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Post by Freddie on Apr 8, 2020 21:45:35 GMT 1
The Global Network
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Post by Freddie on Apr 8, 2020 21:46:04 GMT 1
The Global Network Detective Conan Wiki Talk Contributions Log in Search Detective Conan Wiki Toggle navigation Page Discussion Edit History Police Organization Ambox content.png This article contains significant spoilers about secret identities and character allegiances. It is likely you will be spoiled if you have not read all the manga released to date. To find out what pages will be safe for you to read, please consult our wiki spoiler policy. Japan's national police organization is made up of the National Public Safety Commission (NPSC) and the National Police Agency (NPA). The NPSC holds administrative supervision over the NPA and appoints the Commissioner General. As head of the NPA, the Commissioner General (警察庁長官 Keisatsu-chō?) Chōkan holds the highest position in the Japanese police, but his title is not a police rank. The NPA oversees the seven Regional Police Bureaus (RPB) and the prefectural police organizations. Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (警視庁 Keishichō?) and Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs. Police stations in a prefecture are under the command of the prefecture headquarters. Tokyo MPD headquarters are located in the government buildings area beside the Imperial Palace in Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo.[1] Contents 1 National Police Agency Organization 2 Metropolitan Police Department Organization 3 Prefectural Police Organization 4 Police Ranks 4.1 Superintendent General (Rank 1) 4.2 Superintendent Supervisor (Rank 2) 4.3 Chief Superintendent (Rank 3) 4.4 Senior Superintendent (Rank 4) 4.5 Superintendent (Rank 5) 4.6 Police Inspector (Rank 6) 4.7 Assistant Police Inspector or Police Lieutenant (Rank 7) 4.8 Police Sergeant (Rank 8) 4.9 Senior Police Officer (Honorary) 4.10 Police officer (Rank 9) 4.11 Unconfirmed Ranks 5 Forensics Police Ranks 5.1 Senior Crime Scene Investigator (Rank 1) 5.2 Crime Scene Investigator (Rank 2) 6 See also 7 External Links 8 References National Police Agency Organization The National Police Agency is the central coordinating agency of the Japanese police system. It is divided into the following bureaus and organizations:[2] Commissioner General's Secretariat (長官官房 Chōkan Kanbō?) Community Safety Bureau (生活安全局 Seikatsu Anzen-kyoku?) Criminal Affairs Bureau (刑事局 Keiji-kyoku?) Traffic Bureau (交通局 Kōtsū-kyoku?) Security Bureau (警備局 Keibi-kyoku?) The Public Security Police force (公安警察 Kō'an Keisatsu?)[3], led by NPA Security Bureau, is formed from MPD Public Security Bureau (which Scotch was a part of) and prefectural security bureaus and departments.[4] Rei Furuya, meanwhile, is working directly under the NPA Security Bureau in the Security Planning Agency (警備企画課).[5] Info-Communications Bureau (情報通信局 Jōhō Tsūshin-kyoku?) Regional Bureaus Attached Organizations Metropolitan Police Department Organization See also: MPD organization structure and divisions Police Station personnel are divided into nine departments or bureaus[6]: Administration Bureau Personnel and Training Bureau Traffic Bureau Security Bureau (Security for domestic and foreign dignitaries; also subversive activities and counterintelligence[7]) Jinpei Matsuda was on the bomb squad in this department.[8] Community Police Affairs Bureau Police Boxes (Koban) Residential Police Boxes (Chuzaisho) Patrol cars Public Security Bureau It was mentioned that Scotch belonged to the Public Security Bureau before infiltrating the Black Organization.[9] Criminal Investigation Bureau (刑事部 Keiji-bu?) Division 2: Handles gangster-related and white-collar crimes[10] Division 1: Handles everything else[10] Criminal Identification[10] Community Safety Bureau Organized Crime Control Bureau Within departments, there may be specialized units, such as the Identification Division that collects crime scene evidence.[11] Prefectural Police Organization Police Ranks There are nine legal police ranks and one honorary rank for all positions within the police force.[12] Superintendent General (Rank 1) Superintendent General Insignia.jpg Superintendent General (警視総監 Keishi-sōkan?) is the highest police rank and the head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, the largest prefectural-level jurisdiction in Japan. This position is currently held by Saguru Hakuba's father.[13] Superintendent Supervisor (Rank 2) Superintendent Supervisor Insignia.jpg Superintendent Supervisor (警視監 Keishi-kan?) is equivalent to: Deputy Superintendent General Toshio Moroboshi is the Deputy Superintendent General (警視副総監 Keishi-fukusōkan?) of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, and thus Superintendent General Hakuba's deputy.[14] Director General of a Regional Police Bureau or an NPA Training Department Bureau Chief of a (large) Prefectural Police Force Heizo Hattori is the Director General of the Osaka Prefectural Police (大阪 府警 本部長 Ōsaka fukei honbuchō?).[15] Chief Superintendent (Rank 3) Chief Superintendent Insignia.jpg Chief Superintendent (警視長 Keishi-chō?) is equivalent to: Chief of a (smaller) Prefectural Police Force or Tokyo Headquarters Director in the NPA Toshiro Odagiri is the Chief (部長 buchō?) of the MPD Criminal Investigations Department (警視庁 刑事部 Keishichō keijibu?).[16] He is Tadayoshi Uno's direct superior.[17] Ginshiro Toyama is the Osaka Prefecture Police Chief Criminal Investigator (刑事部長 keijibuchō?)[18] Senior Superintendent (Rank 4) Senior Superintendent Insignia.jpg Senior Superintendent (警視正 Keishi-sei?) is equivalent to: Director of a department in a prefecture police headquarters Previously a Superintendent (警視 keishi?), Kiyonaga Matsumoto now has the rank of keishi-sei, being referred to as such by Hyoue Kuroda.[19] Tadayoshi Uno is the Senior Superintendent in the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department.[20] Masayoshi Sato held this rank in the Tokyo MPD before he passed away, presumably in C.I. and replaced by Uno.[21] Chief of a larger police station. Superintendent (Rank 5) Superintendent Insignia.jpg Superintendent (警視 Keishi?) is equivalent to: Director of a division/section in a prefectural police headquarters Hyoue Kuroda was transferred to Tokyo to replace Kiyonaga Matsumoto, and he introduces himself as the Director (管理官 kanrikan?) of the Criminal Investigations Division 1 (捜査 一課 Sousa itsuka?), so he presumably is a keishi.[19] Shintaro Chaki, MPD C.I. Division 2 Superintendent (警視庁 捜査 二課 警視 Keishichō sōsa nika keishi?).[22] Chief of a police station Police Inspector (Rank 6) Police Inspector Insignia.jpg Police Inspector (警部 Keibu?) is attainable in the early 30s via successive promotion tests and is equivalent to: Chief of a section in a police station (i.e., homicide) or other field unit supervisors in those sections Juzo Megure, Inspector and unit supervisor in the Criminal Investigations Division 1.[23][24] Ninzaburo Shiratori, starting from his first manga appearance, previously Assistant Police Inspector.[25] Ginzo Nakamori, MPD C.I. Division 2.[26] Yuminaga is an Inspector in the Arson section of C.I. Division 1.[27] Momose is a Tokyo MPD Inspector covering Theft.[28] Manabu Fujimaki is a Tokyo MPD Inspector. Chosuke Takagi is presumed to be Inspector rank because he is Megure's senior by two years, yet Matsumoto speaks of him subordinately, and he is mobile enough to be transferred to Tottori but high enough to represent MPD HQ C.I. in Tottori.[29] Ayami Ogino, Saitama Prefecture Police.[30] Tsuyoshi Shikatsuno, Nara Prefecture Police. Sango Yokomizo, Shizuoka Prefecture Police (previously Inspector in the Saitama Prefecture).[30] Jugo Yokomizo, Kanagawa Prefecture Police.[31] Taka'aki Morofushi, Nagano Prefecture Police (recently instated).[32] Kansuke Yamato, Nagano Prefectural Police (promoted in-series).[32][30] Misao Yamamura, Gunma Prefecture (promoted in The Raven Chaser).[30] Fumimaro Ayanokoji, Kyoto Prefectural Police. Nishimura, Hokkaido Prefecture Police. Assistant Police Inspector or Police Lieutenant (Rank 7) Assistant Police Inspector Insignia.jpg Assistant Police Inspector (警部補 Keibu-ho?) is attainable via promotion tests. Officers at this rank and potentially below can be referred to as 'keiji'.[33] When Conan impersonates Takagi, he calls Miwako Sato keibu-ho.[34] Given that she and Shiratori both believed the impersonation, it must be accurate. Yumi Miyamoto refers to Wataru Takagi once as keibu-ho, possibly as a future reference.[35] After Takagi allows a criminal to be killed under his watch, he is definitely a junsa-bucho, but whether he received a pay dock only or a demotion as well is unclear.[36] Yumi Miyamoto, MPD HQ Traffic Division, wears the official uniform rather than plainclothes but is an Assistant Inspector.[37] Either the traffic division is required to wear the uniform on patrol, or she prefers the uniform for personal reasons. Detective Takano Yuya Kazami Police Sergeant (Rank 8) Police Sergeant Insignia.jpg Police Sergeant (巡査部長 Junsa-buchō?) is attainable via promotion tests. After the bullet train fiasco where Takagi was lucky to not get fired, Miwako refers to Takagi as junsa-buchō.[36] Naeko Miike, who transferred to the MPD HQ Traffic Division from Haido Station, is a patrol officer who wears the uniform but who has also achieved Police Sergeant status due to the bars on her uniform badge.[38] Kazunobu Chiba[39] Senior Police Officer (Honorary) Senior Police Officer.jpg Senior Police Officer (巡査長 Junsa-chō?) is not a legal rank, but is bestowed on officers with years of experience and excellent work. These officers are often responsible for training and mentoring junior officers. Police officer (Rank 9) Police Officer.jpg Police officer (巡査 Junsa?) is the most junior rank. Officer Numata, MPD HQ Traffic Division. Shoji Terabayashi, Chiba Prefectural Police. Unconfirmed Ranks Yui Uehara of Nagano Prefecture is a lower rank than Kansuke's Inspector status, but as a keiji she is likely an Assistant Inspector. Jinpei Matsuda was a keiji, but a given rank has yet to be found. Hiromitsu Morofushi Forensics Police Ranks Apart from the National Police, forenscis crime scene investigator have own ranks and do not work in the same system although collaborating together. There are two ranks: Senior Crime Scene Investigator (Rank 1) The most distinguished of the two ranks that can be owned after at least 15 years of service. Officer Tome Crime Scene Investigator (Rank 2) The rank that most CSIs have. Miss Tome hasn't yet done 15 years of service so she is still rank 2. See also Law Enforcement Minor law enforcement Tokyo Metropolitan Police External Links DC Canon Police, Ranks Reference Thread References ^ wikimapia.org/10641193/Tokyo-Metropolitan-Police-Department-The-main-building^ www.npa.go.jp/english/kokusai/POJ2015_web_2.pdf^ DCTP translation: Secret Police ^ 公安警察 - Wikipedia: 警察庁警備局を頂点に、警視庁公安部・各道府県警察本部警備部・所轄警察署警備課で組織される。 ^ File:Postcard2016 40.jpg ^ www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/foreign/graph2011/01_sosiki.htm^ Bayley, David H. Forces of order: policing modern Japan ^ Volume 36, File 8, Page 10 ^ Volume 89, File 938, page 16. ^ a b c Ames, Walter L. Police and community in Japan ^ www.keishicho.metro.tokyo.jp/foreign/gaiyo2/keiji1.htm#investigative^ Das, Dilip K. & Palmiotto, Michael. World Police Encyclopedia: A-K, index ^ Magic Kaito Volume 3, Chapter 2, Page 10. ^ Movie 6, 11:39. ^ Volume 32, Chapter 3, Page 2. ^ Movie 13. ^ Movie 14 ^ Volume 19, File 185, Page 16: "Stabbed Wallet Case". ^ a b Volume 87, File 920, Page 16 ^ Movie 14. ^ Volume 27, Chapter 4, Page 7. ^ Volume 16, File 6, Page 15; file 156. ^ Volume 1, Chapter 1, Page 19. ^ Volume 21, File 8, Page 3. ^ Volume 21, File 9, Page 5; file 209. ^ Volume 16, File 7, Page 8; file 157. ^ Volume 39, File 2, Page 8. ^ Volume 66, File 07, Page 2. ^ Volume 44: File 4, Page 13; File 4, Page 5; and File 6, Page 18, respectively ^ a b c d The Raven Chaser dialogue ^ Volume 34, File 9, Page 5. ^ a b forums.dctp.ws/index.php?topic=6114.0^ In movie 1 and 3, Shiratori is 'keiji' to Megure and Conan respectively, which lasts until his promotion from keibu-ho to keibu in file 209. ^ Volume 33, File 2, Page 15 ^ Volume 30, File 3, Page 15. ^ a b Volume 33, File 2, Page 17 ^ Volume 80: File 8, Page 2. ^ Volume 71: File 2, Page 14. ^ Episode 805: Conan and Ebizo's Kabuki Juhachiban Mystery (Part 2) v • d • ePolice Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Juzo Megure • Wataru Takagi • Miwako Sato • Ninzaburo Shiratori • Yumi Miyamoto • Kazunobu Chiba • Naeko Miike • Ginzo Nakamori • Shintaro Chaki • Inspector Yuminaga • Kiyonaga Matsumoto • Hyoue Kuroda • Inspector Momose • Chosuke Takagi (Tottori) • Jinpei Matsuda (deceased) • Kenji Hagiwara (deceased) • Wataru Date (deceased) • Masayoshi Sato (deceased) • Officer Tome • Toshiro Odagiri • Detective Kobayashi • Detective Yokoyama • Detective Yamamoto • Detective Kojima • Superintendent General Hakuba • Yuya Kazami • Hiromitsu Morofushi (deceased) • Manabu Fujimaki • Detective Takigawa • Detective Nakamura • Detective Fukui • Detective Kawanaka • Detective Saitoh • Detective Horita • Detective Takano • Detective Sogawa • Detective Okumura • Detective Sugita • Detective Ida • Detective Hirota • Detective Tomokawa • Officer Numata • Detective Terashima • Toshio Moroboshi • Tadayoshi Uno • Miss Tome • Paramedic Sakai • Detective Saito • Detective Miyazaki • Inspector Yuminaga's assistant • Detective Yama • Detective Numada • Detective Inoue Osaka Prefectural Police Heizo Hattori • Ginshiro Toyama • Goro Otaki Osaka Prefecture Ministry of Health Yakumaru Nagano Prefectural Police Kansuke Yamato • Yui Uehara • Taka'aki Morofushi (Komei) Hokkaido Prefectural Police Inspector Nishimura • Detective Tamura Kyoto Prefectural Police Fumimaro Ayanokoji • Detective Kurumazaki Shizuoka Prefectural Police Sango Yokomizo • Tomonori Ogawara Other Prefectures Misao Yamamura (Gunma) • Jugo Yokomizo (Kanagawa) • Tsuyoshi Shikatsuno (Nara) • Tamekichi Matsushiro (Gifu) • Shoji Terabayashi (Chiba) • Detective Motohashi (Yamanashi) NPA Security Bureau Rei Furuya Primary Tokyo MPD Cases Metropolitan Police Detective Love Story One • MPD Two • MPD Three • Megure's Sealed Secret • Shinkansen Transport Case • MPD Four • Serial Bomber • MPD Five • MPD Six • Jewelry Robbery • MPD Seven • Fake Wedding • MPD Eight • Hammer Man • The Scar that Evokes the Past • Inspector Shiratori, Memories of the Cherry Blossom • Kobayashi-sensei's Love • A Video Letter of First Love • Co-Investigating with a First Love • The Life-Threatening Broadcast of Love • The Ex-Boyfriend Living Next to a Crime Scene • MDP Nine • Taiko Meijin's Match of Love • Chiba's Difficult UFO Case • The Marriage Registration's Password • The Target is the Metropolitan Police Traffic Department Other Significant Police Cases The Osaka Double Mystery (Osaka) • Festival Dolls Dyed in the Setting Sun (Tokyo-Theft) • The Red Horse Among The Flames (Tokyo Arson) • Furinkazan (Nagano) • A Dangerous Party of Two & The Mansion of Death and the Red Wall (Nagano) • Heiji Hattori and the Vampire Mansion (Osaka) • The Scarlet Return (NPA) • The Darkness of the Prefectural Police (Nagano NPA) • A song named ASACA (PSB NPA) • Captured in Her Eyes (Tokyo) • Crossroad in the Ancient Capital (Kyoto) • The Raven Chaser (Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Nagano, Kyoto, and Chiba) Related Pages Police Organization • Law Enforcement • Minor Law Enforcement • Unnamed Law Enforcers • Tokyo Metropolitan Police • PSB • FBI • CIA • MI6 Categories: CultureLaw EnforcementPolice What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information This page was last edited on 30 March 2020, at 05:21. 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Post by Freddie on Apr 11, 2020 21:33:32 GMT 1
The Global Network Open main menu Wikipedia Search Japan Post Holdings Language Download PDF Watch Edit Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd. (日本郵政株式会社, Nippon Yū-sei Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese publicly traded conglomerate headquartered in Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is mainly engaged in postal and logistics business, financial window business, banking business and life insurance business. The company offers letters and goods transportation services, stamp sales, deposits, loans, and insurance products.[5][6] Japan Post Holdings Co., Ltd. Japan Post Holdings logo.svg OTP11.jpg Head Office at Otemachi PLACE Native name 日本郵政株式会社 Romanized name Nippon Yūsei kabushiki gaisha Type Public KK Traded as TYO: 6178 ISIN JP3752900005 Edit this on Wikidata Industry Conglomerate Founded January 23, 2006 Headquarters Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan Key people Masatsugu Nagato (President and CEO) Products Mail delivery, post offices, banking, life insurance, insurance, courier Services Financial services Revenue US$ 129.686 billion (2014)[1] Net income US$ 4.390 billion (2014)[1] Total assets US$ 2.467 trillion (2014)[1] Total equity US$ 120.87 billion (2011)[2] Owners Government of Japan (56.87%) Minister of Finance of Japan(14.61%)[3][4] (May 2019) Number of employees 229,421 (2015)[2] Subsidiaries Japan Post Japan Post Bank Japan Post Insurance Toll Holdings Website japanpost.jp/en On November 4, 2015, Japan Post Holding (TYO: 6178) was listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange as part of a "triple IPO" (Initial Public Offering) with shares offered as well in Japan Post Bank (TYO: 7182) and Japan Post Insurance (TYO: 7181).[7] About 10% of the shares in each company was offered.[7] As of September 2017, Japan Post Holdings had 24,000 offices and 400,000 employees.[8] Masatsugu Nagato is the president and CEO.[9] History Edit The company was founded on 23 January 2006,[10] although it was not until October 2007 that it took over the functions of Japan Post. There were plans to fully privatize the company, but these have been put on hold.[5] As of 2013, it ranked thirteenth in the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's largest companies.[11] On April 25, 2017, Japan Post Holdings said it would have a Y40bn ($360m) loss for its first full financial year as a listed company, due to losses from Toll Holdings, which it controversially acquired in 2015.[12] In September 2017, the Japanese government announced its sale of $12 billion worth of Japan Post Holdings Co. Ltd. stock. It was the first sale since the 2015 IPO of the postal company and its two units, Japan Post Bank Co. Ltd. and Japan Post Insurance Co. Ltd.. That sale also raised $12 billion, which was used for the repair and reconstruction of places that were destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami in 2011.[8] In December 2019, the heads of Japan Post Holdings announced that they will resign over the improper sales of insurance policies, after the regulator announced administrative punishments against the companies. The company said that Hiroya Masuda, a former minister of Internal Affairs and Communications, has been appointed as successor to current CEO Masatsugu Nagato.[13] Operating companies Edit The group operates via four main divisions:[14] Japan Post, which deals with mail delivery and runs the post offices. Prior to 2012 this division was divided in Japan Post Service and Japan Post Network. Japan Post Bank, which deals with banking functions. Japan Post Insurance, which provides life insurance. Toll Holdings, which provides transportation and logistics See also Edit Postage stamps and postal history of Japan References Edit "Global 500 2014". Fortune. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014. "Japan Post Group Annual REPORT 2011" (PDF). Japan Post Holdings. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2014. The Minister of Finance holds 63.29% of stocks of 43.13% of the section which excludes which the Government of Japan holds. www.japanpost.jp/en/ir/stock/index10.html "Japan Post Holdings". Global 500. Fortune. Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010. "About Japan Post Archived 2010-04-12 at the Wayback Machine." Japan Post Holdings. Retrieved on April 24, 2010. "Japan Post firms make bumper debut after $12 billion triple IPO". Reuters. November 4, 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2018. Uranaka, Taiga. "Japan to sell $12 billion of Japan Post Holdings, growth potential..." U.S. Retrieved 2018-08-19. Goh, Melissa (2018-07-19). "As Japan grows 'so-so,' one of its largest companies looks for international expansion". CNBC. Retrieved 2018-08-19. "Corporate Profile". Japan Post Holdings. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010. "Japan Post Holdings". Fortune Global 500. 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Lewis, Leo (April 25, 2017). "Japan Post warns of losses after blow from Toll". Financial Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017. "Heads of Japan Post group resign over improper insurance sales". Reuters. 2019-12-27. Retrieved 2020-02-24. "Index of Postal Freedom: Japan". Consumer Postal Council. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 31 December 2010. External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Japan Post Group. Japan Post Holdings (in Japanese) Japan Post Holdings (in English) Stub icon This article about a Japanese corporation– or company–related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. Last edited 2 months ago by Maurameir RELATED ARTICLES Postal service privatization Japan Post Bank japanese bank Japan Post Insurance Wikipedia Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of UsePrivacyDesktop
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Post by Freddie on May 17, 2020 23:58:19 GMT 1
The Global Network This guy was brought to my attention. He was in a forum devoted to Bujinkan talking about how he was going through the first level of a home study video course. It turns out, he was put on the sex offender list after the crime he committed against a five year old child. I don't think he is stupid enough to use his real name for signing up for the home study course. And he isn't the first child rapist I have found associated with home study courses. He may show up for seminars and the like to try to get his picture taken with people, etc. So I put a blog together with the relevant information so folks can keep an eye out for him. He moves around a lot, trying to escape his past. He also tried to avoid registering as a sex offender after his latest move, for the same reason. His pattern of behavior makes me think he is going to try again with kids, after maybe setting himself as a teacher and offering a youth class. Here is the information you may need to keep him away from you, and it will be updated if he moves or new information comes to light. www.coloradospringsninjutsu.com/Ranting_and_Ravings_2016/Entries/2020/5/16_A_Monster_Among_Us.html
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Post by Freddie on May 27, 2020 16:15:36 GMT 1
The Global Network Repeat post (Edited) "Soke spoke about the True Treasures of the Bujinkan. He charged each and every Shidoshi, Shihan, Yusuu Shihan and especially the Dai-Shihan to abide by and pass on these 6 treasures. Here are the 6 Treasures Soke spoke of: 1. Kihon Happo (the 8 foundational techniques, we must practice daily) Kihon Happo (基本八法型) = Kosshi Kihon Sanpō + Torite Kihon Gata Goho Full Video ( www.facebook.com/KotokuBujinkanDojo/videos/232948517454262/ ) Kosshi Kihon Sanpō ( 骨指基 本三法 ) Kosshi Sanpo - Ichimonji ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1104864556211711/)Kosshi Sanpo - Hicho ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1104869956211171/ ) Kosshi Sanpo - Jumonji ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1104872679544232/ ) Torite Kihon Gata Goho ( 捕手基本型五法 ) Torite Kihon Gata Goho - Omote Gyaku ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1105083032856530/ ) Torite Kihon Gata Goho - Omote Gyaku Tsuki ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1105085286189638/ ) Torite Kihon Gata Goho - Ura Gyaku ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1105086369522863/ ) Torite Kihon Gata Goho - Musha Dori ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1105087442856089/ ) Torite Kihon Gata Goho - Ganseki Nage ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1105088252856008/ ) 2. San Shin (GoGyo) (the 5 elemental techniques, we must practice daily Sanshin no Kata ( www.facebook.com/bujinkantt/videos/1105788496119317/?t=1 ) 3. Muto Dori (disarming the armed opponent, disarming the person them self, this is part of the current theme this year) 4. Control (control the space, control the opponent, this is part of the current theme this year, muto dori is a way to practice control) 5. Women’s Self Defense (being able to control without the use of power, muto dori is a way to practice using no power, this is part of the current theme this year) 6. Building relationships/communities in Budo (something we all must strive to do each and every day, especially the Bujinkan seniors)" Through the use of this group I hope we all can foster great relationships and communication.
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Post by Freddie on Sept 17, 2020 15:51:44 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
Name: Akira Shikime
Family Clan: Masaharu Clan
Ninja Clan: Shadow Clan
Rank: 7th Kyu - Kyokushinkai Karate 10th Kyu - Inoue-Ha Shito-Ruy
Level:
7
Shadow Ninja Rank: Soldier
Position Held: Scout
Age: 32
Species: Human
Gender: Male
Sexual Orientation: Straight
Blood Type: B+
Birthday: August 26 -1988
Personality: Quiet, loner
Good Trait(s): Loyal
Bad Trait(s): gets wery angry and lose control
Like(s): Martial Arts, Disney, Harry Potter, photographing computer, take walks, anime, manga,
Dislike(s): injustice of all kinds
Hobby(ies): Martial Arts, Martial Arts philosofy Computer. photographing
Fear(s): parents dying
Strength(s): stubbornes, my logical thinking in a way
Weakness(es):he rather save a life then complete his mission
Personal Quote: "A wise ninja does not seek out an enemy who he does not fully understand."
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Information about my Ninja roleplay character
Name: Akira Shikime Clan: Shadow Clan Rank: 6th Kyu Kyokushinkai Karate
History: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CLAN INFORMATION
CLAN HISTORY About The Shadow Ninja Clan i created this clan in the winter of 2011. We have identical Clan Sign and gi´s as the Foot Clan in TMNT 2003 series
How we operates
We operates in a 4 man team. As a security, we dont know eathcothers real names. we are all given codenames Not all of us work in the fields as ninjas though. For example. lets take a look on what my duties is in the Clan. Unlike the Foot Clan, we do not comit murders, bank robberys etc. sometimes we do small crimes such as destroying windows, car tires, the enemies veichles etc, to prevent their operating ability and force them to waste money.
Clan Name: The Shadow Ninja Clan Symbol:
History:
Specialty:
Status:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -Eye color(s):
Looks and Appearance
Body Type/Looks: Height: 166cm - 5.35 inches Weight: 89 kg - 196 pounds
Hairstyle(s): normal Accessories: none Scent: [Not everyone has one] Scars or Tattoos: N/A Jewelry and/or Piercings:
Relationships Parent(s): mom and dad Sibling(s): 3 2 older brother 1 younger sister Relative(s): Best Friend(s): Morgan Högdahl Friend(s): Sensei(s): Student(s): Crush(es)/Spouse/Bf/Gf: Rival(s): Enemy(ies): The Foot Ninja The Purple Dragons Pet(s):[Not all ninja have pets]
Favorites
Food(s): BBQ Drink(s): Water and fanta Color(s): Red, Green and Marine Blue Season(s): Summer Time of Day: Night Weather: Dusk Flower: Animal:
Ninja Information Birth Village/City: Tokyo Current Village/City: It various between New York, Tokyo and Gothenburg Academy Graduation Age: 15 Sensei Promotion Age: Rank: Sensei Ninja Status: Active Teammates: [This isn't needed] Sensei: Nindo: Weapon(s): Sword,Shurikan,Kunai or anything - this does not matter to a ninja
NINJA STATS [*Remember not to Overpower your OC or they will be considered mary-sue*]
1 - 5: Horrible 6 - 8: Below average 9 - 10: Average 11 - 13: Above average 14 - 16: Talented 17 - 18: Gifted [This is Sannin level]
Ranks in Jutsu 1-10 ( 1 is highest ) Ninjutsu [ninja techniques]: 5 Genjutsu [illusion techniques]: 3 Taijutsu [martial arts techniques]: 6
Strength in Missions Intelligence:[Shikamaru is a 18] Wisdom [It comes with age;Jiraiya would be at least 17]: Strength [Measure of your body's muscles;Kisame would be 17-18]: Agility [How well you can move, dodge, etc.]: Dexterity [How well you can aim/form seals]: Stamina [Chakra amount;Kisame is a 18]: Constitution [How well you can take a hit;Would you be a 1 hit K.O?]: Charisma [How social you are;Naruto is a 18]: Comeliness [Your attractiveness, it has to fit with your looks above]: Chakra Control [Important for medical ninja; Tsunade is a 18]: Cooperation [How well you work with other people/comrades]: < <
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN NAME : Akira Masaharu RANK: Sensei
TEAM: 13 EYECOLOR: Green/Blue BELT COLOR: Blue WEAPON: Disguise and impersonation, Kunai Sai,Katana,Bo Staff,Kama (anything or nothing,this does not matter to a ninja) BANDANA COLOR: Red FAVORITE COLOR: Red HOBBIES: Movies, Computer FAVORITE MUSIC: Jazz NICKNAMES: Akira
FAVORITE FOOD: BBQ FAVORITE BOOK: Jurassic Park
PROFILE: I am Akira, fifth generation member os the Shadow Ninja Clan. Although we only use one or two different weapons , we are all trained in to use any kind of different weapons , I myself has Katana and Kunai as a speciality.
The Shadow is an Ninja Clan from Japan , with bases around the globe We come from everywhere ,but are seen nowhere.That is our mission.There are many ranks among the Shadows.Iam of the most common rank, that of Soldier.
MY OCCUPATION IN THE SHADOW CLAN Sensei Sakai Yoshimura - Intelligence & Recon As is says abowe, my job is to gather information about everything.
Clans
Sweden Japan USA England Germany Italy Spaoin Greece
RANKS there are 10 ranks of Soldier called KYU ranks, 10 levels of Master ranks and finaly there is the ranks of the Elite
Known Alias for AKIRA Shimomura Masaharu Takuya Yamada Hayato Komodo Hiro Masahura
MEMBERS OF THE SHADOW CLAN Kenjiro Fujihara • Chimon Gotou • Enki Ojima • Kenjiro Oka • Hiromasa Daisuke Kaneko • Shijo Higuchi • Renzo Fujihara • Kaori Sakai • Enmei Ookubo • Shoda Noda • Montaro Ringo Katou • Riku Honda • Kentaro Yoshimura • Takuya Aoyama • Chiko Tanabe • Mamoru Sugimoto • Mieko Okada • Usaku Kataoka • Hisoka Naoto Iida • Kado Nishimura • Masakazu Hayakawa • Yasuo Itou • Marise Narita • Sen Kishita • Yoshi Iwata • Kazuo Kamihara • Udo Taniguchi • Kamlyn Kouda • Teiljo Matsushita • Eryu Murakami • Joben Matsuura
OTHER INFORMATION FROM THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN DATABASE
Ranks in Martial Arts 7th Kyu in Kuokushinkai Karate
3rd Kyu ( Red belt ) in the martial art of the Shadow Clan Ninjutsu
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN NAME : Akira Masaharu RANK: Soldier LEVEL: 9
TEAM: 13 RANK: 7th Kyu - Kyokushinkai Karate 10th Kyu - Inoue-Ha Shito-Ruy EYECOLOR: Green/Blue BELT COLOR: Blue WEAPON: Disguise and impersonation, Kunai Sai,Katana,Bo Staff,Kama (anything or nothing,this does not matter to a ninja) BANDANA COLOR: Red FAVORITE COLOR: Red HOBBIES: Movies, Computer FAVORITE MUSIC: Jazz NICKNAMES: Akira
FAVORITE FOOD: BBQ FAVORITE BOOK: Jurassic Park
PROFILE: I am Akira, fifth generation member os the Shadow Ninja Clan. Although we only use one or two different weapons , we are all trained in to use any kind of different weapons , I myself has Katana and Kunai as a speciality.
The Shadow is an Ninja Clan from Japan , with bases around the globe We come from everywhere ,but are seen nowhere.That is our mission.There are many ranks among the Shadows.Iam of the most common rank, that of Soldier.
MY OCCUPATION IN THE SHADOW CLAN Sensei Sakai Yoshimura - Intelligence & Recon As is says abowe, my job is to gather information about everything.
Clans
Sweden Japan USA England Germany Italy Spaoin Greece
RANKS there are 10 ranks of Soldier called KYU ranks, 10 levels of Master ranks and finaly there is the ranks of the Elite
Known Alias for AKIRA Shimomura Masaharu Takuya Yamada Hayato Komodo Hiro Masahura
MEMBERS OF THE SHADOW CLAN Kenjiro Fujihara • Chimon Gotou • Enki Ojima • Kenjiro Oka • Hiromasa Daisuke Kaneko • Shijo Higuchi • Renzo Fujihara • Kaori Sakai • Enmei Ookubo • Shoda Noda • Montaro Ringo Katou • Riku Honda • Kentaro Yoshimura • Takuya Aoyama • Chiko Tanabe • Mamoru Sugimoto • Mieko Okada • Usaku Kataoka • Hisoka Naoto Iida • Kado Nishimura • Masakazu Hayakawa • Yasuo Itou • Marise Narita • Sen Kishita • Yoshi Iwata • Kazuo Kamihara • Udo Taniguchi • Kamlyn Kouda • Teiljo Matsushita • Eryu Murakami • Joben Matsuura
OTHER INFORMATION FROM THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN DATABASE
Ranks in Martial Arts 7th Kyu in Kuokushinkai Karate
3rd Kyu ( Red belt ) in the martial art of the Shadow Clan Ninjutsu
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< ROLLSPEL
TMNT
THE SHADOW NINJA CLAN
KARAKTÄR: SENSEI AKIRA SHIKIME
06:12 2017-03-17
AKIRA SITTE I SIN LÄGENHET PÅ MANHATTAN. EN LITEN ETTA PÅ 32 KVM KANSKE INTE SÅ STORT, MEN DET TJÄNAR HANS BEHOV. NÅGOT HAN HAR LÄRT SEJ AV SIN SHIHAN Kenjiro Oka. JO,,JA SKA SHIHAN. AKIRA ÄR NÄMLIGEN EN NINJA. EN NINJA FRÅN THE SHADOWN NINJA CLAN
03:02 2017-03-20 MORGONEN AKIRA VAKNAR UPP. VID 3 TIDEN PÅ MORGONEN SOM VANLIGT. INNAN HAN ÅKER TILL SITT JOBB SÅ TRÄNAR HAN NINJUTSU I 1 TIMME
18:14 2017-07-30 FIXAT ETT BLOCK FÖR KLANEN
00:51 2018-03-12 sitter och skriver in en medlemslista på alla Ninjor över Level 4 ( 4.000.000 steg )
17:44 2018-03-12 ska snart ut och hacka
19:40 2018-03-13 UPPGRADERAR SHADOW KLANENS BACKUPSERVER TILL 4 ST INTERNA OCH EXTERNA SERVRAR
17:58 2019-07-18 har handlat idag har japan community nattpass inatt ser på tmnt och yumi i japan
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Post by Freddie on Sept 17, 2020 16:08:40 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
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Post by Freddie on Jan 19, 2021 22:40:16 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
New York Harbor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search
April 2013 view looking southeast: Upper New York Bay (right), Hudson River (lower left) and East River (upper left)
April 1981 view looking southwest: Wallabout Bay and East River (foreground), Hudson River (at right), Upper New York Bay (left) and Newark Bay in the distance. New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world.[1] Although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. It is the largest part of the Port of New York and New Jersey.[2][3][4]
Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial era 1.2 19th century 1.3 20th century 1.3.1 World War II 1.4 Post-World War II 2 Water quality 3 Container shipping and air travel 4 Ferries and cruise ships 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History Colonial era
New Amsterdam, 1660: early East River docks along left bottom; protective wall against the British on right. West is at top. (Castello Plan redraft) The original population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called the Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called "the watering place" on Staten Island—a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot—but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location of the modern Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge's approach viaduct in Brooklyn. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay). He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population.
The first permanent European settlement was started on Governors Island in 1624, and in Brooklyn eight years after that; soon these were connected by ferry operation.[5] The colonial Dutch Director-General of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, ordered construction of the first wharf on the Manhattan bank of the lower East River sheltered from winds and ice, which was completed late in 1648 and called Schreyers Hook Dock (near what is now Pearl and Broad Streets). This prepared New York as a leading port for the British colonies and then within the newly independent United States.[6]
In 1686, the British colonial officials gave the municipality control over the waterfront.
19th century
New York Harbor from the Brooklyn Bridge, 1893 In 1808, Lieutenant Thomas Gedney of the United States Coast Survey discovered a new, deeper channel through the Narrows into New York Harbor. Previously, the passage was complex and shallow enough that loaded ships would wait outside the harbor until high tide, to avoid running into the huge sandbar, which was interrupted in a number of places by channels of fairly shallow depth: 21 feet (6.4 m) at low tide and 33 feet (10 m) at high tide. Because of the difficulty of the navigation required, since 1694, New York had required all ships to be guided into the harbor by an experienced pilot. The new channel Gedney discovered was 2 feet (0.61 m) deeper, enough of an added margin that fully laden ships could come into the harbor even at slack tide. Gedney's Channel, as it came to be called, was also shorter than the previous channel, another benefit appreciated by the ship owners and the merchants they sold to. Gedney received the praise of the city, as well as an expensive silver service.[7]
In her 1832 book Domestic Manners of the Americans, Fanny Trollope wrote of her impressions upon entering New York Harbor for the first time:
I have never seen the bay of Naples, I can therefore make no comparison, but my imagination is incapable of conceiving any thing of the kind more beautiful than the harbour of New York. Various and lovely are the objects which meet the eye on every side, but the naming them would only be to give a list of words, without conveying the faintest idea of the scene. I doubt if ever the pencil of Turner could do it justice, bright and glorious as it rose upon us. We seemed to enter the harbour of New York upon waves of liquid gold, and as we darted past the green isles which rise from its bosom, like guardian centinels of the fair city, the setting sun stretched his horizontal beams farther and farther at each moment, as if to point out to us some new glory in the landscape.[8]
In 1824 the first American drydock was completed on the East River. Because of its location and depth, the Port grew rapidly with the introduction of steamships; and then with the completion in 1825 of the Erie Canal New York became the most important transshipping port between Europe and the interior of the United States, as well as coastwise[9] destinations. By about 1840, more passengers and a greater tonnage of cargo came through the port of New York than all other major harbors in the country combined and by 1900 it was one of the great international ports.[10] The Morris Canal carried anthracite and freight from Pennsylvania through New Jersey to its terminus at the mouth of the Hudson in Jersey City. Portions in the harbor are now part of Liberty State Park.
In 1870, the city established the Department of Docks to systematize waterfront development, with George B. McClellan as the first engineer in chief. By the turn of the 20th century numerous railroad terminals lined the western banks of the North River (Hudson River) in Hudson County, New Jersey, transporting passengers and freight from all over the United States. The freight was ferried across by the competing railroads with small fleets of towboats, barges, and 323 car floats, specially designed barges with rails so cars could be rolled on.[11] New York subsidized this service which undercut rival ports.[12] Major road improvements allowing for trucking and containerization diminished the need.
The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) stands on Liberty Island in the harbor, while the nearby main port of entry at Ellis Island processed 12 million arrivals from 1892 to 1954. The Statue of Liberty National Monument, encompassing both islands, recalls the period of massive immigration to the United States at the turn of the 20th century[13] While many stayed in the region, others spread across America, with more than 10 million leaving from the nearby Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal.[14]
20th century
A U.S. sailor's album snapshot of a railroad car float in the harbor, 1919
Convoy out of Brooklyn, February 1942, probably bound for Liverpool (photographed from a blimp from NAS Lakehurst) World War II After the United States entered World War II, the German navy's Operation Drumbeat set the top U-boat aces loose against the merchant fleet in U.S. territorial waters in January 1942, starting the Second happy time. The U-boat captains were able to silhouette target ships against the glow of city lights, and attacked with relative impunity, in spite of U.S. naval concentrations within the Harbor. Casualties included the tankers Coimbria off Sandy Hook and Norness off Long Island. New York Harbor, as the major convoy embarkation point for the U.S., was effectively a staging area in the Battle of the Atlantic, with the U.S. Merchant Marine losses of 1 of 26 mariners, a rate exceeding those of the other U.S. forces.[15]
Bright city lights made it easier for German U-boats to spot targets at night, but local officials resisted suggestions that they follow London's lead and blackout the lights of coastal cities. However, some lights were darkened, including those of the amusement parks in Coney Island, Brooklyn, and the Coney Island Light, and Sandy Hook Lighthouse.
The Harbor reached its peak activity in March 1943 during World War II, with 543 ships at anchor awaiting assignment to convoy or berthing (with as many as 426 seagoing vessel already at one of the 750 piers or docks). Eleven hundred warehouses with nearly 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2) of enclosed space served freight along with 575 tugboats and 39 active shipyards, the largest being Brooklyn Navy Yard. With a large inventory of heavy equipment, this made New York Harbor the busiest in the world.[16]
Post-World War II Deterrence and investigation of criminal activity, especially relating to organized crime, is the responsibility of the bi-state Waterfront Commission.[17] The Commission was set up in 1953 (a year before the movie On the Waterfront), to combat labor racketeering. It is held that the Gambino crime family controlled the New York waterfront and the Genovese crime family controlled the New Jersey side.[18] In 1984 the Teamsters local was put under Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) trusteeship, and in 2005 a similar suit was brought against the International Longshoremen's Association local.[19]
In March 2006, the Port passenger facility was to be transferred to Dubai Ports World. There was considerable security controversy over the ownership by a foreign corporation, particularly Arabic, of a U.S. port operation, this in spite of the fact the current operator was the British-based P&O Ports,[20] and the fact that Orient Overseas Investment Limited, a company dominated by a Chinese Communist official, has the operating contract for Howland Hook Marine Terminal.[21] An additional concern is the U.S. Customs "green lane" program, in which trusted shippers have fewer containers inspected, providing easier access for contraband material.[22]
Water quality
Jamaica Bay The water quality in New York Harbor has been affected by centuries of shipping activity, industrial development and urbanization. Water pollution from these sources has been a constant phenomenon, although there have been improvements in some areas of the harbor complex in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. A 2019 study of the harbor identifies water quality trends in nine regions of the harbor, using data collected during 1996 to 2017. The Lower New York Bay region has the highest quality, due to frequent exchange of water with the Atlantic Ocean. The poorest regions are those with limited exchange of water flows: Newtown Creek, Flushing Bay and Jamaica Bay. High levels of nutrient pollution (nitrogen and phosphorus) were observed throughout the various harbor regions, although there has been a general lowering trend in total nitrogen, and some other indicator parameters show improvements. The implementation of pollution control laws, cleanup programs and conservation measures throughout the region have begun to yield some improvements, and the authors state that "the New York Harbor ecosystem is much healthier than it was 30 years ago."[23]
Container shipping and air travel Main article: Port of New York and New Jersey
Port Newark is seen in the foreground looking northeast across the Newark Bay The Port of New York and New Jersey is the largest oil importing port and third largest container port in the nation.[24] The commercial activity of the port of New York City, including the waterfronts of the five boroughs and nearby cities in New Jersey, since 1921 has been formalized under a single bi-state Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[25] Since the 1950s, the New York and Brooklyn commercial port has been almost completely eclipsed by the container ship facility at nearby Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal in Newark Bay, which is the largest such port on the Eastern Seaboard. The port has diminished in importance to passenger travel, but the Port Authority operates all three major airports, La Guardia (built 1939) and JFK/Idlewild (built 1948) in New York, and Newark (built 1928) in New Jersey.[26]
Ferries and cruise ships The harbor is still served by cruise lines, commuter ferries, and tourist excursion boats. Although most ferry service is private, the Staten Island Ferry is operated by the New York City Department of Transportation. Passenger ship facilities are New York Passenger Ship Terminal, the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal at Red Hook, and MOTBY at Bayonne.
See also icon Transport portal flag New York (state) portal flag New York City portal flag New Jersey portal History of New York City transportation Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne Brooklyn Army Terminal New York Harbor Storm-Surge Barrier Marine life of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary References "How The Earth Was Made". 1996–2011, A&E Television Networks, LLC. All Rights Reserved. Retrieved September 19, 2011. Walsh, Kevin J., "The Port of New York and New Jersey, a Critical Hub of Global Commerce", Forbes, retrieved February 26, 2013 "Cross Harbor Freight Purogram – Studies & Reports – The Port Authority of NY & NJ". Crossharborstudy.com. September 11, 2001. Retrieved February 26, 2013. "Replacement of Anchorage Channel Water Siphons". New York City Economic Development Commission. February 13, 2013. Retrieved March 15, 2012. The New York Waterfront: Evolution and Building Culture of the Port and Harbor, edited by Kevin Bone, The Monacelli Press, 1997. (ISBN 1-885254-54-7) New York's Port, Beyond Dubai Archived May 6, 2008, at the Wayback Machine,Gotham Gazette March 2006. Steinberg, Ted (2010). Gotham Unbound: The Ecological History of Greater New York. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 77–79. ISBN 978-1-476-74124-6. Trollope, Fanny. "30". Domestic Manners of the Americans. Retrieved September 6, 2020 – via gutenberg.org. see also Maritime geography#Brown water The Erie Canal: A Brief History, New York State Canal Corporation (2001). New York in the Forties, Andreas Feininger, Dover Books.(ISBN 0-486-23585-8) Lighterage Controversy Archived November 3, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Louis L. Jaffe, Mercer Beasley Law Review, v. 2, no. 2, p. 136–170, 1933. Ellis Island History, The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc., 2000 (source NPS) Jersey City Past and Present Archived February 1, 2010, at the Wayback Machine U.S. Merchant Marine in World War II, U.S. Maritime Service Veterans, 1998–2006. "Port in a Storm: The Port of New York in World War II", Joseph F. Meany Jr. et al., NY State Museum, 1992–1998. Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor Archived September 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (WCNYH). Watching the Waterfront, The New Yorker, June 19, 2006. (synopsis). The RICO Trusteeships after Twenty Years Archived August 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, 2004, ABA, republished by Laborers for Justice. US v. Local 560, et al. Archived August 13, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, Civil Action No. 82-689, US District of New Jersey, February 8, 1984. Fact Sheet on Acquisition of P&O Ports by DP World Archived August 25, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, American Association of Port Authorities, 2006. OOIL in Howland Hook NPR, March 1, 2006. The Docks of New York, The New Yorker, June 19, 2006. Tallie, Dylan M.; O'Neil, Judith M.; Dennison, William C. (November 2019). "Water quality gradients and trends in New York Harbor". Regional Studies in Marine Science. Elsevier. 33. doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2019.100922. PANYNJ seaport facilities. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Guide to Civil Engineering Projects in and around New York City, Metropolitan Section, American Society of Engineers, 1997, available from ASCE Metropolitan Section. Further reading The Works: Anatomy of a City, Kate Ascher, researcher Wendy Marech, designer Alexander Isley Inc. Penguin Press, New York, 2005. (ISBN 1-59420-071-8) The Rise of New York Port (1815–1860), Robert G. Albion with the collaboration of Jennie Barnes Pope, Northeastern University Press, 1967. (ISBN 0-7153-5196-6) South Street: A Maritime History of New York, Richard McKay, 1934 and 1971. (ISBN 0-8383-1280-2) Maritime History of New York, WPA Writers Project, 1941; reissued by Going Coastal, Inc. 2004. (ISBN 0-9729803-1-8) History of New York Shipyards, John H. Morrison, Wm. F. Sametz and Co., New York, 1909 On the Waterfront, Malcolm Johnson, ("Crime on the Waterfront", New York Sun in 24 parts, 1948; Pulitzer Prize, 1949); additional material, Budd Schulberg; introduction, Haynes Johnson; Chamberlain Bros. 2005. (ISBN 1-59609-013-8) Great Ships in New York Harbor: 175 Historic Photographs, 1935–2005, William H. Miller, Jr., Dover Books. (ISBN 0-486-44609-3) Operation Drumbeat, Michael Gannon, Harper and Row, 1991. (ISBN 0-06-092088-2) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Harbor. New York Harbor Webcam Live streaming views from Staten Island using an HD-quality camera. National Park Service:Parks of New York Harbor National Parks of New York Harbor Conservancy National Parks and other recreational and educational sites on the harbor New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program Partnership to protect and restore the Harbor Estuary. New York and New Jersey Harbor United States Army Corps of Engineers, New York District. digging deeper in New York, Mechanical Engineering Magazine, November 2003. Public Parks, Recreational Access, and the Post-Industrial Harbor of New York, Gotham Gazette, 2000. Cornell NY harbor tour summary, September 24, 2005. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey by Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, 1998–2006. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey: Global Changes, Regional Gains and Local Challenges in Port Development[permanent dead link], Jean-Paul Rodrigue Department of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport, February 2004. Convoy Routing Codes World War II Allied Convoys 1939–1945 map and tables by year of convoys (in German). New York Harbor: Immigrants, Mobsters and Treasures
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Post by Freddie on Jan 19, 2021 22:48:19 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision NY - State Correctional Services.png NYSDOCS Seal.png Flag of the State of New York Flag of the State of New York Abbreviation NYSDOCCS Agency overview Preceding agencies New York State Board of Prisons New York State Division of Parole (absorbed 2011) Employees 31,300 Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction New York, United States General nature Civilian police Operational structure Headquarters Albany, New York Sworn members 23,000 Agency executive Anthony J. Annucci, Acting Commissioner Facilities Prisons 52 Website Official website Former name: New York State Department of Correctional Services (1971–2011) The New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision (NYSDOCCS) is the department of the New York State government[1] responsible for the care, confinement, and rehabilitation of inmates. It is responsible for the care, confinement, and rehabilitation of approximately 54,700 inmates at 54 correctional facilities funded by the State of New York,[2] and currently supervises 36,500 parolees at seven regional offices.[3] The department employs a staff of approximately 31,300 individuals, including approximately 23,000 uniformed correction officers, and is currently the 12th largest state prison system in the United States.[4] Its regulations are compiled in title 7 of the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations. In response to falling crime rates and prison populations in New York State, the Department has closed a number of facilities between 2009 and 2014.[5] On April 1, 2011, the New York State Division of Parole merged with the New York State Department of Correctional Services to form the New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision.[6][7] Contents 1 Mission 2 History 3 Training of correction officers 4 Power and authority of correction officers 5 Rank Structure 6 Parole Officers 7 Commissioners 8 Facilities 9 Characteristics of New York State prisons 10 Unionization 11 Death row 12 Fallen officers 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Mission The mission of NYSDOCCS is to provide for public protection by administering a network of correctional facilities that: Retain inmates in safe custody until released by law; Offer inmates an opportunity to improve their employment potential and their ability to function in a non-criminal fashion; Offer staff a variety of opportunities for career enrichment and advancement; and, Offer stable and humane "community" environments in which all participants, staff and inmates, can perform their required tasks with a sense of satisfaction. History The New York State prison system had its beginnings in 1797 with a single prison called Newgate located in New York City. A second state prison opened 20 years later in Auburn in 1817, and in 1825 a group of Auburn prisoners made the voyage across the Erie Canal and down the Hudson River to begin building Sing Sing. Historians have not described the prison system of New York State in the 19th century in a favorable light - with employment positions being awarded based on the spoils system, employees being characterized as largely corrupt, and the use of prisoners to gain favorable manufacturing contracts.[8] The state commissioned architect Alfred Hopkins to design three major institutions built between 1933 and 1935: Wallkill Correctional Facility, Woodbourne Correctional Facility and Coxsackie Correctional Facility. All three were designed on progressive principles, reflected a concern for aesthetics and a sense of place, and had no surrounding walls or fences.[9] That has changed. Between its founding and the year 1973, New York had operated only 18 prisons. After the new focus on prison administration brought by the Attica Prison riot in September 1971, and a new influx of prisoners created by the new stricter Rockefeller Drug Laws starting in 1973, the corrections system was forced to expand dramatically.[10] Corrections acquired a number of older state-owned properties from other agencies during the 1970s, some with expansive acreage and Edwardian structures, such as the Adirondack Correctional Facility in 1971 (originally the Ray Brook Sanatorium, founded in 1904) the Otisville Correctional Facility in 1976 (on the grounds of a former tuberculosis sanitarium founded in 1906), and the Mount McGregor Correctional Facility in 1976 (with a varied history since its opening in 1913, operated from 1969 through 1976 as the Wilton State School by the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene). The growth continued in another way through the 1980s. A huge prison construction initiative took the form of "cookie-cutter" facilities, fifteen different medium-security installations such as Washington Correctional Facility in 1985, built with the same blueprints,[11] the same dorms and messhalls, as Franklin, Mohawk, Bare Hill, etc. Many of the 15 opened in 1988. Two of these, Riverview and Cape Vincent, were initially funded and owned by New York City to shuttle city prisoners by air, as a way to address the city's jail overpopulation crisis.[12] From its peak in 1999, at 72,649, the total state prison population had dropped to 52,237 by August 1, 2016, a decrease of 28 percent.[13] Rapidly decreasing numbers of inmates has meant many prisons closed, with the loss of jobs in mostly rural communities, and pressure to consolidate further.[14] As of 2016, New York did not contract with private prisons, according to state law.[15] Training of correction officers Newly appointed Correction Officer Trainees will be required to participate in, and satisfactorily complete, all requirements of a 12-month training program before they can advance to Correction Officer. As part of the program, recruits will attend the Correctional Services Training Academy for a minimum of eight weeks of formal training. Paid training at the Academy will include academic courses in such areas as emergency response procedures, interpersonal communications, firearms, unarmed defensive tactics, legal rights and responsibilities, security procedures, and concepts and issues in corrections. Recruits will also receive rigorous physical training to develop fitness, strength and stamina. To physically qualify, it is necessary to perform seven sequential job related tasks in two minutes and fifteen seconds or less. Failure in any of the tasks will result in the recruit failing to meet the agency qualification standards and, accordingly, being dismissed from the Academy. The test is administered during the first and seventh week of the training program at the Academy. A thorough explanation and demonstration of the course, and an opportunity for a trial run, will precede the final test.[16] Power and authority of correction officers New York State correction officers have peace officer status statewide under Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10; this authorizes them: The power to make warrantless arrests pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 140.25[17] The power to use physical force and deadly physical force in making an arrest or preventing an escape pursuant to Penal Law § 35.30[18] The power to carry out warrantless searches whenever such searches are constitutionally permissible and acting pursuant to their duties, in accordance with Criminal Procedure Law § 2.20[19] The power to possess and take custody of firearms not owned by the peace officer, for the purpose of disposing, guarding, or any other lawful purpose, consistent with his or her duties as a peace officer, pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 2.20[19] The power to issue certain summonses and appearance tickets when acting pursuant to their duties, in accordance with Criminal Procedure Law § 2.20[19] New York State correction officers are also authorized to carry firearms. Rank Structure From highest to lowest title, the command structure for correction officers and their civilian administrators is as follows: Title Insignia Commissioner 3 Gold Stars.svg Deputy Commissioner 2 Gold Stars.svg Superintendent 1 Gold Star.svg Deputy Superintendent for Security (Major) Colonel Gold-vector.svg Captain Captain insignia gold.svg Lieutenant US-O1 insignia.svg Sergeant NYPD Sergeant Stripes.svg Correction Officer Correction Officer - Trainee Parole Officers Parole Officers are law enforcement officers within the department who aid, assist and supervise offenders released from correctional facilities to serve a period of post-release supervision. Parole Officers are responsible for providing public safety and community protection, while working with community-based organizations to deliver needed services and supervision to releasees. Parole Officers perform both social work and law enforcement functions, and work to develop a supervision plan for each releasee; they also assess and evaluate the adequacy of each releasee's community adjustment and intervene when the releasee's behavior threatens that adjustment. The parole officer, in consultation with his or her supervisor, determines when and under what circumstances delinquency action is warranted. The parole officer works to ensure that individuals released from prison by order of the Board of Parole and by statute live and remain at liberty in the community without violating the law. When a parolee or conditional releasee violates their conditions of release, the parole officer may take the subject into custody with or without a warrant, and will typically return them to the nearest correctional facility. Parole Officers are usually assigned to area field offices, which are located in many of the major cities throughout New York State. Parole Officers have peace officer status statewide pursuant to Criminal Procedure Law § 2.10. Commissioners Anthony J. Annucci, 2013 to present.[20] Brian Fischer, 2007 to 2013. Glenn S. Goord, 1996 to 2006. Philip Coombe Jr., 1994 to 1996. John A. Lyons, 1939, reappointed 1944[21] Raymond Francis Charles Kieb, appointed 1927 Facilities See main List of New York state prisons [22] Characteristics of New York State prisons In part as a response to the Attica Prison riot of 1971, a number of measures were taken to avoid future confrontations and reduce tensions. All New York State correctional facilities have monthly meetings between elected prisoner representatives and the prison administration, at which prisoners may present their concerns. A grievance process was instituted, by which prisoners may grieve any employee whom they feel is acting in violation of regulations. Packages may be received year-round. At some medium-security prisons, facilities for conjugal visits are available for carefully selected inmates, including same-sex married couples. New York State is one of only four states with conjugal visits in 2014. New York State does not have any privately run prisons, and it runs its own health service to treat prisoners. New York State has also been the national leader in reducing prison population and closing prisons. The reduction is both due to lower crime rates and to diversion of offenders into alternative programs. Unionization In labor negotiations, the officers are represented by the New York State Correctional Officers and Peace officer's Benevolent Association (NYSCOPBA).[23] Death row Main article: Capital punishment in New York (state) Prior to the 2008 repeal of the death penalty, the male death row was at the Clinton Correctional Facility and the female death row was at the Bedford Hills Correctional Facility.[24] The execution chamber was located at the Green Haven Correctional Facility.[25] Capital punishment was reinstated in New York in 1995 when Governor George Pataki signed a new statute into law, which provided for execution by lethal injection. On June 24, 2004, in the case People v. LaValle, the New York Court of Appeals struck down the statute as unconstitutional under the New York Constitution (at the time, only two individuals were under a sentence of death). Although seven individuals were sentenced to death, no one was executed, and the Court of Appeals later commuted the sentence of the final individual under a sentence of death in New York on October 23, 2007, in the case People v. John Taylor. In July 2008, Governor David Paterson issued an executive order requiring the disestablishment of death row and the closure of the state's execution chamber at Green Haven Correctional Facility.[26] Previously inmates were executed at the Sing Sing Correctional Facility.[27] Fallen officers 32 New York state corrections officers have died in the line of duty.[28] See also List of New York state prisons List of United States state correction agencies List of law enforcement agencies in New York ParoleWatch References Correction Law § 5(1). "There shall be in the state government a department of corrections and community supervision. The head of the department shall be the commissioner of corrections and community supervision[...]" "Fewer prisoners less crime" (PDF). sentencingproject.org. Retrieved 2020-01-04. "NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-08-22. Retrieved 2006-08-22. "NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". www.doccs.ny.gov. "NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". www.doccs.ny.gov. "Data" (PDF). Timothy J. Gilfoyle (2006). A Pickpocket's Tale: The Underworld of Nineteenth-Century New York. W. W. Norton Company. ISBN 978-0393329896. Joseph F., Spillane (9 May 2014). Coxsackie: The Life and Death of Prison Reform. JHU Press. p. 48. ISBN 9781421413228. Retrieved 3 September 2016. Pfeiffer, Mary Beth (2 October 2011). "Analysis: NY Prison Population's Dramatic Drop". nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved 3 September 2016. "Washington Correctional Facility" (Prison Monitoring Report). Correctional Association of New York. 12 January 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2016. Fine, Thomas (4 January 1992). "NYC Offers to Resell Prisons". Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved 2 September 2016. "DOCCS FACT SHEET 8/1/2016" (PDF). NYS DOCCS. Retrieved 3 September 2016. Spector, Joseph (9 May 2011). "Study Shows NY Corrections Running 88% Capacity". corrections.com. Retrieved 3 September 2016. "Corrections statue section 121". New York State Senate. Retrieved 6 August 2016. "NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". "Arrest without a warrant; by peace officer". NY State Senate. December 21, 2019. "Justification; use of physical force in making an arrest or in preventing an escape". NY State Senate. December 14, 2019. "Powers of peace officers". NY State Senate. December 21, 2019. "NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision". New York Legislative Manual (118 ed.). Albany: The Secretary of State of New York. 1944. p. 630. doccs.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2019/12/facility-map-2019.pdf Schwirtz, Michael; Winerip, Michael; Gebeloff, Robert (3 December 2016). "The Scourge of Racial Bias in New York State's Prisons". New York Times. Retrieved 4 December 2016. "Repeal of Death Sentence Regulations (Section 103.45 of 7 NYCRR)" (Archive). New York State Department of Correctional Services. Retrieved on September 2, 2010. "Repeal regulations requiring death sentence warrants to be provided to the Commissioner and persons sentenced to death to be delivered to Clinton and Bedford Hills Correctional Facilities (death row)[...]" "Inmate 99-B-0067" (Archive). New York State Department of Correctional Services. Saturday January 16, 1999. Retrieved on September 2, 2010."Monroe County Sheriff's Department officers transported Mateo at 4:45 a.m. today to the maximum-security Clinton Correctional Facility in Dannemora in Clinton County, location of the Unit for Condemned Prisoners (UCP) who are male[...]The UCP at Clinton has been physically operable for use since August 31, 1995, the day before the death penalty law took effect, as has a similar three-cell UCP for females at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility in Westchester County plus the single-cell death house at Green Haven Correctional Facility in Stormville in Dutchess County. Neither of the two latter units will be staffed until there are inmates on them." Scott, Brendan. "GOV PULLS SWITCH ON DEATH CELL" (Archive). New York Daily News. July 24, 2008. Retrieved on September 2, 2010. "The Department of Correctional Services has quietly struck from the books a 40-year-old rule that designated the upstate Green Haven Correctional Facility the state's "Capital Punishment Unit."[...] Although seven defendants were sentenced to death after then-Gov. George Pataki, a Republican, signed the law, the death house has never hosted an execution.[...]" "Department Receives First Death Penalty Inmate." New York State Department of Correctional Services. July 22, 1998. Retrieved on September 2, 2010. "New York State Department of Correctional Services, NY". The Officer Down Memorial Page (ODMP). External links New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in the New York Codes, Rules and Regulations Department of Corrections and Community Supervision in Open NY <https://data.ny.gov/> New York State Department of Correctional Services (Archive) New York State Jail Facilities by County Corrections History Website Inside the Walls- Corrections Documentary (NYS Correction officer video) vte New York (state) New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision prisons vte Incarceration of adults in the United States vte New York state government departments Flag of New York.svgNew York (state) portalJohnny-automatic-scales-of-justice.svgLaw portal Authority control Edit this at Wikidata LCCN: no2011158753VIAF: 187389684WorldCat Identities: lccn-no2011158753 Categories: New York (state) government departmentsPrisons in New York (state)State corrections departments of the United StatesState law enforcement agencies of New York (state)Penal system in New York (state) Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version Languages Español Norsk bokmål Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2020, at 01:13 (UTC). 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Post by Freddie on Jan 19, 2021 22:52:24 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐Auxiliary police From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Auxiliary Police) Jump to navigationJump to search A Certis CISCO auxiliary police officer stands guard beside an armoured truck while his colleagues deliver high-valued goods to and from commercial clients at Change Alley, Singapore. Auxiliary police, also called special police, are usually the part-time reserves of a regular police force. They may be armed or unarmed. They may be unpaid volunteers or paid members of the police service with which they are affiliated. In most jurisdictions, auxiliary police officers are empowered to make arrests for crimes that occur in their presence. Contents 1 Australia 2 Canada 3 Estonia 4 Germany 4.1 Baden-Württemberg 4.2 Bavaria 4.3 Hessen 4.4 Saxony 5 Hong Kong 6 Hungary 7 India 8 Indonesia 9 Ireland 10 Israel 11 Malaysia 12 Mexico 13 Netherlands 14 Norway 15 Russia 16 Singapore 17 South Korea 18 Sri Lanka 19 Sweden 20 United Kingdom 21 United States 22 Historical auxiliary police units 22.1 Germany 22.1.1 Federal Republic of Germany 22.1.2 East Germany 22.1.3 Nazi Germany 22.2 Poland 22.3 Spain 22.4 United Kingdom 23 See also 24 References 25 External links 25.1 Canada 25.2 Hong Kong 25.3 Hungary 25.4 United States 25.5 Sweden Australia The Australian Federal Police can appoint Special Members who do not have full police powers. Special Members are generally recruited locally to perform regulatory and administrative duties, but also perform some community policing duties in location such as Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and Jervis Bay Territory. The Western Australia Police has had auxiliary officers since 2009. The role of Police Auxiliary Officers was inserted into the Police Act 1892 by the Police Amendment Act 2009. They generally perform administrative and other duties which do not require full police powers. The Northern Territory Police has auxiliary officers who can perform administrative duties and communications, plus duties which may require some expertise but do not require police powers such as search and rescue. The Victoria Police recruited 3,100 auxiliary police to the Victoria Police Auxiliary Force during World War II to assist regular police in the event of emergencies. The Auxiliary Force was disbanded in 1946. A number of retired police were temporarily formed into a Police Reserve to assist with traffic control during the 1956 Summer Olympics. A permanent Retired Police Reserve was established under the Police Regulation Act 1958, although today is very small in number. The New South Wales Police Force formed a Police Reserve of around 500 special constables during World War I. The Police Reserve was formed again during World War II. Canada Main article: Auxiliary Constable In Canada, many police forces utilize the services of auxiliary constables. Under various provincial policing legislations and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act, the role of auxiliary constable is to assist regular, or sworn, police constables in the execution of their duties, as well as to provide assistance in community policing. Auxiliary constables in Canada wear uniforms similar to regular force constables. However, most wear the word "auxiliary" on a rocker panel under the force's crest on each arm, and in some cases, wear a red and black checkered head band on their service caps to distinguish them from full-time police. Also, auxiliary constables are usually unarmed, but are trained in firearms. They may, depending on legislation and policies, carry a baton and handcuffs while on duty. Auxiliary officers are often called upon to assist in such things as large-scale searches for missing persons, to provide crowd control at large-scale events, and often accompany regular force police officers on daily patrols. Estonia The Assistant Police Officer was created in Estonia by the Assistant Police Officer Act, which was adopted by the parliament on April 20, 1994. It provided the rights, duties and activities of the Assistant Police Officer. Assistant police officer is defined by Estonian law as a person who is not a member of the police but who voluntarily participates in police activities in the cases allowed by local laws. At the time of taking part in police activities, the assistant police officer is a government representative. Initially, each police officer was guided individually by a police officer to whom he was assigned (usually the region constable). Nowadays they are guided by assistant policemen formations managers, who are appointed by the chief of police. Germany Main article: Freiwilliger Polizeidienst In the Federal Republic of Germany, auxiliary police forces (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst or Sicherheitswacht) do solely exist in a few States: Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and Saxony. The auxiliary police (Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve (FPR)) of Berlin was dissolved in 2002. Their jurisdiction varies between states. Baden-Württemberg Founded in May 1963, the Baden-Württemberg auxiliary police (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst Baden-Württemberg) today consists of 1,201 members. The officers are required to complete two weeks of training after which they are usually deployed on service with a regular police officer. In the eyes of law, they are fully authorized police officers, wear normal police uniforms with a certain patch and complete police gear, including pepper spray, handcuffs and Walther P5 pistol. Though, the coalition contract of 2011-2016 between the governing political parties Bündnis 90/Die Grünen and the SPD seeks the abolishment of the auxiliary police and the financial supply as well as the recruitment of new auxiliary officers was suspended. Bavaria The Bavarian auxiliary police (Bayerische Sicherheitswacht) was officially founded on 31 December 1996. Officers have limited legal powers: apart from a citizen's arrest, briefly detain and question a person and check their identification and can ask a dangerous person to leave the area (Platzverweis under Article 16, PAG). Equipped with a radio and pepper spray, they usually patrol on foot or by bicycle and do not wear a full uniform, but either plain clothes with a brassard or a marked shirt. Hessen The auxiliary police in Hessen (Freiwilliger Polizeidienst Hessen) was introduced in October 2000 and employs around 750 members of which approximately 30% are women. The officers are given 50 hours. Their patrol is limited to beats on foot and serves traffic control, assistance to major events and prevention of crime through mere police presence. Although they wear ordinary police uniform (except wearing baseball caps instead of peaked caps) with "freiwilliger Polizeidienst" patches, their equipment is generally limited to pepper spray and a mobile phone. Apart from this, they have limited powers as they may only ask a person to wait with them, briefly interrogate them, ask them to reveal their identity or to leave the area if they appear to be dangerous (Platzverweis under §31 HSOG). Saxony The auxiliary police of Saxony (Sächsische Sicherheitswacht) was formed on 1 April 1998. A third of the 800 active members are women. After being trained for 60 hours, they usually patrol on foot in blue or green jackets or shirts, showing presence on public transport, openly accessible buildings such as shopping malls and other public areas. They are equipped with radio and pepper spray and are authorised to conduct a stop (§ 21, Abs. 1 Sächsisches Polizeigesetz) of a similar nature to officers in Bavaria or Hesse. Hong Kong Main article: Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force The Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (HKAPF, traditional Chinese: 香港輔助警察隊), established in 1914, provides additional manpower to the Hong Kong Police Force ('HKPF') during emergencies and other incidents. From 1969 to 1997, the HKAPF was known as the Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force (RHKAPF).[1] Auxiliary police officers are paid hourly wages and have similar duties to full-time members of the HKPF. Most are armed and, like members of the HKPF, are equipped with full gear and weapons including pepper spray, expandable batons and Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolvers as sidearms, with spare ammunition, while some are armed with Remington 870 shotguns. The HKAPF reports to the Commissioner of Police. Hungary Matrix-Police system Matrix Police logo The Hungarian term for auxiliary is called "Polgárőrség" which can be translated as "Civil Guard". The formal English name of this organisation is "Nationwide Civil Self-Defense Organizations" and the short Hungarian name is OPSZ. This entirely civilian organization includes uniformed and unarmed operatives who take part in police work in various fields such as: neighbourhood watch regular patrol with marked cars performing citizen's arrests by keeping criminals on the scene of the crime until the arrival of formal police, but only in the case of in flagrante delicto. assisting police officers on duty youth crime prevention units automatic number plate recognition unit called Matrix Police. The Hungarian Auxiliary Police was established in 1989 and brought under the provisions of Act 52 of the Hungarian Parliament in 2006. It is composed of civic-minded residents of the community who work together to improve the level of safety and security in their community. The presence of the Auxiliary Police, in uniform, on patrol in marked police units has been proven to reduce vandalism and other crimes in the community. The force is currently made up of 80,000 volunteer members. In the capital city of Hungary there is a "Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Budapest (and suburbia)"; the short Hungarian name is BPSZ. Members are assigned to 62 local community units and patrol in marked vehicles helping to make their community a safer place to live. They help prevent criminal activity by being the "eyes and ears" of the Police Department. The BPSZ is a member of the OPSZ. Hungarian Auxiliary Police members do not possess more authority or rights than any other citizen. However effective 1 September 2009, act 84 of the year 2009 allows members to carry police issue pepper spray, as well as to direct traffic at traffic collision sites and pedestrian crossings in front of kindergartens and primary schools. India Indian Home Guard Triservices Crest The Home Guards Organization was reorganised in India in 1962 and The Indian Home Guard is an Indian paramilitary force which is tasked as an auxiliary to the Indian Police. Members of the Indian Home Guard are equipped with and trained to use older weapons such as the Lee–Enfield SMLE rifle in .303 caliber, Sten sub-machine gun and Bren light machine-guns. The duties to be performed by Home Guards are: To serve as auxiliary to the police and generally help in maintaining internal security. To help the community in any kind of emergency - such as on air-raid precautions or on any natural disaster. To function as an Emergency Force intended for special tasks directly or indirectly connected with the defence of the country. To maintain functional units to provide essential services such as motor transport, engineering groups, fire brigade, nursing and first aid, operation of power supply, water installations and communication systems etc. The Border Wing of 18 battalions assists the Border Security Force. Marine Units function as an Indian Coast Guard auxiliary. The Fire Wing assists the Indian Fire service. Indonesia "Citra Bhayangkara" or "PokdarKamtibmas" (Kelompok Sadar Keamanan dan Ketertiban Masyarakat) - Security and Community Safety Awareness group or FKPM (Forum Kemitraan Polisi dan Masyarakat) Police and Community Partnership Forum. Established in 1992 by the Indonesia National Police Chief, the Indonesian Auxiliary Police, commonly known as POKDAR (PokdarKamtibmas), are both Uniformed and Non-uniformed. The uniform was similar to the real Indonesian National Police (POLRI - Polisi Republik Indonesia), except the Police Badge on the left chest are absence. The uniform was later changed to a simple black "sleeve-less" jacket, with yellow "POKDARKAMTIBMAS" written on the back. The auxiliary policemen are un-armed and equipped with police radios and handcuffs and are issued an ID similar to the ones used by the National Police. Duties: Assist the National Police with neighborhood watch. Intel gathering. Assist Police Raid on anything from routine police road blocks/check-points to apprehending high risk criminals. Minimal undercover work. Help the Emergency Response Unit to maintain security and safety of the community in the event of Fire, Accidents or any other disaster. Ireland Main article: Garda Síochána Reserve The Garda Síochána are aided by an auxiliary force called the Garda Síochána Reserve, often simply called Garda Reserve. The position was created in 2006, with a planned 4,000 persons to join the Reserve according to An Garda Síochana Act 2005. The force are mainly involved in legislation relating to traffic, public order, theft and burglary. They have limited powers, authorised by the Garda Commissioner. Garda Reserve members cannot drive a Garda patrol car, must be accompanied by a full member of the force while on patrol, and aren't allowed to carry firearms. Reserve members carry out duties such as event policing, attend court proceedings, assist at road check-points and road collisions. Reserves members are given training in relation to law, human rights, Garda communication, self-defence and Garda discipline and procedures. Israel Auxiliary Israel.jpg The Israeli term for auxiliary is Mishmar Ezrachi which can be translated as "Civil Guard". This organization includes uniformed and non-uniformed civilians who take part in police work in various fields such as: neighbourhood watch, regular patrol with marked cars, traffic city police, highway police, bomb squad assistants, youth crime prevention unit, police coast guard, sniper units, border patrol, and police diving unit. This Auxiliary force is vital to keep the regular missions of the Israeli Police running, because of the nature of life in Israel, where there are many anti-terrorist and bomb threat missions. As of today, the Civil Guard is a division in the "Police and Community" branch of the Israel Police. The Civil Guard is managed and supported by the police which provide weapons, equipment, training and police officers who command local Civil Guard bases (each community has one or more Civil Guard bases). Although the Civil Guard is operated by the police, its manpower consists mainly of civilian volunteers. Members are trained to provide the initial response to a security situation until the police arrive. Most Civil Guard volunteers are armed with M1 Carbines and personal handguns (if the member has a civilian gun license). The Civil Guard is composed mainly of "classic" volunteers who do patrols (in car or on foot) once in a while. They go through basic training and have [sometimes limited] police powers while on duty. They may apprehend a suspected person or even make an arrest if necessary. Equipment of the Civil Guard generally consists of a fluorescent yellow police vest, flashlight, radio, firearms, handcuffs and whatever else may be required particular to the assignment. Equipment is returned at the end of the shift. Most volunteers manage about one shift a week (2 to 4+ hours), while the minimum requirement is 12 hours a month. There are also Matmid (מתמי"ד) volunteers which operate far more intensively than "Classic"s in regular police work. Yatam (ית"מ) volunteers mainly operate in traffic control. Both Matmid and Yatam are more like volunteer police officers. They have almost all the authorities of a regular police officer. They receive advanced training and wear regular police uniforms. The Civil Guard also has special units (such as snipers (dismantled), dune buggy riders(dismantled), bicycle-riders, search-and-rescue teams, cavalry (dismantled), divers, translators, and drivers), but their members have to go through additional training and have a higher level of commitment (they have to volunteer for more hours a month). Recently, due to main power issues in the police, the "Classics" are now sent to courses in order to be uniformed and assist the police. The Auxiliary Police and the regular police are assuming almost the same functions when they are patrolling together. The main difference of the Israeli Auxiliary Police forces to their counterpart worldwide is that: Off duty they don't have any power. It is absolutely forbidden to them to help the law enforcement when off duty. Off duty they can't prevent a crime in progress nor show their identities in order to prevent it. Lately they received new ID’s showing that they are Auxiliary Police and not Police. The discrimination gap from the police is more visible. When they are injured they are considered as civilian by the government. And they are considered as officers by the insurance companies. Insurance companies are avoiding them. The authorities are almost blind and just sending the injured Auxiliary Police to the National Insurance who is considering the case as a normal daily work accident. Every year from 70.000 Auxiliary Police 250 (known) are injured and not covered. Their normal police officer counterpart are receiving full coverage in case of injuries. This engrossing gap is causing frustration in the community of Auxiliary Police which during a mission is assuming the same responsibilities of a police officer but not covered as their normal counterpart. Malaysia This section is about security police in Malaysia. For Malaysian volunteer police, see Police Volunteer Reserve Corp (Malaysia). A Malaysia Airports auxiliary police officer examining a passenger to prevent dangerous goods from being brought onto an airplane Kota Kinabalu International Airport, Malaysia. A Malaysia Airport auxiliary police officer examining a list of luggage being scanned at Kota Kinabalu International Airport. In Malaysia, auxiliary police refers to sworn security police officers serving in autonomous government agencies and key government-linked companies/entities such as Northport (Malaysia) Bhd (Northport), Petroleum Nasional Berhad (Petronas), the Malaysian Federal Reserve Bank (Bank Negara), the National Anti-Drug Agency (Agensi Anti-Dadah Kebangsaan - AADK), the Federal Land Development Agency (FELDA) and the Inland Revenue Board (Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri); and other institutions with semi-governmental interests. Such institutions include the National Savings Bank (Bank Simpanan Nasional - BSN), Malayan Railways Limited (Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad - KTMB), Pos Malaysia Holdings Berhad (the national postal service), Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad (the largest Malaysian airport operator), the North-South Highway Project (Projek Lebuhraya Utara Selatan - PLUS), Tenaga Nasional Berhad (the national power service), Sarawak Energy Berhad (Public Utilities) and other similar strategic organizations. Most of these organizations have already been privatized, but are allowed to maintain an auxiliary police unit. Under special circumstances, auxiliary police units have also been established by private companies with no government interests at all such as the force maintained by Resorts World Berhad (RWB), the company that operates the popular resort and casino at Genting Highlands. At present, there are 153 government agencies, statutory bodies and private companies authorized to operate their own auxiliary police units, with a total strength of 40,610 personnel.[2] They are not attached per se to the Royal Malaysian Police, but are granted some police powers such as the power to carry out minor investigations or to make arrests within their area of jurisdiction. However, they are totally autonomous in matters related to the security of their company's premises and facilities. Some forces are also conferred the authority to issue traffic summonses (that are paid to the Federal Government, not the issuing organization) for offences committed on their area of jurisdiction. While Malaysian auxiliary police officers are empowered to carry firearms, for this purpose they are subject to the same application and approval procedures as any other private company instead of being treated as part of the Royal Malaysian Police. It was announced in May 2010 that auxiliary police units will be allowed to enforce federal laws outside of their designated company/agency premises or areas, but the extent of this authority is yet to be determined. In his speech to officiate the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA)'s Auxiliary Police Firearms Range in Seremban, the Malaysian Deputy Home Minister, Abu Seman Yusop, said that auxiliary police officers "are also empowered to carry out their duties outside the workplace" in order to "help reduce crime". Malaysian auxiliary police uniforms have been traditionally different from those of the regular police, but a consolidation exercise by the Management Department of the Royal Malaysian Police Federal Headquarters (Bukit Aman) in 2004 has since authorised the use of regular police dress, insignia and other paraphernalia for sworn auxiliary police officers. The only differences are the unit patches with company logo, e.g. Polis Bantuan Petronas (worn by auxiliary police officers only, sewn on the left sleeve), the shoulder title (which says "Polis Bantuan" or Auxiliary Police, instead of "Polis Diraja" or Royal Police) and the service number (worn by junior police officers of Sergeant Major rank and below, just above the right breast pocket; auxiliary police numbers begin with the letters 'PB' whereas regular officers numbers do not contain any letters.) Under Malaysian law, auxiliary police officers are obliged to serve voluntarily and are therefore not paid by the Government. As such, they are designated full-time employees of the departments or corporations they serve and are remunerated on a different scale than regular police officers. Under the Police Act of 1967 (Revised 1988) (Act 344), the Inspector-General of Police (IGP), with the consent of the Minister in charge of police affairs and the King, may appoint any person to hold honorary auxiliary police ranks to the level of Superintendent of Police and below, and to establish their areas of jurisdiction. Mexico Mexico City Auxiliary Police are security police who work for the SSP and provide protection to government buildings, airports, etc. They do not protect banks or other financial institutions as these are protected by the Banking Police (Bancarios). See Ministry of Public Security (Mexico City)#Complimentary Police. Netherlands Since 1948, the Dutch police forces have had different forms of voluntary police officers. In 1948, shortly after WWII, the Reserve Police was established. First, their job was to 'come into service' in case of an emergency. With World War II only a few years behind the country, this seemed a very logical choice. The Reserve Police, as it was called from 1948 until 1994, consisted of men (and later women) who worked as fully armed and equipped police officers. Similar to their full-time colleagues they were equipped with a pistol, short baton, and handcuffs. After some time the reason for the presence of voluntary police officers had changed. No longer were these men and women called into service only for emergencies. More and more they became part of the regular teams of police officers and started doing all sorts of regular police tasks. As of 1994, along with the first great reform of the Dutch police, police volunteers were fully integrated into the 25 regional police forces. Between 1994 and 2010, new voluntary police officers were no longer equipped with a pistol. Those who started before 1994 were allowed to keep their pistol, as long as they kept up training. Since 2005, all voluntary police officers are equipped with pepper spray. As of today, voluntary police officers are again equipped with a pistol, after having acquired a full police diploma, successfully completed several years of field-experience as an unarmed officer, and completed an additional police safety training. In 2012 the initial training program for new voluntary police officers was changed, reducing the training from three years down to one year. Dutch voluntary police officers hold the same police powers and wear the same uniform as their professional counterparts. Since around the year 2000, police forces in the Netherlands started experimenting with police volunteers who performed administrative, house keeping, and other tasks. Labour unions have always criticized this. As of today, no definitive form for this type of volunteerism has been found and it still is subject of negotiations. Usually the age for Auxiliary Police are 16-18 once they pass the volunteer program they may apply to be a full-time Police Officer Some of the Volunteer Duties include Staff Duties Human Resources Police Search and Recovery units Buurtbeveiliging (Meaning Neighbourhood Security) Norway In Norway, conscripts who have completed their initial period of military training, can be transferred to the auxiliary police Politireserven (PR) rather than joining the military reserves. The PR is managed by the Mobile Police, and is intended to reinforce the regular police in case of national emergencies or disasters. The PR only exists in the central eastern part of the country. After a ten-day introduction course, and with refresher courses every few years, the PR troops can be used for armed or unarmed guard duties, border and traffic checkpoints, and for public order duties.[3] Russia The Voluntary People's Druzhina was the auxiliary law enforcement of the Soviet Union and continues to be in today's modern Russia. Singapore In Singapore, auxiliary police are security police appointed under Section 92(1) or (2) of the Police Force Act 2004 and are vested with all the power, protection and immunity of a police officer of corresponding rank and are licensed to carry firearms when carrying out their duties.[4] Auxiliary police officers are full-time employees of companies known as auxiliary police forces (APF),[5] and are not directly affiliated to the Singapore Police Force (SPF). Auxiliary police officers are trained through attending a residential training course, the curriculum of which is set by the Security Industry Regulatory Department (now the Police Licensing and Regulatory Department), a department of the SPF established by in 2004 to regulate the security industry.[5] After passing the training course and being appointed as auxiliary police, each auxiliary police officer is issued with a warrant card signed by the Commissioner of Police of the SPF with a National Skills Recognition Scheme certificate.[6][7] The first APF originated from the Airport Security Force formed under the Department of Civil Aviation in 1956 to guard and patrol at the former Paya Lebar Airport. In July 1963, it was officially designated as an APF. In 1965, Malayan Airways formed its own APF as well. In 1967, when Malayan Airways was renamed Malaysia Singapore Airlines (MSA), the Security Department was called MSA Police. When MSA was broken up into Singapore Airlines and Malaysian Airlines System in 1972, the Singapore component of the MSA Police became the SIA Auxiliary Police Force. In 1973, when Singapore Airport Terminal Services (SATS) was incorporated by SIA as a fully owned subsidiary, the SIA Auxiliary Police Force was renamed the SATS Auxiliary Police Force. In 1989, it was restructured as SATS Security Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of SATS Ltd. In 1972, to meet the need of the commercial world in Singapore for armed guards, till then provided by the SPF's Guards and Escort Unit, the Parliament of Singapore passed an act to spin off the Guards and Escort Unit into a statutory board named the Commercial and Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO). There were also other auxiliary police forces in Singapore such as the Pulau Bukom Auxiliary Police, CIAS Auxiliary Police (since renamed the Aetos Auxiliary Police Force), and the PSA Auxiliary Police (since merged with Aetos). These auxiliary police forces were granted licences and powers under the Police Force Act to operate only in restricted geographical areas, such as in the ports, airports, or Pulau Bukom Island. In October 2004, following the enactment of the Police Force Act 2004, these auxiliary police forces were no longer restricted to operate in the airport or seaports and could offer their services throughout the whole island of Singapore.[4][8] There are currently five auxiliary police forces in Singapore:[9] Aetos Auxiliary Police Force (part of Aetos Security Management) Certis CISCO Auxiliary Police Force (part of Certis Group) Installations Auxiliary Police Force Pulau Bukom Auxiliary Police Force SATS Auxiliary Police Force (part of SATS Security Services) In 2017, some of the APFs are looking to recruit Taiwanese nationals due to problems in recruiting and retaining Singaporeans and Malaysians alike.[10] Some were deployed to work at land checkpoints alongside Singaporeans in 2018.[11] According to reports from Radio Taiwan International, some Taiwanese nationals refuse to continue working due to the stress in their assigned job posts.[12] South Korea In South Korea, Auxiliary Police (AP) have a military-like structure, in that it consists of volunteers selected among eligible males (aged 18–35) who have not yet fulfilled the nation's obligatory military duty and the service in the Auxiliary Police is accepted as an equivalent of the military duty. The length of service for the auxiliary policemen is 21 months, which is identical to that of ROK Army enlistments. Also, within the Auxiliary Police rank, there exists four sub-ranks similar to the four enlisted ranks in the ROK Army: Private Constable (이경; Igyeong), Private Constable First Class (일경; Ilgyeong), Corporal Constable (상경; Sanggyeong), and Sergeant Constable (수경; Sugyeong). When enlisted, volunteers first go through a four-week basic military training at Korea Army Training Center under administration of Ministry of National Defense. The recruits are then handed over to the Ministry of Public Administration and Security for later administration, and are given a three-week police training before being deployed to various police units (that are each no bigger than the size of a company) throughout the country. Depending on their assignment, the Auxiliary Policemen may assist the national police with a wide array of police works, such as riot policing, traffic control, crowd control, surveillance and patrol. Upon completion of their service, Auxiliary Policemen are discharged with a Sergeant rank in the ROK Army Reserve (except in cases of demotion).[13] Sri Lanka The Sri Lanka Reserve Police was an auxiliary police that supported the Sri Lanka Police until it was disbanded in 2006 with its personal transferred to the Sri Lanka Police.[14] However, as of 2008, a Community Police, also known as Civil Committees has been established around the country (mostly in urban areas) to increase public safety, following a series of bombings and attacks on buses and trains[15] by suspected Tamil Tigers.[16][17] Sweden This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Swedish Auxiliary Police, Beredskapspolisen, was created in 1986 with the purpose to aid the regular police, primarily as a pool of trained manpower in special situations such as larger disturbances of the peace, major black-outs and power failures and natural disasters. The Swedish police force was increased in size from around 2006 and the Swedish Auxiliary Police were disbanded on 1 October 2012 as being no longer needed. At the time of its disbandment it had 1,500 officers.[18] The Auxiliary Police were organised with at least one section per län. Each section consisted of two or more troops and each troop consisted of three eight-man squads. All leadership positions were filled by experienced police officers from the regular police force who had undergone leadership training. The auxiliary police officers were recruited exclusively among people who had completed their military service but since 1 January 2008 military service was no longer a requirement. The uniforms were similar to the regular police with the exception of the name Beredskapspolis instead of Polis. The auxiliary police did not initially carry pistols, but only used the Carl Gustav M/45 which was also used by the regular police in special situations. Later, this weapon was replaced by a police version of the Army's Ak 5 - the CGA5P. Later, the auxiliary police was, when needed, armed only with the standard Swedish police pistol the SIG Sauer. United Kingdom See also: Special Constabulary The Special Constabulary is the part-time volunteer section of a statutory police force in the United Kingdom or some Crown dependencies. Its officers are known as special constables or informally as specials. Specials have opportunities to be promoted to supervisory ranks (such as sergeant and inspector), however they are limited to the office of constable and as such do not receive additional police powers if promoted to the rank of inspector. Special promotions are merely administrative and do not reflect the equivalent regular rank. Special Constables are permitted to carry all equipment utilised by their full-time counterparts - including a baton, PAVA or CS spray and handcuffs. Special Constables, however, aren't permitted to train in the use of Tasers or take up firearms roles. They are, sometimes, allowed to join other specialist units such as Roads Policing Units. The Police Service of Northern Ireland, the only routinely armed force in the UK, does not have a Special Constabulary. It does, however, have a Reserve programme. Reserve Constables are paid for their part-time work and are permitted to carry their personal protection weapon (PPW) on and off-duty, like their regular counterparts. United States Sayreville, New Jersey auxiliary police car Nassau County, New York auxiliary police car The U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics reports that, as of 2013, there were more than 29,000 unpaid reserve (auxiliary) officers in the United States, and about 32% of local police departments had a reserve officer program.[19] Larger cities are generally more likely to have a reserve program than smaller cities; 62% of police departments that patrol areas with a population of over 1 million have a police reserve program, while only 26% of the smallest departments (serving areas with a population lower than 2,500) do.[19] In late 2010, an opinion by Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan affirmed that state law requires auxiliary police in Illinois (numbering about 1,000 auxiliary police officers and sheriff's deputies statewide) to be state-certified officers.[20] After the opinion was issued, the Illinois Police Reserves (which for decades had provided auxiliary police services, such as crowd control, in a number of suburban Chicago municipalities) ended training of new volunteers and its relationship with the suburb governments because its volunteers were not state-certified. However, in 2014, the organization resumed recruiting and doing unsanctioned training, which caught the attention of authorities "investigating non-government, legally unrecognized reserve police organizations" viewed as potentially deceptive.[21] The Chicago-based watchdog group Better Government Association has criticized the practice of maintaining uncertified auxiliary police officers in Illinois and nationwide; writing, following a joint investigation in 2019 with WMAQ-TV (NBC5 Investigates): "Most of the time, this army of under-trained cops works without incident in low-risk tasks such as directing traffic or standing the rope line at parades. But the practice has also been plagued by nepotism, politics, and questionable policing."[22] The group pointed to a number of cases of misconduct by Illinois auxiliary officers over the previous decades, including some incidents that had led to towns settling legal claims brought against them due to auxiliary officers' misconduct.[22] In 2015, a volunteer reserve deputy in Oklahoma fatally shot Eric Harris, an unarmed black man; the reserve deputy was convicted of manslaughter.[22] The New York City Police Department's Auxiliary Police consists of about 4,500 unarmed volunteer auxiliary officers who conduct foot patrols, traffic-control duty, and other activities.[23] In a 1991 decision, the New York Court of Appeals held that the "fellow-officer rule" (a rule allowing a police officer "to rely on a communication from another police officer and to act upon it in making an arrest") applied to auxiliary officers.[24] Historical auxiliary police units Germany Federal Republic of Germany Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve East Germany Freiwilliger Helfer der Grenztruppen Freiwilliger Helfer der Volkspolizei Nazi Germany Hilfspolizei Jewish Ghetto Police Poland Ochotnicza Rezerwa Milicji Obywatelskiej Spain Guardia Civil Auxiliar (operative between 1982 and 1993) Somaten (under 1939 and 1976) United Kingdom Royal Ulster Constabulary Reserve, Ulster Special Constabulary, Black and Tans, Auxiliary Division See also Aetos Security Management, Singapore Certis Group, Singapore Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department Reserves, Los Angeles Police Service of Northern Ireland Reserve SATS Security Services, Singapore State Police of Crawford and Erie Counties New Mexico Mounted Patrol References "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 March 2005. Retrieved 2008-05-26. www.tv3.com.my/beritatv3/berita_terkini/PDRM_Cadang_Polis_Bantuan_Dinaik_Taraf.html[permanent dead link] "Politi.no - Politireserven". Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2016. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. "Staff Departments". Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. "Search Results Details". "New police warrant cards to prevent imposters". "News@Home". Archived from the original on 17 June 2007. "Auxiliary Police Forces". Supplementary Legislation No. 992 of 12 May 1961. "Long hours, thankless job: Singapore's security sector struggles to secure talent". "Taiwanese auxiliary police officers to be deployed at land checkpoints: Shanmugam". "這行飯不好吃 新加坡部分台籍輔警求去". ap.police.go.kr/sub/intro/intro_01.jsp[permanent dead link] "News.lk". Retrieved 3 December 2016. "Railway bomb suspect was a quiet neighbour who kept odd hours". Retrieved 3 December 2016. 25 civil committees to be set up islandwide, by Jayampathy Jayasinghe, sundayobserver Archived 1 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Sri Lanka Security News | Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers Archived 8 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine "Report: Auxiliary police to be abolished". Radio Sweden. 14 September 2011. Brian A. Reaves, NCJ 248677: Local Police Departments, 2013: Personnel, Policies, and Practices, U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics (May 2015). Matthew Walberg (22 April 2013). "Use of auxiliary officers at issue in Illinois". Chicago Tribune. Chuck Goudie & Barb Markoff, Illinois Police Reserves: An 'appearance of authority', WLS-TV (March 16, 2020). Jared Rutecki & Brett McNeil, Auxiliary Officers Pose Risks in Illinois Towns, Better Government Association/WMAQ-TV (April 17, 2019). Michael Wilson, Playing Police Officers, With a Car as Part of the Costume, New York Times (March 13, 2015). People v. Rosario, 78 N.Y.2d 583, 585 N.E.2d 766, 578 N.Y.S.2d 454 (1991). External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Auxiliary police. Canada RCMP Auxiliary Ontario Provincial Police Auxiliary Toronto Police Auxiliary Halton Regional Police Auxiliary Unit Canadian Auxiliary/Reserve Constables Forum Hong Kong Website of Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force Hungary OPSZ - Nationwide Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Hungary BPSZ - Civil Self-Defense Organizations of Budapest Matrix Police Auxiliary Police Organization of Hungary Polgárőrség Szentendre (Auxiliary Police of Szentendre) - Civil Self Defense Organization of Szentendre City, Hungary Rádió P a polgárőr rádió-The voice of the Hungarian auxiliary police United States [https://www.schenectadycounty.com/content/schenectady-county-auxiliary-police Eastchester PoliceReserveOfficer.com Baltimore County Auxiliary Police Chesterfield County Virginia Auxiliary Police Florida Highway Patrol Auxiliary Hazel Park, Michigan Auxiliary Police Nassau County Auxiliary Police NYPD Auxiliary Police Sayreville, NJ Auxiliary Police Somerville, Mass Auxiliary Police Department University of Maryland Police Auxiliary Walnut Creek, California Police Reserves Winthrop Auxiliary Police Department Reserve Police Officers Association (RPOA) New York State Association of Auxiliary Police Sweden Beredskapspolisföreningen (Swedish Auxiliary Police Association) Official homepage of the Swedish Auxiliary Police vte Types of law enforcement agencies Police Airport policeAuxiliary policeCampus policeCantonal policeCapitol policeCathedral constableCompany policeConservation officerCounty policeFire policeHighway patrolMilitary policeMunicipal policePark policePolice tacticalPostal policePrivate policeRailroad policeRegional policeRegimental policeReligious policeRiot policeSecret policeSecurity policeSpecial policeState policeTransit policeWater police Related Anti-corruption agencyBorder guardCity guardCoast guardCriminal investigation agencyCustoms serviceGendarmeriePrison officerProtective security unitsSheriff Categories: Auxiliary police unitsLaw enforcement units Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons Languages العربية فارسی Íslenska Magyar Bahasa Melayu Svenska 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 16:17 (UTC). 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Post by Freddie on Jan 21, 2021 20:51:41 GMT 1
🌐 The Global Network 🌐
GAMES MOVIES TV VIDEO WIKIS Search START A WIKI The Ultimate Guide to the Dark Knight The Ultimate Guide to the Dark Knight 7,416 PAGES ADD NEW PAGE CHARACTERS MOVIES & TV VIDEO GAMES COMICS EXPLORE DISCUSS in: Allies, Batman's Teachers, Bat Family, and 2 more Alfred Pennyworth English VIEW SOURCE SHARE Alfred Pennyworth
General Information Real name: Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth First Appearance: Batman #16 (April–May 1943) Created by: as Alfred Beagle : Donald Clough Cameron (writer), Bob Kane (artist): Developed by: as Alfred Pennyworth: Bill Finger (writer), Jerry Robinson (artist) Affiliations: Batman Family SIS (formerly) Abilities: Medical training Portrayed by: William Austin Eric Wilton Alan Napier Michael Gough Michael Caine Sean Pertwee Jeremy Irons Enn Reitel Ralph Fiennes Martin Jervis Jack Bannon Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth is Bruce Wayne's valet at Wayne Manor. He knows that Bruce is secretly Batman and aids him. Alfred Pennyworth, after a varied career, was employed as the Wayne family valet when Bruce Wayne's parents were killed. Alfred raised the young orphan and reluctantly aided him in his quest to become Batman. His many skills—ranging from cooking to medicine—make him Batman's staunchest ally, along with a formal demeanor that grounds the Dark Knight and deflects those who might otherwise suspect Batman's true identity.
Contents History Pre-Crisis Post-Crisis Post-Flashpoint Attributes Personality Family Trivia In Other Media Columbia serials (1943-49) TV series and Movie (1966) Film Motion Picture Anthology (1989-1997) The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005-2012) DC Films LEGO film series Joker The Batman (Film) Television DC Animated Universe Birds of Prey The Batman 2004 animated seies Young Justice Beware the Batman Gotham Titans Pennyworth Video Games LEGO Video Games Arkham Games Telltale Series See Also History Pre-Crisis
Alfred in the Batcave
Alfred who was originally called Alfred Beagle was a retired intelligence agent who followed the deathbed wish of his dying father, Jarvis Beagle, to carry on the tradition of serving the Wayne Family. To that end, Alfred introduced himself to Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson at Wayne Manor and insisted on becoming their butler. Although the pair did not want one, especially since they did not want to jeopardize their secret identities with a servant in the house, they did not have the heart to reject Alfred. That night, Alfred awoke to moaning and followed the sound to the secret door to the staircase to the Batcave and met his would-be employers in their superhero identities (Wayne had been injured while out in the field). As it turned out, the wounds were actually insignificant, but Alfred's care convinced the residents that their butler could be trusted. Since then, Alfred included the support staff duties of the Dynamic Duo on top of his regular tasks.
Later, Alfred was reunited with his long-lost daughter, Julia Remarque. This character has yet to appear in the Post-Crisis comics.
Post-Crisis In the Post-Crisis comics' continuity, Alfred, now called, Alfred Pennyworth had been the Wayne Family butler all of Bruce's life and had helped his master establish his superhero career from the beginning.
Alfred in his youth, raising a young Bruce.
In addition, he was Bruce's legal guardian following the deaths of his parents. Alfred's history has been modified several times over the years, creating assorted versions. In one such version, Alfred was hired away from the British Royal Family by Bruce's parents, and he virtually raised Bruce after they were murdered.
Meanwhile, another version of Alfred's Post-Crisis life was slightly more closely linked to his pre-Crisis counterpart. In this version Alfred was an actor on the English Stage, who agreed to become the Wayne's butler, only so as to honor the dying wish of his father. At the time he begins working for the Wayne's when Bruce was but a young child. After several months, Alfred voices the desire to quit and return home to continue his life as an actor. However, these plans are momentarily forgotten when young Bruce returns home, after getting into a fight with a school bully. Alfred teaches Bruce to handle the bully strategically, rather than using brute force. Following Alfred's advice, Bruce manages to take care of his bully problem. Upon returning home, Bruce requests that Alfred stays, and Alfred agrees without a second thought.
Following the Infinite Crisis however it appears that Alfred's history has been merged to combine both his pre and post-Crisis histories. He spent years as a member of the British Guard and later became a member of MI-5 before retiring and taking up his love of acting. Following his father's death, he then became the Wayne Family Butler. Whether or not the rest of his history has remained the same or has been yet again altered has not yet been revealed, although it has been occasionally hinted at.
Following the murders of the Wayne Family, Alfred was named Bruce's legal guardian in the will left by Thomas and Martha, however, social services combated the will feeling that Bruce should not be raised by a servant. However, Bruce managed to remain in Alfred's care by, despite his young age, bribing the social service agent into allowing Alfred to raise him.
Alfred mending the Batsuit
Alfred would later aid Bruce in raising Dick Grayson, Jason Todd and Tim Drake, all of whom would be adopted by Bruce Wayne and become his partner Robin. He also had close friendships with other members of the Bat-Clan including Barbara Gordon and Cassandra Cain (the latter of whom would also be adopted by Bruce prior to his death). Alfred often acts as a father-figure to Bruce, and a grandfather to Dick, Jason, Tim and Cassandra. However, due to his rather cold personality, Bruce Wayne makes sure that at least some degree of the business relationship between the two always exists. He is also highly respected by those heroes who are aware of his existence, including Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern and the original Teen Titans.
AlfredPennyworth.jpg Alfred has also been romantically linked to Dr. Leslie Thompkins, though his relationship with her never came to anything beyond occasional dates, particularly after she apparently allowed Stephanie Brown to die from neglect. He also developed feelings for Tim Drake's stepmother, but again, nothing came out of it.
During the events of Knightquest, Alfred accompanies Wayne to England and becomes enraged when Wayne insists on endangering his own health while paraplegic. This was the culmination of several weeks of Wayne's self-destructive behavior, and when Wayne returns to Gotham, Alfred remains in England, tendering his resignation. He spends some time vacationing in Antarctica and The Bahamas before returning to England. Dick Grayson tracks him down several months later and convinces him to return to Wayne Manor. In that story, it was revealed he had walked out of his own wedding years earlier.
His resourcefulness came to the fore in the No Man's Land storyline, especially in Legends of the Dark Knight #118. Batman is missing for weeks, leaving Alfred alone to watch his city for him. He uses his skills as an actor, storyteller, medic, and spy to survive and collect information on the recently destroyed society. Alfred even uses hand-to-hand combat in a rare one-panel fight sequence between him and a pair of slavers that ends with his rescue by Batman.
At a point in which Commissioner Gordon was shot and nearly killed, Alfred took notice that Bruce was behaving increasingly out of sorts. Feeling that Bruce had pushed his entire family as far away as possible, Alfred gave Bruce his resignation and left his employment. Alfred, however, continued to work with the Bat-family, going with Tim to the Brentwood Academy for Boys, working as his butler. Following Bruce being accused of murdering a girlfriend (actually executed by David Cain), Alfred returned to Bruce's employment.
Alfred005.jpg In Batman #677, agents of Batman's mysterious enemy the Black Glove attack and beat Alfred in front of Bruce and Jezebel Jet, severely injuring him. In the same issue, a reporter from The Gotham Gazette suggests to Commissioner Gordon that Alfred may be Bruce's biological father and that this may be a reason for the murder of Martha Wayne. Alfred later denies the entire story, agreeing with Bruce that it was a fabrication. Alfred is the last member of the Bat-Family to see Bruce alive, prior to his reported death at the hands of Darkseid.
Alfred of Earth One Graphic Novel
In Batman And The Outsiders Special, Alfred is seen apologizing at the grave's of Thomas and Martha Wayne at the loss of Bruce, commenting that he grieves as a parent, regarding Bruce as his son. Later, a secret panel in Alfred's room opens, the result of a failsafe planted by Bruce in the event of his death. Bruce leaves his one final task, and also gives him an emotional goodbye, telling Alfred he considered him as a father.
Alfred then assembled a new team of Outsiders, now under his control, while continuing to serve as the Wayne family butler to Bruce's adopted children: Dick Grayson, Tim Drake, Cassandra Cain and eventually, Damian Wayne. Even after Bruce was returned, Alfred continued his work at Wayne Manor with Grayson while Bruce spread out as Batman Incorporated.
Post-Flashpoint After the timeline is reset, Bruce Wayne is once again working out of Wayne Manor with Alfred as his primary confidante. When the Joker mounts his latest attack against Batman, his first step is to abduct Alfred, prompting concern from the rest of the family that the Joker knows Batman's true identity, but Bruce affirms that the Joker just chose Alfred because of Wayne's connection to Batman Inc. rather than personal knowledge, later confessing to Alfred that he once 'tested' the Joker and confirmed that the Joker is incapable of acknowledging the idea that Batman may have another identity.
During a major assault on Batman's life, Alfred is reunited with his long-absent daughter, Julia Pennyworth, an agent of the Special Reconnaissance Regiment, when Batman finds her in Hong Kong and takes her back to Wayne Manor for medical treatment after she is stabbed with a samurai sword through the chest by a Chinese gang boss the two were hunting. Although Julia is initially hostile to Alfred, feeling that he has wasted his life going from a soldier to tending to a fop like Bruce Wayne, after Alfred is attacked by Hush and infected with a fear toxin, Julia discovers the Batcave and takes on her father's role to coordinate the Bat-Family's efforts. Alfred is briefly transferred to Arkham before it is attacked as part of the conspiracy, but he manages to survive the explosion and trick Bane into helping him reach an emergency cave Batman had installed under the asylum, the cave's defences knocking Bane out and allowing Alfred to call for help. When Hush was briefly kept prisoner in the Batcave, he managed to break out of his cell and lock Alfred in it before sabotaging the Bat-Family's equipment via the Batcomputer as they fought various villains, including crashing the Batwing with Batman still in it. However, he was swiftly returned to captivity when Alfred escaped the cell and knocked Hush out, Alfred harshly informing Tommy that he was hardly going to be locked up in his own home.
When the Joker mounted his final assault, feeling that Batman had 'changed the rules' in their last confrontation, he broke into the Batcave and cut off Alfred's hand. Julia was able to get her father swift medical treatment and he was reported to be in stable condition, but Alfred falls into a deep depression after Bruce's apparent death, even rejecting the idea of having his hand reattached as there was no point without Bruce to serve.
However, after Bruce is discovered to be alive but with no memory of who he is or his life as Batman, Alfred tells Bruce everything that had happened in his life up to the point of the creation of Batman, but accepts Bruce's request not to learn any more, hoping that this would give Bruce a chance at a life without pain and the burning desire to be Batman, allowing his life as Bruce Wayne to finally begin.
However, when the new villain Mr. Bloom launches a mass attack on Gotham, the amnesic Bruce pieces together enough information to deduce that he was once Batman, and convinces Alfred to subject him to a machine that will theoretically download all of his memories as Batman into his mind. Bruce's original plan was for this machine to be used to create a series of clones of himself that could be programmed to continue his mission, but although the process failed because simulations confirmed that the human mind could not handle Batman's trauma, Bruce comes through the process by having Alfred take him to the point of brain-death and then download his memories onto his blank brain. After Bloom was defeated, Bruce arranged for Alfred have his hand reattached.
Bane kills Alfred
When the Flashpoint Batman and Bane took over Gotham, they held Alfred hostage as a deterrent to the Batman Family. However, Damian eventually decided to attempt to stop them. After capturing the teenager, Bane went through with his threat and broke Alfred's neck, killing him.
Attributes Skilled actor Trained in emergency medical techniques Proficient with mechanical and computer systems Expert in domestic sciences Unflappable manner Unlike Batman, perfectly willing to wield firearms during times of crisis Personality Alfred has taken on the role as Bruce Wayne's surrogate father after the death of his parents. Aside from that, Alfred is loyal, intelligent, caring, hardworking, tireless, sometimes sarcastic, wise, brave, bold, protective, kind and fatherly. Despite occasionally worrisome about Bruce's safety, he none the less supports him in his crusade to rid Gotham of crime as Batman and is very resourceful to him.
Family Bruce Wayne (surrogate son)
Robin (surrogate grandson)
Trivia
Style guide turnaround by José Luis García-López.
While not as skilled at hand-to-hand combat as Bruce Wayne, Alfred is nearly as resourceful. Batman: Gotham Adventures 16 has him kidnapped, only to readily escape and overcome his captors without even mussing his suit. It is later mentioned that he has overcome 27 kidnapping attempts. Alfred is the only member of the Batman Family that Bruce approves of owning a firearm.
He is the only member of the Batman Family that is excused by Bruce Wayne to own a firearm, other than the police officers, like Gordon and Bullock, who could be considered honorary members of the family. The character is very popular, having received a nomination for the R.A.C. "Squiddy" Award for Favorite Supporting Character in 1994 and for Best Character in 2001. He was also nominated for the Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Supporting Male Character in 1994. Like most of the Earth-One Batman Family members, Pennyworth never met Beagle though did meet with the Earth-Two Huntress and Earth-Two Grayson who mentioned Beagle to Pennyworth. As revealed in Batman & Son, Alfred reads the Artemis Fowl novels. Alfred has been an actor in Britain's Theatre. Alfred has two different live-action incarnations who were portrayed by actors with the same first name: Alfred Pennyworth (Burton/Schumacherverse) (Michael Gough) and Alfred Pennyworth (Nolanverse) (Michael Caine). In Other Media Columbia serials (1943-49) See: Alfred (Columbia serials)
William Austin was the first actor to portray Alfred, defining the character to the recognizable version known today. He was replaced by Eric Wilton in the 1949 followup serial. TV series and Movie (1966) See: Alfred (Dozierverse)
Alan Napier portrayed Alfred on the 1960's TV Series starring Adam West. In one of the last episodes of the series Batgirl accidentally finds out that Alfred is Batman's secret accomplice - hence Batman is Bruce Wayne; however at the same time Alfred finds out that Batgirl is Barbara Gordon - so neither can expose the secret identities of Batman, Robin, and Batgirl. Film Motion Picture Anthology (1989-1997) See: Alfred Pennyworth (Burtonverse) Michael Gough played Alfred in all four films reprised the charter in OnStar commercials and a audiobook.
The Dark Knight Trilogy (2005-2012) See: Alfred Pennyworth (Michael Caine)
Michael Caine portrayed Alfred in the movie Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008) and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). DC Films See: Alfred Pennyworth (Snyderverse) LEGO film series Alfred Pennyworth is one of the main characters of The LEGO Batman Movie, voiced by Ralph Fiennes. In the film, he is both a butler and a father-figure to Batman/Bruce Wayne. He also helps Bruce open up to having a family after the latter showed his fear of being part of one. The character also appears in The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part.
Joker See: Alfred Pennyworth (Douglas Hodge) The Batman (Film) See: Alfred Pennyworth (Andy Serkis) Television DC Animated Universe
Alfred in DCAU
See: Alfred Pennyworth (DC Animated Universe)
Efrem Zimbalist Jr. provided Alfred's voice on Batman: The Animated Series (with the exception of four episodes from the first season in which Alfred was voiced by Clive Revill) and The New Batman Adventures. This version of Alfred combines elements from Pre-Crisis and Post-Crisis continuities; Alfred has been serving the Wayne Family since before Thomas Wayne's death and helped his young charge assume the Batman identity, but was also revealed to be a former agent for British Intelligence. Birds of Prey See: Alfred Pennyworth (Ian Abercrombie) Ian Abercrombie portrayed Alfred on the short-lived TV series, Birds of Prey. The portrayal is largely inspired by Michael Gough in the Motion Picture Anthology, Abercrombie first doubled for Gough in a VHS commercial for Batman & Robin.
The Batman 2004 animated seies See: Alfred Pennyworth (Matsudaverse) Young Justice See: Alfred Pennyworth (Young Justice) Beware the Batman See: Alfred Pennyworth (Beware the Batman) Gotham See: Alfred Pennyworth (Gotham) Titans Alfred Pennyworth makes a small voice cameo in the episode Hawk and Dove, providing Dick Grayson with a small transfer to help Rachel Roth. His actor is never credited.
Pennyworth See: Alfred Pennyworth (Jack Bannon) Video Games LEGO Video Games See: Alfred Pennyworth (LEGO Video Games) Arkham Games See: Alfred Pennyworth (Arkhamverse) Telltale Series See: Alfred Pennyworth (Telltale) See Also Alfred Pennyworth/Gallery Categories: AlliesBatman's TeachersBat FamilyDeceased CharactersGolden Age Characters Languages: 中文 Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. FandomShopDC TriviaGalaxyQuest EXPLORE PROPERTIES Fandom Gamepedia D&D Beyond Cortex RPG Muthead Futhead FOLLOW US OVERVIEW About Careers Press Contact Terms of Use Privacy Policy Global Sitemap Local Sitemap COMMUNITY Community Central Support Help Do Not Sell My Info ADVERTISE Media Kit Contact FANDOM APPS Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. D&D Beyond Batman Wiki is a FANDOM Comics Community.
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Arkham Asylum From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search For other uses, see Arkham Asylum (disambiguation). Arkham Asylum Batman location Arkham Asylum Batman Vol 3 9.png Arkham Asylum in Batman vol. 3, #9 (December 2016). Art by Mikel Janín. First appearance Batman #258 (October 1974) Created by Dennis O'Neil (writer) Irv Novick (artist) Genre Superhero Information Type Asylum for the criminally insane Notable characters Most of Batman's adversaries Hugo Strange Aaron Cash Amadeus Arkham Other name(s) Elizabeth Arkham Asylum for the Criminally Insane Publisher DC Comics The Elizabeth Arkham Asylum for the Criminally Insane[1] (/ˈɑːrkəm/) is a fictional psychiatric hospital/prison appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, commonly in stories featuring the superhero Batman. It first appeared in Batman #258 (Oct. 1974), written by Dennis O'Neil with art by Irv Novick. The asylum serves as a psychiatric hospital for the Gotham City area, housing patients who are criminally insane. Its high-profile patients are often members of Batman's rogues gallery.
Contents 1 History 2 Origins 3 Publication history 4 Staff 4.1 Wardens 4.2 Corrections Officers 4.3 Psychiatrists 5 Patients 5.1 Others 6 Graphic novels featuring Arkham Asylum 6.1 Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth 6.2 Batman: The Last Arkham 6.3 Arkham Asylum: Living Hell 6.4 Black Orchid 6.5 Arkham Reborn 6.6 Batman: The Man Who Laughs 7 Alternative versions 7.1 The Dark Knight Returns 7.2 JLA: The Nail 7.3 Batman: Crimson Mist 8 In other media 8.1 Television 8.1.1 Live-action 8.1.2 Animation 8.2 Films 8.2.1 Live-action 8.2.2 Animation 8.3 Video games 8.3.1 Lego series 8.3.2 Batman: Arkham series 8.3.3 Injustice 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links History Located in Gotham City, Arkham Asylum is where Batman's foes who are considered to be mentally ill are brought as patients (other foes are incarcerated at Blackgate Penitentiary). Although it has had numerous administrators, some comic books have featured Jeremiah Arkham. Inspired by the works of H. P. Lovecraft, and in particular his fictional city of Arkham, Massachusetts,[2][3] the asylum was introduced by Dennis O'Neil and Irv Novick and first appeared in Batman #258 (October 1974); much of its back-story was created by Len Wein during the 1980s.
Arkham Asylum has a poor security record and high recidivism rate, at least with regard to the high-profile cases—patients, such as the Joker, are frequently shown escaping at will—and those who are considered to no longer be mentally unwell and discharged tend to re-offend. Furthermore, several staff members, including its founder, Dr. Amadeus Arkham, and his nephew, director Dr. Jeremiah Arkham, as well as staff members Dr. Harleen Quinzel, Lyle Bolton and, in some incarnations, Dr. Jonathan Crane and Professor Hugo Strange, have become mentally unwell.
In addition, prisoners with unusual medical conditions that prevent them from staying in a regular prison are housed in Arkham. For example, Mr. Freeze is not always depicted as mentally ill, but he requires a strongly refrigerated environment to stay alive; Arkham, with special conditions required for certain patients or inmates being a regularity rather than an exception, is seen by authorities to be an ideal location under certain circumstances.
Gotham criminals deemed "criminally insane" or "mentally unfit" by the court of law generally are treated at Williams Medical Center before being deemed dangerous enough to be sent to Arkham Asylum.[4]
Origins
Arkham Asylum in Detective Comics (vol. 2) #14 (January 2013). Art by Jason Fabok. Serving as a Gotham City psychiatric hospital, Arkham Asylum has a long and brutal history, beginning when its own architect became mentally unwell and hacked his workers to death with an axe. He was convicted and sentenced to spend the rest of his life in the same asylum he had been building.[4] The one-shot graphic novel Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth establishes that the asylum was named after Elizabeth Arkham, the mother of founder Amadeus Arkham. The original name of the asylum was "Arkham Hospital". Its dark history began in the early 1900s when Arkham's mother, having suffered from mental illness most of her life, committed suicide. However, it was later revealed that her son had actually euthanized her and repressed the memory. Amadeus then decided, as the sole heir to the Arkham estate, to remodel his family home in order to properly treat the mentally ill, so others might not suffer the same fate as his mother.
Prior to the period of the hospital's remodeling, Amadeus Arkham treated patients at the State Psychiatric Hospital in Metropolis, where he, his wife Constance and his daughter Harriet had been living for quite some time. Upon his telling his family of his plans, they moved back to his family home to oversee the remodeling. While there, Amadeus Arkham received a call from the police notifying him that Martin "Mad Dog" Hawkins, a serial killer, referred to Amadeus Arkham by Metropolis Penitentiary while at State Psychiatric Hospital, had escaped from prison and sought his considered opinion on the murderer's state of mind. Shortly afterward, Amadeus Arkham returned to his home to find his front door wide open. Inside, he discovered the raped and mutilated corpses of his wife and daughter in an upstairs room, with Mad Dog's alias carved on Harriet's body. Despite this family tragedy, the Elizabeth Arkham Asylum for the Criminally Insane officially opened that November.
With his sanity in tatters, Dr. Arkham designed a floor plan that evoked occult runes, he believed that the pattern would drive away the mysterious bat that haunted his dreams.[5] One of its first patients was Mad Dog, whom Amadeus Arkham insisted on treating personally. After treating Mad Dog for six months, Amadeus Arkham strapped him to an electroshock couch, then deliberately and purposefully electrocuted him. The staff treated the death as an accident, but it contributed to Amadeus Arkham's gradual descent into mental illness, which he began to believe was his birthright. Eventually, Amadeus Arkham was a patient in his own asylum after he tried to kill his stockbroker in 1929, where he died scratching the words of a binding spell into the walls and floor of his cell with his fingernails and belting out "The Star-Spangled Banner" in a loud voice.[1]
Publication history
Arkham Hospital in Batman #258 (October 1974). Art by Irv Novick. Arkham Asylum first appeared in October 1974 in Batman #258, written by Dennis O'Neil and drawn by Irv Novick.[citation needed] In this story, it is named as "Arkham Hospital", although it is not clear what kind of hospital it is. "Arkham Asylum" first appeared in another O'Neil story the following year, but it was not until 1979 that "Arkham Asylum" completely replaced "Arkham Hospital", and the occasional "Arkham Sanitarium", as the institution's name. Also in 1979, the move to have the asylum closer to Gotham had begun; that was completed in 1980, when Batman #326 by Len Wein described the asylum's location "deep in the suburbs of Gotham City". It is perhaps for this reason that Batman #326 is listed in some histories as the first appearance of Arkham Asylum. It was also Wein who, in 1985's Who's Who: The Definitive Dictionary of the DC Universe #1, created its current backstory.
Arkham Asylum has been demolished or destroyed several times in its history, notably during the events of Batman: The Last Arkham (see below). It is also seriously damaged at the beginning of the Knightfall storyline, when Bane uses stolen munitions to blow up the facility and release all the patients. After these events, the asylum is relocated to a large mansion known as "Mercey Mansion". At the beginning of the No Man's Land storyline, the asylum is closed down and all its patients discharged. In this instance, a timer was used to open the doors two minutes before the city is sealed. This is orchestrated by the administrator himself, Dr. Jeremiah Arkham, the nephew of Amadeus Arkham, who had the choice of discharging the patients or watching them all starve or kill each other. In the middle of the story, it is revealed during the Prodigal storyline that Batman has established a hidden base within the sub-basement of the asylum known as the "Northwest Batcave"[6] but it was blown up by Black Mask during the Battle for the Cowl story arc.[7]
In the Battle for the Cowl one-shot, Dr. Jeremiah Arkham wanders among the remains of the asylum as he muses on his life. He reveals that he has discovered blueprints created by his uncle, Dr. Amadeus Arkham, for a new Arkham Asylum. He also contemplates the fates of his own nonviolent "special" patients: an artist with almost no facial features who must paint facial expressions onto his almost blank face to express himself; a man obsessed with his own reflection in a series of mirrors in his room; and a woman supposedly so ugly, one glance at her face would cause anyone to become mentally ill. Upon discovering his "special" patients (unharmed from the destruction thanks to their secluded cells), Arkham resolves to rebuild the facility according to his ancestor's vision, but to serve as a literal asylum for mentally ill patients in order to shelter them from the outside world. However, when told to be happy with the new development, the artist secretly paints his face white with a hideous grin, reminiscent of the Joker; it is implied that the "special" patients, as well as Arkham himself, have given in to mental illness.
In the Arkham Reborn miniseries, Arkham Asylum is rebuilt and financed by Dr. Arkham.[8] But in Batman #697, Dr. Arkham is revealed to be the new Black Mask and is a patient in his own asylum. It was also revealed during Arkham Reborn, that as both Dr. Arkham and Black Mask, he had begun to manipulate patients, a plotline that culminated in Detective Comics with Alyce Sinner becoming the new head of the facility, but secretly working with Arkham/Black Mask. It was also revealed that the "special" patients were figments of Arkham's imagination.
During Batman Eternal, Arkham Asylum is destroyed as part of the villains' assault on Batman, with Bruce Wayne also being declared bankrupt after Wayne Enterprises loses most of its assets following Hush detonating some of Batman's hidden weapons caches around the city. As a result, Wayne Manor is repossessed by the city and turned into the new Arkham Asylum,[9] but Bruce decides to accept the situation on the grounds that he can now keep a closer eye on his foes in the asylum due to his intimate knowledge of the manor's entrances and exits (after sealing off the entrance to the Batcave from the manor).[10]
Staff Wardens [icon] This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2015) Dr. Amadeus Arkham – The founder of the asylum, Amadeus named the institution after his deceased mother Elizabeth.[1] Dr. Jeremiah Arkham – The nephew of Amadeus Arkham. Jeremiah was the head of the asylum in current continuity until recently, in which he too became mentally unwell and became the second Black Mask. Quincy Sharp – was the warden featured in the Batman: Arkham games. He dedicated his life to "curing" Gotham City. However, he was also corrupt, as Sharp was cursed with a split personality that divided his mind between himself and a killer. Dr. Hugo Strange – was a brilliant psychiatrist who later came to Gotham City after deducing the true identity of Batman. He later became Chief Psychiatrist and eventually warden of Arkham Asylum. Corrections Officers Aaron Cash – One of Arkham's most respected security guards. His hand was bitten off by Killer Croc[11] and he sports a prosthetic hook in its place. Unlike many of his colleagues, Cash is neither mentally unwell nor corrupt and is a trusted ally of Batman. Frank Boles – A security guard who patrolled near the cell of Solomon Grundy. He was killed by the Emerald Empress.[12] Lyle Bolton – A former decorated Arkham guard who was so ruthless in how he handled inmates that he was later fired and became "Lock-Up" in order to continue arresting the criminals of Gotham.[citation needed] Psychiatrists Dr. Joan Leland – Once a colleague of Harleen Quinzel, Dr. Leland soon became her therapist, along with treating other known patients such as Jonathan Crane (Scarecrow) and Harvey Dent (Two-Face). Dr. Anne Carver – She was a psychiatrist who was murdered at the hands of Jane Doe. She stole her identity and took her role and hoped to extort Warren White out of millions and steal his identity[13] Dr. Alyce Sinner – Chosen by Jeremiah Arkham as his second-in-command and briefly committed under Arkham's orders. Sinner became head of the asylum after Arkham was revealed as Black Mask. She is secretly a member of Intergang's Church of Crime, working with Black Mask. She has shoulder length brown hair wrapped in red ribbons with sins written on the inside. Dr. Harleen Quinzel – A former psychiatric intern, Quinzel was seduced by the Joker and adopted the supervillain name "Harley Quinn."[14] Dr. Jonathan Crane – A former psychologist who performed fear-inducing experiments on his patients before becoming a career criminal and taking on the alias 'The Scarecrow'. Dr. Ant Carley – He was a psychiatrist who was known for his dangerous testing with LSD and trying to get the patients to open their third eye he was fired after a week however due to his test being seen as unsafe. Patients
Cover of Batman: Shadow of the Bat #82 (1999) depicting Arkham's patients. Art by Glen Orbik. Originally, Arkham Asylum was used only to house genuinely mentally ill patients having no connection to Batman, but over the course of the 1980s, a trend was established in having the majority of Batman's adversaries end up at Arkham.
Arkham Asylum is also featured in other DC Comics publications, apart from the Batman comic book titles. In Alan Moore's run in Swamp Thing the Floronic Man is detained there and in The Sandman by Neil Gaiman, Doctor Destiny escapes the asylum to wreak havoc on both the real and dream worlds. It has also been featured in varying capacities in a number of DC miniseries events, such as Crisis on Infinite Earths, Identity Crisis, Day of Vengeance and Countdown to Final Crisis, among others.
Many DC Comics characters who have been patients at Arkham Asylum are listed below.
Alberto Falcone[15] Amadeus Arkham[1] Black Mask Blockbuster[16] Calendar Man Clayface (Basil Karlo, Matt Hagen, Preston Payne[1] & Sondra Fuller) Crazy Quilt Deadshot (shipped from Blackgate)[17] Doctor Double X Doctor Phosphorus Electrocutioner The Great White Shark[11] The Joker[1] Hugo Strange Jeremiah Arkham Harley Quinn Killer Croc[1] Killer Moth Lock-Up Mad Hatter[1] Magpie[11] Maxie Zeus[1] Mr. Freeze Music Meister Poison Ivy Professor Milo[1] Professor Pyg[18] Prometheus Ra's al Ghul (committed as "Terry Gene Kase")[19] Riddler Scarecrow[1] Signalman[16] Tally Man[20] Two-Face[1] Vanity (Vera Klopis)[21] Ventriloquist Victor Zsasz Others Adam Strange (only in the DC: New Frontier version of the DC Universe)[22] Ambush Bug[23] Amygdala[24] Brainwave[25] Cheetah (Barbara Ann Minerva)[26] Condiment King[27] Doctor Destiny[1][28][29] Doug Moench & Norm Breyfogle[nb 1] Dummy[31] Egghead[32] Floronic Man[33] Humpty Dumpty[11] Jean Loring[34] Key[35] Kobra[36] Nightwing (committed as "Pierrot Lunaire")[37] Professor Ivo[38] Psycho-Pirate[39] Resurrection Man[40] Toyman[41] Vox[42] Zatanna[43] Graphic novels featuring Arkham Asylum Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Main article: Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth is a graphic novel written by Grant Morrison and painted by Dave McKean. It was published by DC in 1989. It made reference to the treatment of several of the patients, such as the attempt to wean Two-Face away from dependence on his coin for decision making, first with a die and then a deck of cards. It once again portrays the asylum as having been taken over by its patients.
A Serious House on Serious Earth has been critically acclaimed, having been called "one of the finest superhero books to ever grace a bookshelf."[44] IGN ranked it as number four in a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, behind The Killing Joke, The Dark Knight Returns, and Year One,[45] whilst Forbidden Planet named it number eight in their "50 Best of the Best Graphic Novels" list.[46]
Batman's rogues at Arkham Asylum. Cover art of Batman: Shadow of the Bat #81 (September 1998 DC Comics). Art by Glen Orbik. Batman: The Last Arkham Main article: Batman: The Last Arkham Batman: The Last Arkham was written by Alan Grant; pencils by Norm Breyfogle, originally a four-issue storyline that kicked off the Batman: Shadow of the Bat series. In it, the old Arkham Asylum is destroyed, to be replaced by a new and more modern facility. The story introduces Jeremiah Arkham, the asylum's director and nephew of Amadeus Arkham. In an attempt to discover how criminals, specifically Zsasz, keep escaping, Batman has himself committed to the asylum. Jeremiah uses various methods, such as unleashing many patients on Batman at once, in an attempt to gain psychological insight on the vigilante.
This story makes a few passing references to the events of A Serious House on Serious Earth, such as Amadeus Arkham taping over the mirror, and his journal is shown early in the story. Jeremiah also mentions his relative's descent into mental illness.
An episode of Batman: The Animated Series titled "Dreams in Darkness", also about Batman in Arkham, portrays a similar theme, with the Scarecrow as the chief villain, also replacing Jeremiah Arkham with a more nondescript administrator, Dr. Bartholemew who is portrayed as naïve rather than sinister.
Arkham Asylum: Living Hell Arkham Asylum: Living Hell was written by Dan Slott, penciled by Ryan Sook with inks by Sook, Wade Von Grawbadger and Jim Royal. The series was edited by Valerie D'Orazio. Eric Powell created the painted cover art which appeared on both the original series and graphic novel compilation.
This six-issue miniseries and the subsequent trade paperback provided an intricate and multi-layered look at Arkham Asylum from several points of view: director Dr. Jeremiah Arkham; psychiatrist Dr. Anne Carver; the guards, chiefly one Aaron Cash; and the patients. There is a particular focus on previously unknown residents: Jane Doe, a cypher who assumes the identities of those she kills; Junkyard Dog, a man obsessed with trash; Doodlebug, an artist who uses blood in his paintings; the hulking bruiser Lunkhead; Death Rattle, a cult leader who speaks to the dead; and Humpty Dumpty, an obese idiot savant obsessed with taking apart and repairing various objects. The driving force is the recent admission of a ruthless investor, Warren "The Great White Shark" White, as well as the demonic element suggested by the title. White, facing charges of massive fraud, pleads insanity to avoid being sent to prison, knowing he can bribe a Gotham jury. The judge sees through White's attempt to avoid prison and has White admitted to Arkham, which White himself had never even heard of up until that point. He soon realizes the horrors of the place and tries to survive. Ultimately, he is locked in Mr. Freeze's cell and loses his nose and his lips to frostbite while trapped in there, coming to resemble his nickname. He was originally referred to as 'Fish' as new inmates commonly are, but is re-dubbed 'The Great White Shark' by himself. The demonic threat is nullified after the sacrifice of several patients, thanks to the joint effort of Etrigan the Demon and White tricking the demons into sending themselves back to the Underworld.
Black Orchid Black Orchid, written by Neil Gaiman and illustrated by Dave McKean, also featured Arkham Asylum. The award-winning graphic novel introduced an updated version of the crimefighter Black Orchid, who dies, is reborn and starts a quest to find her identity. During this she encounters Batman, who directs her to Arkham Asylum, where she meets the Mad Hatter, Poison Ivy, Two-Face and the Joker. Arkham is viewed as a desperate place where patients dwell in terror, much in the same fashion as in A Serious House on Serious Earth, which was also illustrated by McKean.
Arkham Reborn Arkham Reborn is a three-part miniseries written by David Hine and illustrated by Jeremy Haun. It tells the story of the rebuilding of the Asylum after having been destroyed by Black Mask during the events of "Battle for the Cowl".
In Batman #697, it is revealed that Dr. Jeremiah Arkham is the new Black Mask. More is revealed about Dr. Jeremiah Arkham in Detective Comics #864 and #865.
Batman: The Man Who Laughs Main article: Batman: The Man Who Laughs The Man Who Laughs is a one-shot prestige format comic book written by Ed Brubaker and illustrated by Doug Mahnke and Patrick Zircher, released in February 2005. The comic reveals some of the asylum's dark history. As a reporter reports on the asylum's renovation, the Joker poisons her and the crew, stealing the news van to broadcast whenever he wants. He later releases criminally insane patients at Williams Medical Center, who, in a short number of weeks, would have been transferred to Arkham Asylum. In the end, Joker is defeated and he himself is locked behind bars, in a straitjacket at Arkham.
The graphic novel was reprinted with Detective Comics #784-786–a storyline entitled "Made of Wood," also written by Brubaker with art by Zircher. In the storyline, Batman and Green Lantern track the "Made of Wood" serial killer, whose killing spree was cut short when he was admitted to Arkham Asylum. Ex-Commissioner James Gordon is also pursuing the killer and he narrows the search down to the two men admitted to Arkham in December 1948, the only living one hardly able to walk and ignorant of the killings. Gordon reaches the grandson of the other, who has taken up the "Made of Wood" killer's mantle.
Alternative versions The Dark Knight Returns Main article: The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Returns, written by Frank Miller, takes place about 10 years after Batman "retires." It depicts an "Arkham Home for the Emotionally Troubled", presumably a renaming of the asylum which occurs as a result of changing attitudes towards mental health. The Joker is housed there, catatonic since Batman's disappearance, but awakens when the vigilante resumes action. Under the employ of the home is Bartholemew Wolper, a condescending psychologist who treats the Joker humanely, even going so far to arrange for him to appear on a late night talk show, while arguing that Batman himself is responsible for the crimes his enemies commit by encouraging their existence; Wolper is killed when the Joker uses his lethal gas on the talk show audience.
In the sequel The Dark Knight Strikes Again, it is revealed that the patients have taken over and have resorted to cannibalism. Plastic Man is one of the more notable patients in this version of Arkham Asylum.
JLA: The Nail In JLA: The Nail, the Joker-using Kryptonian gauntlets provided by a genetically augmented Jimmy Olsen-breaks into the Asylum, erecting a forcefield around it that prevents anyone but Batman, Robin and Batgirl from entering, while forcing the rest of the patients to fight each other for a chance to live as his slave when only one is left standing. Catwoman wins the resulting conflict shortly before Batman breaks into the asylum, but the Joker's gauntlets allow him to capture Batman, forcing him to watch as the Joker brutally tears Robin and Batgirl apart in front of him. Although Catwoman manages to distract the Joker long enough for Batman to escape and damage his gauntlets, the grief-maddened Batman subsequently beats the Joker to death on the asylum roof before the entire building collapses, apparently killing most of the current patients (although he and Catwoman manage to escape, Batman is only tried for the Joker's death once the immediate crisis is resolved, and the sequel confirms that at least Poison Ivy survived the collapse).
Batman: Crimson Mist In Batman: Crimson Mist, the third part of the trilogy that began with Batman & Dracula: Red Rain, the now-vampiric Batman, corrupted by his thirst for blood, breaks into the asylum and murders all the homicidal patients-including Amygdala, Victor Zsasz and the Mad Hatter-drinking their blood and chopping off their heads to prevent them coming back as vampires (it is unclear if he did this while reveling in his new power or to try and provoke his old allies into destroying what he had become).
In other media As an integral part of the Batman franchise, Arkham Asylum has been featured in other media besides the print comics, including the following:
Television Live-action Arkham Asylum is mentioned by Barry Allen, who is secretly the Flash, in an episode of the 1990 television series The Flash. Arkham Asylum appears in the 2002 television series Birds of Prey. Arkham Asylum appears in Gotham.[47] It is established that Arkham Asylum was closed down for 15 years prior to the events of the series. In "Arkham," Arkham Asylum is shown to be in the Arkham District as Mayor Aubrey James plans to improve the district using the plans that Thomas Wayne was going to go with. Carmine Falcone and Sal Maroni were also shown to want some involvement in the plan. Maroni's ally Councilman Zeller has been abducted by the same hitman who killed Councilman Ron Jenkins (who was an ally of Falcone) and is burned alive at Arkham Asylum. At the end of the episode, Mayor James holds a press conference that Falcone will handle the small housing developments in the Arkham District, while Maroni will refurbish Arkham Asylum so that it can be operational again. Around the end of "Harvey Dent," Arkham Asylum is officially reopened where insane bomb maker Ian Hargrove is amongst its latest patients after being rescued from the Russian mob by James Gordon and the Gotham City Police Department. In the aftermath of "LoveCraft," James Gordon is reassigned to guard duty at Arkham Asylum by Mayor Aubrey James. In the follow-up episodes, Gordon makes the acquaintance of Dr. Leslie Thompkins while dealing with an escaped inmate named Jack Buchinsky who is on a quest to get revenge on Sal Maroni for setting him up. It is this escape that Gordon uses to get back in the GCPD by promising Commissioner Loeb that he can catch Buchinsky and his accomplice Aaron Danzing. In the second season, Theo Galavan has his sister Tabitha Galavan break up several Arkham inmates to serve in his plan, including Barbara Kean, Jerome Valeska, Richard Sionis, Aaron Helzinger, Robert Greenwood, and Arnold Dobkins. After Galavan's death, his corpse was taken to an laboratory under Arkham Asylum where the bodies of those like Fish Mooney and Jerome are being kept. This area of the asylum is overseen by Hugo Strange, who conducts various inhuman experiments that include reviving the dead. Edward Nygma is sent here after his crimes are discovered by the GCPD. However, he is later released and declared sane by request of Penguin. During the fourth season, Jerome orchestrates a prison break with Scarecrow and Jervis Tetch to begin his search for his brother Jeremiah Valeska. In the series finale "The Beginning...", which takes place in the distant future, it is revealed that the Riddler and Jeremiah Valeska have been in Arkham Asylum for the past decade, latter one seemingly brain dead after the accident at Ace Chemicals. Arkham Asylum appears in the TV series set in the Arrowverse: Arkham Asylum appears in the second of the three-part Arrowverse crossover Elseworlds In the crossover, Supergirl, The Flash, and Green Arrow travel to Arkham Asylum to find Dr. John Deegan, an insane doctor who was given the means to alter reality by Monitor. Psycho-Pirate and Nora Fries are shown as the notable inmates when Deegan releases all the inmates on Green Arrow, Flash, Supergirl, and Killer Frost. By the end of the crossover, Deegan is remanded to Arkham Asylum and has his cell next to Psycho-Pirate's cell. Arkham Asylum is featured in Batwoman. In the episode "The Rabbit Hole," Jacob Kane arranges for Alice to be sent to Arkham. The transportation was crashed by a bomb made by Catherine Hamilton-Kane's company. In the episode "Down Down Down," Tommy Elliot is remanded to Arkham Asylum after his plot to draw out Batman fails and Kate states that he can't buy his way out of Arkham Asylum. In the episode "Mine Is a Long and a Sad Tale," it was mentioned that Alice's brother figure Mouse had escaped from Arkham Asylum. Arkham Asylum appears in the season one finale of Titans, titled "Dick Grayson." It appears in a dream world created by Trigon where Dick experiences a dark future where Batman started killing his enemies. Animation
Arkham Asylum as it appeared on Batman: The Animated Series and The New Batman Adventures.
The alternate Arkham Asylum as it appeared on the Justice League episode A Better World, Part 2. In Batman: The Animated Series, Arkham has appeared frequently throughout the series. The episode "The Trial" explains that all mentally ill criminals apprehended by the Batman are sent to Arkham rather than jail. The television show Justice League featured Arkham in a brief cameo during A Better World, Part 2 in an alternate dimension where a fascist version of the League called the Justice Lords took over the world and dispatches villains via execution or lobotomy via Superman's heat vision. The asylum is run by a lobotomized version of the Joker, staffed by other lobotomized villains from Batman's rogues' gallery, and protected by robotic copies of Superman. Arkham Asylum appears in The Batman. Like the original Arkham, several major villains end up in this institution, such as the Joker, Harley Quinn, the Riddler, Mr. Freeze, the Ventriloquist, Hugo Strange, Clayface, and Penguin. The staff is far more heavily armored than in its previous incarnation, though patients continue to easily escape. Similar to the Batman Forever tie-in game and Batman Begins, Arkham is presented as occupying a small island on a river inside Gotham. Arkham Asylum is seen in Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Mayhem of the Music Meister". The eponymous villain visits the place and uses his powers to force the patients to sing. Calendar Man, Joker, King Tut, Mr. Freeze, Psycho-Pirate, Doctor Polaris, Penguin, Scarecrow, Two-Face, Mad Hatter, Top, Crazy Quilt, and Tweedledum and Tweedledee are shown as patients of Arkham Asylum. Arkham Asylum is referred to in Beware the Batman in a newspaper article and on a news ticker. Arkham Asylum appears in DC Universe's Harley Quinn adult animated series. In the series premiere, "Til Death Do Us Part", the show's titular character is imprisoned there for a year, until she finally escapes with Poison Ivy's help after she caused a prison riot. In "The Line", the Queen of Fables is transferred to Arkham from her imprisonment within a U.S. Master Tax Guide Book following a court order that deemed the latter to be a cruel and unusual punishment, though she is quickly broken out by Harley Quinn. In "All the Best Inmates Have Daddy Issues", a flashback depicts Harley's first meeting with both the Joker and Ivy during her time as a psychiatrist at Arkham, while trying to help Harvey Dent and James Gordon locate a bomb hidden by the Joker. In the season 2 finale, "The Runaway Bridesmaid", Harley is briefly imprisoned at Arkham and escapes after teaming up with Two-Face. Throughout the series, notable patients at Arkham include Harley, Poison Ivy, the Joker, the Riddler, Calendar Man, Killer Croc, Man-Bat, KGBeast, Two-Face, and Doctor Psycho. Films Live-action In Batman Forever, Arkham Asylum was seen at the end of the film. It is designed as a tall, spiraling castle-like structure with narrow hallways lined with brightly lit glass bricks. The Riddler is incarcerated in a large padded cell. The chief psychiatrist is named Doctor Burton, a reference to Tim Burton, who directed 1989's Batman and 1992's Batman Returns. There was originally a more in-depth sequence involving Two-Face escaping from Arkham at the beginning of the film, but it was cut. In Batman & Robin,[48] Arkham Asylum is shown a number of times. It first appears when Mr. Freeze is taken there midway through the film and later at the end when he and Poison Ivy are shown sharing a room. This version is several dozen stories tall on an island several hundred feet above water, into which the patients jump to escape. Lightning also emits a bright green flash through the structure's windows. In addition, the Riddler and Two-Face's costumes from Batman Forever can be seen in an evidence room before Bane breaks out to collect Mr. Freeze's armor. In Batman Begins, Arkham plays a much larger role than the previous films, with Jonathan Crane (also known as the Scarecrow) being either the administrator or a high-ranking doctor at the asylum and using it to conduct sadistic experiments with his fear gas, with his own patients as guinea pigs. He also uses the pipes under the asylum to empty his toxin into the Gotham water supply. Though still on an island separate from Gotham City's mainland, it is surrounded by a slum region known as the Narrows, instead of the dense forestry of the comics. When it came to a diversion for the fear gas to infect Gotham's water supply, Ra's al Ghul had his men discharge all the patients at Arkham Asylum to keep the police busy. By the end of the film, it is implied that the Narrows has been rendered uninhabitable. Notably, Victor Zsasz is shown as a high-profile criminal being held in the asylum. The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London was used as Arkham in the film.[49] Arkham is mentioned briefly by Harvey Dent, Batman, and Alfred in the Batman Begins sequel, The Dark Knight when they reference Arkham patients Carmine Falcone and Thomas Schiff, but beyond this instance the asylum is never seen or explored in the story. In The Dark Knight Rises, it is mentioned that all the patients of Arkham Asylum (except for one according to the film's novelization) were moved to the Blackgate Penitentiary as the result of the effect of Harvey Dent's death had upon Gotham City and its administration. At the end of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice: Ultimate Edition, Batman reveals to Lex Luthor that he has made arrangements for Luthor to be transferred to Arkham Asylum. Arkham appears in a flashback for Suicide Squad.[50] Arkham appears in Justice League in a post-credits scene where Slade Wilson / Deathstroke meets Lex Luthor.[51] Arkham Asylum, renamed Arkham State Hospital, appears in Joker where Arthur Fleck steals a document about his mother, revealing a history of mental instabilities. Animation In Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker, the final battle between the original Batman and the Joker is seen taking place at an abandoned and partially demolished Arkham. It is also the same place where Robin, who was earlier kidnapped, then brainwashed and disfigured into resembling a younger version of the Joker, kills the real Joker (either by shooting him with the bang-flag speargun or by pushing him into a tank of water and a mass of wires, causing him to electrocute himself, depending on which version is being seen). A deleted scene, featured on both versions of the DVD as a special feature, has Bruce Wayne touring the abandoned Arkham, where Bruce Wayne's successor as Batman, Terry McGinnis, follows and sees the Joker's corpse hanging with a sign on it saying "I Know". Barbara Gordon states that the inmates and facilities had shifted to a newer location sometime prior to Joker's death, with the Batman Beyond episode "Splicers" also confirming the fact. Arkham makes an appearance in the animated anthology film Batman: Gotham Knight (set between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight) within the segment "Crossfire". Expanding on Lt. James Gordon's line that "the Narrows is lost" at the end of Batman Begins, the film shows that the entire island has become Arkham Asylum's ground, with Narrows residents evacuated from the island after the patients escaped from the facility. After the riot at the end of Batman Begins, the city apparently turned the entire island into a high-tech prison facility in a few months after the incident, enclosed by guard towers, high fences, and the island's natural barrier to keep the inmates from escaping. The Gotham City Police Department also sends officers to its drawbridges to make sure no one would cross, in or out, without permission. Arkham is featured in the animated film Batman: Assault on Arkham. The Suicide Squad infiltrate Arkham Asylum in order to attempt to assassinate the Riddler. Arkham Asylum appears in the Batman: Unlimited series of animated films, with its inmates regarding Joker, Penguin, Mister Freeze, Scarecrow, Killer Croc, Bane, Cheetah, Silver Banshee, Clayface, Chemo, Two-Face, Mad Hatter, Riddler and others. Arkham Asylum appears in The Lego Batman Movie. Batman and Robin break into the Asylum in order to send the Joker into the Phantom Zone. Aside from the Joker, notable inmates include: the Riddler, Scarecrow, Bane, Killer Croc, Man Bat, Two-Face, Catwoman, Clayface, Poison Ivy, Mr. Freeze, the Penguin, Crazy Quilt, Eraser, Polka-Dot Man, Mime, the Catalina Flores Tarantula, King Tut, EggHead, Orca, Killer Moth, March Harriet, Zodiac Master, Gentleman Ghost, Clock King, Calendar Man, Kite-Man, the Catman, the second Zebra Man, Condiment King, Hugo Strange, Doctor Phosphorus, Magpie, the Calculator, Captain Boomerang, a version of the Red Hood and the Kabuki Twins. Arkham Asylum appears in Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In the film, Shredder and Ra's al Ghul break into Arkham, where they kill most of the guards, but captured the survivors and held them hostage. They released Joker, Harely Quinn, Poison Ivy, Mr. Freeze, Two-Face, Scarecrow, and Bane and used the mutagen on them to turn them into mutants. Batman, Robin, Batgirl, and the Turtles arrived to the handle the situation, though they defeated and subdue and rescue the surviving staff, Joker injected Batman with a mix of the mutagen and Joker venom to turn him into a mutant bat. They managed to subdue Batman and turn him back to normal, it was later revealed that Shredder and Ra's al Ghul's real plan was to turn everyone in Gotham into mutants using mutagen mass-produced from Ace Chemicals. Video games In Batman Forever (SNES game), Arkham Asylum is the first stage. In the game Batman: Toxic Chill, Batman and Robin are taken to "Arkham" by Riddler and his companion Mr. Freeze and define them in the same room. A crucial showdown takes place in Arkham in Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu. Arkham is featured prominently in Batman: Dark Tomorrow. Three quarters of the way through the game, Batman must infiltrate Arkham Asylum through a secret sewer entrance. Arkham Asylum is one of the levels of the video game counterpart to Batman Begins. Arkham Asylum appears in DC Universe Online. In the game, the chaos of Brainiac's invasions ends up enabling Arkham Asylum's patients to escape from Arkham Asylum. In the "Arkham Asylum Alert" mission, Mr. Freeze, Poison Ivy, and Scarecrow take over Arkham Asylum. In the hero campaign, Batman sends the players to investigate and bring the situation under control. In the villain campaign, Joker sends the players to find out what is going on at his "house" and find out why he was not invited. Arkham Asylum is featured in Batman: The Telltale Series. In Episode 2, it is revealed that Thomas Wayne forcibly committed several patients to Arkham Asylum (including Penguin's mother), which tarnishes the Wayne reputation. In Episode 4, Bruce is placed in Arkham Asylum by Mayor Harvey Dent after he was drugged into nearly killing the Penguin. In Episode 5, Lady Arkham stages a prison breakout that is stopped by Batman, the staff (including Dr. Joan Leland) and the GCPD. Noticeable patients in this version are "John Doe", Arnold Wesker, Victor Zsasz, Blockbuster, and Harvey Dent (only if Batman chose to stop him and send him here in Episode 4). Lego series Arkham Asylum works as the main hub for the villains in Lego Batman: The Videogame, whereas the Batcave works as the main hub for the heroes of the game. Arkham Asylum appears in Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes. Lex Luthor springs Joker from prison in order to make synthetic kryptonite to help in his presidential election campaign. As a result of Lex Luthor and Joker using a ray that removes black bricks from Arkham Asylum, it caused a breakout where all of its inmates are freed. The generic Arkham inmates and the generic Arkham patients appear as playable characters. Arkham Asylum appears in Lego DC Super-Villains. The Joker, along with Captain Cold, Reverse-Flash, Solomon Grundy, and Malcolm Merlyn are arrested by the Justice Syndicate and thrown in Arkham. They are able to break out with the assistance of Livewire, but she and Joker are recaptured by Professor Hugo Strange and used to test his monster-men (inmates he's experimented on), but they escape. Batman: Arkham series Batman: Arkham Asylum is a video game for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows. It was developed by Rocksteady Studios and published by Eidos Interactive in conjunction with Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and DC Comics. The game takes place entirely on Arkham Island, a large island situated in the middle of the Gotham Bay. The game's version of Arkham is similar to its description in Gotham Knight, consisting of individual large buildings in a spacious open air island, rather than a single compound. Its locations include Arkham East, Arkham West, Arkham North. Within these areas, the player can explore the Arkham Mansion, the Botanical Gardens, Intensive Treatment, Medical Facility and Penitentiary. The island also features a network of catacombs, caverns, sewers, and a satellite Batcave which Batman had outfitted over the years in preparation for emergencies such as the one he faces in the game. Immediately prior to events of the game, a fire had broken out at Blackgate Penitentiary causing its inmates to be temporarily housed at Arkham. When Joker was apprehended, he was freed by Harley Quinn as Joker begins his plot to take over the island, forcing Batman to fight his way through the Asylum's inmates to recapture the Joker. During the struggle, the Asylum is badly damaged by the rampaging inmates and the Joker's release of Titan into the water supply, enhancing and mutating Poison Ivy's plants. Faith in the asylum was compromised with the discovery that key guards and staff were working with the Joker to organize his assault (Although Doctor Penelope Young was merely manipulated by the Joker rather than acting as a willing accomplice). In Batman: Arkham City, the sequel to Batman: Arkham Asylum, Arkham and Blackgate inmates have been relocated to the Gotham mainland as part of Quincy Sharp's Arkham City project with neither Blackgate Penitentiary or Arkham Asylum in any condition to hold inmates or patients after it was ravaged by Poison Ivy in the first game. Arkham City is a walled off section in the northern slums of Gotham where its inmates can run free so long they do not attempt to escape; this territory includes the old GCPD building and the Monarch Theatre where Thomas and Martha Wayne were killed. The security of Arkham City is enforced by a private military group TYGER, with territory controlled by the Joker, Penguin, and Two-Face as the City's primary ganglords (although Two-Face has been losing authority prior to the start of the game), with Mr. Freeze and Poison Ivy satisfied with control of specific buildings. Riddler discreetly controlled members of the others' gangs, and Catwoman, Bane and Zsasz operated independently in secret. Arkham Asylum itself can be seen from the bay of Arkham City, still ravaged and covered in vines from Poison Ivy's attack. Arkham Asylum is mentioned in Batman: Arkham Origins (a prequel to Batman: Arkham Asylum). At the time of the game, the asylum had been closed for years, with Blackgate taking all the city's criminals—mentally ill and otherwise. During the credits, Jack Ryder's interview with Quincy Sharp has mentioned that in wake of the recent events Arkham Asylum has been reopened. Sharp decided the asylum is necessary to house the new wave of Gotham's most mentally ill criminals such as the Joker. However, revealed in Shiva's extortion file she, per the orders of Ra's al Ghul, manipulated Sharp into opening the Asylum as part of a long-term plan that led to Arkham City's creation. The Asylum is referenced again in Batman: Arkham Knight, where Jason Todd is revealed to have been held hostage and tortured by Joker over a year in an abandoned wing of the Asylum while Batman believed he was dead. Arkham City was once more reintegrated into Gotham City and is currently under reconstruction, sponsored by Wayne Enterprises. Arkham Island and the Arkham City area are viewable (though not interactable) from the top of Wayne Tower. The game's developers had initially created their first iteration of the Gotham City merely as a skybox, though Arkham Knight takes place in central Gotham itself and players are able to view a greater 'metropolitan area' which surrounds the game's playable area. Prior to the events of the game, Scarecrow, announces a meeting to Gotham's most notorious supervillains, including Two-Face, the Penguin, the Riddler, Harley Quinn, Poison Ivy and the Arkham Knight, held in Arkham Asylum, where it is strongly guarded by military soldiers and drones. In one of the Gotham City Stories, Catwoman tried to infiltrate the meeting, but is spotted by one of the drones. The final confrontation between Batman and Scarecrow takes place in the ruined Asylum, with Jason Todd saving Batman from Scarecrow's control. Injustice Arkham Asylum is a playable stage in the fighting game Injustice: Gods Among Us. It features multiple Batman villains in the background who also damage the characters in stage transitions. An alternate version of the stage is called Joker's Asylum, taking place in the alternate universe seen in the story where the Joker Clan has taken over the establishment. Arkham Asylum returns as a stage in Injustice 2. See also Belle Reve Blackgate Penitentiary Iron Heights Penitentiary Stryker's Island Ravencroft Notes Moench and Breyfogle were the writer and artist, respectively, of Batman #492, which started the Knightfall storyline; they can be seen on a list of escaped Arkham inmates on the Batcave computer.[30] References Morrison, Grant (October 1989). Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth. DC Comics. O'Neil, Dennis (2008). Batman Unauthorized: Vigilantes, Jokers, and Heroes in Gotham City. BenBella Books. p. 111. ISBN 1-933771-30-5. Voger, Mark; Voglesong, Kathy (2006). The Dark Age: Grim, Great & Gimmicky Post-Modern Comics. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 1-893905-53-5. Brubaker, Ed (w), Mahnke, Doug (a), Baron, David (col), Leigh, Rob (let). Batman: The Man Who Laughs (February 2005), DC Comics Batman The World of the Dark Knight Kwitney, Alissa (w), Zulli, Michael (p), Locke, Vince (i), Giddings, Noelle (col), Schubert, Willie (let). "Batcaves" Batman: No Man's Land Secret Files and Origins #1 (December 1999), DC Comics Daniel, Tony S (w), Daniel, Tony S (p), Florea, Sandu (i), Hannin, Ian (col), Fletcher, Jared K (let). "A Hostile Takeover" Batman: Battle for the Cowl #1 (May 2009), DC Comics Hine, David (w), Haun, Jeremy (a), Kalisz, John (col), Cipriano, Sal (let). Arkham Reborn #1–3 (October–December 2009), DC Comics Arkham Manor #1 Arkham Manor #6 Slott, Dan (w), Sook, Ryan (p), Von Grawbadger, Wade (i), Loughridge, Lee (col), Heisler, Michael (let). "Tic Toc" Arkham Asylum: Living Hell #4 (October 2003), DC Comics Supergirl Volume 7 12 Batman Arkham Asylum: Living Hell #1 Dini, Paul (w), Timm, Bruce; Murakami, Glen (p), Timm, Bruce (i), Timm, Bruce; Taylor, Rick (col), Harkins, Tim (let). Batman Adventures: Mad Love (February 1994), DC Comics Loeb, Jeph (w), Sale, Tim (a), Starkings, Richard (let), Kim, Chuck; Goodwin, Archie (ed). Batman: The Long Halloween (December 1996–December 1997), DC Comics Nicieza, Fabian (w), Maguire, Kevin (a), Cipriano, Sal (let), Carlin, Mike; Palmer Jr, Tom (ed). "The Cat and the Bat" Batman Confidential #21 (November 2008), DC Comics Ostrander, John; Yale, Kim (w), Snyder. John K (p), Isherwood, Geof (i), Gafford, Carl (col), Klein, Todd (let), Raspler, Dan (ed). "Armagetto" Suicide Squad #34 (October 1989), DC Comics Morrison, Grant (w), Quitely, Frank (a), Sinclair, Alex (col), Brosseau, Pat (let), Marts, Mike (ed). "Mommy Made of Nails" Batman and Robin #3 (October 2009), DC Comics Dini, Paul (w), Nguyen, Dustin (a), Kalisz, John (col), Gentile, Randy (let), Marts, Mike (ed). "The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul: Epilogue" Detective Comics #840 (March 2008), DC Comics Robinson, James (w), Kramer, Don (p), Faucer, Wayne (i), Kalisz, John (col), Lanham, Travis (let), Thomasi, Peter (ed). "Face the Face" Batman #654 (August 2006), DC Comics Gray, Justin (w), Cummings, Steven (a), Sinclair, James (col), Lanham, Travis (let), Cavalieri, Joey; Wright, Michael (ed). "The Madmen of Gotham" Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #205 (July 2006), DC Comics Cooke, Darwin (w, a), Stewart, Dave (col), Fletcher, Jared K (let), Chiarello, Mark; d'Orazio, Valerie (ed). DC: The New Frontier (March–November 2004), DC Comics Kupperberg, Paul (w), Saviuk, Alex (p), Hunt, Dave (i), D'Angelo, Gene (col), Oda, Ben (let), Schwartz, Julius (ed). "Meet John Doe!" Action Comics #560 (October 1984), DC Comics Grant, Alan (w), Greyfogle, Norm (a), Roy, Adrienne (col), Klein, Todd (let). "The Last Arkham, Part III" Batman: Shadow of the Bat #3 (August 1992), DC Comics Goyer, David S; Johns, Geoff (w), Saltares, Javier (p), Kryssing, Ray (i), Kalisz, John (col), Lopez, Ken (let), Thomasi, Peter (ed). JSA: Secret Files #2 (September 2001), DC Comics Pérez, George (w), Marrinan, Chris (p), Montano, Steve (i), Gafford, Carl (col), Mas, Augustin (let), Young, Art; Berger, Karen (ed). "Journey's End" Wonder Woman v2, #35 (October 1989), DC Comics Dixon, Chuck (w), Noto, Phil; Martin, Marcos (p), Noto, Phil; Lopez, Alvaro (i), Wildstorm FX (col), De Guzman, Albert (let), Idelson, Matt (ed). "Red, Black and Blue" Birds of Prey #37 (January 2002), DC Comics Conway, Gerry (w), Dillin, Dick (p), McLaughlin, Frank (i), Serpe, Jerry (col), Oda, Ben (let). "But Can an Android Dream?" Justice League of America #175 (February 1980), DC Comics Gaiman, Neil (w), Kieth, Sam (p), James III, Malcolm (i), Busch, Robbie (col), Klein, Todd (let). "Passengers" Sandman v2 #5 (May 1989), DC Comics Moench, Doug (w), Breyfogle, Norm (a), Roy, Adrienne (col). "Crossed Eyes and Dotty Teas" Batman #492 (May 1993), DC Comics Kunkel, Bill (w), Morrow, Gray (a), Serpe, Jerry (col), Oda, Ben (let). "Deathmaze" The World's Finest #247 (November 1977), DC Comics Grant, Alan (w), Greyfogle, Norm (a), Roy, Adrienne (col), Klein, Todd (let). "The Last Arkham, Part IV" Batman: Shadow of the Bat #4 (September 1992), DC Comics Moore, Alan (w), Veitch, Rick (p), Alcada, Alfredo (i), Wood, Tatjana (col), Costanza, John (let). "Natural Consequences" Swamp Thing v2, #52 (September 1986), DC Comics Meltzer, Brad (w), Morales, Rags (p), Bair, Michael (i), Sinclair, Alex (col), Lopez, Ken (let). "Chapter Seven: The Hero's Life" Identity Crisis #7 (February 2005), DC Comics Harras, Bob (w), Derenick, Bob (p), Green, Dan (i), Baron, David (col), Fletcher, Jared K (let). "Requiem for a League" JLA #120 (December 2005), DC Comics Ostrander, John (w), Snyder, John K (p), Isherwood, Geof (i), Gafford, Carl (col), Klein, Todd (let). "Into the Angry Planet" Suicide Squad #33 (September 1989), DC Comics Morrison, Grant (w), Daniel, Tony (p), Florea, Sandu (i), Major, Guy (col), Gentile, Randy (let), Marts, Mike (ed). "Batman R.I.P: Zur En Arrh" Batman #678 (August 2008), DC Comics Burkett, Cary (w), Bender, Howard (p), Giordana, Dick (i), Tollin, Anthony (col), Costanza, John (let). "The Price of Humanity?" Justice League of America #218 (September 1983), DC Comics Wolfman, Marv (w), Pérez, George (p), Ordway, Jerry (i), Tollin, Anthony (col), Costanza, John (let). Crisis on Infinite Earths #5 (August 1985), DC Comics Resurrection Man (vol. 2) #6 Johns, Geoff (w), Merino, Jesus (a), Hi-Fi Design (col), Leigh, Rob (let). "The Terrible Toyman" Action Comics #865 (July 2008), DC Comics Grant, Alan (w), Taylor, Dave (p), Sienkiewicz, Bill (i), Hansen, Bjarne (col), Oakley, Bill (let). "Democratic Conventions" Batman: Arkham Asylum – Tales of Madness #1 (May 1998), DC Comics Diaz, Ruben; Smith, Sean (w), Saiz, Jesus (p), Champagne, Keith (i), Wright, Gregory (col), Oakley, Bill (let), Raspler, Dan (ed). "Trials in Darkness" JLA: Black Baptism #2 (June 2001), DC Comics Hilary Goldstein (17 June 2005). "Batman: Arkham Asylum Review". IGN. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011. Hilary Goldstein (13 June 2005). "The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels". IGN. Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011. "50 Best Of The Best Graphic Novels". Forbidden Planet. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 11 June 2011. Vejvoda, Jim (July 21, 2014). "GOTHAM SHOWRUNNER: PROFESSOR HUGO STRANGE AND HOW ARKHAM ASYLUM CAME TO BE PART OF SEASON ONE". IGN. Retrieved July 21, 2014. "Review of ''Batman & Robin''". DVD Active.com. Retrieved 2010-12-30. "From leafy suburbs to silver screen". Times Series. "David Ayer on Twitter". Begley, Chris (January 4, 2017). "Lex Luthor in 'Justice League' means we're taking a trip to Arkham Asylum". Batman on Film. External links Arkham Care Batman-On-Film.com BOF's review of Arkham Asylum, A Serious House on a Serious Earth Official Videogame Website vte Batman Categories: Arkham AsylumFictional elements introduced in 1974Psychiatric hospitals in fiction1974 in comicsDC Comics prisons Navigation menu Not logged in Talk Contributions Create account Log in ArticleTalk ReadEditView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Donate Contribute Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Tools What links here Related changes Special pages Permanent link Page information Cite this page Wikidata item Print/export Download as PDF Printable version
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Post by Freddie on Feb 6, 2021 1:32:04 GMT 1
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TMNTPEDIA
TMNTPEDIA Jennika (IDW)
Soepic.jpg Unmasked.jpg Jennika.png Jennika Biographical information Home Homeless (formerly) Prison (formerly) Foot Headquarters (formerly) Splinter Dōjō, Mutant Town, New York City, Earth Ethnicity Caucasian
Nickname(s) Jenny Jenn Jennifer (by Ivan) Abilities Ninjutsu
Weapon(s) of choice Katana Claws
Occupation Foot Assassin (formerly) Foot Clan chūnin (formerly) Splinter Clan instructor (currently)
Affiliation Silas (formerly) Foot Clan (formerly) Splinter Clan (currently) Physical description Species Human-born mutant turtle
Gender Female
Hair color Blonde (as human) Bald (as turtle)
Bandana color Yellow
Out of universe information Era(s) IDW
Publisher IDW Publishing
First appearance Order from Chaos, part 1 (as a human) City at War, part 3 (As a Mutant)
Created by Tom Waltz Ken Garing
Teachers and Students Student(s) Children of Saint Robert's Orphanage (formerly) Splinter Clan
[Source] Jennika, or also Jenny or Jenn for short, was the ninja chūnin of
Splinter 's
Foot Clan , a dear friend to the
Turtles and for a time was a love interest to
Casey Jones . Originally human, she is now a mutant turtle after her life was saved by an emergency transfusion of
mutagen ic blood donated by
Leonardo .
History Jennika was a young Foot Assassin, and a loyalist to the Foot Clan rather than to The Shredder. As a young girl, she was driven from her home when she found her father beating her mother, and lived on the streets afterwards. She took up with Silas, a young man who pulled her into a life of petty robbery, which ultimately led to her imprisonment as an accessory to murder. Her first encounter with the Foot took place in prison, where an imprisoned Foot ninja defended her from other convicts and became her fast friend. The woman trained Jennika in secret as they plotted to escape the prison, but Jennika's friend was killed by another inmate just as they had gained their freedom. She found her way to the Foot and became one of their number, using her newfound skills at killing on the woman who had murdered her friend.
After Shredder's death, she distrusted the new leader following his death and questioned why this " rat" was fit to lead. She was convinced that he was weakening the Foot Clan with his unwillingness to kill without hesitation, and saw his merciful actions as signs of cowardice and weakness, believing that quick and deadly action was necessary to remain supreme. As a result, she secretly associated herself with Darius Dun and the Street Phantoms. When the Phantoms attacked the Foot Clan, Jennika attempted to kill Splinter in single combat, but was defeated quickly. After Splinter humbled her, she began to realize the error of her ways, and pledged her service to the Foot's new leader and his sons. Splinter believed in her change of heart, though he still had to penalize her for her act of disloyalty. After being impressed by her faithful service, he assigned her to guard the tomb of the Shredder, which she did faithfully until she was attacked by Kitsune and Alopex. During the Triceraton invasion, it was confirmed that Splinter had selected her as his new chunin. However, she was still very impulsive and required his guidance. She was also deeply conflicted about Splinter's plans to kill Commander Zom, eventually arranging for the Turtles' escape from the Foot Clan headquarters in order to stop him. She was not penalized for her disobedience after the invasion ended, and was instead sent out by Splinter to protect Casey Jones. The two eventually began to enjoy each other's company and develop feelings for one another as time went on. After the Turtles brought a number of orphaned children to the Foot Clan, Jennika helped care for them. When Karai returned from Japan, Splinter was willing to cede leadership of the Foot to her were it not for her insistence that the children be trained as soldiers. Jennika came to Splinter's aid as negotiations failed and Karai was denied the Gauntlet. With her attempt to reclaim leadership of the Foot having failed, Karai declared that war would be coming to Splinter and those loyal to him.
A short while later Karai reached out to Jennika for a truce. Karai attempted to sway the chunin's loyalties away from Splinter, but Jennika refused. Having fully expected this possibility, Karai stabbed her as the first act in her war to retake the Foot from Splinter.
In a desperate attempt to save her life, the Clan Hamato and their allies took her to Harold Lilja's laboratory. There, Harold, Libby, and Lindsey attempted to use the Ooze to heal her, as it had done for John O'Neil. However, the vial of ooze was shattered during a firefight when the Earth Protection Force and Metalhead attacked. Seeing no other option and with time running out, Donatello had Leonardo transfer his blood to her to aid her recovery. This had the optimal effect, but also mutated her into a turtle. Waking up as her mutation completed, Jennika was initially confused about the changes she had undergone. Donatello confirmed what had happened and explained what was going on as they made their way to Brooklyn Bridge's home for shelter, escorted by the Purple Dragons. After repelling an attack from Karai's assassins there, Jennika reconciled with Casey, who put aside his initial lukewarm reaction to her change once he saw her saving her friends. Personality Jennika has a tough girl persona but is really sweet and caring. Like Raphael, she has a lot of anger issues but is better at controlling her temper than he is and has better manners. She is also a big fan of heavy metal music.
Relationships Alopex: Lindsey Baker: Jenny and Lindsey knew of each other, but were never known to associate until the City at War arc after Jenny had been impaled on Karai's Kira no Ken. Since Lindsey was the Mutanimals' scientist and had access to a limited supply of Hob's ooze stash, the turtles asked for her help, and she stole what little ooze she could and brought it to Harold's lab so that it could hooked up to Jenny's intravenous tube and heal her wounds. When Metalhead raided the lab and the ooze was destroyed by a stray bullet, Lindsey accompanied Jenny, Leo, Donnie and Mikey as they fled. Lindsey was still with them when Jenny was transfused with Leo's mutagen-infused blood in a last ditch attempt to save Jenny's life. Cellmate: Children of Saint Robert's Orphanage: Diamond: Donatello: Darius Dun: Father: Jenny's father was an alcoholic who was abusive to her and her mother. One day when Jenny was still young, she walked into their apartment to find her father beating her mother. When Jenny's father turned her rage on Jenny herself, she ran away and didn't return. Mrs. Gonzalez: Hamato Yoshi / Splinter: Old Hob: Ivan: Casey Jones: Casey and Jenny seem to have a close and peaceful relationship. Casey came to visit her at the orphanage to bring ice cream and invited her to a date after work, where they talked about each other's home lives. He was in shock over Jenny's mutation but soon came to realize she is still the same afterward. Kitsune: Leonardo: Mona Lisa: They became quick friends after Jenny saved Mona from Mighty Mutanimals enforcers Puggle and Bandit. Lita: Michelangelo: Mother: Jenny's mother was abused by Jenny's father. April O'Neil: Oroku Karai: Oroku Saki / The Shredder: Pet rat: Puggle and Bandit: Raphael: Sally Pride: Sheena: Silas: In Jennika's solo comic, Jenny has shown disdain for Silas when he tried to play smooth with her after meeting again and she doesn't give in, remembering he left her to deal with the police alone. Vincent: Weasels: Appearance Human Jennika was a young woman with very short blonde hair and blue eyes.
As a Foot Assassin, Jenny dressed exactly like the other Foot Assassins, and her mask made her appear like any other. But after she was demoted and disciplined for her temporary defection to Darius Dun, she wore a variation of the typical Foot Ninja garb, including a top and trousers, but seldom ever appeared wearing a mask. Jenny continued to wear similar unmasked outfits even after the other turtles left the Foot and she became Splinter's new chūnin.
Jennika carried and fought primarily with a pair of metal claws, but could also sometimes be seen wielding a katana.
Mutant Jennika has retained her blue eyes but very little else remains of former human appearance. Anatomically, she has three fingers on each hand and two toes on each foot just like the other turtles, and her skin is pale green. This makes her appear physically much like the other turtles, with few or no visible secondary sex characteristics that would reveal her gender by appearance alone.
Jenny usually wears an outfit similar to what she wore as Splinter's human chūnin in the Foot Clan, including a top and trousers suitable for ninjutsu, but now with the addition of a yellow bandanna in the same style as the other turtles and echoing the color of the blonde hair she used to have. With the exception of certain concept art and cover art, she has never been depicted wearing the traditional "naked" turtle gear of only belts, harnesses and bandanna, nor has she even bared her plastron topless. Nevertheless, she does not appear out of place even with the clothes she wears, as the other turtles also started wearing fully-clothed outfits more regularly since TMNT #101.
Jenny's selection of weapons as a mutant is much the same as before she mutated.
Powers and abilities Ninjutsu: Jennika is well-versed in the art of ninjutsu, including not only hand-to-hand and armed combat, but stealth, espionage, escape, and more. Unlike the other Turtles, she was trained specifically for the purpose of assassination, and has taken lives quite brutally on more than one occasion. Athleticism: Although she likely is not as well-versed in this as the other turtles, she is incredibly nimble and boasts athletic strengths far beyond even most trained athletes. Childcare: Jennika was tasked with the supervising and care of the children of Saint Robert's Orphanage more than any other member of the Foot Clan or Clan Hamato, that was seen. Pedagogy: Jennika taught basic martial arts techniques to these orphans. Mutant turtle physiology: As a mutant turtle, Jennika has the advantages (and potential disadvantages) with being a bipedal turtle of humanoid size and stature. Most prominent, is her shell, a natural armor comprised of the carapace and plastron. It is unknown what other specific enhancements she has at this time. Weapons and equipment Foot Assassin uniform: As a Foot Assassin, Jennika wore a specific uniform, including striped sleeves and a menacing red mask. Claws: As a Foot Assassin, her clawed weapon was a glove with bladed fingers, sort of a combination of the tekkō-kagi with "neko-te", and reminiscent of Freddy Krueger's trademark weapon, but with claws more in length of a tantō. Post-mutation, she wields traditional tekkō-kagi the likes of which were utilized by Oroku Saki, only with four blades. Katana: Outside of her Foot Assassin garb, Jennika normally carried and wielded a single katana. Bandana: Post-mutation, Jennika takes up wearing a yellow eye-mask bandana, similar to the other turtles. Joint wraps Trivia Not counting cameos from other continuities or forms who appeared only in dreams, Jennika is the sixth mutant turtle character introduced in the IDW continuity, after the four Clan Hamato brothers themselves and the late Slash. She is also the first IDW mutant turtle who is female. Jennika is one of the few mutant turtles in any TMNT continuity who is female. Past examples have included April O'Neil in the Archie continuity (only temporarily mutated), and Mei Pieh Chi a.k.a. Venus de Milo in Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation. Jennika's mutant form was designed by Sophie Campbell. Jennika's bandana is yellow, similar to Campbell's fan character Artemisia, but the color was requested by Tom Waltz to match her hair color, and he was unaware of Artemisia—the color synchronicity was purely incidental. The idea of Jennika becoming a mutant turtle was tossed around for three years before being finalized.[1] In issue #101, Jennika comments that Raphael is like her "horrible kid brother." The topic of Jenny's age relative to the other four Turtles is a complicated one, as on one hand their physical turtle bodies are only a few years old, but they are reincarnated humans who were born centuries before in feudal Japan. But since the Hamato Sons died as teenagers and reincarnated socially still teenagers, this may imply that Jenny's age is chronologically older than the social age of at least Raph and his socially younger brothers Donatello and Michelangelo. (Leonardo is socially older than Raph, which would make his social age unclear in relation to Jenny.) In The Cure for You, Jennika mentions that Silas abandoned her 10 years prior to the story's timeframe, and she was a teenager when last they were together. See also Jennika (IDW)/Gallery Jennika (IDW)/Appearances References ↑
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🌐 The Global Network 🌐Bujinkan From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Bujinkan (武神館) Bujinkan-logo The Bujinkan Logo Date founded c.1970 Founder Masaaki Hatsumi Current head Masaaki Hatsumi (初見良昭) Arts taught Bujinkan Budō Tai jutsu Ancestor schools • Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu • Kotō-ryū Koppō jutsu • Shinden fudō-ryū dakentai jutsu • Takagi Yōshin-ryū Jūtai jutsu • Kukishinden Ryu • Gikan-ryū Koppō jutsu • Togakure-ryū • Gyokushin-ryū ninpō • Kumogakure-ryū ninpō Official website www.bujinkan.comThe Bujinkan (Japanese: 武神館) is an international martial arts organization [1] based in Japan and headed by Masaaki Hatsumi. The combat system taught by this organization comprises nine separate ryūha, or schools, which are collectively referred to as Bujinkan Budō Taijutsu.[2][3] The Bujinkan is most commonly associated with ninjutsu. However, Masaaki Hatsumi uses the term Budo (meaning martial way) as he says the ryūha are descended from historical samurai schools that teach samurai martial tactics and ninjutsu schools that teach ninja tactics.[4] Contents 1 Training 1.1 Taijutsu 1.1.1 Tori and Uke 1.1.2 Ukemi and balance 1.2 Physical conditioning 1.3 Origins 1.4 Recent history 2 Ninpo 2.1 Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō 2.2 Togakure-ryū 3 Uniforms and rankings 3.1 Kyu levels 3.2 Dan levels 4 Criticism of historical claims 5 References Training The Bujinkan organization incorporates the teachings of the martial arts lineages (ryūha) that Masaaki Hatsumi learned from Takamatsu Toshitsugu under the banner of Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu.[2] These are:[5][6] Togakure-ryū Ninpō Taijutsu (戸隠流忍法体術) Gyokushin-ryū Ryū Ninpō (玉心流忍法) Kumogakure Ryū Ninpō (雲隠流忍法) Koto Ryū Koppō jutsu (虎倒流骨法術) Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu (玉虎流骨指術) Kuki Shinden Happō Bikenjutsu (九鬼神伝流八法秘剣術) Shinden Fudo Ryū Dakentai jutsu (神伝不動流打拳体術) Takagi Yoshin Ryū Jūtai jutsu (高木揚心流柔体術) Gikan Ryū Koppō jutsu (義鑑流骨法術) At around the time of Hatsumi's 88th birthday (Beiju: ja:米寿) on 2 December 2019, he announced[citation needed] his successors for most of the above schools: Togakure-ryū: Tsutsui Takumi Gyokushin-ryū: Kan Jun'ichi Kumogakure-ryū: Furuta Kōji Kotō-ryū: Noguchi Yukio Gyokko-ryū: Ishizuka Tetsuji Kukishin-ryū: Iwata Yoshio Shinden Fudō-ryū: Nagato Toshirō Takagi Yōshin-ryū: Sakasai Norio Gikan-ryū: Sakasai Norio Bujinkan Budō Taijutsu training does not include participation in competitions or contests,[7] as the school's training aims to develop the ability to protect oneself and others using techniques that focus on disabling an attacker (and/or removing their desire/ability to continue) as quickly and efficiently as possible.[8] This training is conducted in a manner in which there are predefined "attackers" (tori) and "receivers" (uke) similar to drills in judo (gokyo) or traditional Japanese martial arts. However, the Bujinkan differs from many traditional martial arts in that the training progresses through the following stages:[9] Predefined sets of movements (kata) and physical conditioning Variations to the fixed drills (henka), responding to changes in the attacker's movements or situation Free form training (randori) consisting mostly of spur-of-the-moment, dynamic techniques during which the defender hits, locks, chokes or throws the attacker in a controlled and safe manner More advanced training consists of controlling the attacker's mind using various techniques such as pain compliance and deception Training is done in a manner that entails little risk of permanent injury.[10] The Bujinkan does not adhere to any official guideline or set of rules to limit actions or techniques used during training. The approach used in the Bujinkan includes gaining compliance through pain and utilising potentially damaging techniques in order to survive dangerous situations rather than focusing on winning a competition or evenly matched duel.[8] As a result, many of the staple responses of a Bujinkan student would be inappropriate in most competitions. It is also important to note that unlike competition martial arts, Bujinkan training does not involve testing techniques (locks, throws, chokes, strikes, etc.) against a fully resisting opponent. This being the case, Bujinkan as a means of self defence is a purely theoretical concept but is obviously based on many centuries of battlefield experience and the survival of people and techniques against the test of war. The Bujinkan largely focuses on “taijutsu” (body movement / skills) as well as other skills of ninjutsu (ninpo tactics and strategies) and happo biken jutsu (various modern and traditional weapons) - this is The Bujinkan's branch of Kukishin-ryū Taijutsu Taijutsu (body combat art) is the Bujinkan system of unarmed defence using strikes, throws, holds, chokes and joint locks. It encompasses skill such as: koppo jutsu is the "way of attacking and/or using the skeletal structure"; “koshi jutsu” is the way of attacking muscles and weak points on the body; jutai jutsu is the "relaxed body method" teaching throwing, grappling and choking techniques and dakentai jutsu which emphasises strikes, kicks and blocks The first levels of training, such as leaping, tumbling, break fall techniques and body conditioning, form the basis for taijutsu. They are needed to progress into other techniques such as unarmed combat and the use of tools and weapons. Once learned, Taijutsu techniques can be applied to any situation, armed or unarmed.[11][12][13] Tori and Uke Training begins with two partners practicing pre-arranged forms (waza or kata) and then advancing to unlimited variations of those forms (henka). The basic pattern is for the Tori (Tori, or the person applying the technique) to initiate a technique against the person who receives the technique (Uke). Ukemi and balance Bujinkan taijutsu seeks to use body movement and positioning rather than strength to defeat the opponent. All techniques in Bujinkan taijutsu involve unbalancing the opponent while maintaining one's own balance. This is achieved by moving the opponent into inferior positions and manipulating their body along weak lines where it is difficult for the opponent to resist. The attacker continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities (such as an exposed side), while the defender uses position and timing to keep the attacker off balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, the attacker will sometimes apply reversal techniques (返し技, kaeshi-waza) to regain balance and disable the defender. Ukemi (受身) refers to the act of receiving a technique. Good ukemi involves a roll or breakfall to avoid pain or injury such as dislocation of a joint. Thus, learning to roll and breakfall effectively is key to safe training in taijutsu. Before receiving the 9th kyu (the lowest rank), a student must demonstrate the ability to roll smoothly in a variety of directions without exposing the neck to injury. Physical conditioning Junan taiso (junan meaning flexible) is a yogic method of stretching and breathing[14] by means of which the Bujinkan practitioner may develop and maintain good physical condition and wellbeing. The exercises promote relaxation, blood circulation, muscle toning and flexibility,[15] and form a core part of all training sessions. Junan taiso is a form of conditioning and preparation for the body. All major joints are rotated and stretched in a proper manner while healthy breathing and concentration are practiced.[16] Origins Almost all of the martial arts/ryuha in the Bujinkan are listed with their historical lineages in the Bugei Ryuha Daijiten (Encyclopedia of Martial Art Schools, researched by Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi and first published in 1963).[17] From 1968 on (4 years before Takamatsu's death), the Bugei Ryuha Daijiten has had entries for Hatsumi below Takamatsu.[17] Several Bujinkan ryūha were mentioned in the Kakutogi no Rekishi (History of Fighting Arts).[18] Although details are omitted, it states, "there are several schools that are well-known for being 'effective arts' (jitsuryoku ha)". Among the schools listed in this section are Gyokko Ryū, Gikan-ryū Koppō jutsu, Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō, Kukishin-ryū, Takagi Yōshin-ryū Jūtai jutsu and Asayama Ichiden-ryū (which is not part of the Bujinkan's nine schools but was studied by Hatsumi via Takashi Ueno).[18] Several of the samurai systems taught by Hatsumi such as Kuki Shinden Ryū Happō Bikenjutsu and Takagi Yoshin Ryū Jūtai jutsu have well documented lineages with different branches of these arts surviving under their own Sōke.[19][20] However, whilst the ninja's activities are well documented, the nature of ninjutsu & the historical context means that there are no surviving written records of ninjutsu teachings prior to 1676.[21] As a result, some researchers assert that there is no way to independently verify the oral lineage included in the Togakure Ryu tradition.[22] In the Bugei Ryuha Daijiten the researchers list the full lineage for Togakure-ryū stating the following: "The succession is an oral tradition from Toda Shinryūken. Toda Shinryūken Masamitsu died in 1908 at the age of 90 years. According to the lineage, Ikai originated the school, and in the Yōwa period (1181-1182), it separated from Hakuun Dōshi of Hakuun-ryū and became the Kōga and Iga schools of ninjutsu. The lineage passed through Momochi Sandayū and entered into the Natori-ryū of Kishū domain. From the time of Toda Nobutsuna, the tradition was passed on to the Toda family. This genealogy refers to dates and kuden (orally transmitted stories/lessons) about people implying that these people were older than written records would suggest"[23][24] The entry regarding Gyokko Ryu is as follows: "Receiving the tradition of Gyokko ryu Shitojutsu from Sakagami Taro Kunishige of the Tenbun era, Toda Sakyo Ishinsai established Gyokko ryu Koshijutsu as well as Koto ryu Koppojutsu, passing them on to Momochi Sandayu, bringing them within the traditions of Iga ryu Ninjutsu of Toda Shinryuken who lived during the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate (ended 1868). It is said that Toda Shinryuken died in the 14th year of the Meiji Emperor (1881) at the age of 90 years."[25][26] The entry regarding Koto Ryu is as follows: "The genesis of koppoujutsu is said to have been in ancient China. Koto ryu was brought to our country by a Chan Bushou* of Korea, after this it was brought within the traditions of Iga ryu Ninjutsu, and it’s revitalization in the Tenbun era is said to have been from Momochi Sandayu inheriting the tradition from Toda Sakyo Ishinsai (oral tradition from Toda Shinryuken)."[26][27] Recent history Since 1988, Hatsumi's teaching has focused on a particular theme, or focus, each year. This typically means that a specific ryū, or a certain set of techniques from specific ryū, will be taught. Hatsumi announces the year's theme each year at the Daikomyosai. Depending on what years a student has studied in Japan, they may find that their focus reflects the themes or schools taught during their time.[clarification needed] This is one reason why there are often noticeable differences in the techniques of different teachers in the Bujinkan. Although Ninpo Taijutsu is an overall theme of the Bujinkan, 2008 marked the first time that a Ninpo Taijutsu Ryū was the focus of the year. Prior to founding the Bujinkan organization and teaching the nine Ryū collectively (with particular yearly focus), Hatsumi awarded his students rank certificates in individual Ryū. The themes so far have been: * 2019 - Muto Dori Continued 2018 - Muto Dori Continued 2017 - Muto Dori 2015 - Nagamaki 2014 – 神韻武導 Shin In Bu Dou / 神 SHIN, JIN god, deity; mind, soul / 韻 IN rhyme; elegance; tone / 武 BU, MU martial, military arts, chivalry. Bu or Mu refers to the warrior, Bushi or Musha / 導 DŌ leading, guiding. 2013 – Ken Engetsu no Kagami ("mirror of the fullmoon sword")/ Tachi Hôken ("divine treasure sword")— Ken, Tachi, and Katana/ Naginata and Yari 2012 – Jin Ryo Yo Go - Kaname, Sword and Rokushakubo, separately and with one in each hand 2011 – Kihon Happo 2010 – Rokkon Shoujou 2009 – 才能 魂 器 ”saino konki”/ Talent, Heart, Capacity / Talent, Soul, Capacity 2008 – Togakure-ryū Ninpō Taijutsu 2007 – Kukishin Ryu 2006 – Shinden Fudo Ryu 2005 – Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu (Bo and Tachi) 2004 – Daishou Juutai jutsu (Roppo-Kuji-no Biken) 2003 – Juppo Sessho 2002 – Jutai jutsu (Takagi Yoshin Ryu) 2001 – Kosshi jutsu (Gyokko Ryu) 2000 – Koppo jutsu (Koto Ryu) 1999 – Kukishinden Ryu 1998 – Shinden Fudo Ryu 1997 – Jojutsu 1996 – Bokken 1995 – Naginata 1994 – Yari 1993 – Rokushakubojutsu 1992 – Taijutsu Power 1991 – Sword and Jutte 1990 – Hanbo 1989 – Taijutsu and Weapons 1988 – Taijutsu No focus was announced for 2009, though Hatsumi talked about three things that are important for a martial artist, which may be loosely considered to be the yearly theme. He said that these things would become a bit of a theme for next year.[28] Sainou (Ability/talent) Kokoro (Heart) Utsuwa (Capacity) Soon after this theme as was announced, Hatsumi proposed that the second aspect, Kokoro (Heart), be replaced by Tamashii (Soul), reasoning that the heart is constantly changing, whereas the soul is permanent and unchanging and therefore "essential to the person".[28] Ninpo Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō ("The Jeweled Heart School") is taught by the Bujinkan martial arts organization. According to the Bujinkan, Gyokushin Ryu has sutemi waza techniques and is focused more on the art and techniques of espionage than on fighting. Its most prominent weapon is the lasso (nagenawa).[29] The Bugei Ryuha Daijiten states that Takamatsu Toshitsugu transferred the Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō to Hatsumi in the middle of the 20th century, making Hatsumi its lineage holder. Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō is taught today in the Bujinkan organization.[30][31][32][33][34] According to the Bujinkan martial arts organization, Gyokushin-ryū was founded in the mid-16th century by Sasaki Goeman Teruyoshi, who was also sōke of Gyokko-ryū, which explains the similarities between the two styles. Gyokushin-ryū is considered a style of koshi jutsu. Hatsumi is the 21st sōke.[29] Togakure-ryū Main article: Togakure-ryū According to Bujinkan members, Ninja Jūhakkei (the eighteen disciplines) were first identified in the scrolls of Togakure-ryū (戸隠流), or "School of the Hidden Door", founded during the Oho period (1161–62) by one Daisuke Nishina (Togakure), who learned a life view and techniques (ninjutsu) from Kagakure Doshi.[35] Togakure ryu Ninjutsu Hidensho is a manuscript in Hatsumi's possession that is said to document Togakure-ryū. It is the purported origin of the "18 skills of Ninjutsu." Ninja jūhakkei was often studied along with Bugei jūhappan (the 18 samurai fighting art skills). Though some techniques were used in the same way by both samurai and ninja, others were used differently by the two groups. The 18 disciplines are:[36] Seishinteki kyōyō (spiritual refinement) Taijutsu (unarmed combat) Kenjutsu (sword techniques including Tojutsu) Bōjutsu (stick and staff techniques) Sōjutsu (spear techniques) Naginatajutsu (naginata techniques) Kusarigamajutsu (kusarigama techniques) Shurikenjutsu (throwing weapons techniques) Kayakujutsu (pyrotechnics) Hensōjutsu (disguise and impersonation) Shinobi-iri (stealth and entering methods) Bajutsu (horsemanship) Sui-ren (water training) Bōryaku (tactics) Chōhō (espionage) Intonjutsu (escaping and concealment) Tenmon (meteorology) Chi-mon (geography) The name of the discipline of taijutsu (体術), literally means "body skill". Historically in Japan, the word is often used interchangeably with jujutsu and many others to refer to a range of grappling skills. It is also used in the martial art of aikido to distinguish unarmed fighting techniques from others, such as those of stick fighting. In ninjutsu, especially since the emergence of the Ninja movie genre, it was used to avoid referring explicitly to "ninja" combat techniques.[citation needed] Uniforms and rankings Kyu levels The Bujinkan Dōjō has a series of kyū (grades) below the level of shodan. The new student starts at mukyu ("without grade") and progresses from kukyu (9-kyu), the lowest rank, to ikkyu (1-kyu), the highest. Unranked (mukyū) practitioners wear white belts, kyu grade practitioners wear green belts (men) or red belts (women), and those with ranks of shōdan and above wear black belts. In some dojos kyu-level practitioners – especially in children's classes – wear colored belts, though the actual color of the belt varies from place to place. In Japan it was once customary for kyu-level men to wear green belts over a black ninjutsugi and women to wear red belts over a purple ninjutsugi, but this practice has largely been abandoned. Currently, both male and female Bujinkan practitioners now wear green belts over a black ninjutsugi and on the feet they wear tabi (soft-sole tabi for indoor training and jika-tabi for outdoor training) at most dojos. Dan levels There are fifteen dan grades in the Bujinkan, although only ten are formally recognised (10th dan has five levels within it). With the exception of fifth dan (see below) there are no fixed criteria for attaining each grade. Different dojos have their own approaches based on the cultural environment and the instructor's preference. Typically the study of tenchijin ryaku no maki (scrolls of heaven, earth and man) guides progression from 9-kyu to shodan (1st dan) and comprises all the fundamental techniques required for advanced study thereafter. Until 4th dan the student is expected to focus on developing strong foundations and to perfect their form. At 5th dan the training focus changes to becoming more responsive and responding naturally in dynamic & increasingly challenging situations. In order to attain fifth dan (godan), fourth dan practitioners must submit to a sakki (or godan) test before the sōke to establish that they are able to sense the presence of danger and evade it, which is considered a fundamental survival skill.[7][37] After passing this test, a practitioner is considered to be under the protection of the Bujin, or Guiding Spirits, and is entitled to apply for a teaching license (shidōshi menkyo). A shidōshi (士道師) is entitled to open their own Bujinkan dōjō and grade students up to fourth dan. A practitioner between first dan and fourth dan may become a licensed assistant teacher (shidōshi-ho) if backed by and acting under the supervision of a shidōshi. In the Bujinkan, a person ranked tenth dan or higher is often referred to as a shihan. The practitioner's level is displayed by the color of the art's emblem, called wappen (ワッペン) inscribed with the kanji "bu"(武) and "jin" (神). There are four kinds of wappen (9 to 1 kyū, 1 to 4 dan, 5 to 9 dan, and 10 to 15 dan), sometimes augmented with up to four silver, gold or white stars (called hoshi) above or around the emblem, representing the individual ranks. In addition to the kyu/dan system, a few practitioners have earned menkyo kaiden "licenses of complete transmission" in individual schools. These establish that the master practitioner has learned all that there is to learn about the particular lineage. Whereas the kyu/dan ranks are often made public, those who have earned menkyo kaiden rarely divulge their status, sometimes even being reluctant to recognize their actual dan ranking to outsiders. Criticism of historical claims Modern Togakure-ryu and various historical claims are taught by Masaaki Hatsumi (Takamatsu's successor) and the Bujinkan organization. Criticism regarding the historical accuracy of the Bujinkan's claims of lineage have arisen from several issues of the Bugei Ryūha Daijiten: The 1978 version of the Bugei Ryūha Daijiten states that Takamatsu's Togakure-ryu "genealogy includes embellishments by referring to data and kuden about persons whose existence is based on written materials and traditions in order to appear older than it actually is."[38] The 1969 version of the Bugei Ryūha Daijiten states that Takamatsu's Togakure-ryu "is a genealogy newly put together by Takamatsu Toshitsugu, who made use of (took advantage of) the popularity of written materials on ninjutsu after the Taishō era" and that "there are many points where it has added embellishments, it has made people whose real existence is based on written records older than is actually the case, and so it is a product of very considerable labor".[39] The 1963 version of the Bugei Ryūha Daijiten states of Takamatsu's Togakure-ryu "this genealogy refers to various written records and oral transmissions and there are many points/places where embellishments have been added and people appearing in the genealogy are also made older than they actually are".[40] References "Bujinkan Dojo - Soke Masaaki Hatsumi". bujinkan.com. "What are the nine traditions?". Benevolent Heart Bujinkan Dojo. Retrieved 28 August 2011.; Phelan, Stephen (October 12, 2011). "Lethal weapon: Hanging with the world's last living ninja". travel.cnn.com. Retrieved 7 February 2013. "Black Belt Times". Black Belt Magazine. August 2000. p. 10. Retrieved 14 February 2013. Stephen Hayes(1983) "Warrior Path of Togakure" page 7; primary source – Former Bujinkan instructor http://bujinkanbudotaijutsu.co.uk; primary source – Bujinkan organization Kessler, Sandra E. (November 1994). "Ninja in the 20th century". Black Belt Magazine. pp. 38–43. Retrieved 14 February 2013. "Edmonton Bujinkan Tenchijin Dojo". Archived from the original on 2013-07-23. Retrieved 2013-08-22. "The Progression of Bujinkan Training". todaidojo.com. "Bujinkan Sanami Dojo". bujinkansanamidojo.com. Hatsumi Masaaki (2004). The Way of the Ninja. Kodansha. p. 36. ISBN 9784770028051. Hayes, Stephen K. (1990). The Ninja and Their Secret Fighting Art. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9780804816564. Kornicki, P. F.; McMullen, I. J. (1996-02-08). Religion in Japan. ISBN 9780521550284. Flexibilities. 2008-12-19. ISBN 9780546720662. [Davey, H.E. (2006). Japanese Yoga: The Way of Dynamic Meditation Berkeley, USA. ISBN 1-880656-60-4. pp. 216.] Black Belt Magazine, October 1985, pg 29, Darryl Caldwell, 'Diary of a Ninja Trainee';primary source – Written by Darryl Caldwell, Bujinkan instructor "Bugei Ryuha Daijiten (1978)". Archived from the original on 2013-09-04. Retrieved 2013-08-21. The History of Fighting Arts. 1843. pp. 508–517. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-07-13. Retrieved 2014-01-01. "Hontai Yoshin Ryu". hontaiyoshinryu.co.uk. Ninja: 1,000 Years of the Shadow Warriors by John Man Skoss, Diane (2007-02-19). "Ninjutsu: is it koryu bujutsu?". Koryu.com. Retrieved 2011-12-31. Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi (1978). Bugei Ryuha Daijiten. Various. pp. 626–627. "Ninjutsu and Koryu Bujutsu | Martial Arts Database". Mardb.com. 1999-05-19. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved 2011-12-31. “Bugei Ryuha Daijiten” page 229 "Budo Ryuha Daijiten Translations". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2013-08-21. “Bugei Ryuha Daijiten” page 296 Ohashi, George. "Attention". Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Bujinkan web page; primary source Budotaijutsu Archived October 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine; primary source – Bujinkan organization Tetsuzan: Chapter1 p18; ISBN 4-901619-06-3 Alex Esteve: Exploring the essence of the Martial Arts, ISBN 978-84-85278-30-5 Ninjustsu, History and Tradition; ISBN 0-86568-027-2:primary source – written by Alex Esteve, Bujinkan instructor Footprints of the Bujinkan dojo soke; primary source, Bujinkan organization bushinblog » Print » Authenticity and the Bujinkan Archived February 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine; primary source – written by Ben Cole, Bujinkan instructor Ninjitsu, World of Martial Arts, by Robert Hill. Primary source: Hatsumi, Massaki. (1988). Essence of Ninjutsu. McGraw-Hill. pg. 173 World of Martial Arts !. 2010-09-08. ISBN 9780557016631. Hassell, Randall G. (April 1983). The Karate Spirit. Black Belt. Active Interest Media, Inc. pp. 94, 96. ISSN 0277-3066. Retrieved 19 February 2013. Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi (1978). Bugei Ryuha Daijiten. Various. pp. 626–627. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2011. Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi (1969). Bugei Ryuha Daijiten. Various. p. 537. Archived from the original on March 11, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2011. Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi (1963). Bugei Ryuha Daijiten. Various. p. 293. Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2011. 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