library, Stanford University, Columbia University, American University in Cairo, Georgetown Law Library, and many others.
Internet Archive Scholar In September 2020 Internet Archive announced a new initiative to archive and preserve open access academic journals, called the "Internet Archive Scholar".[41][42] Its fulltext search index includes over 25 million research articles and other scholarly documents preserved in the Internet Archive. The collection spans from digitized copies of eighteenth century journals through the latest Open Access conference proceedings and pre-prints crawled from the World Wide Web.
Book collections Text collection
Internet Archive "Scribe" book scanning workstation The Internet Archive operates 33 scanning centers in five countries, digitizing about 1,000 books a day for a total of more than 2 million books,[43] financially supported by libraries and foundations.[notes 29] As of July 2013, the collection included 4.4 million books with more than 15 million downloads per month.[43] As of November 2008, when there were approximately 1 million texts, the entire collection was greater than 0.5 petabytes, which includes raw camera images, cropped and skewed images, PDFs, and raw OCR data.[44] Between about 2006 and 2008, Microsoft had a special relationship with Internet Archive texts through its Live Search Books project, scanning more than 300,000 books that were contributed to the collection, as well as financial support and scanning equipment. On May 23, 2008, Microsoft announced it would be ending the Live Book Search project and no longer scanning books.[45] Microsoft made its scanned books available without contractual restriction and donated its scanning equipment to its former partners.[45]
An Internet Archive in-house scan ongoing Around October 2007, Archive users began uploading public domain books from Google Book Search.[notes 30] As of November 2013, there were more than 900,000 Google-digitized books in the Archive's collection;[notes 31] the books are identical to the copies found on Google, except without the Google watermarks, and are available for unrestricted use and download.[46] Brewster Kahle revealed in 2013 that this archival effort was coordinated by Aaron Swartz, who with a "bunch of friends" downloaded the public domain books from Google slow enough and from enough computers to stay within Google's restrictions. They did this to ensure public access to the public domain. The Archive ensured the items were attributed and linked back to Google, which never complained, while libraries "grumbled". According to Kahle, this is an example of Swartz's "genius" to work on what could give the most to the public good for millions of people.[47] Besides books, the Archive offers free and anonymous public access to more than four million court opinions, legal briefs, or exhibits uploaded from the United States Federal Courts' PACER electronic document system via the RECAP web browser plugin. These documents had been kept behind a federal court paywall. On the Archive, they had been accessed by more than six million people by 2013.[47]
The Archive's BookReader web app,[48] built into its website, has features such as single-page, two-page, and thumbnail modes; fullscreen mode; page zooming of high-resolution images; and flip page animation.[48][49]
Number of texts for each language Number of all texts (December 9, 2019) 22,197,912[50] Language Number of texts (November 27, 2015) English 6,553,945[notes 32] French 358,721[notes 33] German 344,810[notes 34] Spanish 134,170[notes 35] Chinese 84,147[notes 36] Arabic 66,786[notes 37] Dutch 30,237[notes 38] Portuguese 25,938[notes 39] Russian 22,731[notes 40] Urdu 14,978[notes 41] Japanese 14,795[notes 42] Number of texts for each decade XIX century Decade Number of texts (July 5, 2021) 1800s 82,587[notes 43] 1810s 100,048[notes 44] 1820s 151,669[notes 45] 1830s 203,287[notes 46] 1840s 239,343[notes 47] 1850s 307,302[notes 48] 1860s 322,843[notes 49] 1870s 336,637[notes 50] 1880s 445,046[notes 51] 1890s 570,017[notes 52] XX century Decade Number of texts (July 5, 2021) 1900s 767,201[notes 53] 1910s 744,445[notes 54] 1920s 473,331[notes 55] 1930s 342,779[notes 56] 1940s 400,490[notes 57] 1950s 560,730[notes 58] 1960s 711,449[notes 59] 1970s 2,540,807[notes 60] 1980s 1,124,927[notes 61] 1990s 1,379,398[notes 62] XXI century Decade Number of texts (July 5, 2021) 2000s 1,754,932[notes 63] 2010s 3,317,801[notes 64] 2020s 205,178[notes 65] Open Library Main article: Open Library The Open Library is another project of the Internet Archive. The wiki seeks to include a web page for every book ever published: it holds 25 million catalog records of editions. It also seeks to be a web-accessible public library: it contains the full texts of approximately 1,600,000 public domain books (out of the more than five million from the main texts collection), as well as in-print and in-copyright books,[51] many of which are fully readable, downloadable[52][53] and full-text searchable;[54] it offers a two-week loan of e-books in its controlled digital lending program for over 647,784 books not in the public domain, in partnership with over 1,000 library partners from 6 countries[43][55] after a free registration on the web site. Open Library is a free and open-source software project, with its source code freely available on GitHub.
The Open Library faces objections from some authors and the Society of Authors, who hold that the project is distributing books without authorization and is thus in violation of copyright laws,[56] and four major publishers initiated a copyright infringement lawsuit against the Internet Archive in June 2020 to stop the Open Library project.[57]
Digitizing sponsors for books Many large institutional sponsors have helped the Internet Archive provide millions of scanned publications (text items).[58] Some sponsors that have digitized large quantities of texts include the University of Toronto's Robarts Library, the University of Alberta Libraries, the University of Ottawa, the Library of Congress, Boston Library Consortium member libraries, the Boston Public Library, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library, and many others.[59]
In 2017, the MIT Press authorized the Internet Archive to digitize and lend books from the press's backlist,[60] with financial support from the Arcadia Fund.[61][62] A year later, the Internet Archive received further funding from the Arcadia Fund to invite some other university presses to partner with the Internet Archive to digitize books, a project called "Unlocking University Press Books".[63][64]
The Library of Congress has created numerous handle system identifiers that point to free digitized books in the Internet Archive.[65] The Internet Archive and Open Library are listed on the Library of Congress website as a source of e-books.[66]
Media collections
Media reader
Microfilms at the Internet Archive
Videocassettes at the Internet Archive In addition to web archives, the Internet Archive maintains extensive collections of digital media that are attested by the uploader to be in the public domain in the United States or licensed under a license that allows redistribution, such as Creative Commons licenses. Media are organized into collections by media type (moving images, audio, text, etc.), and into sub-collections by various criteria. Each of the main collections includes a "Community" sub-collection (formerly named "Open Source") where general contributions by the public are stored.
Audio Audio Archive The Audio Archive is an audio archive that includes music, audiobooks, news broadcasts, old time radio shows, and a wide variety of other audio files. There are more than 200,000 free digital recordings in the collection. The subcollections include audio books and poetry, podcasts, non-English audio, and many others.[notes 66] The sound collections are curated by B. George, director of the ARChive of Contemporary Music.[67]
Live Music Archive Main article: Live Music Archive The Live Music Archive sub-collection includes more than 170,000 concert recordings from independent musicians, as well as more established artists and musical ensembles with permissive rules about recording their concerts, such as the Grateful Dead, and more recently, The Smashing Pumpkins. Also, Jordan Zevon has allowed the Internet Archive to host a definitive collection of his father Warren Zevon's concert recordings. The Zevon collection ranges from 1976 to 2001 and contains 126 concerts including 1,137 songs.[68]
The Great 78 Project Main article: The Great 78 Project The Great 78 Project aims to digitize 250,000 78 rpm singles (500,000 songs) from the period between 1880 and 1960, donated by various collectors and institutions. It has been developed in collaboration with the Archive of Contemporary Music and George Blood Audio, responsible for the audio digitization.[67]
Netlabels Not to be confused with Netlabel. The Archive has a collection of freely distributable music that is streamed and available for download via its Netlabels service. The music in this collection generally has Creative Commons-license catalogs of virtual record labels.[notes 67][69]
Images collection This collection contains more than 3.5 million items.[70] Cover Art Archive, Metropolitan Museum of Art - Gallery Images, NASA Images, Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive, and USGS Maps and are some sub-collections of Image collection.
Cover Art Archive
Logo of Cover Art Archive The Cover Art Archive is a joint project between the Internet Archive and MusicBrainz, whose goal is to make cover art images on the Internet. As of April 2021, this collection contains more than 1,400,000 items.[notes 68]
Metropolitan Museum of Art images The images of this collection are from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This collection contains more than 140,000 items.[notes 69]
NASA Images The NASA Images archive was created through a Space Act Agreement between the Internet Archive and NASA to bring public access to NASA's image, video, and audio collections in a single, searchable resource. The IA NASA Images team worked closely with all of the NASA centers to keep adding to the ever-growing collection.[71] The nasaimages.org site launched in July 2008 and had more than 100,000 items online at the end of its hosting in 2012.
Occupy Wall Street Flickr archive This collection contains creative commons licensed photographs from Flickr related to the Occupy Wall Street movement. This collection contains more than 15,000 items.[notes 70]
USGS Maps This collection contains more than 59,000 items from Libre Map Project.[notes 71]
Mathematical images This collection contains mathematical images created by mathematical artist Hamid Naderi Yeganeh.[notes 72]
Machinima Archive One of the sub-collections of the Internet Archive's Video Archive is the Machinima Archive. This small section hosts many Machinima videos. Machinima is a digital artform in which computer games, game engines, or software engines are used in a sandbox-like mode to create motion pictures, recreate plays, or even publish presentations or keynotes. The archive collects a range of Machinima films from internet publishers such as Rooster Teeth and Machinima.com as well as independent producers. The sub-collection is a collaborative effort among the Internet Archive, the How They Got Game research project at Stanford University, the Academy of Machinima Arts and Sciences, and Machinima.com.[notes 73]
Microfilm collection This collection contains approximately 160,000 microfilmed items from a variety of libraries including the University of Chicago Libraries, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, the University of Alberta, Allen County Public Library, and the National Technical Information Service.[notes 74][notes 75]
Moving image collection See also: Wikipedia list of films freely available on the Internet Archive The Internet Archive holds a collection of approximately 3,863 feature films.[notes 76] Additionally, the Internet Archive's Moving Image collection includes: newsreels, classic cartoons, pro- and anti-war propaganda, The Video Cellar Collection, Skip Elsheimer's "A.V. Geeks" collection, early television, and ephemeral material from Prelinger Archives, such as advertising, educational, and industrial films, as well as amateur and home movie collections.
Subcategories of this collection include:
IA's Brick Films collection, which contains stop-motion animation filmed with Lego bricks, some of which are "remakes" of feature films. IA's Election 2004 collection, a non-partisan public resource for sharing video materials related to the 2004 United States presidential election. IA's FedFlix collection, Joint Venture NTIS-1832 between the National Technical Information Service and Public.Resource.Org that features "the best movies of the United States Government, from training films to history, from our national parks to the U.S. Fire Academy and the Postal Inspectors"[notes 77] IA's Independent News collection, which includes sub-collections such as the Internet Archive's World At War competition from 2001, in which contestants created short films demonstrating "why access to history matters". Among their most-downloaded video files are eyewitness recordings of the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. IA's September 11 Television Archive, which contains archival footage from the world's major television networks of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, as they unfolded on live television.[notes 78] Open Educational Resources Open Educational Resources is a digital collection at archive.org. This collection contains hundreds of free courses, video lectures, and supplemental materials from universities in the United States and China. The contributors of this collection are ArsDigita University, Hewlett Foundation, MIT, Monterey Institute, and Naropa University.[notes 79]
TV News Search & Borrow
TV tuners at the Internet Archive In September 2012, the Internet Archive launched the TV News Search & Borrow service for searching U.S. national news programs.[notes 80] The service is built on closed captioning transcripts and allows users to search and stream 30-second video clips. Upon launch, the service contained "350,000 news programs collected over 3 years from national U.S. networks and stations in San Francisco and Washington D.C."[72] According to Kahle, the service was inspired by the Vanderbilt Television News Archive, a similar library of televised network news programs.[73] In contrast to Vanderbilt, which limits access to streaming video to individuals associated with subscribing colleges and universities, the TV News Search & Borrow allows open access to its streaming video clips. In 2013, the Archive received an additional donation of "approximately 40,000 well-organized tapes" from the estate of a Philadelphia woman, Marion Stokes. Stokes "had recorded more than 35 years of TV news in Philadelphia and Boston with her VHS and Betamax machines."[74]
Miscellaneous collections Brooklyn Museum This collection contains approximately 3,000 items from Brooklyn Museum.[notes 81]
Michelson library In December 2020, the film research library of Lillian Michelson was donated to the archive.[75]
Other services and endeavors Physical media
A vintage wall intercom, an example of another "archived" item Voicing a strong reaction to the idea of books simply being thrown away, and inspired by the Svalbard Global Seed Vault, Kahle now envisions collecting one copy of every book ever published. "We're not going to get there, but that's our goal", he said. Alongside the books, Kahle plans to store the Internet Archive's old servers, which were replaced in 2010.[76]
Software The Internet Archive has "the largest collection of historical software online in the world", spanning 50 years of computer history in terabytes of computer magazines and journals, books, shareware discs, FTP sites, video games, etc. The Internet Archive has created an archive of what it describes as "vintage software", as a way to preserve them.[notes 82] The project advocated for an exemption from the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act to permit them to bypass copy protection, which was approved in 2003 for a period of three years.[notes 83] The Archive does not offer the software for download, as the exemption is solely "for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive."[77] The exemption was renewed in 2006, and in 2009 was indefinitely extended pending further rulemakings.[78] The Library reiterated the exemption as a "Final Rule" with no expiration date in 2010.[79] In 2013, the Internet Archive began to provide abandonware video games browser-playable via MESS, for instance the Atari 2600 game E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.[80] Since December 23, 2014, the Internet Archive presents, via a browser-based DOSBox emulation, thousands of DOS/PC games[81][82][notes 84][83] for "scholarship and research purposes only".[notes 85][84][85] In November 2020, the Archive introduced a new emulator for Adobe Flash called Ruffle, and began archiving Flash animations and games ahead of the December 31, 2020 end-of-life for the Flash plugin across all computer systems.[86]
Table Top Scribe System A combined hardware software system has been developed that performs a safe method of digitizing content.[notes 86][87]
Credit Union From 2012 to November 2015, the Internet Archive operated the Internet Archive Federal Credit Union, a federal credit union based in New Brunswick, New Jersey, with the goal of providing access to low- and middle-income people. Throughout its short existence, the IAFCU experienced significant conflicts with the National Credit Union Administration, which severely limited the IAFCU's loan portfolio and concerns over serving Bitcoin firms. At the time of its dissolution, it consisted of 395 members and was worth $2.5 million.[88][89]
Controversies and legal disputes See also: Wayback Machine § In legal evidence
The main hall of the current headquarters Grateful Dead In November 2005, free downloads of Grateful Dead concerts were removed from the site. John Perry Barlow identified Bob Weir, Mickey Hart, and Bill Kreutzmann as the instigators of the change, according to an article in The New York Times.[90] Phil Lesh commented on the change in a November 30, 2005, posting to his personal web site:
It was brought to my attention that all of the Grateful Dead shows were taken down from Archive.org right before Thanksgiving. I was not part of this decision making process and was not notified that the shows were to be pulled. I do feel that the music is the Grateful Dead's legacy and I hope that one way or another all of it is available for those who want it.[91]
A November 30 forum post from Brewster Kahle summarized what appeared to be the compromise reached among the band members. Audience recordings could be downloaded or streamed, but soundboard recordings were to be available for streaming only. Concerts have since been re-added.[notes 87]
National security letters
A national security letter issued to the Internet Archive demanding information about a user On May 8, 2008, it was revealed that the Internet Archive had successfully challenged an FBI national security letter asking for logs on an undisclosed user.[92][93]
On November 28, 2016, it was revealed that a second FBI national security letter had been successfully challenged that had been asking for logs on another undisclosed user.[94]
Opposition to SOPA and PIPA bills The Internet Archive blacked out its web site for 12 hours on January 18, 2012, in protest of the Stop Online Piracy Act and the PROTECT IP Act bills, two pieces of legislation in the United States Congress that they claimed would "negatively affect the ecosystem of web publishing that led to the emergence of the Internet Archive". This occurred in conjunction with the English Wikipedia blackout, as well as numerous other protests across the Internet.[95]
Opposition to Google Books settlement The Internet Archive is a member of the Open Book Alliance, which has been among the most outspoken critics of the Google Book Settlement. The Archive advocates an alternative digital library project.[96]
Nintendo Power magazine In February 2016, Internet Archive users had begun archiving digital copies of Nintendo Power, Nintendo's official magazine for their games and products, which ran from 1988 to 2012. The first 140 issues had been collected, before Nintendo had the archive removed on August 8, 2016. In response to the take-down, Nintendo told gaming website Polygon, "[Nintendo] must protect our own characters, trademarks and other content. The unapproved use of Nintendo's intellectual property can weaken our ability to protect and preserve it, or to possibly use it for new projects".[97]
Government of India In August 2017, the Department of Telecommunications of the Government of India blocked the Internet Archive along with other file-sharing websites, in accordance with two court orders issued by the Madras High Court,[98] citing piracy concerns after copies of two Bollywood films were allegedly shared via the service.[99] The HTTP version of the Archive was blocked but it remained accessible using the HTTPS protocol.[98]
Turkey See also: Censorship in Turkey On October 9, 2016, the Internet Archive was temporarily blocked in Turkey after it was used (amongst other file hosters) by hackers to host 17 GB of leaked government emails.[100][101]
National Emergency Library In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic which closed many schools, universities, and libraries, the Archive announced on March 24, 2020 that it was creating the National Emergency Library by removing the lending restrictions it had in place for 1.4 million digitized books in its Open Library but otherwise limiting users to the number of books they could check out and enforcing their return; normally, the site would only allow one digital lending for each physical copy of the book they had, by use of an encrypted file that would become unusable after the lending period was completed. This Library would remain as such until at least June 30, 2020 or until the US national emergency was over, whichever came later.[102] At launch, the Internet Archive allowed authors and rightholders to submit opt-out requests for their works to be omitted from the National Emergency Library.[103][104][105]
The Internet Archive said the National Emergency Library addressed an "unprecedented global and immediate need for access to reading and research material" due to the closures of physical libraries worldwide.[106] They justified the move in a number of ways. Legally, they said they were promoting access to those inaccessible resources, which they claimed was an exercise in Fair Use principles. The Archive continued implementing their controlled digital lending policy that predated the National Emergency Library, meaning they still encrypted the lent copies and it was no easier for users to create new copies of the books than before. An ultimate determination of whether or not the National Emergency Library constituted Fair Use could only be made by a court. Morally, they also pointed out that the Internet Archive was a registered library like any other, that they either paid for the books themselves or received them as donations, and that lending through libraries predated copyright restrictions.[103][107]
However, the Archive had already been criticized by authors and publishers for its prior lending approach, and upon announcement of the National Emergency Library, authors (like Neil Gaiman and Chuck Wendig), publishers, and groups representing both took further issue, equating the move to copyright infringement and digital piracy, and using the COVID-19 pandemic as a reason to push the boundaries of copyright (see also: Open Library § Copyright violation accusations).[108][109][110][111] After the works of some of these authors were ridiculed in responses, the Internet Archive's Jason Scott requested that supporters of the National Emergency Library not denigrate anyone's books: "I realize there's strong debate and disagreement here, but books are life-giving and life-changing and these writers made them."[112]
Publishers' lawsuit The operation of the National Emergency Library is part of a lawsuit filed against the Internet Archive by four major book publishers in June 2020, challenging the copyright validity of the controlled digital lending program.[57] In response, the Internet Archive closed the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, rather than the planned June 30, 2020, due to the lawsuit.[113][114] The plaintiffs, supported by the Copyright Alliance,[115] claimed in their lawsuit that the Internet Archive's actions constituted a "willful mass copyright infringement". Additionally, Senator Thom Tillis (R-North Carolina), chairman of the intellectual property subcommittee on the Senate Judiciary Committee, said in a letter to the Internet Archive that he was "concerned that the Internet Archive thinks that it – not Congress – gets to determine the scope of copyright law".[116] In August 2020 the lawsuit trial was tentatively scheduled to begin in November 2021.[117]
As part of its response to the publishers' lawsuit, in late 2020 the Archive launched a campaign called Empowering Libraries (hashtag #EmpoweringLibraries) that portrayed the lawsuit as a threat to all libraries.[118]
In December 2020, Publishers Weekly included the lawsuit among its "Top 10 Library Stories of 2020".[119]
In a 2021 preprint article, Argyri Panezi argued that the case "presents two important, but separate questions related to the electronic access to library works; first, it raises questions around the legal practice of digital lending, and second, it asks whether emergency use of copyrighted material might be fair use" and argued that libraries have a public service role to enable "future generations to keep having equal access—or opportunities to access—a plurality of original sources".[120]
Ceramic archivists collection
Ceramic figures of Internet Archive employees The Great Room of the Internet Archive features a collection of more than 100 ceramic figures representing employees of the Internet Archive. This collection, inspired by the statues of the Xian warriors in China, was commissioned by Brewster Kahle, sculpted by Nuala Creed, and is ongoing.[121]
Artists in residence The Internet Archive visual arts residency,[122] organized by Amir Saber Esfahani, is designed to connect emerging and mid-career artists with the Archive's millions of collections and to show what is possible when open access to information intersects with the arts. During this one-year residency, selected artists develop a body of work that responds to and utilizes the Archive's collections in their own practice.[123]
2019 Residency Artists: Caleb Duarte, Whitney Lynn, and Jeffrey Alan Scudder.
2018 Residency Artists: Mieke Marple, Chris Sollars, and Taravat Talepasand.
2017 Residency Artists: Laura Kim, Jeremiah Jenkins, and Jenny Odell
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Retrieved July 5, 2021. "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2000-01-01 TO 2009-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 26, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021. "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2010-01-01 TO 2019-12-31]". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved July 5, 2021. "Internet Archive Search : mediatype:texts AND date:[2020-01-01 TO 2029-12-31]". Internet Archive. Retrieved July 5, 2021. "Welcome to Audio Archive" Archived January 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. "Welcome to Netlabels" Archived April 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. "Cover Art Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. "Metropolitan Museum of Art – Gallery Images: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. "Occupy Wall Street Flickr Archive: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. "USGS Maps: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. "Mathematics – Hamid Naderi Yeganeh (Image): Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved December 4, 2014. "Welcome to Machinima" Archived March 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. "Internet Archive Search: collection:microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2014. "Microfilm". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on March 20, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014. "Internet Archive Search: Collection: Feature Films". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2013. "FedFlix". Internet Archive. Retrieved December 14, 2013. "September 11th Television Archive" Archived April 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Internet Archive. "Download & Streaming : Open Educational Resources : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on July 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014. "TV NEWS : Search Captions. Borrow Broadcasts : TV Archive : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on April 20, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013. "Brooklyn Museum: Free Image : Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2014. "The Internet Archive Classic Software Preservation Project". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. "Internet Archive Gets DMCA Exemption To Help Archive Vintage Software". Archived from the original on October 20, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. collection:softwarelibrary_msdos Archived June 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine in the Internet Archive (December 29, 2014) "Internet Archive's Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, and Copyright Policy". December 31, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. Access to the Archive's Collections is provided at no cost to you and is granted for scholarship and research purposes only. "Table Top Scribe System". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018. Kahle, Brewster; Vernon, Matt (December 1, 2005). "Good News and an Apology: GD on the Internet Archive". Live Music Archive Forum. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on August 6, 2014. Authors and date indicate the first posting in the forum thread. References "archive.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools". WHOIS. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2016. "Nonprofit Explorer - Internet Archive". ProPublica. Retrieved June 12, 2020. Grotke, A. (December 2011). "Web Archiving at the Library of Congress" Archived December 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Computers In Libraries, v.31 n.10, pp. 15–19. Information Today. Womack, David (Spring 2003). "Who Owns History?". Cabinet Magazine (10). Archived from the original on March 19, 2013. Whitney Kimball. "The Internet Archive Fights Wiki Citation Wars With Books". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 5, 2019. Retrieved November 5, 2019. "Brewster Kahle: Universal Access to All Knowledge – The Long Now". longnow.org. 45'47". Archived from the original on October 20, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016. "Members". Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2011. International Internet Preservation Consortium. Netpreserve.org McCoy, Adrian (June 24, 2007). "The Internet gives birth to an 'official' online library". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved January 5, 2021. "MTV Online: Main Page – Wayback Machine". Wayback Machine. May 12, 1996. Archived from the original on May 12, 1996. Retrieved December 16, 2016. "Infoseek Guide – Wayback Machine". Wayback Machine. May 12, 1996. Archived from the original on May 12, 1996. Retrieved December 16, 2016. Kahle, Brewster (August 7, 2012). "Over 1,000,000 Torrents of Downloadable Books, Music, and Movies" Archived August 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Internet Archive Blogs. Ernesto (August 7, 2012). "Internet Archive Starts Seeding 1,398,875 Torrents". TorrentFreak. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. "Hot List for bt1.us.archive.org (Updated August 7 2012, 7:31 pm PDT)" Archived August 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. US Cluster. Internet Archive. B, Sarah (November 6, 2013). "Part of Internet Archive building badly burned in early morning fire". Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved February 11, 2017. Alexander, Kurtis (November 16, 2013). "Internet Archive's S.F. office damaged in fire". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. "Fire Update: Lost Many Cameras, 20 Boxes. No One Hurt". Internet Archive Blogs. November 6, 2013. Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Shu, Catherine (November 6, 2013). "Internet Archive Seeking Donations To Rebuild Its Fire-Damaged Scanning Center". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Kahle, Brewster (November 29, 2016). "Help Us Keep the Archive Free, Accessible, and Reader Private". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Johnson, Tim (December 1, 2016). "Donald Trump scares Internet Archive into moving to Canada". McClatchy DC. Archived from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Rothschild, Mike (December 2, 2016). "The Internet Archive Is Moving to Canada to Protect Itself from Trump". Attn. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 2, 2016. Michalko, Jim (October 12, 2017). "Syncing Catalogs with thousands of Libraries in 120 Countries through OCLC". blog.archive.org. Internet Archive. Retrieved July 18, 2020. Locker, Melissa (July 3, 2018). "The Internet Archive is helping these artists get inspired by digital history". Fast Company. Archived from the original on December 29, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018. "Jenny Odell - Neo-Surreal". The Photographers' Gallery. May 30, 2018. Archived from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019. "Internet Archive evacuated due to bomb threat". msn.com. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019. "Boston Public Library transfers sound archives collection to Internet Archive for digitization, preservation, and public access". Boston Public Library. October 11, 2017. Retrieved December 4, 2020. "Trent University donates 250,000 books to be digitized by Internet Archive as part of Bata Library transformation". Trent University. September 13, 2018. Retrieved December 4, 2020. Seltzer, Rick (October 21, 2020). "A new home online for closed college libraries?". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved December 4, 2020. Matt Enis (May 2, 2019). "Internet Archive Expands Partnerships for Open Libraries Project". Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2019. Green, Heather (February 28, 2002). "A Library as Big as the World". Business Week Online. Archived from the original on June 1, 2002. Thelwall, Mike; Vaughan, Liwen (Spring 2004). "A fair history of the Web? Examining country balance in the Internet Archive" (PDF). Library & Information Science Research. 26 (2): 162–176. doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2003.12.009. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 24, 2015. Rossi, Alexis (October 25, 2013). "Fixing Broken Links on the Internet". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 7, 2014. Retrieved December 29, 2013. "Web.archive.org directory". Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2014. "Internet Archive Forums: What is the oldest page on the Wayback Machine?". archive.org. Archived from the original on March 11, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. Goel, Vinay (October 23, 2016). "Defining Web pages, Web sites and Web captures". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved December 9, 2018. "430 Billion Web Pages Saved. ... Help Us Do More! | Internet Archive Blogs". blog.archive.org. December 3, 2014. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2018. Graham, Mark (September 17, 2020). "Cloudflare and the Wayback Machine, joining forces for a more reliable Web". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved September 17, 2020. "archive-it.org". archive-it.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Truman, Gail (January 2016). Web Archiving Environmental Scan. Harvard Library Report. "What is the Difference between the General Archive (sometimes called the Wayback Machine) and Archive-It?" Archived October 15, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Archive-It How to FAQ. Archive-It. – via Jira.com. "About Archive-It". Archive-It. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved March 3, 2014. Archives, in; Data; Education; Archive, Internet; September 22nd, Libraries |; Comment, 2020 Leave a. "The Internet Archive Will Digitize & Preserve Millions of Academic Articles with Its New Database, "Internet Archive Scholar"". Open Culture. Retrieved September 23, 2020. Bryan, Newbold (March 9, 2021). "Search Scholarly Materials Preserved in the Internet Archive". Hoffelder, Nate (July 9, 2013). "Internet Archive Now Hosts 4.4 Million eBooks, Sees 15 Million eBooks Downloaded Each Month" Archived November 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. The Digital Reader. "Bulk Access to OCR for 1 Million Books" Archived December 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Open Library Blog. November 24, 2008. "Book search winding down". MSDN Live Search Blog. May 23, 2008. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Books imported from Google have a metadata tag of scanner:google for searching purposes. The archive provides a link to Google for PDF copies, but also maintains a local PDF copy, which is viewable under the "All Files: HTTPS" link. As all the other books in the collection, they also provide OCR text and images in open formats, particularly DjVu, which Google Books doesn't offer. Brewster Kahle, Aaron Swartz memorial at the Internet Archive Archived June 29, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, 2013-01-24, via The well-prepared mind Archived August 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, via S.I.Lex Archived August 8, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. "Internet Archive BookReader". archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. Kaplan, Jeff (December 10, 2010). "New BookReader!". blog.archive.org. Archived from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019. "Internet Archive Search". Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. "FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL)". National Writers Union. February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 15, 2019. Gonsalves, Antone (December 20, 2006). "Internet Archive Claims Progress Against Google Library Initiative". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. "The Open Library Makes Its Online Debut". The Wired Campus. Chronicle of Higher Education. July 19, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. "Search Inside" Archived October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine (feature). OpenLibrary.org. Internet Archive (June 25, 2011). "In-Library eBook Lending Program Expands to 1,000 Libraries" Archived August 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Internet Archive Blogs. June 25, 2011. Flood, Alison (January 22, 2019). "Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge". The Guardian. Brandom, Russell (June 1, 2020). "Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending". The Verge. Retrieved June 1, 2020. For example, the Princeton Theological Seminary Library has described how it and other academic libraries are digitization partners with the Internet Archive: "Partnering with the Internet Archive". Princeton Theological Seminary Library. Retrieved December 4, 2020. "Internet Archive Search: collection:(texts)". archive.org. Retrieved December 4, 2020. "The MIT Press". archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Hanamura, Wendy (May 30, 2017). "MIT Press Classics Available Soon at Archive.org". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. For more than eighty years, MIT Press has been publishing acclaimed titles in science, technology, art and architecture. Now, thanks to a new partnership between the Internet Archive and MIT Press, readers will be able to borrow these classics online for the first time. Green, Alex (December 1, 2019). "New Takes on Academic Publishing: Three university presses find new ways to keep up with a changing market". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Since she became director [of the MIT Press] in 2015, there's little that Brand hasn't reenvisioned at the press. In 2017, the press partnered with the Internet Archive to make its deep backlist available for free at libraries, resurrecting books that had not seen the light of day in generations. Freeland, Chris (May 21, 2018). "Internet Archive awarded grant from Arcadia Fund to digitize university press collections". blog.archive.org. Retrieved June 27, 2020. Internet Archive has received a $1 million dollar grant from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin – to digitize titles from university press collections to make them available via controlled digital lending. Albanese, Andrew (May 25, 2018). "Internet Archive Lands Grant to Digitize and Lend University Press Collections". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved June 27, 2020. For example: "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00198115083", retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060921933", retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00060927248", retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00001740908", retrieved November 25, 2020; "hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/scd0001.00027740005", retrieved November 25, 2020. "External Web Sites – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved November 25, 2020. The Internet Archive includes the full text of more than 2.5 million e-books, including e-books supplied by the Library of Congress. Books can be read online or downloaded and read in a variety of formats. E-books from the Internet Archive can also be found through Open Library, an Internet Archive initiative devoted to texts. And: "Devices and Formats – Finding E-books: A Guide – Library of Congress Bibliographies, Research Guides, and Finding Aids (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Retrieved November 25, 2020. Library of Congress publications are available for free download to the Kindle from the Internet Archive. ... The iPad can be used as an e-reader via apps such as iBooks, which support both ePub (.epub) and PDF (.pdf) formats. Both formats are available from the Internet Archive. Pritchard, Will (August 18, 2017). "How The Great 78 Project is saving half a million songs from obscurity". The Vinyl Factory. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017. Tirpack, Alex (June 3, 2009). "Warren Zevon live shows hit the web, possible film in the works". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 2, 2013. Boswell, Wendy (October 21, 2006). "Download free music at the Internet Archive". Lifehacker. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012. The Internet Archive has a ginormous collection of free, downloadable music in their NetLabels category ... "Image". Internet Archive. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved October 12, 2020. "NASA Images" (archive). Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Fowler, Geoffrey A.; Hagey, Keach (September 18, 2012). "Let's Go to the Videotape: Nonprofit Offers News Clips". The Wall Street Journal Online. Archived from the original on April 24, 2013.(subscription required) Kahle, Brewster (September 17, 2012). "Launch of TV News Search & Borrow with 350,000 Broadcasts". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Brownell, Brett; Benjy Hansen-Brandy (May 22, 2014). "Meet the People Behind the Wayback Machine, One of Our Favorite Things About the Internet". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on June 7, 2014. Retrieved June 7, 2014. "Column: Lillian Michelson and her one-of-a-kind film library get a digital Hollywood ending". Los Angeles Times. January 28, 2021. "Internet Archive founder turns to new information storage device – the book". The Guardian. August 1, 2011. Archived from the original on August 22, 2012. Brewster Kahle, the man behind a project to file every webpage, now wants to gather one copy of every published book Library of Congress Copyright Office (November 27, 2006). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 71 (227): 68472–68480. Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007. Computer programs and video games distributed in formats that have become obsolete and that require the original media or hardware as a condition of access, when circumvention is accomplished for the purpose of preservation or archival reproduction of published digital works by a library or archive. A format shall be considered obsolete if the machine or system necessary to render perceptible a work stored in that format is no longer manufactured or is no longer reasonably available in the commercial marketplace. Library of Congress Copyright Office (October 28, 2009). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies" (PDF). Federal Register. 27 (206): 55137–55139. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 2, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2009. Library of Congress Copyright Office (July 27, 2010). "Exemption to Prohibition on Circumvention of Copyright Protection Systems for Access Control Technologies". Federal Register. 75 (143): 43825–43839. Archived from the original on June 27, 2015. Robertson, Adi (October 25, 2013). "The Internet Archive puts Atari games and obsolete software directly in your browser". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Ohlheiser, Abby (January 5, 2015). "You can now play nearly 2,400 MS-DOS video games in your browser". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015. Each New Boot a Miracle Archived January 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine by Jason Scott (December 23, 2014) Graft, Kris (March 5, 2015). "Saving video game history begins right now". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on March 7, 2015. Retrieved March 5, 2015. Lu, Kathy (January 12, 2015). "Time suck alert: 'Pac-Man' among thousands of MS-DOS games available for free". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. O'Neil, Lauren (January 7, 2015). "90's kids rejoice as Internet Archive releases 2,300 MS-DOS games for free – Your Community". CBCNEWS. Archived from the original on October 17, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016. Campbell, Ian Carlos (November 19, 2020). "The Internet Archive is now preserving Flash games and animations". The Verge. Retrieved November 19, 2020. Stutz, Michael (March 28, 2007). "Linux to help the Library of Congress save American history". Linux.com. The Linux foundation. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017. Strozniak, Peter (December 18, 2015). "Death of a Credit Union: Internet Archive FCU Voluntarily Liquidates". Credit Union Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. "Difficult Times at our Credit Union". Internet Archive Blogs. November 24, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved October 6, 2019. Leeds, Jeff; Mayshark, Jesse Fox (December 1, 2005). "Wrath of Deadheads stalls a Web crackdown". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Lesh, Phil (November 30, 2005). "An Announcement from Phil Lesh". Hotline (blog). PhilLesh.net. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Broache, Anne (May 7, 2008). "FBI rescinds secret order for Internet Archive records". CNet. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Nakashima, Ellen (May 8, 2008). "FBI Backs Off From Secret Order for Data After Lawsuit". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Crocker, Andrew (December 1, 2016). "Internet Archive Received National Security Letter with FBI Misinformation about Challenging Gag Order". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Archived from the original on December 13, 2016. Kahle, Brewster (January 17, 2012). "12 Hours Dark: Internet Archive vs. Censorship". Internet Archive Blogs. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. "Open Content Alliance". opencontentalliance.org. Archived from the original on April 10, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2013. Frank, Allegra (August 8, 2016). "Nintendo takes down Nintendo Power collection from Internet Archive after noticing it". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. "Indian ISP Ban on Wayback Machine Lifted? Confirmation Awaited". Guiding Tech. August 9, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2020. Kelion, Leo (August 9, 2017). "Bollywood blocks the Internet Archive". BBC. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2018. "Turkey restores access to Google Drive after blocking cloud storage services". Turkey Blocks. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved October 10, 2016. "Turkey Country Report | Freedom on the Net 2017". freedomhouse.org. November 14, 2017. Archived from the original on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018. Lee, Timothy B. (March 28, 2020). "Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 10, 2020. Freeland, Chris (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive responds: Why we released the National Emergency Library". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved May 26, 2020. Cohen, Noam (April 20, 2020). "The National Emergency Library and Its Discontents". Wired. Retrieved April 20, 2020. Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Retrieved May 26, 2020. Freeland, Chris (March 24, 2020). "Announcing a National Emergency Library to Provide Digitized Books to Students and the Public". Internet Archive Blogs. Retrieved May 26, 2020. Hurst-Wahl, Jill (April 20, 2020). "Digitization 101: The National Emergency Library". Digitization 101. Retrieved May 26, 2020. HAMPTON, RACHELLE. "The Internet Archive Started an "Emergency" Online Library. Authors Are Furious". Slate. Retrieved July 30, 2021. Flood, Alison (March 30, 2020). "Internet Archive accused of using Covid-19 as 'an excuse for piracy'". The Guardian. Retrieved March 30, 2020. Dwyer, Colin (March 30, 2020). "Authors, Publishers Condemn The 'National Emergency Library' As 'Piracy'". NPR. Retrieved March 30, 2020. Grady, Constance (April 2, 2020). "Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library". Vox. Retrieved April 2, 2020. "Internet Archive Controversy". Lotus. May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2020. Lee, Timothy (June 11, 2020). "Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 14, 2020. Dwyer, Colin (June 3, 2020). "Publishers Sue Internet Archive For 'Mass Copyright Infringement'". NPR. Retrieved October 16, 2020. "Copyright Alliance Statement on Book Publishers' Infringement Suit Against Internet Archive". Copyright Alliance. Retrieved January 17, 2021. Harris, Elizabeth (June 11, 2020). "Internet Archive Will End Its Program for Free E-Books". NY Times. Retrieved June 15, 2020. Albanese, Andrew (September 1, 2020). "Judge sets tentative schedule for Internet Archive copyright case". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved September 7, 2020. Ojala, Marydee (January–February 2021). "Controlled digital lending: legal lending or piracy?". Online Searcher. Vol. 45 no. 1. Albanese, Andrew (December 11, 2020). "The top 10 library stories of 2020". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved February 19, 2021. Panezi, Argyri (March 28, 2021). "A public service role for digital libraries: the unequal battle against (online) misinformation through copyright law reform and the emergency electronic access to library material". Forthcoming, 31 CORNELL J.L. & PUB. Pol'y (2021). SSRN 3813320. Retrieved July 30, 2021. Levy, Karyne (April 29, 2014). "These Are The Ceramic Action Figures For The Heroes Of The Internet". Business Insider. Insider Inc. Retrieved July 12, 2019. "Internet Archive is a treasure trove of material for artists - SFChronicle.com". sfchronicle.com. August 11, 2017. Archived from the original on August 1, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019. "The Internet Archive's 2019 Artists in Residency Exhibition | Internet Archive Blogs". Archived from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019. Further reading Library resources about Internet Archive Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Kahle, Brewster (November 1996). "Archiving the Internet". Scientific America. Kahle, Brewster (November 6, 2013). "Scanning Center Fire—Please Help Rebuild". Internet Archive Blogs. Lepore, Jill (January 26, 2015). "The Cobweb". The New Yorker. Ringmar, Erik (April 10, 2008). "Liberate and Disseminate". Times Higher Education Supplement. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Internet Archive. 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AB BJÖRNLIGAN // BJÖRNBANDET // BJÖRNLIGAN
FÅNGNUMMER NAMN 176-000 176-001 176-002 176-003 176-004 176-005 176-006 176-007 176-008 176-009 176-010 176-011 176-012 176-013 176-014 176-015 176-016 176-017 176-018 176-019 176-020 176-021 176-022 176-023 176-024 176-032 176-040 176-070 176-071 176-080 X176-111 176-117 176-123 176-126 176-160 176-163 Martin "Spanarn" Drelin 176-164 176-165 176-166 176-167 Ledare - Ankeborg 176-176 176-221 X176-222 176-271 176-238 Fredrik Nilsson 176-300 176-301 176-307 176-321 176-326 176-330 X176-333 176-360 176-426 X176-444 X176-555 176-576 176-600 176-601 176-602 176-603 176-604 176-605 176-606 176-607 176-608 176-609 176-610 176-611 176-612 176-613 176-614 176-615 176-616 176-617 176-618 176-619 176-620 176-621 176-666 Ledare Notering om 666: han är hyperkänslig mot oljud mm bor ofta med gruppen som 001 leder
176-671 176-676 176-702 176-716 176-730 176-760 176-761 176-777 Knitter 176-820 176-821 176-822 176-823 176-824 176-825 176-826 176-827 176-828 176-829 176-830 176-831 176-836 176-838 176-840 176-860 186-802 + 176-888 176-84 176-1003 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
671-176
000
M-176
Bonnie-176
167-167
614-167 ------------------------ MALLAS GÄNG
167-671 Big Bäng
617-167
716-167 Bärgspräng
761-176 Kräng
617-617 Däng
617-716 Fläng
671-167 Gamäng
117-671 Bomber
677-767 Bombshell
6-176 Megabyte
Sprängdeg
1
2
3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Björnbönorna 382-238
776-177 Berit
767-171 ----------------------- 761-761
716-716
167-716
167-167 Bonväng
761-233
710-170
416-614
742-274
397-973
926-629
453-543
I-176
176-H2o
671-761 Juridikutbildad?
Faster Ola Fia
415-514
NÅD
00716
Big-Tech Beagle
Backstab Beagle
Black Arts Beagle
Big Breath Beagle
167-761
167-176
---------------------------------------------------- Sveriges Björnbusar
176-238
176-631
176-936
176-455
176-613
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Members
Big Time
Babyface
Backwoods
Bacon
Baggy
Bankjob
Banzai
Baritone
Beanball
Bebop (A.K.A. Bugle)
Bifocal
Binky
Blitzkrieg
Bomber
Bombshell
Bouncer
Buckeroo
Bullseye
Bumpkin
Burger
Butterball ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Glam Yankees
The Deja Vus
The 6th Avenue Meanies
The 6th Avenue Friendlies
The Longboard Taquitos
The Tumblebums
Bluescreen Beagle
Butcher Beagle
Bomber Beagle
Black Arts Beagle
Botched Beagle
Bottled Beagle
Bungle Beagle
Broadway Beagle
Backfield Beagle
Megabyte Beagle
Butch Beagle
Wild Bill Beagle
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Post by Freddie on Sept 25, 2021 16:09:05 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
DIS Daily Updates! 🍁Today's Disney news, videos, conversations, and updates! 🍁 FEATURED ARTICLES
Saturday Snacks: Let’s Make Animal Kingdom’s Pumpkin Cookie Ice Cream Sandwiches! By Deni Sunderly - Editor / Theme Park Correspondent
A Walt Disney World Fan at the Intersection of ‘Cash is King’ and ‘Perception is King’ By Deni Sunderly - Editor / Theme Park Correspondent
Moving to Orlando: The Best Week to Buy A Home in Orlando is Coming Next Month By Amy Krieger TODAY'S UPDATES Saturday Snacks: Let's Make Animal Kingdom's Pumpkin Cookie Ice Cream Sandwiches! I'm so glad that it's now the first weekend of fall and you and I can embrace this recipe in all its glory. Because, spoiler alert, this snack brings the GLORY. Read on »
Moving to Orlando: The Best Week to Buy A Home in Orlando is Coming Next Month According to a report from Realtor.com that was published last week, the best time to be a home buyer in Orlando is going to be the week of October 31-November 6. Read on »
Early Park Entry Soft Openings Begin September 26th Guests staying next week at select hotels on Walt Disney World property will have the chance to try out Early Theme Park Entry during a phase of soft opening. Read on »
Harmonious and Disney Enchantment to be Live Streamed Next Week! Disney has just announced that both Disney Enchantment and Harmonious will be live streamed next week! Read on »
Moving to Orlando: Disney Purchases Nearly 60 Acres of Land for Planned Lake Nona Campus According to Orlando Business Journal, a Disney-related entity called Dynamic Campus LLC has purchased around 60 acres of land in the Lake Nona area. Read on »
WALT DISNEY WORLD DISCOUNTS!
LATEST DIS VIDEOS
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Recent Discussion Threads Jump in and join the conversation! Sanford to WDW, rent or Uber? Popular breakfasts you dislike Pin trading spots at the fort. Let's see your EPCOT photos.......... Park hop or not to park hop with an infant? How was your U.S customs experience? Has anyone had success booking dining? I mean......for the love of churros! Early entry soft opening Table of 4, plus 2
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Post by Freddie on Sept 28, 2021 15:00:18 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐⚠️ Varning för bluffare ⚠️ Dela vidare den här informationen! I dagarna har flera uppmärksammat att de blir uppringda av några som utger sig för att vara oss och har på så sätt kommit över känsliga uppgifter, men det är bluffare. Vi ber aldrig om känsliga uppgifter när vi ringer dig. Vem som helst kan bli utsatt för en bluff. Och bedragarna är snabba att byta metod så fort de blir avslöjade. Men det finns sätt att skydda sig. 🕵️ Här är en guide med våra bästa säkerhetstips som alla borde känna till: bit.ly/3AwzVP7
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Post by Freddie on Sept 28, 2021 16:22:00 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Image Hey Fredrik, Can you believe the holiday season in Disney World is only SIX weeks away?!👀 (It was just New Year's Day like...yesterday, right?) Egg nog and hot chocolate and roast turkey and peppermint and cookies and treats (oh my!) are ready for their time in the spotlight🎄, and we're ready to help you make the most of your festive Disney World visit! Our 2021 DFB Guide to the Walt Disney World Holidays is officially available for pre-order starting TODAY, and we're taking 25% off the price for a limited time! Pre-order your copy for 25% off with code HOLIDAYNEWS! (BONUS DISCOUNT! Get your copy of the DFB Everything Bundle--which includes ALL of our DFB Guides--for 40% off with code 40SALE!) This sale is just for our newsletter subscribers, so you can start planning your next Disney World trip TODAY!🎉 (Know someone else who's planning their Disney getaway? Give them the gift of a stress-free, fun-filled vacation with one of our DFB Guide Gift Certificates!) ✨DFB Store SPECIAL: Check Out The Best Planning Resource for Your Holiday Disney Trip and Get 25% off the Holiday Guide with Promo Code HOLIDAYNEWS✨ The holiday season is COMING SOON to Walt Disney World — and that means right now is the best time to start planning your visit so you can enjoy everything! This year the holidays will still look a little different at Disney World and the 2021 edition will have all the details you need to plan your trip. PRE-ORDER the 2021 edition NOW! Image We cover more than food in the Holiday Guide! The Guide is full of insider tips, a FULL schedule of events (exclusive to the DFB Guide!), holiday dining tips and recommendations, PLUS all of the other essential information you need to know to plan your best holiday visit ever. PRE-ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY! Save 25% off the PRE-ORDER of the 2021 Holiday Guide with Promo Code HOLIDAYNEWS Image OH, and all of our e-books and guides are 100% Guaranteed to delight! So if you're not happy, just email us at support@dfbguide.com for a prompt refund. :-D We love you and we want you to love your purchase! Follow Disney Food Blog on Our Social Media Channels for the Most Up-to-Date News on the the Disney Parks Here at DFB we'll be working hard to keep our readers updated with all of the latest information about what is happening at the Disney Parks. Be sure to follow us on our social media channels for all the latest news and updates and ask us questions: Facebook Twitter Instagram And remember, you can also read all the latest news on Disney Food Blog and in our newsletters. Here's What We Know About Travel to Walt Disney World and Disneyland We're continuing to update our readers with information on park news and changes on a regular basis! Image Click the button below to see everything we know about the parks reopening -- we are continuing to update this post as we get more information. Click Here to See Everything About Traveling to Disney World and Disneyland Image Check Out All of OUR DFB Merchandise! Did you know we have an online store full of really fun DFB merchandise? Check out ALL our DFB merchandise HERE. And use code NEWMASK for a 10% discount! Image Check Out Our Disney Food Blog Merchandise Collection HERE! Follow us on Instagram! Image Be sure to check out all the Disney Food Blog finds on Instagram too! We're posting photos of delicious Disney foods from the theme parks, resorts, and more every day! Follow our food-fueled adventures each day! Get your Disney Food fix every day at www.instagram.com/disneyfoodblog/ Find us on TikTok! Image Be sure to check out DFB on TikTok where we're sharing a lot of fun stuff every day! We'll be sharing fun things we spot in the parks, new and favorite food finds, and so much more! Get your Disney Food Blog TikTok fix at www.tiktok.com/@disneyfoodblog?Thanks for reading! Please feel free to forward this on to any friends you think might be interested. And if you've received this newsletter from a friend, you can subscribe to the Disney Food Blog Newsletter here! If you'd like to receive the Disney Food Blog posts in your email box each day, sign up here! Facebook Icon Twitter Icon Instagram Icon Pinterest Icon YouTube Icon Image The Disney Food Blog is your #1 resource for Disney food news, info, reviews, photos, and more. The Disney Food Blog is not affiliated with the Walt Disney Company or its subsidiaries. It is an unofficial blog written by a Disney food super-fan. (Logo by J. Kennedy) Disclosure Policy - Privacy Policy 5605 FM 423 Suite 500-302 Frisco TX 75034 USA Unsubscribe | Change Subscriber Options
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Post by Freddie on Oct 2, 2021 21:33:13 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐 THE JUNIOR WOODCHUCKS RULES DOCUMENT detta dokument är offentliga för alla gröngölingar nedskrivet av fredrik lindkvist ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GRÖNGÖLINGARNAS VÄRLDSORGANISATION REGELBOKEN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 - always expect the unexpected X 2 - "all Woodchucks must be open to the unknown in their quest for the truth" 3 - "No matter how hard things get - never give up on a fellow woodchuck" 4 - A true Woodchuck never gives up, no matter what 5 - 6 - en gröngöling klarar svårigheter med glatt humör X 7 - work harder, make your self better and try again X 8 - en gröngöling är alltid sann mot sej själv och andra 9 - ha alltid ett bärbart batteri med dej --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 - ha alltid kontanter med dej 11 - packa din väska kvällen före din resa 12 - 13 - missbruka inte din grads ställning 14 - det är bättre att be om lov, än att söka förlåtelse 15 - Tänk alltid kritiskt 16 - X 17 - A Woodchuck always looks out for his fellow woodchucks, no matter the costs X 18 - every action has an oppesite reaction 19 - lyssna mer än du pratar - du kanske lär dej något --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - ingen står över reglerna 24 - peppar och salt passar till allt 25 - 26 - var inte en hjälte, utan va en riktig hjälte 27 - stå för dina misstag - du lär dej bättre då 28 - du får inte ljuga under ED 29 - du ska inte stjäla --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 - ha alltid en plan - då är det lättare att improvisera 31 - var tyst och lyssna alltid mer än vad du pratar - du kanske lär dej något värdefullt 32 - en förlust är inte ett nederlag - utan ett nytt sätt att inte vinna på 33 - 34 - Du ska aldrig fuska 35 - 36 - 37 - var alltid utvilad kvällen före en utmaning 38 - when you hear thunder, go under cover 39 - om du har tråkigt på din resa, spela vägspel --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 - tro inte på vad folk säger - dubbelkolla! 41 - behöver du något - säg till den ansvarige X 42 - bygg alltid rätt från början och lägg inte till onödiga modifigeringar 43 - Är du orolig, ät mat. det är dumt att oroa sej på tom mage 44 - I närkamp - slåss med din heder, inte dina nävar 45 - There will always be more drama than what you just saw. 46 - Kunskapen är inte målet på resan, utan det är själva resan till målet som är kunskapen 47 - Never forget where you come from 48 - "Gör det med noggrannhet eller låt bli!" 49 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 - underskatta aldrig ditt team 51 - bär alltid en kniv i skogen 52 - 53 - Not everyone tells the truth on the Internet 54 - tänk alltid minst 3 steg i förväg 55 - det är en stor skillnad på att springa iväg och att göra en taktisk reträtt 56 - "Ett ögonblicks vankelmodighet kan bli ditt fall." 57 - 58 - "I dom lugnaste vatten simmar dom farligaste fiskarna!" 59 - "Bered dig på strid men kämpa för fred." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 -"Know the conflict within before facing the conflict without." 61 - "A moment of indecision can be your last." 62 - "In confusion there is opportunity." 63 - "A battle front is only as good as its supply line." 64 - "Hunters drive; targets park." 65 - "Strike first, strike fast, strike hard." 66 - "Blame someone else before they blame you." 67 - "You have to know where you are before you know what to do." 68 - "Strength is more than physical." 69 - "A good shot is worth more than a good intention." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 70 - "don't break rules, just bend them - a lot." 71 - "Things are never as good as they seem." 72 - "Truth is revealed in the smallest detail." 73 - "It's not who's the fastest, it's who reaches the finish line." 74 - "Caution can never be overused." 75 - "Be brief of speech and long on action." 76 -"To know others you must first know yourself." 77 - "The past is the greatest teacher." X 78 - "A battle front is only as good as its supply line." 79 - "Keep shooting; eventually you're bound to hit something." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80 - 81 - "Om du inte lyckas första gången, så försök igen." 82 - skriv både i mobilens kalender och på en papperskalender 83 - ha alltid ett matföråd för minst 2 månader 84 - ha alltid en buffert för din ekonomi 85 - 86 - Ha koll på din utrustning 87 - planera i god tid 88 - gör alltid din gröngölingsplikt till din bästa förmåga 89 - If a site looks serious it doesn’t mean it’s a trusted site. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 90 - är det dimma, stanna där du är 99 - du har ett huvud - ANVÄND DET DÅ!!! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100 - work smarter and not harder 110 - Bend the line, don’t break it 112 - Always look under 113 - Äkta vänskap kan aldrig köpas 114 - Dina vänner kommer ALLTID först - priset kommer ALLTID sist 115 - "High tech circuitry is no replacement for guts." 116 - Ha alltid en uppsättning reservkläder redo 117 - "All life is precious." 118 - Enjoy each moment like it's your last." 119 - är det tungt så är det dyrt --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 120 - "Before you can be a survivor, you must be a winner." 121 - Everything IRL is on the internet. 123 - om patrullchefen är sjuk så går ansvaret över till vice patrullchefen 124 - You have enemies? Good. It means you’ve stood up for something in your life 125 - Du ska alltid vara diskret 126 - alla kommuner måste ha 1 Stormogul och minst 2 vice Stormoguler 127 - "Äventyret kan dyka upp på de mest oväntade ställen." 128 - Always register with your local service provider. 129 - If it exists, there is a YouTube of it. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 130 - If it exists, there is a Twitter of it. 131 - If it exists, there is a Instagram of it. 132 - If it exists, there is a Facebook of it. 133 - If it exists, there is a Tumblr of it. 134 - 135 - "It's not who's the fastest, it's who reaches the finish line." 136 - "Truth is revealed in the smallest detail." 137 - The mind is the greatest weapon." 138 - Tacka service personal genom att använda deras namn 139 - Även när man är tyst så kan man prata --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 140 - There is a forum of it, no exceptions. 141 - If it seems like someone’s out to get you, they are. Don’t ignore your instincts. 142 - If you fail in epic proportions, it may just become a winning failure. 143 - When one sees a lion, one must get into the car. 144 - There will always be more drama than what you just saw. 145 - 146 - If it exists, someone is offended by it, no exceptions. 147 - det är inte tillåtet att delta i någon typ av protester i din gröngölingsuniform 148 - Copy 'n paste is made to ruin every last bit of originality 149 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 150 - Never take anything for granted 151 - Fall with dignity and grace 152 - Är du i en ny stad - ta reda på transporter 153 - 154 - Know your boundaries. 155 - "Truth is revealed in the smallest detail." 156 - Du ser inte bara med dina ögon 157 - K.I.S.S.: Keep It Simple Stupid 158 - "Let your actions do your talking and no one will misunderstand you." 159 - Även dom minsta detaljerna är viktiga --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 160 - "Treat wounds but not inflict them." 161 - " "Destroy" what's below and what's above will follow." X 162 - A junior Woodchuck always looks out for his fellow woodchucks, no matter the costs 163 - "Together, We Deliver" 164 - "Politics and war makes strange bedfellows" 165 - "Never do what your enemy expects you to do." 166 - "Only by studying the past can we win the present." 167 - "Strike when the enemy isn't looking." 168 - "What the eyes don't see, the nose knows." 169 - "Respect your foes' abilities as you would your own." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 170 - vem skrev informationen 171 - vad är källan till denna information 172 - vart har det publicerats 173 - när publicerades informationen 174 - högmod går före fall 175 - överaskning är nyckeln till framgång 176 - 177 - 178 - "Du har bara en familj" 179 - Bär alltid starkt färgade kläder i skogen --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 180 - det finns inga dåliga väder - bara dåliga kläder 181 - "Believing in yourself improves your aim better than target practice." 182 - "Fear can hit targets unreachable to bullets." 183 - "Family is the greatest adventure of all" 184 - 185 -"Never do what your enemy expects you to do." 186 - kolla alltid de 3 Vena - Väder - Värme - Vandring 187 - man ska inte skriva på ett forum medan man är arg, vänta tills man inte längre känner ilska. 188 - "när du ger dej ut i skog och mark, ät mat som gör dej pigg och stark" 189 - "It's always good business to know about new customers before they walk in the door." --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 190 - Erbjud ALLTID bensinpengar 191 - Alla vinner när du återvinner 192 - A good leader leads by example, not by force 193 - Kalle Anka på julafton är ett måste 194 - På julen ska alla vara snälla - INGA BRÅK!!! 195 - 196 - naturen kommer inte att samarbeta med dej 197 - Moralen är jätteviktig 198 - "Keep your lies consistent." 199 - Always help the emergency services --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( REGLER OM ADMINISTRATION ) 200 - skriv alltid en loggbok för varje uppdrag / händelse / läger mm 201 - maila dessa dokument den 25 varje månad till din Distriktsmogul 202 - gör alltid kopior på allt ditt material 203 - spara viktiga nummer i en handskriven lista 204 - Ha ett stort telefon-träd 205 - Får du en lapp om ett möte - ring mamma/pappa direkt 206 - Får du en lapp om en faktura - Ring mamma/pappa direkt 207 - skriv ner datum och tider för möten direkt!! 208 - programmera in ICE - in case of emergency - i din telefon 209 - skapa gärna ett veckoschema 210 - . --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 211 - 212 - Följ ditt schema 213 - 214 - 215 - 216 - X 217 - rub all documents with a pencil 218 - 219 - 220 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 221 - 222 - 223 - 224 - 225 - 226 - 227 - "Everything is a repost. No exceptions." 228 - 229 - The trolls will NEVER be gone. No exceptions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 230 - 231 - 232 - 233 - 234 - 235 - 236 - 237 - 238 - 239 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 240 - 241 - 242 - 243 - 244 - 245 - 246 - 247 - 248 - 249 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 250 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM MEDICIN & SÄKERHET 260 - simma aldrig för långt ut 261 - gå upp om du känner dej kall 262 - överbelasta aldrig din båt 263 - bada aldrig ensam 264 - kolla hur djupt vattnet är innan du badar 265 - tala om vart du ska och hur länge du ska vara borta 266 - använd alltid en godkännd flytväst 267 - kolla så båten är hel innan avfärd 268 - alkohol och båtvett hör inte ihop 269 - stanna kvar vid båten om den kantrar --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 270 - ABC - Andning, Blödning, Chock 271 - SOS Alarm - 112 272 - CHEST COMPRESSIONS!!! 273 - Släckta tändstickor läggs i vatten 274 - "När du går ifrån spisen - slå av strömmen så slipper du krisen" 275 - även kläder kan användas till förband 276 - "In case of fire -SAVE THE KIDS FIRST!!!" 277 - Titta alltid efter bilar innan du går över vägen 278 - Är fötterna kalla - gå in genast! 279 - Säkerheten före allt --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 280 - Förberedelser är nyckel till framgång 281 - Buddy system - 2 and 2 is a go - 1 and 1 is never done 282 - Pick the right campsite 283 - Set Your Priorities Right 284 - Känn till dina egna begränsningar 285 - "The least likely can be the most dangerous." 286 - Beställ alltid din medicin efter 2 månader & 2 veckor = 10 Veckor 287 - Better safe then sorry 288 - är det mörka moln på himmelen - ta med dej ett paraply 289 - Sömn är det viktigaste du kan ge din kropp --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 290 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM DIN GRÖNGÖLINGS UNIFORM 300 - om du inte är i tjänst, bär alltid din gröngölingshalsduk 301 - Bär alltid uniform inom gröngölingsområden 302 - du ska alltid bära din gröngölings uniform på officiella tillställningar INGA UNDANTAG oavsett grad 303 - 304 - 305 - 306 - 307 - 308 - 309 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 310 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 311 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM PLANERING 320 - en bra plan börjar med ett enda steg 321 - Tänk ofta "Outside the box" 332 - 376 - 377 - 378 - 379 - 380 - Always stand up for your self --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 400 - Familjen går före... X 413 - never speak bad of fellow woodchucks 414 - Väck inga misstankar 436 - 450 - 469 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 470 - Ha alltid en ekonomisk buffert 471 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM SÄKERHET 500 - Utse ALLTID 2 st eldvakter 501 - släck elden med jord och inte med vatten 502 - Never Travel in the Dark 503 - Sleep Above the Ground 504 - Do Not Use Dirty Water to Clean Wounds 505 - Stay Calm! 506 - Eldglöd kan bli skogsdöd! 507 - Collect Rain Water 508 - gå inte ut i snön med blöta skor 509 - djur och barn kommer först vid räddningar 510 - bada aldrig ensam --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 511 - Kör inte bil när du är trött 512 - 513 - 514 - 515 - 516 - 517 - 518 - 519 - 520 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 563 - 581 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 600 - "Lär känna den inre konflikten innan du tar itu med den yttre." 618 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM TEAM BUILDING 640 - ge alltid bra kritik framför dålig kritik 641 - "Du vinner inte - du och ditt LAG vinner" x642 - a team is only as strong as its weakest link 659 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 660 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER INOM NAVIGERING 700 - Bäckar och floder rinner alltid söderut 701 - Solen går upp i öst och ner i väst 703 - When lost - a Woodchuck retraces their steps 704 - är du på en ny plats - fixa en karta 705 - Är dörren låst - ta "fönstervägen" 710 - 711 - 712 - 713 - 714 - 715 - 716 - 717 - 718 - 719 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 720 - 721 - 722 - 723 - 724 - 725 - X 726 - always check every bridge for stability X 727 - the bravest thing a woodchuck can do in the face of danger is to walk away 728 - 729 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 730 - 731 - X 732 - respect nature and the nature will respect you 733 - 734 - 735 - 736 - 737 - 738 - 739 - 740 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER OM BETE`ENDE 800 - Var inte en dålig förlorare 801 - var inte en dålig vinnare 802 - du ska inte vara girig 803 - 826 - X 841 - there is always a way around X 843 - if a bear you spy, string your food up high --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- REGLER INOM BYGGNADER 900 - lås alltid din ytterdörr när du går hemifrån 901 - stäng alltid av din spis 902 - du släckte väl alla levande ljus? 903 - ta reda på vart alla nödutgångar finns 904 - 905 - 917 - 918 - 919 - 920 - x983 - sometimes you just have to throw in the towel 999 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1000 - Gröngölings boken är helig - förstör den inte - det är våran bibel!! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1056 - om du fått en ledarroll - skriv en utförlig rapport om allt du gör!!! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1100 - X 1118 - a junior woodchucks chief shall always be truthful to his crew 1119 - 1120 - 1199 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1200 - gröngöling är man livet ut - glöm aldrig det!
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Post by Freddie on Oct 2, 2021 23:23:13 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Skip to content Search for: ABOUT LEADERSHIP OUR BUSINESSES INVESTOR RELATIONS EVENTS AND PRESENTATIONS INVESTOR RELATIONS NEWS REPORTS FORMS CORPORATE GOVERNANCE FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS CAREERS SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY CHILDREN’S HOSPITALS & WISH GRANTING INVESTMENTS IN YOUTH CHARITABLE GIVING VOLUNTEERING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY DISNEY CONSERVATION SUPPLY CHAIN DIVERSITY, EQUITY & INCLUSION CONTENT & PRODUCTS REPORTING NEWS ABOUT THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY OUR MISSION The mission of The Walt Disney Company is to entertain, inform and inspire people around the globe through the power of unparalleled storytelling, reflecting the iconic brands, creative minds and innovative technologies that make ours the world’s premier entertainment company.
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Leadership KAREEM DANIEL CHAIRMAN, DISNEY MEDIA AND ENTERTAINMENT DISTRIBUTION, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
As Chairman of Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution, Kareem Daniel oversees Disney’s vast content commercialization and distribution ecosystem that delivers the Company’s unparalleled storytelling to audiences worldwide.
Under his leadership, the Media and Entertainment Distribution segment is responsible for the monetization of Disney’s content around the world. This entails P&L management and operation of the Company’s portfolio of streaming services including Disney+, Hulu, ESPN+ and the upcoming international general entertainment offering, Star; its linear television channels and the ABC-owned stations; theatrical film distribution; content licensing and distribution; and global advertising sales.
Using a wealth of consumer insights from across The Walt Disney Company, Mr. Daniel and his organization make content investment and distribution decisions to maximize audience engagement and commercial impact across platforms, collaborating with creative leaders in Disney’s Studios, General Entertainment, and Sports organizations.
In his previous role as President of Consumer Products, Games and Publishing, Mr. Daniel led the business in creating and delivering products across a variety of channels from the Company’s vast array of retail, wholesale and e-commerce partners to Disney stores, shopDisney, and Disney Parks. In addition to managing the world’s largest licensing organization spanning numerous categories, he also oversaw the Company’s games and interactive experiences businesses, as well as Disney Publishing Worldwide, a leading publisher of children’s books and magazines.
Before that, Mr. Daniel was President of Walt Disney Imagineering Operations, Product Creation, Publishing and Games, where he was responsible for helping to transform IP from the various content partners into evergreen franchise properties at Disney’s parks and resorts, including Star Wars: Galaxy’s Edge lands at Walt Disney World and Disneyland, Toy Story Land at Walt Disney World and Shanghai Disneyland, Pixar Pier at Disneyland and the upcoming Avengers Campus at Disney California Adventure Park.
He also served as Senior Vice President of Strategy and Business Development for Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media, and prior to that, as Vice President of Distribution Strategy at Walt Disney Studios, where he worked closely with leadership in developing the Company’s film content distribution strategy across multiple platforms and played a key role in the commercialization of the Studio’s films. Additionally, he held the position of Director of Corporate Strategy, where he worked on a variety of strategic projects across The Walt Disney Company, including the acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009.
Mr. Daniel began his Disney career as an MBA intern, later becoming a Senior Business Planner in Corporate Financial Planning and Analysis. After that, he worked in equity research, as well as investment banking at Goldman Sachs, where he specialized in technology, media & entertainment, and telecommunications, before returning to Disney.
Mr. Daniel earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering and an MBA from Stanford University.
Download JPG Download PDF Leadership CARLOS A. GÓMEZ SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND TREASURER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership ALAN F. HORN CHIEF CREATIVE OFFICER, DISNEY STUDIOS CONTENT
Leadership RONALD L. IDEN SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF SECURITY OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership DIANE JURGENS EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, ENTERPRISE TECHNOLOGY AND CHIEF INFORMATION OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership NANCY LEE SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF TO THE EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership CHRISTINE M. MCCARTHY SENIOR EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership ZENIA MUCHA SENIOR EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF COMMUNICATIONS OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership LATONDRA NEWTON SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, CHIEF DIVERSITY OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership JAMES PITARO CHAIRMAN, ESPN AND SPORTS CONTENT, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership PETER RICE CHAIRMAN, GENERAL ENTERTAINMENT CONTENT, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership PAUL RICHARDSON SENIOR EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership ALICIA SCHWARZ SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF COMPLIANCE OFFICER, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership LOWELL SINGER SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, INVESTOR RELATIONS, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Leadership BRENT WOODFORD EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, CONTROLLERSHIP, FINANCIAL PLANNING AND TAX, THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY
Board of Directors The Walt Disney Company's Board of Directors hail from renowned global organizations and industries, bringing a diverse range of knowledge, perspective and experience to guide and drive long-term value to the company.
Leadership ROBERT A. IGER EXECUTIVE CHAIRMAN AND CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD
Leadership BOB CHAPEK DIRECTOR SINCE 2020
Leadership SUSAN E. ARNOLD DIRECTOR SINCE 2007
Leadership MARY T. BARRA DIRECTOR SINCE 2017
Leadership SAFRA A. CATZ DIRECTOR SINCE 2018
Leadership AMY L. CHANG DIRECTOR SINCE 2021
Leadership FRANCIS A. DESOUZA DIRECTOR SINCE 2018
Leadership MICHAEL B.G. FROMAN DIRECTOR SINCE 2018
Leadership MARIA ELENA LAGOMASINO DIRECTOR SINCE 2015
Leadership CALVIN R. MCDONALD DIRECTOR SINCE 2021
Leadership MARK G. PARKER DIRECTOR SINCE 2016
Leadership DERICA W. RICE DIRECTOR SINCE 2019
OUR BUSINESSES The Walt Disney Company, together with its subsidiaries and affiliates, is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise that includes Disney Parks, Experiences and Products; Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution; and three content groups—Studios, General Entertainment and Sports—focused on developing and producing content for DTC, theatrical and linear platforms.
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products Disney Parks, Experiences and Products is the global hub that brings Disney’s stories, characters, and franchises to life through theme parks and resorts, cruise and vacation experiences, and consumer products—everything from toys to apparel, and books to video games.
For the Disney Parks, Experiences and Products press site, click here.
Disneyland-Logo Walt Disney World Shanghai-Disney-Resort-Logo hd14180 Tokyo-Disney-Resort-Logo Hong-Kong-Disneyland-Logo Disney-Cruise-Line-Logo Disney Vacation Club Aulani-Logo Adventures by Disney WDI_Logo Disney Publishing Worldwide Shop Disney-TDS Logo Blue Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution Comprised of the Company’s international business units and various direct-to-consumer streaming services, Disney Media & Entertainment Distribution (DMED) aligns technology, media distribution and advertising sales into a single business segment to create and deliver personalized entertainment experiences to consumers around the world.
For the DMED press site, click here.
Disney+ Logo ESPN_PLUS_LOGO hulu-logo Final Hotstar logo lockup Disney Music Group CONTENT GROUPS Studios Content The Studios Content group encompasses a collection of world-class entertainment studios that produce high-quality cinematic storytelling for both theatrical and streaming release. It is also home to Disney Theatrical Productions, producer of popular stage shows on Broadway and around the world.
For the Studios press site, click here.
The Walt Disney Studios Walt-Disney-Animation-Studios-Logo Pixar Animation Studios MARVEL_STUDIOS_LOGO Lucasfilm Disney Theatrical Group 20th_century_studios SLP logo General Entertainment Content The General Entertainment Content group creates original entertainment and news content for the Company’s streaming platforms and its cable and broadcast networks.
For the General Entertainment press site, click here.
200723_20th_01 ABCEnt_2018LogoForRelease 2018 abc news logo promo black ABC_signature_png Disney Branded Television_horizontal FF_Logo_Horiz_01_Blue_Inverse FXlogo HuluOriginals_800px NG_logo_black ESPN and Sports Content The ESPN and Sports Content group acquires and produces ESPN’s live sports programming, as well as sports news and original and non-scripted sports-related content, for The Walt Disney Company’s cable channels, ESPN+, and ABC.
For the ESPN press site, click here.
ESPN-Logo HISTORY OF DISNEY From humble beginnings as a cartoon studio in the 1920s to its preeminent name in the entertainment industry today, Disney proudly continues its legacy of creating world-class stories and experiences for every member of the family.
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Post by Freddie on Oct 4, 2021 10:29:03 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Till sidans huvudinnehåll Sveriges riksdags logotyp, tillbaka till startsidanLyssnaLättlästTeckenspråkIn EnglishOther languagesOrdbok Sök på riksdagen.se Sök på riksdagen.se Sök Start Ledamöter & partier Utskotten & EU-nämnden Debatter & beslut Dokument & lagar Så funkar riksdagen Webb-tv Start Ledamöter & partier Ledamöter & partier Ledamöterna sitter samlade i kammaren för ärendedebatt och votering Foto: Melker Dahlstrand Riksdagen har 349 ledamöter som väljs vart fjärde år. För att kunna bli ledamot måste man ha rösträtt och vara nominerad av ett politiskt parti. Åtta partier finns representerade i riksdagen under valperioden 2018–2022.
Kontaktuppgifter till ledamöterna och partierna hittar du via respektive partisymbol.
På sidan:PartierTalmannenRegeringenLedamöter Partierna i riksdagen och antalet ledamöter En av de 349 ledamöterna sitter i riksdagen utan partibeteckning. Ledamoten har lämnat sitt parti sedan valet 2018. Ledamöter utan partibeteckning
Socialdemokraternas logotyp 100 Socialdemokraterna Moderaternas logotyp 70 Moderaterna Sverigedemokraternas logotyp 62 Sverigedemokraterna Centerpartiets logotyp 31 Centerpartiet Vänsterpartiets logotyp 27 Vänsterpartiet Kristdemokraternas logotyp 22 Kristdemokraterna Liberalernas logotyp 20 Liberalerna Miljöpartiets logotyp 16 Miljöpartiet Två riksdagsledamöter sitter i kammaren och bläddrar i papper. Ledamöternas arbete Utskottsarbetet tar en stor del av ledamöternas tid. Andra viktiga uppgifter är att skriva motioner och att ställa interpellationer och frågor till regeringen.
Så arbetar ledamöterna Så arbetar partierna Andreas Norlén talman från 2018 Talmannen Talmannen leder riksdagsarbetet och är riksdagens främste företrädare. Talmannen sitter bland annat ordförande vid sammanträdena i kammaren. Sedan riksdagsvalet 2018 är Andreas Norlén (M) riksdagens talman.
Talmannen Gruppbild på regeringen Regeringen Regeringen styr Sverige. Den genomför riksdagens beslut, lämnar förslag på nya lagar och på ändringar i de lagar som redan finns. Foto: Magnus Liljegren/Regeringskansliet
Regeringen Ledamöter Alla ledamöter Ledamöterna representerar sitt parti och sin valkrets. Om en ledamot beviljas ledighet i minst en månad får han eller hon en ersättare. Här hittar du ledamöter och ersättare i kammaren.
Filtrera på ledamöten Bokstavsordning BokstavsordningVisa Information om ledamöternas uppdrag Vi kvalitetssäkrar löpande informationen om ledamöternas uppdrag. Trots det kan det i undantagsfall förekomma felaktiga uppgifter om sluttider för vissa av ledamöterna på webbplatsen. Informationen innehåller endast uppgifter från 1975 och framåt. Har du frågor är du välkommen att kontakta Riksdagsinformation: riksdagsinformation@riksdagen.se
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Å Ä Ö A Tina Acketoft(L) Acketoft, Tina (L) Lars Adaktusson(KD) Adaktusson, Lars (KD) Ann-Christin Ahlberg(S) Ahlberg, Ann-Christin (S) Alireza Akhondi(C) Akhondi, Alireza (C) Leila Ali-Elmi(MP) Ali-Elmi, Leila (MP) Ann-Sofie Alm(M) Alm, Ann-Sofie (M) Sofia Amloh(S) Amloh, Sofia (S) Daniel Andersson(S) Andersson, Daniel (S) Jan R Andersson(M) Andersson, Jan R (M) Johan Andersson(S) Andersson, Johan (S) Jonas Andersson(SD) Andersson, Jonas (SD) Jonas Andersson(SD) Andersson, Jonas (SD) Lars Andersson(SD) Andersson, Lars (SD) Tobias Andersson(SD) Andersson, Tobias (SD) Ulla Andersson(V) Andersson, Ulla (V) Michael Anefur(KD) Anefur, Michael (KD) Acko Ankarberg Johansson(KD) Ankarberg Johansson, Acko (KD) Alexandra Anstrell(M) Anstrell, Alexandra (M) Clara Aranda(SD) Aranda, Clara (SD) Ludvig Aspling(SD) Aspling, Ludvig (SD) Nicklas Attefjord(MP) Attefjord, Nicklas (MP) Gulan Avci(L) Avci, Gulan (L) Kristina Axén Olin(M) Axén Olin, Kristina (M) B Hanif Bali(M) Bali, Hanif (M) Lars Beckman(M) Beckman, Lars (M) Denis Begic(S) Begic, Denis (S) Angelika Bengtsson(SD) Bengtsson, Angelika (SD) Sten Bergheden(M) Bergheden, Sten (M) Jörgen Berglund(M) Berglund, Jörgen (M) Mats Berglund(MP) Berglund, Mats (MP) Tobias Billström(M) Billström, Tobias (M) Patrik Björck(S) Björck, Patrik (S) Malin Björk(C) Björk, Malin (C) Heléne Björklund(S) Björklund, Heléne (S) Elisabeth Björnsdotter Rahm(M) Björnsdotter Rahm, Elisabeth (M) Yasmine Bladelius(S) Bladelius, Yasmine (S) Juno Blom(L) Blom, Juno (L) Carl-Oskar Bohlin(M) Bohlin, Carl-Oskar (M) Helena Bouveng(M) Bouveng, Helena (M) Camilla Brodin(KD) Brodin, Camilla (KD) Bo Broman(SD) Broman, Bo (SD) Gudrun Brunegård(KD) Brunegård, Gudrun (KD) Katarina Brännström(M) Brännström, Katarina (M) Marlene Burwick(S) Burwick, Marlene (S) Ebba Busch(KD) Busch, Ebba (KD) Johan Büser(S) Büser, Johan (S) Mattias Bäckström Johansson(SD) Bäckström Johansson, Mattias (SD) Daniel Bäckström(C) Bäckström, Daniel (C) C Andreas Carlson(KD) Carlson, Andreas (KD) Christian Carlsson(KD) Carlsson, Christian (KD) ClasGöran Carlsson(S) Carlsson, ClasGöran (S) Gunilla Carlsson(S) Carlsson, Gunilla (S) Teresa Carvalho(S) Carvalho, Teresa (S) Jonny Cato(C) Cato, Jonny (C) Margareta Cederfelt(M) Cederfelt, Margareta (M) Fredrik Christensson(C) Christensson, Fredrik (C) Alexander Christiansson(SD) Christiansson, Alexander (SD) Åsa Coenraads(M) Coenraads, Åsa (M) D Nooshi Dadgostar(V) Dadgostar, Nooshi (V) Mikael Dahlqvist(S) Dahlqvist, Mikael (S) Sofia Damm(KD) Damm, Sofia (KD) Mikael Damsgaard(M) Damsgaard, Mikael (M) Malin Danielsson(L) Danielsson, Malin (L) Lorena Delgado Varas(V) Delgado Varas, Lorena (V) Catarina Deremar(C) Deremar, Catarina (C) Adnan Dibrani(S) Dibrani, Adnan (S) Dennis Dioukarev(SD) Dioukarev, Dennis (SD) Ida Drougge(M) Drougge, Ida (M) E Magnus Ek(C) Ek, Magnus (C) Hans Eklind(KD) Eklind, Hans (KD) Staffan Eklöf(SD) Eklöf, Staffan (SD) Hans Ekström(S) Ekström, Hans (S) Jamal El-Haj(S) El-Haj, Jamal (S) Bengt Eliasson(L) Eliasson, Bengt (L) Aron Emilsson(SD) Emilsson, Aron (SD) Annicka Engblom(M) Engblom, Annicka (M) Patrik Engström(S) Engström, Patrik (S) Matheus Enholm(SD) Enholm, Matheus (SD) Karin Enström(M) Enström, Karin (M) Jan Ericson(M) Ericson, Jan (M) Yasmine Eriksson(SD) Eriksson, Yasmine (SD) Åsa Eriksson(S) Eriksson, Åsa (S) Ali Esbati(V) Esbati, Ali (V) Mikael Eskilandersson(SD) Eskilandersson, Mikael (SD) Erik Ezelius(S) Ezelius, Erik (S) F Elisabeth Falkhaven(MP) Falkhaven, Elisabeth (MP) Runar Filper(SD) Filper, Runar (SD) Kenneth G Forslund(S) Forslund, Kenneth G (S) Joar Forssell(L) Forssell, Joar (L) Johan Forssell(M) Forssell, Johan (M) Jakob Forssmed(KD) Forssmed, Jakob (KD) Josef Fransson(SD) Fransson, Josef (SD) Margareta Fransson(MP) Fransson, Margareta (MP) Ann-Christine From Utterstedt(SD) From Utterstedt, Ann-Christine (SD) Isak From(S) From, Isak (S) Marianne Fundahn(S) Fundahn, Marianne (S) G Ida Gabrielsson(V) Gabrielsson, Ida (V) Maria Gardfjell(MP) Gardfjell, Maria (MP) Helena Gellerman(L) Gellerman, Helena (L) Mats Green(M) Green, Mats (M) Jörgen Grubb(SD) Grubb, Jörgen (SD) Roza Güclü Hedin(S) Güclü Hedin, Roza (S) Hanna Gunnarsson(V) Gunnarsson, Hanna (V) Elin Gustafsson(S) Gustafsson, Elin (S) H Roger Haddad(L) Haddad, Roger (L) Tony Haddou(V) Haddou, Tony (V) Hampus Hagman(KD) Hagman, Hampus (KD) Monica Haider(S) Haider, Monica (S) Abraham Halef(S) Halef, Abraham (S) Robert Halef(KD) Halef, Robert (KD) Axel Hallberg(MP) Hallberg, Axel (MP) Ann-Charlotte Hammar Johnsson(M) Hammar Johnsson, Ann-Charlotte (M) Thomas Hammarberg(S) Hammarberg, Thomas (S) Robert Hannah(L) Hannah, Robert (L) Camilla Hansén(MP) Hansén, Camilla (MP) Anders Hansson(M) Hansson, Anders (M) Johanna Haraldsson(S) Haraldsson, Johanna (S) Åsa Hartzell(M) Hartzell, Åsa (M) Johan Hedin(C) Hedin, Johan (C) Roger Hedlund(SD) Hedlund, Roger (SD) Ulrika Heie(C) Heie, Ulrika (C) Ulrika Heindorff(M) Heindorff, Ulrika (M) Peter Helander(C) Helander, Peter (C) Jörgen Hellman(S) Hellman, Jörgen (S) Caroline Helmersson Olsson(S) Helmersson Olsson, Caroline (S) Ebba Hermansson(SD) Hermansson, Ebba (SD) Annika Hirvonen(MP) Hirvonen, Annika (MP) Lars Hjälmered(M) Hjälmered, Lars (M) Hans Hoff(S) Hoff, Hans (S) Jens Holm(V) Holm, Jens (V) Paula Holmqvist(S) Holmqvist, Paula (S) Emma Hult(MP) Hult, Emma (MP) Johan Hultberg(M) Hultberg, Johan (M) Marie-Louise Hänel Sandström(M) Hänel Sandström, Marie-Louise (M) Per-Arne Håkansson(S) Håkansson, Per-Arne (S) Christina Höj Larsen(V) Höj Larsen, Christina (V) J Magnus Jacobsson(KD) Jacobsson, Magnus (KD) Momodou Malcolm Jallow(V) Jallow, Momodou Malcolm (V) Eva-Lena Jansson(S) Jansson, Eva-Lena (S) Kjell Jansson(M) Jansson, Kjell (M) Lars Jilmstad(M) Jilmstad, Lars (M) Anna Johansson(S) Johansson, Anna (S) Martina Johansson(C) Johansson, Martina (C) Ola Johansson(C) Johansson, Ola (C) Lotta Johnsson Fornarve(V) Johnsson Fornarve, Lotta (V) Richard Jomshof(SD) Jomshof, Richard (SD) Pål Jonson(M) Jonson, Pål (M) Anders W Jonsson(C) W Jonsson, Anders (C) Mattias Jonsson(S) Jonsson, Mattias (S) Ellen Juntti(M) Juntti, Ellen (M) Joakim Järrebring(S) Järrebring, Joakim (S) Patrik Jönsson(SD) Jönsson, Patrik (SD) Ulrika Jörgensen(M) Jörgensen, Ulrika (M) K Amineh Kakabaveh(-) Kakabaveh, Amineh (-) Arin Karapet(M) Karapet, Arin (M) Ida Karkiainen(S) Karkiainen, Ida (S) Annelie Karlsson(S) Karlsson, Annelie (S) Maj Karlsson(V) Karlsson, Maj (V) Mattias Karlsson(M) Karlsson, Mattias (M) Mattias Karlsson(SD) Karlsson, Mattias (SD) Niklas Karlsson(S) Karlsson, Niklas (S) Ulrika Karlsson(M) Karlsson, Ulrika (M) Åsa Karlsson(S) Karlsson, Åsa (S) Sultan Kayhan(S) Kayhan, Sultan (S) Ingemar Kihlström(KD) Kihlström, Ingemar (KD) Martin Kinnunen(SD) Kinnunen, Martin (SD) Ulf Kristersson(M) Kristersson, Ulf (M) Julia Kronlid(SD) Kronlid, Julia (SD) Tomas Kronståhl(S) Kronståhl, Tomas (S) Serkan Köse(S) Köse, Serkan (S) L Birger Lahti(V) Lahti, Birger (V) 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(C) Lina Nordquist(L) Nordquist, Lina (L) Katja Nyberg(SD) Nyberg, Katja (SD) Christer Nylander(L) Nylander, Christer (L) Ingela Nylund Watz(S) Nylund Watz, Ingela (S) Leif Nysmed(S) Nysmed, Leif (S) O Carina Ohlsson(S) Ohlsson, Carina (S) Solange Olame Bayibsa(S) Olame Bayibsa, Solange (S) Jakob Olofsgård(L) Olofsgård, Jakob (L) Kalle Olsson(S) Olsson, Kalle (S) Lotta Olsson(M) Olsson, Lotta (M) Jasenko Omanovic(S) Omanovic, Jasenko (S) Magnus Oscarsson(KD) Oscarsson, Magnus (KD) Mikael Oscarsson(KD) Oscarsson, Mikael (KD) Anne Oskarsson(SD) Oskarsson, Anne (SD) Erik Ottoson(M) Ottoson, Erik (M) Kjell-Arne Ottosson(KD) Ottosson, Kjell-Arne (KD) Mattias Ottosson(S) Ottosson, Mattias (S) P Niels Paarup-Petersen(C) Paarup-Petersen, Niels (C) Eric Palmqvist(SD) Palmqvist, Eric (SD) Amanda Palmstierna(MP) Palmstierna, Amanda (MP) Johan Pehrson(L) Pehrson, Johan (L) David Perez(SD) Perez, David (SD) Magnus Persson(SD) Persson, Magnus (SD) Mats Persson(L) Persson, Mats (L) Björn Petersson(S) 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🌐 The Global Network 🌐Säkerhetspolisen Hoppa till navigeringHoppa till sök Säkerhetspolisen Säkerhetspolisen vapen.svg Säkerhetspolisens heraldiska vapen Departement Justitiedepartementet Ansvarigt statsråd Morgan Johansson Organisationstyp Säkerhetstjänst Säte Bolstomtavägen 2 Kommun Solna kommun Län Stockholms län Syfte Säkra rikets säkerhet mot inhemska och utländska hot. Föregångare Rikspolisstyrelsens säkerhetsavdelning Inrättad 1 oktober 1989 Säkerhetspolischef Klas Friberg (–30 sep 2021) Charlotte von Essen (1 okt 2021–) Budget 1,57 miljarder SEK Antal anställda ~1 000 Instruktion SFS 2002:1050 Webbplats Sakerhetspolisen.se Övrigt 2019 års budget.[1] Säkerhetspolisen (Säpo), fram till 1989 kallad Rikspolisstyrelsens säkerhetsavdelning (då förkortad till RPS/Säk),[2] är en svensk myndighet med polisiära uppgifter. Där är en av Sveriges två operativa polismyndigheter, där den andra är Polismyndigheten[3]. Säkerhetspolisens uppgift är att skydda Sveriges demokratiska system, medborgarnas fri- och rättigheter och den nationella säkerheten. Till detta ingår att bekämpa brott mot rikets säkerhet (Brottsbalken 18 och 19 kap) och att leda och bedriva polisverksamhet när det gäller terrorismbekämpning, bevaknings- och säkerhetsarbete som avser den centrala statsledningen eller som har samband med statsbesök och liknande händelser, samt annat personskydd. Säkerhetspolisen är en enrådighetsmyndighet, och leds av en säkerhetspolischef som inför regeringen ensam bär ansvaret för myndighetens verksamhet. Säkerhetspolischefen utses av regeringen. Från och med 1 januari 2015 är Säkerhetspolisen utbruten ur Rikspolisstyrelsen och utgör en egen myndighet direkt underställd Justitiedepartementet.[4] Säkerhetspolisens uppgifter och ansvarsområden anges i förordningen (2014:1103) med instruktion för Säkerhetspolisen.[5] Innehåll 1 Historik 2 Organisation 2.1 Verksamhetsfunktioner 2.2 Stödfunktioner 2.3 Regionala enheter 3 Uppgifter 3.1 Kontraspionage 3.2 Kontraterrorism 3.3 Författningsskydd 3.3.1 Sektionen mot samhällshotande brottslighet 3.4 Personskydd 4 Säpo och kontroversen kring åsiktsregistrering 4.1 Övervakade partier och organisationer 4.2 Efterverkningar 5 Kontraspionage 6 Kritik mot Säpo 7 Säpochefer 8 Heraldiskt vapen 9 Se även 10 Källor 10.1 Noter 11 Externa länkar Historik Den 31 augusti 1914 inrättades för första gången i Sveriges moderna historia en särskild polisstyrka med huvuduppdraget att förhindra brott mot rikets säkerhet. Den nya styrkan tillhörde organisatoriskt Generalstaben och fick namnet Generalstabens första byrå, även kallad Polisbyrån. Föreståndare för byrån var kapten Erik Gustaf af Edholm. Till byrån kommenderades, förutom militär personal, även polismän från Stockholm. I juli 1939 tillsattes vid Statspolisen en kriminalöverkonstapel och en kriminalkonstapel som fick ren säkerhetstjänst som sin huvudsakliga arbetsuppgift.[6] Vid krigsutbrottet samma år utökades den nu så kallade spionavdelningen till att sysselsätta fyra kriminalöverkonstaplar och 16 kriminalkonstaplar. Avdelningens förste chef blev kriminalkommissarie Erik Lönn. Spionavdelningen kallades formellt för statspolisens tredje rotel. Samtidigt byggdes en ny rotel upp vid Stockholms kriminalavdelning och som kallades sjätte roteln. Även denna skulle syssla med säkerhetsfrågor, men endast inom ramen för sina uppgifter i Stockholm. Spionaget ökade dock kraftigt och sjätte roteln fick även biträda sina kollegor ute i landet. Den 1 september 1939 slogs så de båda avdelningarna ihop under en självständig chef, kriminalintendent Martin Lundqvist. Namnet "Säkerhetspolisen" var dock ett namn som styrkan fick av media. Inom polisen behöll man namnen Statspolisens tredje rotel och Kriminalavdelningens sjätte rotel. Genom att dela in Sverige i så kallade övervakningsdistrikt under respektive landsfogdes ledning gav man verksamheten en nationell prägel. Den 1 juli 1946 upphörde samarbetet och istället fick statspolisintendenten i uppgift att skapa särskilda avdelningar i Stockholm och i landets större städer. Dessa avdelningar skulle bekämpa olovlig underrättelseverksamhet och därmed förknippad brottslighet. Den nuvarande organisationen bildades 1 oktober 1989, då man även fick en generaldirektör. Organisation Nord Mitt Bergslagen Öst Väst Syd Stockholm Säkerhetspolisen leds av en verksledning bestående av en generaldirektör som tillika är Säkerhetspolischef. Dessutom finns i verksledningen en ställföreträdande säkerhetspolischef, chefssekreterare och chefstjänstemän. Hur organisationen skall fungera anges i regleringsbrevet, alltså "Förordning (2014:1103) med instruktion för Säkerhetspolisen". Organisationen består av 17 olika enheter: Verksamhetsfunktioner Kontraspionage Kontraterrorism Författningsskydd Säkerhetsskydd Personskydd Stödfunktioner Hotbild Spaning Dokumentation Internationellt samband Teknik Human Resources Ekonomi Regionala enheter Säpo bedriver verksamhet på flera ställen, dels på huvudkontoret i Solna och på flera regionala kontor, som främst arbetar på uppdrag från huvudkontoret med underrättelseinhämtning och hotreducering.[7][8] Nord – Västernorrlands, Jämtlands, Västerbottens och Norrbottens län med kontor i Umeå. Mitt – Uppsala, Västmanlands och Gävleborgs län med kontor i Uppsala. Bergslagen – Dalarnas, Värmlands och Örebro län med kontor i Örebro. Öst – Jönköpings, Södermanlands och Östergötlands län med kontor i Linköping. Väst – Hallands och Västra Götalands län med kontor i Göteborg. Syd – Kronobergs, Kalmar, Blekinge och Skåne län med kontor i Malmö. Stockholm – Stockholms län och Gotland, lokaliserat på huvudkontoret i Solna. Uppgifter Kontraspionage Säkerhetspolisen har som uppgift att bedriva kontraspionage. Bland annat arbetar man för att hindra flyktingspionage - främmande makters övervakning och attentat mot politiska motståndare i Sverige samt stävjande av främmade makters spionage mot högteknologisk industri. Kontraterrorism Innebär att förebygga och avslöja terrorism som riktas mot Sverige eller utländska intressen i landet, terroristhandlingar i andra länder samt förekomsten av internationella terroristnätverks förgreningar i Sverige. För detta ändamål finns sedan 2005 Nationellt centrum för terrorhotbedömning (NCT) som "gör strategiska bedömningar av terrorhotet mot Sverige och svenska intressen samt analyser av händelser och omvärldsutveckling inom terrorism". Det är en permanent arbetsgrupp till Samverkansrådet mot terrorism. I NCT sitter representanter för både Militära underrättelse- och säkerhetstjänsten (MUST), Försvarets radioanstalt (FRA) och Säkerhetspolisen.[9][10] Det mesta sköts från Säkerhetspolisens huvudkontor i Solna. Författningsskydd Sektionen mot samhällshotande brottslighet Sektionens arbete inriktas på de funktioner och system som anses särskilt skyddsvärda i en demokrati. Dit räknas den politiska beslutsprocessen, verkställandet av politiska beslut och fria media. Sektionen startade 2007 och gav ut sin första rapport 2008: Hot mot förtroendevalda,[11] som behandlar hot mot förtroendevalda i kommuner och landsting. Huvudartikel: Säkerhetsskydd i Sverige Finansminister Magdalena Andersson under budgetpromenaden till riksdagen, omgiven av säkerhetspoliser den 23 oktober 2014. Säkerhetsskydd avser skydd mot spioneri, sabotage och andra brott som kan hota rikets säkerhet. Personskydd Säkerhetspolisen ansvarar för personskyddet av ledande personer såsom statsministern, statsråd, riksdagsledamöter, kungafamiljen samt utländska stats- och regeringschefer på besök i Sverige. Säpo och kontroversen kring åsiktsregistrering Åsiktsregistrering på grundval av partitillhörighet eller medlemskap i politisk organisation förbjöds 1969 då det alltså inte längre var tillåtet för svensk säkerhetstjänst att registrera någon för att han eller hon var medlem i exempelvis VPK. I praxis kom dock detta att fortsätta. Säpo har på uppdrag av regeringen särskilt kontrollerat ett antal politiska organisationer på vänsterkanten som på sitt program haft att omstörta samhället samt ett antal organisationer ute på högerkanten som bland annat kunde misstänkas för olovlig kårverksamhet (BrB 18 kap 4 §). Aktiva medlemmar i vänstergrupperna skulle enligt bestämmelser för tillämpningen av Personalkontrollkungörelsen registreras av Säpo på grund av risken för att de i framtiden skulle kunna försöka sätta sina revolutionsplaner i verket. Vid händelse av nationell krissituation, exempelvis krig, skulle det vara lättare att uppsöka och oskadliggöra personerna. Konsekvenserna för den enskilde, den registrerade, var exempelvis nekad anställning inom "skyddsklassade arbeten" (400 000 inom olika företag och myndigheter). Att namn kontrolleras gentemot dessa register händer cirka 160 000 gånger per år.[12] Övervakade partier och organisationer Vilka organisationer det rört sig om var hemligt i över tre decennier. År 2003 avslöjades att den socialdemokratiska regeringen redan 1970, och även 1973, till Säpo givit föreskrifter som gällde SKP, Clarté, KFML(r), SKU(ml), SKS(ml), MLK, Revolutionära Marxisters Förbund, Förbundet Kommunist, men också högerextrema och nynazistiska organisationer som Nordiska rikspartiet, Nysvenska Rörelsen och Demokratisk Allians samt värnpliktsvägrarorganisationen PAX-VCO i Lund och den mer allmänna vänsterorganisationen Studerande för ett demokratiskt samhälle (SDS) - sammanlagt ett tjugotal organisationer. Medlemmar i dessa fick registreras under vissa förutsättningar, till exempel om de intog en "ledande ställning". Endast "sedvanlig föreningsverksamhet" som att delta i möten skulle inte medföra registrering,[13] vilket Säpo inte följt då det räckte med att förknippas på lösa grunder med organisationerna i fråga för att bli registrerad i vad Säpo kallade "arbetsanteckningar", ett register åtskiljt från det centrala registret, i vilket Säpo skrev om vilka som prenumererat på olika vänstertidningar och dylik information.[14][15] Så sent som 1993 klassade regeringen under Carl Bildt förbundet Revolutionär Kommunistisk Ungdom som HT19-organisation, det vill säga som hörande till den typ av organisationer man skulle rikta "särskild uppmärksamhet åt". Detta har resulterat bland annat i flygövervakning av förbundets sommarläger i Tiveden. Relevant i sammanhanget är att det räckt med att vara medlem i ungdomsförbundet för att registreras. Under dryga tre decennier har ingen som helst grov brottslig verksamhet kunnat härledas av Säpo till någon av de bevakade vänsterorganisationerna. I fallet KFML(r) fann man tre fall av brott genom övervakningen av dess medlemmar och sympatisörer: undanhållande, dvs bondpermis, från det militära; olaga affischering; samt ett fall av våld mot tjänsteman.[14] Kritiken mot denna åsiktsregistrering har varit mycket omfattande, särskilt då organisationerna varit öppna och uppbyggda enligt föreningsdemokratiska principer och inte har använt sig av militanta metoder i aktioner. Säpo skulle också registrera ledande medlemmar i enhetsfrontorganisationen De Förenade FNL-Grupperna (DFFG), "i den mån dessa fungerar som rekryteringsbas för KFML".[16] I registren finns också barn så unga som femton år, vars enda brott varit att engagera sig för ett slut på Vietnamkriget. I många fall har det räckt med att prenumerera på en tidning som Proletären eller ha varit vänsterpartist, för att bli registrerad.[17][14] Människorättsaktivister som exempelvis åsiktsregistrerade Ingrid Segerstedt-Wiberg, journalist och folkpartistisk riksdagsledamot, är tillsammans med andra åsiktsregistrerade politiskt radikalare profiler som Bengt Frejd engagerade i frågan om Säpo-arkivens öppnande. Efterverkningar Sverige fälldes i Europadomstolen för brott mot de mänskliga rättigheterna i och med formen för denna registrering, vilken har varit gravt integritetskränkande för de drabbade.[18] Justitiekanslern (JK) Hans Stark fick år 1988 i uppdrag att undersöka om Säpo ägnade sig åt olaglig åsiktsregistrering eftersom uppgifter om detta läckt ut till pressen. I sin rapport hade han inga anmärkningar på verksamheten men i en hemlig del av rapporten konstaterar han att en svensk medborgare registrerats för att ha prenumererat på Proletären. Före detta Säpo-chefen Mats Börjesson ansåg i efterhand verksamheten vara olaglig. Även Säpos egna jurister anser att "anteckningarna måste anses strida mot grundlagens regel om politisk registrering och även mot den specialreglering som gäller för Säpos register".[14] Säkerhetstjänstkommissionen har konstaterat i en rapport att "det även i dag finns en påtaglig risk för att förbudet mot åsiktsregistrering överträds i samband med övervakning av personer verksamma i politiska ytterlighetsgrupperingar."[14] Kontraspionage Den viktigaste uppgiften för Säkerhetspolien har i alla år varit att försöka "förhindra och uppdaga" spionage och olovlig underrättelseverksamhet. Vid tiden för andra världskriget ägnades många års spaningsverksamhet mot olika misstänkta individer. Problemet är när en individ väl har värvats av främmande makt förvandlas kontakten mellan spionen och dennes handledare till att bli i det närmaste helt osynlig. Instruktionerna tas emot via radio och resultatet skickas med post till en utländsk adress eller läggs i ett dolt utrymme som de bägge konspiratörerna kommit överens om på förhand. Med denna metod är det oerhört svårt att komma åt utländskt spionage, men det var en teknik som användes långt in på 1970-talet. Efter gripandet av Stig Bergling ändrade Säpo sina arbetsmetoder. Istället för att "uppdaga" redan begångna brott försökte man "förhindra" att brotten över huvud taget ägde rum - man försökte förhindra och avbryta utländska underrättelseofficerares försöka att värva svenskar som agenter och spioner. Det medförde att dussintals sovjetiska och östeuropeiska underrättelseofficerare utvisades från Sverige, att ytterligare ett antal förklarades persona non grata och uppemot ett hundratal hindrades av UD och Invandrarverket att resa in i Sverige under årtiondet innan Warszawapaktens och Sovjetunionens upplösning. Statistik över publika utvisningar av sovjetiska spioner från 1980-talet visar att Sverige stod för 12,5 procent av alla dessa utvisningar, vilket var den högsta siffran i världen.[19] Kritik mot Säpo Under historien har Säpo fått kritik för att vara en högervriden organisation utan demokratisk insyn. En av Säpos mest välkända kritiker är journalisten och författaren Jan Guillou som attackerat organisationen både i kolumner och romaner. Hans kritik har på senare år bemötts av Säkerhetspolisen och kallats resultatet av en djup okunnighet [...] eller helt enkelt framfört mot bättre vetande[20]. År 1969 anklagades Säpos dåvarande chef Per-Gunnar Vinge för att ha sagt att han trodde att viss information kunde läcka ut eftersom Olof Palme var aktiv i rörelsen mot Vietnamkriget, och att Vinge menade att han inte kunde samarbeta med den socialdemokratiska regeringen. Vinge har tillbakavisat att han skulle ha sagt detta, och behandlar frågan utförligt i sina memoarer Säpochef 1962-70 (1988). I samband med att Dagens Nyheter 2012 inlett en granskning av representationskostnader inom offentligt finansierade verksamheter uppmärksammades att Säpo i juni 2011 utan upphandling hållit en påkostad fest med James Bond-tema för 5,3 miljoner kronor och därefter felaktigt krävt tillbaka stora belopp i moms. Många medarbetare valde att inte gå på festen efter missnöje med Anders Danielssons omorganiseringar och besparingar.[21] Säpochefer Chefer för Säkerhetspolisen från den 1 juli 1964: 1964–1970: P.G. Vinge 1970–1976: Hans Holmér 1976–1987: Sven-Åke Hjälmroth 1987−1989: Sune Sandström Generaldirektörer för Säkerhetspolisen från den 1 oktober 1989: 1989–1994: Mats Börjesson 1994–1999: Anders Eriksson 2000–2003: Jan Danielsson 2004–2007: Klas Bergenstrand 2007–2012: Anders Danielsson 2012–2018: Anders Thornberg 2018–2021: Klas Friberg 2021–idag: Charlotte von Essen Heraldiskt vapen I blått fält en fackla från vilken fyra eklöv utgår, allt av guld. Skölden lagd över två korsade spöknippen av guld och krönt med kunglig krona.[22] Se även Riksenheten för säkerhetsmål Polisen Säkerhetsskydd Personskydd Underrättelsetjänst Kontraspionage Åsiktsregistrering Källor 1914-2014 100 år med svensk säkerhetstjänst Noter ^ ”Budget för säkerhetspolisen 2019”. Regeringen. ^ Rikets säkerhet och den personliga integriteten. De svenska säkerhetstjänsternas författningsskyddade verksamhet sedan år 1945. (SOU 2002:87), s 15 Arkiverad 16 april 2015 hämtat från the Wayback Machine. ^ ”Säkerhetspolisen”. Läst 1 februari 2015. ^ ”Säkerhetspolisen”. Läst 1 februari 2015. ^ www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-20141103-med-instruktion-for_sfs-2014-1103^ Walle Badh: I Statspolisens nät, AB Interdeal, 1960, läst 18 september 2010 ^ ”Regionala kontor”. Säpo. Arkiverad från originalet den 1 juli 2015. Läst 19 juli 2015. ^ ”Kontaktuppgifter till de regionala enheterna”. Säpo. Arkiverad från originalet den 22 juli 2015. Läst 19 juli 2015. ^ ”Vad är NCT - Nationellt centrum för terrorhotbedömning?”. Krisinformation.se. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 december 2010. ^ ”Nationellt ansvar och internationellt engagemang – En nationell strategi för att möta hotet från terrorism”. Regeringen. 7 februari 2008. Arkiverad från originalet den 6 november 2011. ^ ”Hot mot förtorendevalda” (PDF). Säkerhetspolisen. mars 2008. Arkiverad från originalet den 13 juli 2012. Läst 20 augusti 2009. ^ Pär Johansson (2003). ”Ungdomar registrerades av Säpo”. Rebell (1). Läst 20 augusti 2009.[död länk] ^ SOU 2002:89 Politisk övervakning och personalkontroll 1969-2002 (listar 1970 års organisationer); Tore Forsberg: "Spioner och spioner som spionerar på spioner", s311-312, Hjalmarson & Högberg Bokförlag, 2003 (listar 1973 års organisationer) ^ Peter Bratt (29 januari 2003). ”Åsiktsregistrering pågick till 1998”. Dagens Nyheter. Läst 20 augusti 2009. ^ Vitbok; Proletärkultur 2001, aa ^ SOU 2002:89 Politisk övervakning och personalkontroll 1969-2002 ^ VITBOK om KPML(r), SÄPO och åsiktsregistreringen i Sverige 1969-1998, Proletärkultur 2001 ^ ”Utdrag ur Europadomstolens dom”. Proletären. 13 juni 2006. Läst 20 augusti 2009. ^ U.S. State Department: "Foreign Affaires Notes" listade under 1970- och 1980-talen samtliga världens utvisningar som redovisades öppet i media ^ [1] ^ Mattias Carlsson. "Här höll Säpo sin hemliga Bondfest", Dagens Nyheter, 27 augusti 2012. Läst den 13 september 2012. ^ Riksarkivet: Nya heraldiska vapen 2014 Externa länkar Officiell webbplats Säpo på polisen.se Säkerhetspolisens årsbok för 2009 v • r Sveriges polismyndigheter v • r Underrättelseverksamhet v • r Brott i Sverige Kategorier: SäkerhetspolisenOrganisationer bildade 1989Myndigheter i Solna Navigeringsmeny Inte inloggad Diskussion Bidrag Skapa konto Logga in ArtikelDiskussion LäsRedigeraRedigera wikitextVisa historik Sök Sök på Wikipedia Huvudsida Introduktion Deltagarportalen Bybrunnen Senaste ändringarna Slumpartikel (−bot) Ladda upp filer Stöd Wikipedia Kontakta Wikipedia Hjälp På andra projekt Commons Skriv ut/exportera Skapa en bok Ladda ner som PDF Utskriftsvänlig version Verktyg Sidor som länkar hit Relaterade ändringar Specialsidor Permanent länk Sidinformation Använd som referens Wikidata-objekt
Språk Deutsch English Español فارسی Français Italiano Русский Suomi Türkçe 9 till Redigera länkar Sidan redigerades senast den 26 augusti 2021 kl. 22.12. Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 3.0 Unported. För bilder, se respektive bildsida (klicka på bilden). Se vidare Wikipedia:Upphovsrätt och användarvillkor. Wikimedias integritetspolicyOm WikipediaFörbehållMobil vyUtvecklareStatistikInformation om kakorWikimedia FoundationPowered by MediaWiki
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Post by Freddie on Oct 7, 2021 11:18:52 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
I wanted to share a note I wrote to everyone at our company.
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Hey everyone: it's been quite a week, and I wanted to share some thoughts with all of you.
First, the SEV that took down all our services yesterday was the worst outage we've had in years. We've spent the past 24 hours debriefing how we can strengthen our systems against this kind of failure. This was also a reminder of how much our work matters to people. The deeper concern with an outage like this isn't how many people switch to competitive services or how much money we lose, but what it means for the people who rely on our services to communicate with loved ones, run their businesses, or support their communities.
Second, now that today's testimony is over, I wanted to reflect on the public debate we're in. I'm sure many of you have found the recent coverage hard to read because it just doesn't reflect the company we know. We care deeply about issues like safety, well-being and mental health. It's difficult to see coverage that misrepresents our work and our motives. At the most basic level, I think most of us just don't recognize the false picture of the company that is being painted.
Many of the claims don't make any sense. If we wanted to ignore research, why would we create an industry-leading research program to understand these important issues in the first place? If we didn't care about fighting harmful content, then why would we employ so many more people dedicated to this than any other company in our space -- even ones larger than us? If we wanted to hide our results, why would we have established an industry-leading standard for transparency and reporting on what we're doing? And if social media were as responsible for polarizing society as some people claim, then why are we seeing polarization increase in the US while it stays flat or declines in many countries with just as heavy use of social media around the world?
At the heart of these accusations is this idea that we prioritize profit over safety and well-being. That's just not true. For example, one move that has been called into question is when we introduced the Meaningful Social Interactions change to News Feed. This change showed fewer viral videos and more content from friends and family -- which we did knowing it would mean people spent less time on Facebook, but that research suggested it was the right thing for people's well-being. Is that something a company focused on profits over people would do?
The argument that we deliberately push content that makes people angry for profit is deeply illogical. We make money from ads, and advertisers consistently tell us they don't want their ads next to harmful or angry content. And I don't know any tech company that sets out to build products that make people angry or depressed. The moral, business and product incentives all point in the opposite direction.
But of everything published, I'm particularly focused on the questions raised about our work with kids. I've spent a lot of time reflecting on the kinds of experiences I want my kids and others to have online, and it's very important to me that everything we build is safe and good for kids.
The reality is that young people use technology. Think about how many school-age kids have phones. Rather than ignoring this, technology companies should build experiences that meet their needs while also keeping them safe. We're deeply committed to doing industry-leading work in this area. A good example of this work is Messenger Kids, which is widely recognized as better and safer than alternatives.
We've also worked on bringing this kind of age-appropriate experience with parental controls for Instagram too. But given all the questions about whether this would actually be better for kids, we've paused that project to take more time to engage with experts and make sure anything we do would be helpful.
Like many of you, I found it difficult to read the mischaracterization of the research into how Instagram affects young people. As we wrote in our Newsroom post explaining this: "The research actually demonstrated that many teens we heard from feel that using Instagram helps them when they are struggling with the kinds of hard moments and issues teenagers have always faced. In fact, in 11 of 12 areas on the slide referenced by the Journal -- including serious areas like loneliness, anxiety, sadness and eating issues -- more teenage girls who said they struggled with that issue also said Instagram made those difficult times better rather than worse."
But when it comes to young people's health or well-being, every negative experience matters. It is incredibly sad to think of a young person in a moment of distress who, instead of being comforted, has their experience made worse. We have worked for years on industry-leading efforts to help people in these moments and I'm proud of the work we've done. We constantly use our research to improve this work further.
Similar to balancing other social issues, I don't believe private companies should make all of the decisions on their own. That's why we have advocated for updated internet regulations for several years now. I have testified in Congress multiple times and asked them to update these regulations. I've written op-eds outlining the areas of regulation we think are most important related to elections, harmful content, privacy, and competition.
We're committed to doing the best work we can, but at some level the right body to assess tradeoffs between social equities is our democratically elected Congress. For example, what is the right age for teens to be able to use internet services? How should internet services verify people's ages? And how should companies balance teens' privacy while giving parents visibility into their activity?
If we're going to have an informed conversation about the effects of social media on young people, it's important to start with a full picture. We're committed to doing more research ourselves and making more research publicly available. That said, I'm worried about the incentives that are being set here. We have an industry-leading research program so that we can identify important issues and work on them. It's disheartening to see that work taken out of context and used to construct a false narrative that we don't care. If we attack organizations making an effort to study their impact on the world, we're effectively sending the message that it's safer not to look at all, in case you find something that could be held against you. That's the conclusion other companies seem to have reached, and I think that leads to a place that would be far worse for society. Even though it might be easier for us to follow that path, we're going to keep doing research because it's the right thing to do.
I know it's frustrating to see the good work we do get mischaracterized, especially for those of you who are making important contributions across safety, integrity, research and product. But I believe that over the long term if we keep trying to do what's right and delivering experiences that improve people's lives, it will be better for our community and our business. I've asked leaders across the company to do deep dives on our work across many areas over the next few days so you can see everything that we're doing to get there.
When I reflect on our work, I think about the real impact we have on the world -- the people who can now stay in touch with their loved ones, create opportunities to support themselves, and find community. This is why billions of people love our products. I'm proud of everything we do to keep building the best social products in the world and grateful to all of you for the work you do here every day.
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Oct 8, 2021 17:04:16 GMT 1
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Post by Freddie on Oct 8, 2021 17:04:16 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Image Hi Fredrik, Howdy and Happy FRIDAY! I am extremely happy to announce that you are officially invited to take 20 minutes right now and do anything you want. Go get a popsicle, take a shower, do some jumping jacks, take a nap, stare out the window, read this newsletter. 20 minutes to relax or have fun or veg out a little bit isn't going to set you back that much or hurt anyone, most likely (unless you have a 3 year old who is actively trying to jump off of something -- been there, and there ain't no safe 20 minutes my friends). And let's be honest -- we waste 20 minutes on the daily staring into the fridge to see what's for dinner -- so you have the time. Do something fun. For you. I vote for popsicle. ❤️ As always, we've got the latest and greatest fun and fashun online for you to browse. You know we'll never let you down on a Friday! Wishing you a safe, happy, guilt-free, you're-worth-it weekend, my dear friends. As always, we thank you for subscribing to this newsletter. We couldn't -- and wouldn't -- do what we do without you. -- AJ TOP STORIES 💥7 Disney Deals💥 You Can Score on Amazon Right Now! You Can Get a 50th Anniversary Spirit Jersey WITHOUT Going to Disney World Disney Tees That 😲Look NOTHING Like😲 What You Already Own Would You Pay $500 (!!) for a Disney World 50th Anniversary Souvenir Box? 🔮Haunted Mansion Cutting Board!🔮 Need We Say More?! ⚠️ICYMI⚠️ 🚨One MAJOR Update Was MISSING🚨 from Disney World's Big News Drop A New Luxury Hotel is in the Works Near Disney World 6 Spooky Masks You NEED This Halloween Season The Most ANNOYING Disney World Guests (Spoiler: It's NOT Humans) 18 Reasons People Leave Disney World Disappointed Every Day SUPER FUN STUFF! ❤️NEW Spirit Jerseys❤️ and More Disney Holiday Items Are Available Online! Ugly Christmas Sweater Season Has Begun and Disney is Ready! Shop for Christmas EARLY with Disney's New Toy Sale! ➡️Check DFB Store SALE! Get 45% off the EVERYTHING BUNDLE with our exclusive newsletter subscriber code DFB45.⬅️ 7 Disney Deals You Can Score on Amazon Right Now It's that time again -- time to check out this week's best Disney deals on Amazon! Image Click the link below to see all of this week's Disney deals. Click Here to Check Out All of the Disney Deals on Amazon Right Now Would You Pay $500 (!!) for a Disney World 50th Anniversary Souvenir Box? We've seen a lot of expensive souvenirs, but this $500 box of 50th anniversary goodies is out of this world! Image Click the link below to see more about this $500 box of 50th anniversary items. Click Here to Read More About the $500 Box of 50th Anniversary Goodies Disney Tees That Look NOTHING Like What You Already Own! We spotted a new collection of tees at shopDisney and they're part of the Disney Artist Series -- take a look! Image Click the link below to see more of these new tees on shopDisney. Click Here to Check Out More of the New Disney Artist Series Tees Haunted Mansion Cutting Boards! Need We Say More? It's spooky season and that means it's the perfect time to add some Haunted Mansion merchandise to your kitchen! Image Click the link below to see more about the new Haunted Mansion cutting boards. Click Here to See More About the Haunted Mansion Cutting Boards You Can Get a 50th Anniversary Spirit Jersey WITHOUT Going to Disney World There's a new 50th anniversary spirit jersey available online right now! Image Click the link below to see more about the new spirit jersey. Click Here to Read More About the New Spirit Jersey Available Online Now NEW Spirit Jerseys and More Disney Holiday Items Are Available Online Disney is getting a jump on the holidays with some new spirit jerseys and other fun items online now. Image Click the link below to see more of the new holiday items. Click Here to See More About the New Holiday Items Online Now Ugly Christmas Sweater Season Has Begun and Disney is Ready! It's never too early to get a new ugly Christmas sweater and Disney just added some online! Image Click the link below to see more of the new Christmas sweaters. Click Here to See More About These Ugly Disney Christmas Sweaters Shop for Christmas EARLY with Disney's New Toy Sale! shopDisney has a toy sale happening NOW and you'll want to check out the deals. Image Click the link below to see more of the toys on sale right now. Click Here to Check Out More of the Toys On Sale Now ✨DFB Store SPECIAL: SUBSCRIBER EXCLUSIVE DISCOUNT! Save 45% off the EVERYTHING BUNDLE! Use Code DFB45✨ Today is a great day to start planning your next Disney World vacation and right now you can save 45% off our super popular Everything Bundle! You're getting ALL of our most popular DFB Guides bundled together for less than $35 with our newsletter subscriber EXCLUSIVE CODE -- because you DESERVE A GOOD DEAL TODAY! Image We bundle our DFB Guides together for more than 30% savings off the cover prices. So when you purchase the EVERYTHING BUNDLE using code DFB45, you'll get it for an additional 45% off -- and that's a total steal! Save 45% off the Everything Bundle with Code DFB45 Image OH, and all of our e-books and guides are 100% Guaranteed to delight! So if you're not happy, just email us at support@dfbguide.com for a prompt refund. :-D We love you and we want you to love your purchase! Follow Disney Food Blog on Our Social Media Channels for the Most Up-to-Date News on the the Disney Parks Here at DFB we'll be working hard to keep our readers updated with all of the latest information about what is happening at the Disney Parks. Be sure to follow us on our social media channels for all the latest news and updates and ask us questions: Facebook Twitter Instagram And remember, you can also read all the latest news on Disney Food Blog and in our newsletters. Here's What We Know About Travel to Walt Disney World and Disneyland We're continuing to update our readers with information on park news and changes on a regular basis! Image Click the button below to see everything we know about the parks reopening -- we are continuing to update this post as we get more information. Click Here to See Everything About Traveling to Disney World and Disneyland Disney Cruise Line to Resume Longer Sailings Disney Cruise Line Will Resume Lengthier Sailings Soon ICYMI -- The BIGGEST NEWS From Last Week in Disney World and Disneyland There's a lot happening at the Disney Parks and we're talking about all of it! Catch up on the biggest news stories from Disney World and Disneyland! Interactive MagicBands are coming to Disney World in 2022 Check out our first look INSIDE the Guardians of the Galaxy ride We were LIVE at the 50th anniversary celebration at WDW Opening date revealed for the Star Wars Hotel Disney announced the opening timeline for the Guardians of the Galaxy ride The Main Street Confectionery has reopened in Magic Kingdom Image DFB MERCHANDISE! Check Out ALL Our Fun Mask Designs and MORE Merchandise! Did you know we have an online store full of really fun DFB merchandise including face masks, T-shirts, sweatshirts, and more? Check them out HERE and use code NEWMASK for a 10% discount! Image Check Out Our Disney Food Blog Merchandise Collection HERE! Follow us on Instagram! Image Be sure to check out all the Disney Food Blog finds on Instagram too! We're posting photos of delicious Disney foods from the theme parks, resorts, and more every day! Follow our food-fueled adventures each day! Get your Disney Food fix every day at www.instagram.com/disneyfoodblog/ Find us on TikTok! Image Be sure to check out DFB on TikTok where we're sharing a lot of fun stuff every day! We'll be sharing fun things we spot in the parks, new and favorite food finds, and so much more! Get your Disney Food Blog TikTok fix at www.tiktok.com/@disneyfoodblog?Thanks for reading! Please feel free to forward this on to any friends you think might be interested. And if you've received this newsletter from a friend, you can subscribe to the Disney Food Blog Newsletter here! If you'd like to receive the Disney Food Blog posts in your email box each day, sign up here! Facebook Icon Twitter Icon Instagram Icon Pinterest Icon YouTube Icon Image The Disney Food Blog is your #1 resource for Disney food news, info, reviews, photos, and more. The Disney Food Blog is not affiliated with the Walt Disney Company or its subsidiaries. It is an unofficial blog written by a Disney food super-fan. (Logo by J. 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Post by Freddie on Oct 15, 2021 15:19:41 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Return to Crew Section. The Fifth Column /Utah Mother Ship --- Operations. VISITOR'S FIFTH COLUMN PERSONNEL FILES
Entry: Agent 17 Nickname: Jim Rank: Ensign Species: Sirian Male Age: 44 Height: 6'2" Service #: 195-96 Eyes: Brown Hair: None Place of Birth Sirius IV Date of Birth: Year of our Leader 1957 Languages: Sirian and Human English Hobbies: Covert Operations Family: Parents: Father: Dead Mother: Natasha Service Record: DATES RANK SHIP/LOCATION POSITION 1957-1977 Sirius IV Civilian 1957-1975 3rd Support Group Technician 1975-1977 3rd Support Group Shock Trooper 1977-1980 Mother Ship Shock Trooper 1980-1982 Monercerous Tracker 1982-1985 Earth Assistant Squad Leader 1986-1996 Utah, Earth Visitor Agent 1996-PRES Utah, Earth Visitor Agent Decorations: Tactical Unit citation, Weapons Accuracy citation. Dimplomatic awarness Ribbon Reprimands: Reckless Piloting. Unnecessary Killing, Details before Earth: Jim was hatched on Sirius IV at Sirian Hive Farm 17. His parents spoiled him and he lived eighteen years in a very sheltered environment. Jim's parents always put what Jim wanted over just about anything else. By nature, he was a happy, thoughtful child, eager to please. By form, he became still a happy, thoughtful man, still eager to please, but he had become so accustomed to people liking him that he would bend over backwards to please them. At conflict with this, or perhaps complimenting it, was the fact that Jim is extremely strong willed and never takes 'no' for an answer. Also by nature, he is something of a risk taker and often would do reckless things for the sheer joy of it. He has broken countless bones and injured several animals with his reckless riding. When he was sixteen, he promptly was involved in several shuttlecraft accidents, all of which Jim was found to be at fault for, on charges of reckless piloting. His flight status was revoked not two months after having it.
From his recklessness, Jim took up a new hobby - theft. What a thrill it was to him, to see if he could pocket an item before anyone would notice it. Of course the items in question always found their way back to the original owner, but not after the owner had noticed that the missing item was just that, missing. Jim lived this way for eighteen years and finally his parents, having put in the mandatory eighteen years, informed him that it was time he sought a calling beyond riding animals. Jim agreed and so it was that she went off to Sirian Military Academy. It appealed to his recklessness.
Chambers stayed in the Academy and deftly avoided theft charges with his personality. After all, Jim has the charm of a handsome child or a lost puppy and it is impossible to be mad at a handsome child or a lost puppy for long. Jim was such a good guy, a smart guy and besides, there was never really any evidence to pin any charges on him. No one really wanted to put any charges on him. Sure, no one likes a barracks thief, but the items always wound up with their owner.
With out fail. Chambers never kept anything not his own. Very few could ever find cause to not like him, and consequently, people protected him. And he protected them. Jim is a phenomenal Shock trooper and consequently his unit sent him off for additional training. He is Airborne qualified, Air Combat Qualified and a Tracker. He took care of his people both on the battlefield and off. He licked the hands that fed him.
Chambers has a very strait forward atituide. He loves the Military, and it is what he loves doing. He is always training, to improve his mind and his skills. He is a very strong willed person. It is not easy for him to fall into mind games.
The Supreme Leader was putting forth a task force to take control of a planet in the SOL system. Seemed the leader was very intent on getting this planet. Some members of the I.G.C. were sent to Monercerous, A huge staging area of 50 Mother Ships. Dave was not sent to Monercerous till after the fleet had departed for Earth.
Monercerous became a huge staging area. Jim ended up on a Mothership heading for the SOL system. Half way there the Supreme Leader Told his people on Sirius IV the truth behind the task force to Earth. Meantime the Fleet of 50 ships were also told of their objectives. So the Fifth Column came to be.
Additional details: None. Hail: Agent 17
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Post by Freddie on Oct 15, 2021 15:20:30 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Return to Crew Section. The Fifth Column /Utah Mother Ship --- Command. VISITOR'S FIFTH COLUMN PERSONNEL FILES
Entry: Stock, Dave Nickname: Big Guy Rank: Inspector General Species: Sirian Male Age: 35 Height: 6'1" Service #: 196-96 Eyes: Brown Hair: Brown Place of Birth Sirius IV Date of Birth: Year of our Leader 1953 Languages: Sirian and Human English Hobbies: Sci-Fi Family: Parents: Father and Mother: Dead Service Record: DATES RANK SHIP/LOCATION POSITION 1963-1969 Sirius IV Civilian 1970-1972 22nd Skyfighter Suport Military 1972-1975 43rd Tactical Support Military 1975-1976 Mother Ship Skyfighter Pilot 1977-1978 I.G.C. Defender 1978-1980 I.G.C. Prosecutor 1981-1983 Monercerous Inspector General 1983-1986 Pamela's Mother Ship Inspector General 1986-95 Earth Inspector General 1996-PRES Utah, Earth Ambassador Decorations: Distinguished Flying Cross, the Leader's Meritorious Conduct citation, Exemplary Conduct Service Ribbon, Tactical Unit citation, Recruiting Members ribbon, Founder. Reprimands: 1976-Removed from flight status Details before Earth: Dave was hatched on the Year of our leader October 25th, 1963 as an only child of Kaleb-Har. When Dave was six years of age, his father, a Shuttle aviator was shot down on a mission in Spartec on the Eve of Ramalon, and is considered MIA (Missing in Action) since then. When Dave turned 16 he and a friend traveled secretly to Spartec in hope to find his father. He returned without success. In Spartec he fell in love with a girl, Cindie. She was killed before his eyes.
Dave decided to step in his father's footsteps and joined the Sirian Military. Dave. Is a graduate of the Sirian Military Academy, upon his commissioning he qualified for flight training? Dave excelled as a shuttle pilot.
Dave Proved many time he was a loyal Sirian. Many battles did help win for his leader. Many worlds he helped gain for his Leader. Dave was cited many time for his role in battles and special operations.
He was later stationed on a Mother Ship. After a year onboard, Dave crashed his shuttle in the Hanger bay; his Gunner did not survive the crash. Night blindness was the diagnosis and he cleared of any fault in the accident. But he was still removed from flight status. Dave spent a few months with his paternal Elders on Sirius IV.
After a time with his Elders Dave decided to become a law specialist. Between wars Dave attended Sirian law school and was transferred to the Leader’s I.G.C. (Inspector General Corps). After showing the same passion for law has he had as a pilot.
During his time with I.G. he found out that his father had survived at Spartec, but died years ago in Tuka, where he had lived with a Tukan family. Dave traveled to Tuka and learned about and got to know his half-brother Skratch.
After getting back home Dave was attached to a special court that was taking care of disloyal Sirians. Rumors had starting going around about a plan the Leader was putting together. These rumors had started even before Dave left for Tuka.
The Supreme Leader was putting forth a task force to take control of a planet in the SOL system. Seemed the leader was very intent on getting this planet. Some members of the I.G.C. were sent to Monercerous, A huge staging area of 50 Mother Ships. Dave was not sent to Monercerous till after the fleet had departed for Earth.
After the Sirian people were officially told what the Leader had in mind, there were out breaks of disloyalty towards the leader. Most of the population agreed what the Leader had devised was the proper action. But then there were others who did not.
When Dave and his former partner, Ensign Stuffers investigated on a Mother Ship that reported back to Monercerous, his skills as a pilot were needed; on a mission the Pilot of the shuttle they were on was shot and injured and Harm, the co-pilot, had to land the shuttle. He made it and gained his flight status back. He also earned the Distinguished Flying Cross by the Leader.
Dave was sent to Earth on Squadron Commander Pamela’s Mother Ship. Supreme Commander John was having a difficult time with the Terrans. Seems his true nature of his mission had been found out by the Earthlings and were defending their planet rather well. They even managed to deface him on a National broadcast.
Additional details: Dave has had three I.G. partners during his time in the Inspector General Corps. Commander Detrick, Ensign Meg, and Lieutenant (j.g.) Stuffers. Hail: Ambassador
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Post by Freddie on Oct 15, 2021 15:22:27 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Fifth Column Fleet Roster
UTAH's FIFTH COLUMN
Stark, Carl
Agent 17
Stock, Chrystal
Stock, Dave
Ramausee
Dawn B.
T-Rex
Banks, Ishara
Stephanie
Martinovich, Klaudija
Dawn A.
Fredrik
Scott
Joy
Cher
Alana Kehola Sara Josephine Gabriel Matthew John Morgan Tormod Tracy Wil Jeremy James Michael L Frederic Robert Michael S JP Quinn Gianluca Sue Michael W
OHIO's FIFTH COLUMN
Blake
Michael
Cuoco, Lisa
John
Jayson Saffer
Sheri Lynn Bell .
.
HONORED FRIENDS
Mickey Jones
Robert Englund
Duncan Regehr
Andrew Prine
Kenneth Johnson
Jane Badler
Michael Ironside
Greta Blackburn
Brienne Glyttov
Richard Herd
Morena Baccarin Mark Westmore Frank Ashmore
() means new member.
Ranks
The following is an explanation of ranks, Members who are working and having fun earn ranks on the The Visitors Fifth Column. Listed here are the various ranks available, the abbreviation for that rank, and the insignia used to represent the rank. Ranks are used to give us the feel of an operating Mothership in the 21st Century. They are not to be abused in any way and any crewmember caught doing so can be removed from any position and rank. The Visitors Fifth Column may have changed the names of some ranks to better fit its organization.
These are the official ranks according to Brienne Glyttov, the designer for the Visitor's uniforms. .
Arm Bands
Other Ranks and Positions
Civilian (Civ)
Crewman (Crw)
Shock Trooper (ST)
Shock Trooper 2nd Class (ST/2)
Shock Trooper 1st Class (ST/1) .
Departments
Command (Com)
Helm (Helm)
Medical (Med)
Operations (Ops)
Science (Sci)
Security (Sec)
V Fellow (Fel) Requirements for Rank-Enlisted
Civilian (Age 14 and under) Crewman (Age 15 and older)
a) Attend 1 meetings (not if your out of state)
b) Meet the Staff (not if your out of state)
c) Turn in application
.
Civilian or Crewman
a) Earn 15 Participation Pt.
b) Pass Oral Test#1 or 1 V Quest Course (Type 1)
.
Civilian/Crewman to Cook or Tech.
a) Earn 15 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 15 Service Pt.
c) Pass Oral Test t#2 or 2 V Quest Courses
.
Tech. to Title Unknown (Highest 15 or Younger Can Obtain.) Equivalent of a Security Supervisor rank.
a) Earn 15 Participation P.t
b) Earn 15 Service Pt.
c) Pass Oral Test#4
d) Pass 2 V Quest Courses and
.
Tech. to Shock Trooper
a) Earn 20 Participation P.t
b) Earn 20 Service Pt.
c) Earn 20 Knowledge Pt.
d) Pass Oral Test#5
e) Pass 3 V Quest Courses.
.
ST/2 to ST 1st Class
a) Earn 40 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 40 Service Pt.
c) Earn 40 Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 40 Leadership Pt.
e) Take 2 V Quest Courses
f) Special Project - See Your XO for Ideas
.
(ST/1) to Special Security or Security 2nd Class (Lowest rank for Dept. Chief position.)
a) Earn 50 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 50 Service Pt.
c) Earn 50 Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 50 Leadership Pt.
e) Pass 4 V Quest Courses
f) Do a Special Project for the Command Staff or a fund raiser for the ship.
.
S/2 to Security1st Class, or Title Unknown 2-Equivalent to a Ensign Rank.
a) Earn 70 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 70 Service Pt.
c) Earn 70Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 70 Leadership Pt.
e) Take 1 Special V Quest Course.
f) Do a Special Project for the Command Staff or a fund raiser for the ship
g) Take Academy Exam to become Ensign (Optional after items a through e has been completed)
.
Requirements for Ranks-Officer
.
Security Officer (Highest 16 or Younger Can Obtain. Any ranking officer Ensign-Commander may hold a security possition)
a) Take V officer test and score 49% or below. If higher see Ensign or Lieutenant.
.
Ensign (Lowest rank required for Department Chief position.) (If V officer Test 50-79%, automatically this rank.)
a) Earn 25 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 25 Service Pt.
c) Earn 25 Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 25 Leadership Pt.
e) Pass 4 V Quest Courses.
f) Crew Evaluation with XO and SL
.
Ensign to Lieutenant (If Officer Test 80%, automatically this rank.)
a) Earn 50 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 50 Service Pt.
c) Earn 50 Knowledge P.t
d) Earn 50 Leadership Pt.
e) Pass 5 V Quest Courses
f) Plan 1 ship activity * (Not needed for Line Officer)
g) Crew Evaluation with XO and SL
.
Captain (If V officer Test 90% or better, automatically this rank.)
a) Earn 100 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 100 Service Pt.
c) Earn 100 Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 100 Leadership Pt.
e) Read All V Novels.
f) Plan 1 ship activity & direct it. * (Not needed for Line Officer)
g) Attend 1 out of state Convention
h) Crew Evaluation with XO and SL
.
Commander (If V officer Test 95% or better, automatically this rank.)
a) Earn 150 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 150 Service Pt.
c) Earn 150 Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 150 Leadership Pt.
e) Plan 2 ship activities & direct 1. * (Not needed for Line Officer)
h) Attend 1 out of state Convention
g) Crew Evaluation with XO and SL
.
Commander to Squadron Commander
a) Earn 200 Participation Pt.
b) Earn 200 Service Pt.
c) Earn 200 Knowledge Pt.
d) Earn 200 Leadership Pt.
e) Pass 6 V Quest Courses.
f) Attend 2nd out of state Convention
*g) Complete Command Project. See Command Staff for details.
*h) Plan 5 and Conduct 3 ships Activities
*i) Pass Commanders Test (80% or better) (After a - h are completed)
j) Command Evaluation with fifth Column Council
.
(Squadron Commander or any Special Officer ranks such as Inspector General or Ambassador. The Supreme Commander sets requirements for these ranks).
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