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Duck family (Disney)

Lavender and Old Lace by Carl Barks; from left to right: (standing) Scrooge McDuck, Grandma Duck, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Gladstone Gander; (seated) Huey, Louie, and Dewey Duck; (foreground) Gyro Gearloose (unrelated) and Gus Goose
The Duck family is a fictional family of cartoon ducks related to Disney character Donald Duck. The family is also related to the Coot, Goose, and Gander families, as well as the Scottish Clan McDuck. Besides Donald, the best-known members of the Duck family are Huey, Dewey, and Louie, Donald's three nephews.

Members of the Duck family appear most extensively in Donald Duck comic stories (although some have made animated appearances). In 1993, American comics author Don Rosa published a Duck family tree which established each characters' relationships for purposes of his stories. Rosa even created a fictional timeline for when certain characters were born. (All birth/death dates given below are Rosa's.) Some other comics authors, both before and after Rosa's family tree, have shown variations in the family.

Development

Carl Barks (left) and Don Rosa (right)
In the early 1950s Carl Barks was in his second decade of creating comic book stories starring Donald Duck and his various relatives. He had personally created several of the latter, Scrooge McDuck and Gladstone Gander being the most notable among them, but the exact relation between them was still somewhat uncertain. Barks decided to create a personal version of their Family tree. To better define their relations, he added several previously unknown relatives. Barks never intended to publish this family tree, as he had created it for his personal use.

The first public attempt at a coherent biography of the ducks was published in 1974. An Informal Biography of Scrooge McDuck by science fiction author Jack Chalker used names and events in the Barks stories (and a very few non-Barks ones) to create a life story for McDuck. It provided the basis for a Scrooge biography included in The People's Almanac.[1]

By 1978 the Duck family was ingrained sufficiently in popular culture that a character in the movie Corvette Summer quips "Just call me Gladstone Duck" after being lucky.[2]

In 1981 Barks was well into his retirement but his stories remained popular and had gained him unexpected fame. He had given several interviews and answered questions about his personal views on the characters and their stories. Among other subjects, Backs described his early version of the family tree. Rough sketches of the tree were published in a number of fanzines. Fans of the characters were pleased for the background it added to them. At this point Mark Worden decided to create a drawing of this family tree including portraits of the characters mentioned. Otherwise Worden made few changes to the tree, most notably adding Daisy Duck as Donald's main love interest. His illustrated version of the tree was published at first in several fanzines and later in the Carl Barks Library. The later was a ten-volume collection of his works in hardcover black-and-white edition.

In 1987 Don Rosa, a long-time fan of Carl Barks and personal friend of Mark Worden, started creating his own stories featuring Scrooge McDuck and his various associates. His stories contained numerous references to older stories by Barks as well as several original ideas. After several years he gained a fanbase of his own. In the early 1990s Egmont, the publishing house employing Don Rosa, offered him an ambitious assignment. He was to create the definitive version of Scrooge's biography and a family tree accompanying it. This was supposed to end decades of contradictions between stories which caused confusion to readers. The project was to become The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The family tree accompanying it was first published in Norway on July 3, 1993.

In the process of working on Scrooge's biography, Rosa studied Barks' old stories mentioning his past. Then he added several ideas of his own. Among them were biographical information for Scrooge's supporting cast. In a way Scrooge's biography was also their own biography.

Family tree by Carl Barks
The family tree below shows the Goose (left) and Duck (right) portions of Donald's family tree according to Carl Barks. The chart is based on a 1950s sketch made by Barks for personal use, which was latter illustrated by artist Mark Worden in 1981.[3]

Family tree by Carl Barks
? Goose Grandma
Duck Clan
McDuck
? Goose Luke
Goose Daphne
Duck Quackmore
Duck Hortense
McDuck
Gus
Goose Gladstone
Gander
(né Goose) Daisy
Duck Donald
Duck Thelma
Duck
Huey, Dewey,
and Louie
Family tree by Don Rosa
In 1993, Don Rosa published his version of the Duck family tree as part of his 12-part comics series The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck. The most significant change was Rosa's expansion of the family tree to include the Coot relatives. Rosa also added Goostave Gander as the father of Gladstone, and made Luke Goose the father of Gus, rather than his uncle.

The chart below is Rosa's tree which shows relationships within the Coot family (left) and Duck family (right).

Family tree by Don Rosa
Cornelius
Coot Pintail
Duck
(ancestor)
Clinton
Coot Gertrude
Gadwall
Gretchen
Grebe Casey
Coot Elvira Coot
"Grandma Duck" Humperdink
Duck Clan
McDuck
Luke
Goose Fanny
Coot Cuthbert
Coot Lulubelle
Loon Eider
Duck Goostave
Gander Daphne
Duck Quackmore
Duck Hortense
McDuck
Gus
Goose Abner
"Whitewater"
Duck Fethry
Duck Gladstone
Gander Donald
Duck Thelma
"Della" Duck
Huey, Dewey,
and Louie
Ancestors
Pintail Duck was a 16th-century Duck relative and the first early ancestor to appear in person. Pintail served in the English Navy as the boatswain aboard the HMS Falcon Rover. The Falcon Rover raided Spanish targets in the Caribbean Sea between 1563 and 1564 when the ship was sunk. Pintail was friends with the ship's first mate, Malcolm McDuck, who was also an ancestor of Donald. Pintail appears in the story "Back to Long Ago" (1956) in which it is suggested that he was an earlier incarnation of Donald.

First generation
Humperdink Duck
Humperdink Duck is the earliest known modern Duck family member. He is the husband of Elvira Coot, known as "Grandma Duck", and Donald's grandfather. He worked as a farmer in Duckburg. He had three children: Quackmore, Daphne and Eider. Humperdink Duck had relevant comic appearances in two stories by Don Rosa. "The Invader Of Fort Duckburg",[4] a chapter of the saga The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, and "The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink".[5] He was known as "Pa Duck" (later known as "Grandpa Duck").

Humperdink's life before having a family was never shown in the comics. Don Rosa speculated that the Duck family originated from England, but it is unknown if Humperdink is an immigrant.[6]

In the story "The Good Old Daze" by Tony Strobl,[7] Grandpa Duck (an older Humperdink) appears in flashback taking care of little Donald along with Grandma. He's portrayed as a dedicated but rigorous grandfather. Grandpa's real name wasn't revealed in this story, but in an untitled one from 1951, where an old lover of Grandma called Humperdink has a cameo appearance. Don Rosa considered that this character became Donald's grandfather.[8] In this same story, Grandma remembers an occasion where she and Humperdink heard one of her favorite songs. She says to herself, "I remember the band played that for Humperdink and me at the Fish Peddler's Picnic in 1905!". Besides, Grandma finds the ruined coat Humperdink had used to let her not step on a mud puddle and some romantic letters addressed to her written by Humperdink. Then she remembers some sweet names Humperdink used to refer to her in those letters.

Humperdink appeared as "Grandpa Duck" in two comic stories previously mentioned. "The Good Old Daze" by Strobl and "The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink" by Rosa, but Strobl drew him with a quite long beard and some hair, while Rosa has drawn him with a short one and a full head of hair. In a comic story first published in 2013 Grandpa Duck (Strobl's version) appears in a flashback scene which is told by his wife Grandma Duck. This story is called "The Good Neighbors" by Lars Jensen and Flemming Andersen and makes part of the comic subseries Tamers of Nonhuman Threats.[9]

Humperdink appears unnamed in the 1955 film No Hunting in which he posthumously inspires Donald to take part in hunting season.

Grandma Duck

Grandma Duck and Gus Goose, drawn by Frank McSavage.
Elvira "Grandma" Duck (née Coot;[10] born October[11] c. 1855) is Donald's grandmother and the Duck family matriarch. In most stories, she is simply referred to as "Grandma Duck". She was introduced to the Disney comic universe by Al Taliaferro and Bob Karp in the Donald Duck newspaper comic strip, first in a picture on the wall in the August 11, 1940, Sunday page, and then as fully fledged character in the strip of Monday, September 27, 1943.[12] Taliaferro found inspiration for her in his own mother-in-law, Donnie M. Wheaton. Depending on the writer, Grandma Duck has had various given names over the years; in a story by Riley Thomson from 1950 she was named "Elviry"[13] and in a story from 1953 she was given the name "Abigail".[11] Don Rosa later gave her the name "Elvira" in his comic books series The Life and times of Scrooge McDuck.

According to Don Rosa, Grandma was born around 1855. In the comic strips by Taliaferro and Karp, it is mentioned that in her youth she was a pioneer in the American migration to the west, riding a covered wagon and participating in many Indian Wars.[14][15] Later, she married Humperdink Duck, and they had three children named Quackmore (Donald's father), Daphne (Gladstone's mother) and Eider (Fethry's father). Grandma Duck also helped to raise her great-grandchildren, Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck. In most comic book stories as well as other media that handles Donald Duck's childhood, it is Grandma Duck who takes on the role as his caretaker.

Grandma is very kindhearted and humble as well as having great respect for integrity and hard work. However, she is also very resolute and will not tolerate people who behave unfairly or otherwise badly. Therefore, she is one of the very few people who can rebuke against Scrooge McDuck when he is being to greedy, or thrifty, or behaves unfairly to family members like Donald Duck. Her family is very important to her and probably what she values most in life. Grandma is also a great cook, and has won many prizes for her pies and pastries. In many stories, especially in her early appearances, she is also very strict about cleanliness. In her first appearance for example, she is very upset with Donald for not having washed his neck properly.[16]

Grandma Duck lives on a farm with many acres of land, given to her by her father Clinton Coot,[17] outside the city of Duckburg. She is very strict and punctual on how to run the farm efficiently, like always getting up very early in the morning to have time to do all the chores, which is an attitude not shared by her great-nephew and farmhand Gus Goose. Gus is very lazy and doesn't do much work at all, spending most of his time eating or sleeping instead, but Grandma is very patient with him and lets him stay on the farm anyway. In some stories, especially older ones, Grandma Duck also gets help from Gus and Jaq, the two mice from Cinderella. She also has a number of farm animals; including Billy Goat, the cows Bossy and Queenie, a bull named Angus, the hens Eggatha, Steady Heddy and Henrietta, and a horse named Dobbin. At one time, in Carl Barks' story The Whole Herd of Help (1961), she is even given an elephant named Packy by Scrooge McDuck, mostly because he wanted to get it off his hands. Grandma also has a few distant farmer neighbors and the most notable is farmer Si Bumpkin, a tall anthropomorphic chicken, who is easily annoyed when he in some way is affected by disturbances on Grandma's farm, which often caused by her family or friends. Her farm is also the center of the Duck family's annual holiday gatherings, with said gatherings usually arranged by her, and these are always merry, warm and interesting occasions, greatly appreciated by her kinfolk.

Grandma's vehicle of transportation outside the farm is an early 20th century Detroit Electric automobile and for overall she lives a very old-fashioned way of life, mostly relying on older technologies, techniques and experiences she has learned over her many years, refusing to acquire any modern gadgetry or lifestyles. For example, as instead of watching her television set she got from Donald for Christmas, she watches pictures on her old stereoscope.[18] In a few stories however she does watch the weather program on an old television set, but in most stories she relies on her knee or hip, caused by weather pain, to predict rain for the crops. Typically, the only thing that runs on electricity in her house is a late 19th century telephone. Grandma Duck also owns furniture and home accessories that are very valuable as antiques but she always refuses to sell them because of the sentimental value they have to her. In some stories this causes some people to try to steal them but thereafter they are often apprehended because of Grandma's superior intellect or her reliance on her life's experiences.

Grandma made her animated debut in the 1960 Wonderful World of Color episode "This is Your Life, Donald Duck", where she was voiced by June Foray. The episode depicted her great difficulty in raising Donald, a strong-willed and ill-tempered duckling from the moment he was hatched. She also made a non-speaking cameo in Mickey's Christmas Carol, as well can be spotted in background in episode of DuckTales "Horse Scents".

In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck by Don Rosa, it is told that her father is Clinton Coot, her mother is Gertrude Gadwall, her grandfather is Cornelius Coot, and her brother is Casey Coot. In older Italian stories (including Marco Rota's From Egg to Duck), she is sometimes shown as Scrooge McDuck's sister, but this tradition is no longer alive. Occasionally they have also been portrayed as being cousins, another now rarely enforced tradition. The "truth" is that Scrooge is the brother of Grandma's daughter-in-law.

Second generation
Quackmore Duck
Quackmore Duck (born 1875) is the father of Donald Duck. His parents are Humperdink and Elvira "Grandma" Duck. He was born in Duckburg, and from and early age displayed a very nasty temper. He worked at his parents' farm till 1902 when he met Hortense McDuck and they became engaged. He started working for her brother Scrooge McDuck.

By 1908 he was helping Hortense and her sister Matilda McDuck run their brother's empire as Scrooge's chief accountant, mainly because Scrooge thought that as a possible heir he would probably work hard and stay honest. In 1920 he finally married Hortense and later in the same year became the father of twins: Donald and Della. So he and Hortense became parents when they already were more than 40 years old, according to Don Rosa.

He remained the chief accountant till 1930 when a fight between Scrooge and his family ended all relationships between them. Quackmore retired and it is believed he died sometimes around 1950, although his exact date of death and death place are still unknown.

"I shudder to imagine the kid that would come from that unholy union!", exclaimed Humperdink in "The Invader Of Fort Duckburg" by Don Rosa, predicting the type of child his grandson Donald would be because of the explosive temperaments of Quackmore and his wife Hortense. There is a panel in "The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink" by Rosa where Humperdink is behind Quackmore and Hortense during the birthday party of his daughter Daphne Duck, and his facial expression suggests he is disappointed with an argument between the couple. Since both characters have a quick temper, their marriage possibly was full of ups and downs.

Hortense McDuck
Main article: Clan McDuck § Hortense McDuck
Hortense Duck (née McDuck; born 1876) is the wife of Quackmore Duck and Donald's mother. She was born in Scotland and is the youngest sister of Scrooge McDuck.

Daphne Duck
Daphne Gander (née Duck) is Donald's aunt and the mother of Gladstone Gander. In the story "The Sign of The Triple Distelfink" (1998), Don Rosa explains that Gladestone's good luck was inherited from his mother, after a traveling worker painted a giant sign of the "Triple Distelfink" on her parents' stable on the day of her birth. The symbol was supposed to bring the baby luck, and it did: Daphne was always incredibly lucky. She worked in her parents' farm until at least 1902. Later, she stopped working and started living on the things she won in contests. She married Goosetave Gander, and in 1920 became the mother of Gladstone Gander. Gladstone was born on her birthday and under the protection of the same symbol as his mother.

Eider Duck
Eider Duck is Donald's uncle. He was first mentioned in August 1944 in the story "The Fighting Falcon" by Carl Barks. In this story, Donald receives a falcon called Farragut as a present by his Uncle Eider who does not live in Duckburg. Farragut arrives inside a big box brought to Donald's house by an expressman. Barks never mentioned Eider again but Don Rosa decided to include him in his Duck Family Tree.

According to Rosa, Eider is the son of Humperdink and Elvira Duck and the father of Abner and Fethry Duck. As of 1902, he worked on his parents' farm. He later married Lulubelle Loon and became the father of at least two sons, Abner "Whitewater" Duck and Fethry Duck.

Lulubelle Loon
Lulubelle Duck (née Loon) is the wife of Eider Duck and the mother of Abner and Fethry Duck, according to Don Rosa's version of the Duck family tree. She doesn't have any comic appearance so far, not even a cameo one.

Sheriff Dan Duck
Sheriff Dan Duck (aka Cousin Dan) is an old cousin of Donald who happens to be sheriff of a Western town called Bent Spur Gulch. Dan originally has thick, dark-grey eyebrows, a long, dark-grey mustache and long, dark-grey hair on the left and right sides of his head. He is generally shown holding a crutch. He appeared in two comic stories, "Daredevil Deputy" by Jack Bradbury,[19] where he asks Donald to replace him while he recovers from "a touch of rheumatism", and "Trigger Gulch Gang" by Tony Strobl,[20] where he has only a brief appearance on the first page.

Dan Duck is presumably first cousin once removed of Donald because of his advanced age.

A remake of "Daredevil Deputy" was drawn by Chilean cartoonist Vicar for the Danish publisher Egmont. It's called "Sheriff for a Day", first published in 1978.[21]

Third generation
Donald Duck
Main article: Donald Duck
Donald Duck (born 1920) is the son of Quackmore and Hortense Duck, and the most well-known member of the family. His girlfriend is Daisy Duck. He does not have any children of his own, but he is very close with his nephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. In some stories Donald is the triplet's legal guardian, such as in the 1942 film The New Spirit in which Donald lists the boys as dependants on his income tax form.

Della Duck
Della Duck (called Dumbella in Donald's Nephews; born 1920) is the mother of Huey, Dewey, and Louie. She is first described as Donald's cousin, but was later Donald's twin sister. She was first mentioned in a 1937 Donald Duck Sunday strip on October 17, 1937 in which she writes a letter explaining to Donald that she is sending her sons to stay with him. She appears as a child in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck in which she and Donald are wearing identical sailor suits. Both she and Donald are linked to Scrooge McDuck in equal measure, and yet Donald is always referred to as Scrooge's closest living relative, suggesting she has disappeared or died.

A story about Donald Duck's 80th birthday says Della was an astronaut and gave the nephews to Donald before a dangerous space expedition.[22]

Fethry Duck

Fethry Duck
Donald's cousin Fethry Duck was created for the Disney Studio Program by Dick Kinney and Al Hubbard and was first used in the story "The Health Nut", published on August 2, 1964. Kinney and Hubbard created Fethry to be a beatnik member of the Duck family; the definition of that term—"a person who rejects or avoids conventional behavior"—is Fethry to a tee. In personality, Fethry is an obsessive New Age thinker, eagerly trying to pursue various new hobbies and lifestyles based on books he has read or TV programs he has seen. Fethry is also quite a blunderer, however, so his new hobbies tend to cause chaos for his friends and family.

In "The Health Nut," Fethry is first seen running from the airport to Donald's house, implying he isn't a Duckburg citizen at that point in time. It is also implied that Donald and Fethry know each other from earlier: Fethry calls Donald by a nickname, "Don." Elsewhere in the story, Donald thinks to himself, "Wonder what [Fethry's] kick is this time?", making it clear that he knows about Fethry's tendency to come up with temporary obsessions every now and then.

Fethry wears a stocking cap, for reasons revealed in "The Health Nut": he was convinced by a self-help book author that one's head is healthier when it's kept hot. Fethry's trademark sweater, usually bearing a black stripe, is typically a different color depending on which country the story is published in: in Brazil, his sweater is generally yellow; in the Italian comics, he usually wears a red one; and, in the comic books of Egmont Publishing, the traditional color of his sweater is pink.

The early Fethry comics were created for the Disney Studio Program for publication outside of the United States. An exception to this are three stories with Fethry drawn by Tony Strobl that appeared in Gold Key Comics published in 1966 (Donald Duck #105 and #106 plus Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #304). Strobl actually drew more than two hundred comic stories with Fethry for the market outside USA. The first comic story with Fethry published in the USA was "Donald's Buzzin Cousin",[23] which—like "The Health Nut"—shows Fethry as a nonresident of Duckburg coming to meet Donald after a long time away, though the plot is otherwise very different.

Later, some of the Fethry Studio Program stories were reprinted in the Wonderful World of Disney giveaway magazine published in 1969–1970 for Gulf Oil. From the 1970s to the 1990s, Fethry mostly appeared in European- and Brazilian-produced stories; in Brazil, he even had his own comic book title during the 1980s, which lasted 56 issues. More recently (2003–present), Fethry's modern Egmont and 1960s Kinney/Hubbard stories have been published in domestic American comics: Uncle Scrooge and Walt Disney's Comics and Stories.

Hubbard and Kinney developed more than fifty comic stories with Fethry, originally for the market outside USA.[24] Nevertheless, they did see publication in English at the time: the vast majority were published in Australia between 1964 and 1969, often in one-shot comics billed Donald and Fethry Duck—suggesting a comedic duo—or simply Fethry Duck.[25][26]

In Brazilian and Italian stories, Fethry is depicted in various occupations, including as a reporter (alongside his cousin Donald Duck and, sometimes, Daisy Duck) and comic strip artist for Scrooge McDuck's newspaper, the Duckburg Chronicle. Fethry has also gained a superheroic alter ego, The Red Bat (parody of Batman, like Donald's Paperinik), and a number of supporting characters, among them his girlfriend the urban hippie Gloria and his nephew the bratty Dugan Duck. After discovering Fethry is The Red Bat, Gloria also decided to become a superhero herself, so The Purple Butterfly (presumably a parody of Batgirl) was born, and she eventually ends up saving The Red Bat when he's in a jam. Gloria wears a hippie-like style of clothing and she usually is a carefree girl. She appeared as one of Daisy Duck's closest friends in some stories. But according to a couple of old Brazilian stories, Gloria wasn't the first and only love of Fethry. He had a girlfriend called Rita Gansa (original Brazilian name) whom he really liked before knowing Gloria.[27] Like Gladstone Gander, Rita looks like a mix between an anthropomorphic duck and an anthropomorphic goose. She was actually Fethry's childhoold classmate. There is even one story where Gloria and Rita contest against each other to know who is Red Bat's biggest fan.

According to a version of Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree, Fethry is the son of Eider Duck and Lulubelle Loon, is the cousin of Donald Duck, and has a brother named Abner Duck. However, since Fethry was not created by Carl Barks and was never used in any Barks stories, Rosa does not consider Fethry part of the Duck family. Be that as it may, due to editorial pressure stemming from the character's popularity in Europe, Rosa reluctantly included him in the tree anyway.[28]

With Donald, Fethry is a member of the Tamers of Nonhuman Threats, a special super-secret organization fighting hostile paranormal creatures of all sorts to protect the earth. These stories are all produced by Danish creative house Egmont Creative A/S and drawn by Flemming Andersen. They are published in pocketbooks.

Fethry also works, again together with Donald, for Scrooge McDuck's secret organization, originally (in Italian) called the P.I.A.. Besides, he started starring stories as an assistant of the detective Umperio Bogarto (an Italian character whose name is a play on "Humphrey Bogart") on 1996 and as Moby Duck's First Mate in the early 2000s.[29]

In earlier times, Egmont used Fethry very seldom; from the late 1990s, however, Egmont decided to bring back the character and create a whole range of new stories around him, this time based on the original 1960s concept of the character.

Donald has often teamed up with Fethry to do all sort of jobs for Scrooge (usually with disastrous results), with Donald being the "straight man" and Fethry the "funny man". These terms are rather loosely applied, however, insofar as Donald's reactions to Fethry, and attempts to neutralize him, are often every bit as funny as Fethry's doings.

In 1970s stories drawn by Tony Strobl, Fethry is the owner of an over-friendly dog named Poochie. Some Brazilian cartoonists also used Fethry's little-known pet.[30]

Whitewater Duck
Whitewater Duck was created by Carl Barks and used by him only in the story "Log Jockey", published in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #267 on December, 1962. According to that story, he is a distant cousin of Donald,[31] and works as a lumberjack in the woods.

Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree states that Whitewater's real name is Abner, and "Whitewater" is a nickname. He is also shown to be a son of Eider Duck and Lulubelle Loon and Fethry Duck's brother, making him Donald's first cousin. Nevertheless, the changes of Whitewater's original name and his kinship to Donald are not largely accepted.[32]

His second appearance in "Smarter Than The Toughies" (published in the USA in Uncle Scrooge No. 349) by Lars Jensen and Daniel Branca, Whitewater is the nephew of Scrooge McDuck's cousin Douglas, making him Donald's second cousin.

In his third appearance in "Too Many Donalds" (as of July 2013 unpublished in the USA) by Lars Jensen and Carlos Mota, Whitewater was in a relationship with Donna Duck. In this story, Donald introduces Whitewater to Daisy as his distant cousin.

Dudly D. Duck
Dudly D. Duck is a cousin of Donald who appears in the comic story "Why All the Crabby Ducks?" by Vic Lockman and Mike Arens.[33] He is a flopped architect and inventor who was responsible for the construction of the "Jog Tunnel", which annoys the citizens of Duckburg because it really has a jog in it, and for the bad planning of Duckburg's streets. Therefore, Dudly became very unpopular and was forced to live isolated in a lonely street, including his name was forgotten until the day that Donald discovers who planned the "Jog Tunnel", and then his girlfriend Daisy Duck reveals who is Dudly Duck through the newspaper where she works as reporter. A reporter rival of Daisy ends up discovering that Dudly is related to Donald, who in turn becomes unpopular too.

Dudly appears in a Brazilian comic story where Fethry Duck works as reporter of Scrooge's newspaper, the Duckburg Chronicle, and he intends to interview Dudly, who is returning to Duckburg. He also had a cameo appearance in another Brazilian comic story where Gyro Gearloose is called by the Mayor of Duckburg (a dogface version) to fix a sinking building planned by Dudly. Actually, this building originally appeared in "Why All the Crabby Ducks?".

Fourth generation
Huey, Dewey and Louie Duck
Main article: Huey, Dewey, and Louie
Huey, Dewey, and Louis Duck are Donald's three nephews and identical triplet sons of Della Duck and an unnamed father.

Phooey Duck is a tongue-in-cheek name for a non-existent fourth nephew of Donald Duck who was sometimes drawn by accident.[34] The name was coined by Disney comic editor Bob Foster. "Aw, phooey" is also one of Donald's catch phrases.

Dugan Duck
Dugan Duck is Fethry Duck's nephew who is a little bit younger than Huey, Dewey and Louie. According to the Brazilian comic story "O Nascimento Do Biquinho",[35] he is the first nephew of Fethry, being son of his sister, who lives in the periphery of Duckburg. Since Eider and Lulubelle, Fethry's official parents, apparently don't have a daughter, Dugan's mother could be a child from a previous union of Lulubelle.

Dugan originally owned yellow feathers, an uncommon characteristic for Disney Ducks given by his Brazilian creators, which was authorized by Disney Publishing Worldwide. He's a stubborn child whose most common activity is to cause troubles for his Uncle Fethry, who adopted Dugan after he and his girlfriend Gloria rescued him from a forest. Dugan's most frequent partner is usually a little pignose girl called Cintia, whose mother happens to be Fethry's neighbor and she really dislikes Dugan. He made a huge success in Brazil during the 1980s, when his charismatic figure was quite explored by Brazilian cartoonists, but he practically disappeared from the Brazilian comics in the next decade. Some Italian cartoonists have been used Dugan once in a while, but he just appears with white feathers in Italian comics.

Coot kin
The Coot family, typically called the Coot kin in stories, are the relatives of Grandma Duck and, along with the Clan McDuck, comprise the third major branch of Donald's family tree. The name "Coot" was used by several comic authors including Carl Barks, but Don Rosa was the first to show their relationship to Donald. The members of the family are depicted as white Pekin ducks like Donald, although real-life coots are typically black.

Cornelius Coot
Cornelius Coot (1790–1880) founded Duckburg (and the real-world, but since closed Mickey's Toontown Fair at the Magic Kingdom). He first appeared as a statue in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #138 in the 1952 story "Statuesque Spendthrifts" by Carl Barks. His statue and legacy has later appeared in many other stories. Although Cornelius was a well-known figure to readers of Disney comics, his character history was not told until Don Rosa began using the character in the late 1980s. The following history is mainly based on Rosa's stories, especially "His Majesty, McDuck", first published in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #14.

Cornelius Coot was born in 1790 as an American citizen. His ancestors had been in America for quite some time and his roots are believed to reach to the colonization of Jamestown, Virginia (1607) and the voyage of the Mayflower (1620). But he is the first member of the Coot Kin to gain prominence. His birthplace is unknown and before reaching Duckburg he was a wandering hunter. He apparently had travelled all the way from the East to the West coast making his living by trading furs from the animals he killed.

He arrived at Fort Drake Borough, a British military base in Calisota, in 1818. He was apparently only looking for some trading with the soldiers, but his life took some unexpected turns. During his stay the Fort was attacked by Spanish troops from neighbouring California (the fictional Calisota includes parts historically belonging to Northern California. The Duck's version of California only includes the historical Southern California). The small British garrison could not defend the Fort and decided to retreat. To save face the commander made a deal with young Cornelius. The Fort would pass into his possession and if the Spanish managed to conquer it, he and his troops had nothing to do with the failure other than trusting an insane American to guard. Cornelius agreed. After the escape of the British he managed to frighten the Spanish away by making them believe that British reinforcements were approaching by popping some sweetcorn. (His statue depicts this.) The abandoned Fort was now Cornelius's and he had big plans for it.

He renamed it Fort Duckburg and turned it into a trading camp for hunters. Soon enough, some of them began to settle down and start their own families. Cornelius started his own farm and started acting as the leader of the new settlement. Pretty soon, a village was flourishing in Duckburg. Calisota was annexed into the new independent state of Mexico in 1821 but Duckburg acted much as a city state. It had its own laws, its own leaders and thanks to Cornelius its own defense force. Cornelius organized the citizens that could carry weapons into the Woodchuck Militia, a force that would guard the territory from any threat, including any conflicts with the Native Americans of the area. Cornelius turned the old Fort into the militia's base. He personally supervised the repairs to the Fort and had the idea to build tunnels under the Fort so that even during a siege they could still move in and out of the Fort. Besides the tunnel they made, they found an already existing tunnel built by Fenton Penworthy and his men in 1579 after the Fort was built. Cornelius explored the tunnel. He found the body of the long-dead Fenton and gave him a proper burial. He also found the information on the Guardians of the Lost Library. He found and kept the book written by Fenton and containing the secret knowledge of the Guardians. Apparently he appointed himself the next Guardian, the first after Fenton.

Cornelius had managed to pipe mountain water into the village. He was a capable leader and managed to improve his settlers' relationships with the Native Americans over time, and according to Gilles Maurice's non-canonical Duck Family Tree Cornelius married a Native American woman named Pluckahontas. They had their only known son Clinton Coot in 1830. Through the rest of his life Cornelius continued to act as Duckburg's unofficial leader. Even when Calisota and neighbouring California were annexed to the USA in 1848 nothing truly changed in Duckburg. When Cornelius died in 1880, aged 90, he was a very respected family man but over time he has been honored by the citizens of Duckburg as the "father" of the city. The old hunter has gained legendary status in Calisota.

A statue of Cornelius holding an ear of corn is present in Mickey's Toontown Fair in Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom. Before 1996, the land was known as Mickey's Birthdayland/Starland, and was set in the city of Duckburg.

Clinton Coot
Clinton Coot (1830-1910)[36] was first mentioned in Uncle Scrooge Adventures #27 in the story "Guardians of the Lost Library", first published in July, 1994. There he was introduced as the son of Cornelius Coot and the founder of The Junior Woodchucks, inspired by the book given to him by his father.

In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck it is revealed that he is the father of Grandma Duck. In Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree, Clinton is married to Gertrude Gadwall and their two children are Grandma Duck (Elvira Coot) and Casey Coot.

He is named after Bill Clinton, who was running for President of the United States when Don Rosa created the character.[37]

Gertrude Gadwall
Gertrude Coot (née Gadwall) is the wife of Clinton Coot and the mother of Casey and Elvira Coot ("Grandma Duck"). Like Lulubelle Loon, Gertrude has appeared only in Don Rosa's version of the Duck family tree.

Casey Coot
Casey Coot (1860-c. 1960)[36] first appeared in "Last Sled to Dawson", first published in June, 1988. He is introduced as an unsuccessful gold prospector and friend of Scrooge McDuck during his years in Klondike. In need of money he sold to the significantly more successful Scrooge McDuck his share in Duckburg, Calisota, USA. His share included "Killmule Hill" which renamed to "Killmotor Hill" comprises the land where Scrooge's money bin stands on. He later appeared in The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Part 8 and Hearts of the Yukon. In The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck Part 10 it is revealed that he and Grandma Duck are brother and sister.

In Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree he is featured as a grandson of Cornelius Coot, a son of Clinton Coot and Gertrude Gadwall. He married to Gretchen Grebe and they had at least two kids named Fanny and Cuthbert Coot, being the maternal grandfather of Fanny's son Gus Goose.

Gretchen Grebe
Gretchen Coot (née Grebe) is the wife of Casey Coot, the mother of Cuthbert and Fanny Coot, and the maternal grandmother of Gus Goose.

Fanny Coot
Fanny Coot is the mother of Donald's cousin Gus Goose and she was first mentioned in the Donald Duck comic strip of May 9, 1938 by Bob Karp & Al Taliaferro where Gus first appeared. But Gus's mother's surname wasn't revealed in this comic strip, where she identifies herself in a letter to Donald as "Aunt Fanny".[38] So she was originally sister of one of Donald's parents. In Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree she is featured as a daughter of Casey Coot and his wife Gretchen Grebe, and so a niece of Elvira Coot, Donald's paternal grandmother, and first cousin of Donald's father, Quackmore Duck. It's possible to consider that Quackmore had a high regard for his cousin Fanny, and for this reason Donald was taught to treat her as aunt. Fanny also had a brother named Cuthbert Coot and she married Luke the Goose, and then became the mother of Gus Goose.

Cuthbert Coot
Cuthbert Coot was introduced in the story "Webfooted Wrangler," first published in April 1945, as a distant cousin of Donald Duck and a rancher. In Don Rosa's Duck family tree he is included as a member of the Coot Kin as son of Casey Coot and Gretchen Grebe.

Kildare Coot
Kildare Coot was introduced by artist Romano Scarpa as a highly eccentric fourth cousin of Donald Duck in the story "Sgrizzo, il papero più balzano del mondo" (roughly translated as "Kildare Coot, the weirdest duck in the world"), first published on October 25, 1964. Though his exact relationship to Donald remains uncertain his last name suggests he belongs to the Coot Kin and that he is related to Donald through Elvira Coot, Donald's paternal grandmother. Curiously, Kildare usually treats Gideon McDuck, Scrooge's half-brother, as his uncle. He calls Gideon 'Zio', which means uncle in Italian.[39] Kildare and his fellow Andy Ascott (original Italian name) appear as reporters of Gideon's newspaper, The Cricket, in some Italian stories.

Goose family
Luke Goose
Luke Goose (sometimes called Luke the Goose) is the father of Donald's cousin Gus Goose. He was originally supposed to be Gladstone Gander's father,[40][41] Daphne Duck's husband and Gus's uncle, but Carl Barks later changed his mind, making Goosetave Gander (who was originally Gladstone's adoptive father after Luke and Daphne "overate at a free-lunch picnic") Gladstone's biological father and Daphne's husband. Luke the Goose disappeared from the tree.

When Don Rosa created his Duck Family Tree, he used Luke Goose (removing the "the" in his name) and made him the husband of Fanny Coot and Gus Goose's father.

Gus Goose
Gus Goose is Donald Duck's second cousin, and the great-nephew of Grandma Duck. Gus's main personality traits is being quite gluttonous, as Donald discovered when Gus came for a visit in Gus' first appearance, the 1939 animated short Donald's Cousin Gus.

Within Disney comics, Gus is usually shown living as a farmhand on Grandma Duck's farm outside of Duckburg. Along with his gluttony, Gus is quite lazy, often doing little if any work on Grandma's farm. He also has a tendency of falling asleep at random occasions, sometimes even standing up. On occasion Gus has even shown signs of ingenuity as to finding methods or solutions to make his chores much easier for him and at times even automating them so he does not have to work at all.

Gus made no appearances in DuckTales, but there is a background character in the series, Vacation Van Honk, who looks very much like him.

Recently, Gus Goose appeared in the 2000s animated series Disney's House of Mouse, as the club's gluttonous chef, speaking only in honks rather than words. He also made non-speaking cameo appearances in both Mickey's Christmas Carol and Who Framed Roger Rabbit.

The friend and neighbor Gustav Goose from Quack Pack is probably not the same as Cousin Gus since there are very few similarities (aside from the name and general size of the character). Some confusion is also caused by the German comicbook version of Gladstone Gander being referred to as "Gustav Gans" ("Gustav Goose").

Gus Goose has appeared as boyfriend of a classy and rich anthropomorphic swan called Cissy Swann in Danish stories.[42] In Italy, a nephew of him called Pepper already appeared in two comic stories.[43]

Gander family
Goostave Gander
Goostave Gander is Gladstone Gander's father. In some early stories he is married to Matilda McDuck, Scrooge's sister and adopted Gladstone and his brother and had a son, Osar, but Carl Barks later had him married to Daphne Duck instead. They are considered the parents of Gladstone Gander; although his wife and son's luck does not include him. "Us Ganders have never sunk low enough to associate with you Ducks!", exclaimed Gladstone to Donald in "Race to the South Seas" by Carl Barks,[44] suggesting that there is a mutual antipathy between his father's family and his mother's. In this same story, Gladstone exclaims, "Us Ganders have never worked!",[45] what suggests that originally Gladstone's luck came from his father's side.

Gladstone Gander

Donald's lucky cousin Gladstone Gander
Gladstone Gander is Donald's cousin, the son of Goosetave and Daphne Gander. Gladstone was created by Carl Barks and first appeared in the story "Wintertime Wager" in Walt Disney's Comics and Stories #88 (January, 1948). Gladstone is a lazy and infuriatingly lucky goose who never fails to upset his first cousin Donald Duck. Gladstone's luck defies probability and provides him with anything he desires, with hardly the need of effort. As Don Rosa has commented on the character: "Gladstone is unwilling to make the slightest effort to gain something that his luck cannot give him, and, when things go wrong, he resigns immediately, certain that around the next corner a wallet, dropped by a passer-by, will be waiting for him". For all his luck Gladstone has no achievements to be proud of and no true ambitions, as he is incapable of long-term planning. All of this is in stark contrast to his relative Scrooge McDuck, who is also capable of taking advantage of opportunities but works hard to create situations favorable for him, is strongly motivated by his ambitions and takes pride in forming his fortune by his own efforts.

He is a rival of Donald for the love of Donald's girlfriend Daisy Duck. Gladstone is also considered among the prime candidates for Scrooge McDuck's succession. For all of these reasons, he and Donald have formed an intense rivalry with each other. Gladstone's arrogance and outrageous luck, combined with Donald's own ego and belief he can still best him despite all odds---or as Don Rosa's version of Scrooge comments, "Donald's eternal tendency towards self-destruction"---have set the stage for many stories featuring the two cousins' confrontations. Occasionally, he is a rival to Scrooge McDuck himself who resents his complete reliance on his uncanny good fortune such as in the story "The Gold Nugget Boat."[46] In such stories, often the only way Gladstone can be believably defeated is to have him win by the letter of the law while the heroes take the bigger prize. In the above story for example, Gladstone and Scrooge are competing in a gold prospecting contest in which Gladstone finds a gold nugget the nephews fashioned from a gold item Scrooge already owns to stop him from killing himself from overexertion in the contest. Gladstone finds the nugget and returns to win, but Scrooge and his nephews then find a much bigger nugget they are able to fashion into a boat to return to civilization afterward with a monetary worth that is easily more than Gladstone's find. Another instance was in the "Salmon Derby", where Gladstone catches the biggest fish and wins a new car but Donald manages to save a wealthy tycoon's daughter and is able to purchase a much bigger car. Another instance was where both Donald and Gladstone were competing for a job as a cameraman for a nature film director because Daisy was the director's assistant, Gladstone got the job but wished he hadn't because he wound up trudging through a swamp to film giant spiders while Daisy stayed behind in America, with Donald.

Barks gradually developed Gladstone's personality and at first used him frequently—in 24 stories between 1948 and 1953, the first five years of his existence. Gladstone's luck evolved slowly. In his first three appearances in 1948 ("Wintertime Wager", "Gladstone Returns", "Links Hijinks"), he was portrayed as the mirror image of Donald: an obstinate braggart, perhaps just a little bit more arrogant. In his next two appearances, "Rival Beachcombers" and "The Goldilocks Gambit", Gladstone is portrayed as merely lazy and irritable, and also gullible. The breakthrough of his lucky streak occurs in 1949, within the adventure story "Race to the South Seas". His and Donald's rivalry over Daisy is established in "Donald's Love Letters" (1949), "Wild About Flowers" (1950), and "Knightly Rivals" (1951), and as potential heirs to Scrooge's fortune in "Some Heir Over the Rainbow" (1953). After that, Barks felt unable to develop the character further, finding him basically unsympathetic, and began using him less frequently. But by then, Gladstone had found a steady place in the Duck universe. He was first used by an artist other than Barks in 1951: "Presents For All" by Del Connell and Bob Moore.

His exact relation to the Duck Family Tree is somewhat uncertain. In Carl Barks' original version of the family tree from the 1950s, Gladstone was the son of Luke the Goose and Daphne Duck who died by overeating at a free-lunch picnic. He was later adopted by Matilda McDuck and Goosetave Gander. Later, Barks is reported to have done away with the adoption, which was never featured in any story. (Of course, no stories denying the event were published.) In a more recent version of the family tree created by Don Rosa, Daphne Duck (Donald's paternal aunt) married Goosetave Gander and the two were Gladstone's parents. This is consistent with what Gladstone says in "Race to the South Seas": "Scrooge McDuck is my mother's brother's brother-in-law". Don Rosa's stories follow this viewpoint; in "The Sign of the Triple Distelfink" (first published on February 4, 1997), he added the fact that Gladstone was born on the day of Daphne's birthday on 1920, under the protection sign of the Triple Distelfink, thus inheriting his mother's luck.

Gladstone appeared in several episodes of the animated series DuckTales, where he was voiced by Rob Paulsen, later noted for playing Pinky on the cartoon Pinky and the Brain. In the episode "Dime Enough for Luck", Gladstone is an unwitting stooge for Magica De Spell in one of her attempts to steal Scrooge's Number One Dime. He returns in the episode "Dr. Jekyll & Mr. McDuck", where he accidentally bids on an item that turns out to be valuable. This inspires Scrooge to bid on the next item—a trunk containing Dr. Jekyll's formula—which sets the plot in motion. He appears as a main character in the Big Little Book series book "Luck of the Ducks" (1969). He also makes non-speaking cameo appearances in the episodes "Sweet Duck of Youth" and "Till Nephews Do Us Part", as well in episode of House of Mouse "Goofy For A Day". Gladstone appears in 2000 computer game Donald Duck: Goin' Quackers in his traditional role of Donald's rival for Daisy's affection, and every time a Boss Battle is about to start, Gladstone greets Donald, but always gets hurt, like, becoming squished by a giant bird, getting knocked off a building by a wrecking ball, being sent crashing to the bottom of a haunted mansion, and even gets sent back to Duckburg inside a pipe, and every time he gets hurt, he keeps saying that he's found a nickel.

Despite having an eternal crush on Daisy Duck, Gladstone has appeared in love with other duck girls in Italian and Danish comic stories. The most important one possibly is Linda, who really conquered Gladstone, making him want to give up all his luck, since she's unlucky and absolutely hates lucky people. She appeared in two subsequent comic stories.[47][48]

Shamrock Gander
Shamrock Gander is Gladstone's nephew. Shamrock first appeared in a story printed in Daisy Duck's Diary Four Color #648 where he was shown to be as lucky as his uncle Gladstone, making it clear that originally Gladstone's luck came from his father's side indeed. He probably is son of a brother of Gladstone, since his surname is also Gander. He was used once in a Brazilian comic story, where he contests with Donald's nephews to get Daisy's nieces attention.[49]

Characters surnamed "Duck" of uncertain relationship
This section contains a list of characters with the surname "Duck" who may or may not be related to Donald. As Don Rosa explained, "Duck" is an understandably common name in Duckburg (just as "Smith" or "Jones" are common in the real-life United States) and does not necessarily identify a blood relation of Donald.

Note that other characters who are ducks but do not have this surname are included at List of Donald Duck universe characters § Duck characters.

0.0. Duck and Mata Harrier
0.0. Duck and Mata Harrier are a secret-agent duo. They were created by Dick Kinney and Al Hubbard[50] during the same period in which this creative duo of comic artists developed other important characters for Disney comics, such as Fethry Duck, Tabby and Hard Haid Moe.[51][52] 0.0. Duck's name is a play on "007" (a.k.a. "James Bond") while Mata Harrier's one is an obvious play on "Mata Hari". They appeared for the first time in the story "The Case of the Purloined Pearls",[53] where they fought against agents of the evil organization "BLONK". Then the agents of this organization became the traditional rivals of 0.0. Duck and Mata Harrier in their subsequent stories, most of them created by Brazilian cartoonists. 0.0. Duck owns a small dog ironically called Wolf. The latest comic appearance of 0.0. Duck, Mata Harrier, Wolf and agents of BLONK was in the 20th adventure of the comic subseries Tamers of Nonhuman Threats, called "Things that Go Blonk".[54] Even 0.0. & Mata's subchief, created by Brazilian comic artists in 1975, appears in this one.

April, May, and June Duck
April, May, and June Duck are the triplet nieces of Daisy Duck. When they appear at family gatherings their parents are never present and they usually accompany Daisy. They presumably live in Duckburg. They were created by Carl Barks and were first used in a story published in February 1953, "Flip Decision".[55] "I don't know how you knew I was here visiting my sister, but it's about time you showed up!", exclaimed Daisy to Donald in the first panel of its last page, making it clear that her nieces are daughters of one of her sisters.[56]

In some stories, mostly Dutch, they live along with their aunt, but in other comics, such as the comics by Barks, they are only visiting Daisy. The triplets act as Donald's nephews' (Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck) female counterparts, occasional rivals, occasional friends, and occasional dates. They are members of the organization The Junior Chickadees, who serve as The Junior Woodchucks' female counterparts. Unusually for children of their age, the girls routinely wear high-heeled shoes.

Like the nephews, April, May & June usually wear the colors "Red", "Blue" and "Green", but unlike them, a color assignment has never been established. The girls also frequently wear "Yellow", "Purple" and "Orange". However, one might consider "blue" to be April's color since that was the color she wore when she appeared solo in "Dell Giant" #35. It is also unknown which nephew is paired with which niece when they double date with their Uncle Donald and Aunt Daisy.[57]

In 1998, the editors of the Dutch 'Donald Duck' weekly magazine decided the three girls should be modernized, and they got permission from the Disney Company to do so. Dutch Duck-comic artist Mau Heymans designed a new hairdo and new wardrobe for April, May and June. They now don't look the same at all in Dutch stories, and don't have the 'girly' occupations anymore they had when Barks created them. In some Danish stories, the new hairdo has been copied.

April, May, and June were not seen in animation until they were given a special cameo appearance in the House of Mouse episode "Ladies' Night".[58]

Curiously, April, May, and June never appeared on DuckTales, but Webby Vanderquack from said series, strongly resembles them. That even led Dutch translators to give Webby the name 'Lizzy', which is used for April in Dutch. May and June are called Juultje and Babetje in The Netherlands.[59]

April, May, and June returned to American comics in Walt Disney's Comics And Stories #698. The story had them retelling "Little Red Riding Hood" with the girls as red and the Beagle Boys as the wolf.

Belle Duck
Belle Duck is a plus-sized, tall and elegant duck lady. She appeared for the first time in "Belle Corners The Coin Collection" with drawings by the cartoonist Al Hubbard.[60] In this story, Scrooge meets Belle again 40 years after their last meeting. He tells to his grandnephews Huey, Dewey and Louie before her arrival at his house that she was the most charming girl of her town, being daughter of a tycoon who lived in a mansion. But later Belle reveals that now a riverboat called "The Gilded Lily" is everything that she can own, since she spent all her inheritance money. Scrooge cannot hide his surprise at seeing his old crush's look after all those years when they finally meet each other in the story. Tony Strobl was the American cartoonist who most frequently drew this character, despite Hubbard was the cartoonist who first drew her. Belle is an independent, self-assured, generous and warm-hearted woman, and Huey, Dewey and Louie Duck adore her. She also has a joyful personality and she loves to give parties on her riverboat by using Scrooge's money. Borrowing money from Scrooge is generally the first thing that Belle thinks of when she intends to reform "The Gilded Lily" or to buy a new piece of machinery for it. She often shows a daring behavior towards Scrooge, like in "The Return of Belle Duck" by Strobl,[61] where Scrooge asks her about what they will talk about and she answers, "About your money... and how I'm going to spend it!".[62]

In "Go West, Young Duck" by Dick Kinney and Tony Strobl,[63] Belle tells the story of a European ancestor of her called Christina Duck who tried to find America in 1492.

After many years without a comic appearance, the last one had been in a Brazilian story from 1982,[64] Belle appeared again in "Riverboat Rovers" by Lars Jensen and José Ramon Bernardo, first published in 2007.[65] Thus far, Belle Duck's latest appearance was in a Danish story written by Lars Jensen and drawn by William Van Horn's son, Noel Van Horn, first published in 2014.[66]

Daisy Duck
Main article: Daisy Duck
Daisy Duck is Donald's girlfriend. Huey, Dewey, and Louie sometimes call her "Aunt Daisy", but it is unclear if this signifies an affinal or fictive relationship.

Dickie Duck
Dickie Duck (Italian: Paperetta Yè-Yè) was created by Romano Scarpa. She was introduced as Goldie O'Gilt's granddaughter. But in the story "Paperetta e la leggenda del luna park" by Romano Scarpa[67] she calls Huey, Dewey and Louie cuginetti (small/young cousins) (it's in the third panel of its first page) and then cugini (cousins) (it's in the fourth panel of its second page), suggesting that she and Donald's nephews share the same surname in English language because of a kinship. Dickie doesn't own an official family name in Italy, being "Yè-Yè" a reference to Yé-yé, a style of pop music of the early 1960s, which she uses with her original name, "Paperetta", as if to show her love for pop music. She has become popular in Italy, Denmark, Brazil and some other countries, while she is almost unknown in the USA and others. Dickie clearly seems to be older than Huey, Dewey and Louie. According to Scarpa, she completed her secondary education at a boarding school (Goldie says to Scrooge in the original Italian speech, "Ehm, come sai, ho una nipotina che è cresciuta in collegio! Ora ne esce...",[68] which can be loosely translated as "Er, you know, I have a granddaughter who has grown in a boarding school! Now she's leaving..."), so she possibly is around 18 years old.

The connection between Goldie and Dickie isn't largely accepted, despite they made two appearances together as grandmother and granddaughter. The first one was in the Italian story "Arriva Paperetta Yè-Yè" (free translation: "The Arrival of Dickie Duck"),[69] which introduced Dickie in this particular universe. In this story, Goldie drops Dickie off because she cannot take care of her anymore, so she asks Scrooge McDuck to do it for her. And the second one was in another Italian story called "Zio Paperone Pigmalione" ("Uncle Scrooge Benefactor"),[70] where Dickie appears living in Duckburg as Scrooge's house guest. But in later stories with her, she lives in her own house.

Sometimes Dickie has worked as a reporter for Brigitta McBridge or for Scrooge's little known brother Gideon McDuck.

In Brazil, their name is Pata Lee, (on a reference to the singer Rita Lee) she appeared in her own series with her teen friends the short owl Nettunia, the tall crane Olympia, the handsome pelican Walter, and Beckett, who's actually the name given to the old cartoon character Aracuan Bird, in a series of stories titled Os Adolescentes (translated loosely from Portuguese to The Teenagers) as a bonus story in Ze Carioca (a comic book starring José Carioca). Nettunia, Olympia and Walter were specially created to be part of Dickie's gang by Brazilian Disney Studios, which belongs to Grupo Abril. That was the first (and probably only) time that a teen gang was introduced in the "Duckverse" (a usual nickname used to refer to the Disney Ducks Universe). Dickie and her four close friends possibly are studying Journalism at some university of Duckburg, because of her clear connection to the reporter career, which was shown in various comic stories. Donald and his nephews never appeared in those stories with Dickie's teen gang.

Dickie Duck's first American appearance was in the Boom! Studios run of Uncle Scrooge, in the translation of the storyline "Around the World in 80 Bucks".[71]

Just like Moby, Dickie is also one of the few secondary characters who owns a small figurine in two different Italian collections by De Agostini.

Dimwitty Duck
Dimwitty Duck (originally just called Dim-Witty) is a duck who was introduced in the comic story "The Vanishing Banister",[72] where he appears as an assistant of Donald Duck, who in turn appears working as a private detective. Daisy Duck has a brief appearance in the beginning of this one. But there are some old American stories with Dimwitty and Daisy where Donald doesn't appear. In the story "On Disappearing Island",[73] Dimwitty appeared for the first time as Moby's ship hand and from then on he became the most common supporting character in Moby's stories. Dimwitty is incredibly clumsy but he's loyal and subservient, and maybe that's the reason why Moby keeps him as his ship hand. But a close kinship between them could also explain this fact. Dimwitty is taller than Donald and Moby. In some 1970s stories, Dimwitty was shown as a friend of Gus Goose.

There are some old stories where it's revealed that Dimwitty's surname is also "Duck". The first one was "The Fix-it-fiasco",[74] which also features Daisy.

Just like Moby, Dimwitty had also a cameo appearance in the Darkwing Duck / Ducktales crossover called "Dangerous Currency" from 2011.

A character called Dim-Witty Jr., who appears in the Junior Woodchuck's comic story "The Green Gauntlet",[75] apparently would be son of Dimwitty, since their respective names, looks and behaviors are very similar, including they both wear clothes with a "D" on it. Dimwitty has the initial letter of his name on his long hat, while Dim-Witty Jr. has this same symbol on his orange blouse. Dim-Witty Jr. is called Dimmy by Huey, Dewey and Louie. Moby also calls Dimwitty Dimmy in some of his stories with his first mate.

Hustler Duck
Hustler Duck is an obscure character created by Dick Kinney & Al Hubbard that works as a marketing man. The American cartoonists who most frequently used this character were Jim Fletcher and Vivie Risto, despite Hubbard was the cartoonist who was credited for co-creating him. Hustler is funnily annoying and he wears big round glasses, just like John Rockerduck. He is always ready to sell his services in different professional areas to Uncle Scrooge McDuck in most of his oldest stories. After almost ten years withoug being used in comic stories, Hustler appeared in two Brazilian ones firstly published in 1975. His last appearance was in a Brazilian story from 1991.[76]

It was never suggested in comic stories that Hustler Duck is somehow related to Donald Duck. In the comic story "A Star is Born",[77] Hustler calls an aunt of him, asking her to reunite many relatives of them both in the film studio that Scrooge recently acquired.[78] The name of this aunt isn't revealed.

Moby Duck

Moby Duck (left) and Dimwitty Duck (right) on the cover of Moby Duck No. 25, published in 1977 by Gold Key Comics
Moby Duck', name is a spoof of Moby-Dick, was created by writer Vic Lockman and illustrator Tony Strobl in the comic-book story "A Whale of an Adventure" in Donald Duck #112 (March 1967).[79] He made his only major animated appearance in the Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color episode "Pacifically Peeking" (October 6, 1968),[79] and had a cameo appearance seated at one of the tables in the House of Mouse TV series. He first appeared in Donald Duck #112 where he is seen saving Donald from drowning at sea, after Donald was forced to accept Moby's purpose to work as his helper, since Moby's porpoise Porpy pretended to be a threatening shark. Later that year Moby got his own comic book title which ran 11 issues until 1970, and then from 1973 to 1978 (issues #12-30). Illustrators of American Moby Duck stories include Strobl, Kay Wright, and Pete Alvarado. Not seen in the USA for two decades, he was used in a comic subseries produced in Italy during the 2000s. Curiously, Moby had two cameo appearances in the 2010s already. The first one was in an Italian story from 2010,[80] and the second one was in the Darkwing Duck / Ducktales crossover called "Dangerous Currency" from 2011.[81]

Moby has a quick temper and he can be really rude sometimes, not showing any remorse when he acts this way. He also shows a male chauvinist behavior in some stories. Moby is a disaster as a whaler, but a good sailor in general. He makes a living out of carrying cargo, especially for Scrooge McDuck. He also fights pirates and other villains, including the Beagle Boys, Mad Madam Mim, Emil Eagle, The Big Bad Wolf, and Captain Hook. There isn't any comic story where Moby was shown harpooning a whale indeed, however in the American comic story "Whale Bait",[82] first published in 1969, when Gyro Gearloose asks him why he's so gloomy, he exclaims, "Whales are scarcer than hen's teeth lately!", suggesting that he had successfully hunted whales on some occasions. But this same story also shows Moby developing affection for whales when he comes face to face with one of them for the first time and hesitates to use the harpoon of his whaler on that one, exclaiming "I-I can't! I never got so cozy with whales before as to look into their big tender pink eyes!". In the Danish comic story "Miraculous Bait",[83] first published in 1972, Moby reveals to Gyro Gearloose that he never could hunt any whale, and for this reason he is using his whaler to deliver letters. In the half-page Danish story "Hitting The Tooth Mark",[84] first published in 1973, Moby asks himself, "Why do I have a harpoon cannon?" (informal translation from the following excerpt in German language, "Wozu hab' ich überhaupt eine Harpunierkanone?"), since he realizes that he never used this one for hunting a whale. Moby even joined forces with a female animal rights activist to save a whale belonging to a Scrooge McDuck's enterprise called Sea Kingdom, as seen in the comic story "A Whale's Ransom".[85]

Moby is a relative of Donald Duck as seen in "Sea Dog's Holiday" by Vic Lockman and Kay Wright.[86] There are American old stories where Moby seems to be familiar to other members of Donald's paternal family as well, like Grandma Duck and Gladstone Gander. In the comic story "The Dread Sea Adventure" by Lockman and Wright,[87] Grandma exclaims when she sees Moby, "Moby Duck, you salty old sea biscuit!", making it clear that she knows him very well.

Donald was Moby's first mate for a while but he was replaced by Dimwitty Duck (and, on rare occasions in the comic books, by Goofy). There are a couple of stories featuring Moby where Donald and Dimwitty appeared together working for Moby as his crew. The Spanish cartoonist Antoni Gil-Bao used the duo Moby and Dimwitty in various Danish comic stories.[88] Porpy also appears in many Moby's stories.

Moby was one of the few secondary characters selected to own a small figurine in two collections made by De Agostini, Disney Parade and Disney Collection.[89][90]

Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father

Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father in Don Rosa's Duck family tree
The identity of Huey, Dewey, and Louie's father is something of a mystery. The character does not appear in any stories, but he did partially appear in the 1993 Duck family tree drawn by Don Rosa. In this illustration, Rosa partially concealed the character's face with a bird. While his first name was also hidden, his last name is revealed to be Duck. His face was fully shown in the unofficial Duck family tree by Mark Worden and first published in several fanzines, which labeled him ? Duck and showed him with a flattop haircut and human-like ears.

In Huey, Dewey, and Louie's first appearance in a 1937 Donald Duck Sunday strip, Della writes to Donald that the boys had placed a firecracker under their father's chair as a prank and that their father had been sent to the hospital. This was the reason why the boys first showed up at Donald's house. Thereafter the father is generally assumed to have disappeared. In "The Richest Duck in the World", the final installment of The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, when Scrooge mentions that the few family members he had had disappeared, the boys respond "We know how that feels!"

See also
List of Donald Duck universe characters
Clan McDuck
Ludwig Von Drake
List of fictional ducks
References
↑ "The People Who Never Were -- Yet Live Today." The People's Almanac, edited by David Wallenchinsky and Irving Wallace. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & C., 1975. p. 1235-1237.
↑ Reviews & Ratings for Corvette Summer
↑ Mark Worden's Duck Family Tree
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Invader Of Fort Duckburg
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Sign Of The Triple Distelfink
↑ Who's who in Duckburg - Humperdink "Grandpa" Duck
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Good Old Daze
↑ Humperdink Dabney "Grandpa" Duck
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Good Neighbors
↑ "Donald Duck Family Tree". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
1 2 "I.N.D.U.C.K.S.". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
↑ Grandma Duck at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016.
↑ "I.N.D.U.C.K.S.". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
↑ "I.N.D.U.C.K.S.". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
↑ "I.N.D.U.C.K.S.". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
↑ "Grandma Duck gag". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
↑ "The Invader Of Fort Duckburg". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-03-09.
↑ "Donald's Grandma Duck". coa.inducks.org. Retrieved 2016-09-20.
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Daredevil Deputy
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Trigger Gulch Gang
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Danish comic story Sheriff for a Day
↑ Announcement of the Dutch Donald Duck magazine on Facebook for the 80th anniversary collectors edition with a snapshot of the story introducing Donald to his nephews and Dumbella being in space
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Donald's Buzzin Cousin
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to Al Hubbard's stories with Fethry Duck
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Australian comic cook Giant (G Series) No. 338
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Australian Comic Book Giant (G Series) No. 475
↑ Coa-Inducks - Page for the character "Rita Gansa"
↑ "The D.U.C.K.man - Don Rosa's Duck Family Tree - Don Rosa's own comments". Duckman.pettho.com. Retrieved 2010-07-06.
↑ Coa-Inducks - Page to the comic subseries Le storie della Baia
↑ Coa-Inducks - Index to stories with Poochie
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the first panel of the comic story Log Jockey
↑ Coa Inducks - Page for the character Whitewater Duck
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Why All the Crabby Ducks?
↑ www.sullivanet.com/duckburg/phooey.htm
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story O Nascimento Do Biquinho
1 2 Rosa, Don. "Birth And Death Dates Of The Ducks, Coots And McDucks". Don Rosa on himself. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
↑ Rosa, Don. "The Life and Times of $crooge McDuck - Episode 10". The Life and Times of $crooge McDuck. Retrieved 2007-11-25. I wrote this story during the last presidential election. That explains why Grandma Duck's father is named Clinton Coot.
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the Sunday comic strip YD 38-05-09 as published in 'Donald Duck 287' (Gladstone)
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the comic story La grande corsa Paperopoli-Ocopoli
↑ Carl Barks's Duck Family Tree
↑ 'The Duck Family Tree' - Genealogy by Carl Barks
↑ Coa Inducks - Index to stories with Cissy Swann
↑ Coa Inducks - Index to stories with Pepper
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Race to the South Seas
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the comic story Race to the South Seas
↑ Barks, Carl (September 1961). "The Gold Nugget Boat". Uncle Scrooge (35).
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Gastone e la fortuna inopportuna
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Gastone e il talismano annullafortuna
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Brazilian comic story O Trevinho da Sorte
↑ Coa Inducks - Al Hubbard's Page
↑ Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999 - Informations About Dick Kinney
↑ Who's Who of American Comic Books 1928-1999 - Informations About Al Hubbard
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Case of the Purloined Pearls
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Things that Go Blonk
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Flip Decision
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Lady Lawmen
↑ "April, May & June: Daisy's Nieces". Disney's HooZoo. Retrieved 2008-05-11. External link in |publisher= (help)
↑ Ladies' Night. The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts. Retrieved on March 22, 2008.
↑ Webby Vanderquack. Dutch Wikipedia. Retrieved on March 22, 2008.
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Belle Corners The Coin Collection
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Return of Belle Duck
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the story The Return Of Belle Duck, as published in the French comic book Picsou Magazine 95
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Go West, Young Duck
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Brazilian comic story Carnaval Em Patópolis
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Riverboat Rovers
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Danish comic story 'Det rene hokus pokus'
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Paperetta e la leggenda del luna park
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the Italian story Arriva Paperetta Yè-Yè
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Arriva Paperetta Yè-Yè
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Zio Paperone Pigmalione
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Zio Paperone in vacanza con 80 dollari
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Vanishing Banister
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story On Disappearing Island
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Fix-it-fiasco
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Green Gauntlet
↑ Coa-Inducks - Index to Hustler Duck stories
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story A Star Is Born
↑ Coa Inducks - Excerpt of the comic story A Star is Born as published in the Australian comic book Giant (G Series) 368 (1966)
1 2 Moby Duck at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016.
↑ Coa-Inducks - Page to the comic story Zio Paperone imperatore domestico
↑ Eric’s BOOM! Studios Comic Review: DARKWING DUCK/DUCKTALES: DANGEROUS CURRENCY TPB
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Whale Bait
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Miraculous Bait
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Hitting The Tooth Mark
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story A Whale's Ransom
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story Sea Dog's Holiday
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the comic story The Dread Sea Adventure
↑ Coa Inducks - Page for Antoni Gil-Bao's stats
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Italian publication 'Disney Parade'
↑ Coa Inducks - Page to the Italian publication 'Disney Collection'
External links
Gladstoe Gander at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. Archived from the original on August 28, 2016.
Don Rosa's Duck family tree
Fethry Duck
Sketches For Fethry Duck's First Appearance
Al Hubbard
Disney core universe characters
Primary
Mickey MouseDonald DuckMinnie MouseDaisy DuckPlutoGoofyPeteOswald the Lucky Rabbit
Secondary
José CariocaChip 'n' DaleClarabelle CowMagica De SpellDarkwing DuckGyro GearlooseFlintheart GlomgoldMax GoofHorace HorsecollarHuey, Dewey, and Louie DuckHumphrey the BearJiminy CricketPete JuniorScrooge McDuckThe Phantom BlotPanchito PistolesJohn D. RockerduckLudwig Von Drake
Groups
The Beagle BoysMickey Mouse universe characters Mickey Mouse familyDonald Duck universe characters Duck familyClan McDuckEvronianiDuckTales characters
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DuckTales
This article is about the television series. For the video games based on the TV series, see DuckTales (video game) and DuckTales: The Quest for Gold. For the upcoming 2017 reboot series on Disney XD, see DuckTales (2017 TV series).
DuckTales

Genre
Action/Adventure
Comedy
Fantasy
Mystery
Created by Carl Barks (comic books)
Developed by Jymn Magon
Voices of
Hamilton Camp
Townsend Coleman
Peter Cullen
Brian Cummings
Miriam Flynn
June Foray
Joan Gerber
Chuck McCann
Terrence McGovern
Tress MacNeille
Hal Smith
Russi Taylor
Frank Welker
Alan Young
Theme music composer Mark Mueller
Opening theme "DuckTales"
Ending theme "DuckTales" (Instrumental)
Composer(s)
Ron Jones
Tom Chase and Steve Rucker
(additional music, Season 1 only)
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 4
No. of episodes 100 (list of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)
Jymn Magon (Season 2)
Bob Hathcock (Season 2–4)
Alan Zaslove (Season 4)
Fred Wolf (supervising producer, Season 1 only)
Co-producers: Ken Koonce and David Weimers (Season 2–4)
Alan Burnett (Season 3)
Running time 22 minutes
Production company(s) Walt Disney Television Animation
Distributor Buena Vista Television
Release
Original network Broadcast syndication
Picture format 4:3 (SDTV)
Audio format Stereo
Mono (Five-part pilot only)
Original release September 18, 1987 – November 28, 1990
Chronology
Related shows Darkwing Duck
Quack Pack
DuckTales is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It premiered on September 18, 1987 and ended on November 28, 1990 with a total of four seasons and 100 episodes.[1][2] An animated theatrical spin-off film based on the series, DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, was released widely in the United States on August 3, 1990. The voice cast from the series reprised their roles for the film.

DuckTales is based on Uncle Scrooge and other Duck universe comic books, created by Carl Barks. The show follows the adventures of Scrooge McDuck and his three grandnephews, Huey, Dewey, and Louie. Important secondary characters, that often take part in the adventures, include Donald Duck, Scrooge's pilot Launchpad McQuack and butler Duckworth, the inventor Gyro Gearloose, and the nanny Mrs. Beakley and her granddaughter Webby. The most notable antagonists in the series are the Beagle Boys, the witch Magica De Spell, and the industrialist Flintheart Glomgold. In a typical story, the villains are after McDuck's fortune or his Number One Dime; another common theme is a race after some sort of treasure. Although some stories are original or based on Barks' comic book series, others are pastiches on classical stories or legends, including characters based on either fictional or historical persons. The series is known for its many references to popular culture, including Shakespeare, Jack the Ripper, Greek mythology, James Bond, Indiana Jones, and Sherlock Holmes.

One of the characters created for DuckTales, Launchpad McQuack, later became a major character in the series Darkwing Duck.

The popular theme song for DuckTales was written ("composed by" in the credits) by Mark Mueller, who also wrote the theme song for Disney's Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers. [3]

On February 25, 2015, Disney XD announced it would be reviving the series for a 2017 premiere.[4]

Premise
The show features the adventures of Scrooge McDuck and his great-nephews. The nephews, who were originally living with their uncle Donald, are left in Scrooge's care when Donald joins the U.S. Navy.

Though Scrooge is the richest duck in the world, he constantly tries to find ways to increase his wealth. Many episodes involve protecting his wealth from villains who want to rob Scrooge of all his money. The prominent recurring antagonists in the show include the Beagle Boys and Magica De Spell who are always finding ways to rob and swindle Scrooge and his nephews. Scrooge's nemesis in the show is Flintheart Glomgold, the second-richest duck in the world, who always tries to devise plans to unseat Scrooge McDuck from his "Richest Duck in the World" title. A few of the stories also surround Scrooge's "Number One Dime", the first money Scrooge ever earned, which Scrooge considers to be the source of his good luck and wealth. Scrooge keeps the dime in a glass jar in his money vault, and constantly protects it from the villains on the show.

The show's second season saw the addition of characters Fenton Crackshell and Bubba Duck. Along with them came stories that generally shifted away from the globetrotting plots of the first season, and revolved primarily in the contemporary setting of Duckburg. Episodes would feature either Bubba or Fenton but rarely both.

Although Scrooge and his nephews were the show's main characters, some episodes focused on other characters like Launchpad or Gyro. Some members of Scrooge's extended family (The Duck Universe), like Gladstone Gander who had extremely good luck, were also seen in the series.

Production
The series is notable for being the first Disney cartoon to be produced for syndication,[5] and paving the way for future Disney cartoons, such as Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, TaleSpin, and Darkwing Duck.

A world broadcast premiere television movie (entitled "The Treasure of the Golden Suns") first aired during the weekend of September 18–20, 1987 (date and time varied by market). Since then, it has been shown in the series' regular rotation as a five-part serial. A feature-length movie was released in theatres on August 3, 1990. The hundredth episode (which was also the series finale) aired on November 28, 1990.

The show's first season (1987–88) consisted of 65 episodes (the standard length for a Disney TV show, as well as the standard length of many first seasons of 1990s TV shows). The second season consisted only of two more five-part serials – "Time Is Money" and "Super DuckTales" – which premiered as television movie specials on November 24, 1988 and March 26, 1989 respectively, before being serialized into 10 episodes for reruns. This season is notable for containing the first appearances of Bubba the Caveduck and his pet triceratops Tootsie, as well as Fenton Crackshell and his alter ego Gizmoduck. The third season (fall 1989 – February 1990) included an additional 18 episodes. DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp was released in theaters on August 3, 1990. The fourth and final season consisted of seven episodes which premiered in the fall of 1990 (including three produced for season three but held back for airing, and four produced explicitly for season four), bringing the total to 100 episodes—making DuckTales one of the longest-running Disney shows in terms of number of episodes.

Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers was paired with DuckTales in an hour-long syndicated block during the 1989–90 television season. In the 1990–91 season, Disney expanded the idea even further, creating The Disney Afternoon, a two-hour long syndicated block of half-hour cartoons. DuckTales was one of the early flagship cartoons in the series. The show ran in the Disney Afternoon until 1992.

On October 2, 1995, DuckTales began reruns on The Disney Channel as part of a two-hour programming block called "Block Party" which aired on weekdays in the late-afternoon/early-evening and which also included Darkwing Duck, TaleSpin, and Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers.[6]

Huey, Dewey, and Louie all appeared in the drug prevention video Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue. Scrooge and Launchpad appeared in Disney's short-lived animated series Raw Toonage (originally aired on CBS in 1992 and 1993).

The show was the most successful of Disney's early attempts to create high-quality animation for a TV animated series (earlier shows included The Wuzzles and Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears in 1985).[7] Disney invested a far greater amount of money into the TV series than had previously been spent on animated shows of the time. This was considered a risky move, because animated TV series were generally considered low-budget investments for most of the history of TV cartoons up through the 1980s. Most of the DuckTales episodes were animated in Asia by companies such as Wang Film Productions of Taiwan and Tokyo Movie Shinsha of Japan.[8]

Many critics say that Disney's own animation studio had lost most of its luster during the period from Walt Disney's passing through the 1980s. However, the studio took a number of risks that paid off handsomely, and DuckTales was one of those risks that won big. The studio gambled on the idea that a larger investment into quality animation could be made back through syndication – a concept that worked well with live-action TV reruns, but which had only been used with inexpensive cartoon series that either recycled theatrical shorts from decades past or only featured limited, low-budget animation.

The show was successful enough to spawn a feature film, DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp, and a spinoff series: Darkwing Duck (Starring Launchpad McQuack as a main character).

Characters
Main article: List of DuckTales characters
The main characters of the series, who appear in almost every episode, are Scrooge McDuck and his grandnephews Huey, Dewey, and Louie. Scrooge McDuck is a serious businessduck, the richest duck in the world, a tightwad who accumulated a fortune by being tougher than the smarties, and smarter than the toughies". Despite his harsh business ethics, Scrooge is caring to his family. Huey, Dewey, and Louie are Scrooge's great-nephews, who are left in his care during the entire length of the series. Although fairly hyperactive, the nephews are also clever and intelligent.

The series also features a mix of established characters carried over from the comics, as well as new ones created for the show. Scrooge's household also consists of his butler, Duckworth; Mrs. Beakley, a nanny hired to look after Huey, Dewey, and Louie; and Webby Vanderquack, the granddaughter of Mrs. Beakley.

Initially, recurring characters included the absent-minded inventor Gyro Gearloose, the heroic pilot Launchpad McQuack and the loyal Doofus Drake. During the second season, Bubba, a caveduck from the past, and an accountant, Fenton Crackshell, who had the dual identity of Gizmoduck, were added to the cast.


Magica De Spell and three of the Beagle Boys.
The show's primary villains consist of characters Magica De Spell, Flintheart Glomgold and the Beagle Boys. Although they are all financial threats to Scrooge in one way or another, they each have different motives: Magica wants Scrooge's Number One Dime to complete her magic spell, which will enable her to take over the world; Glomgold wants to replace Scrooge as the "Richest duck in the world"; and the Beagle Boys want to rob Scrooge of his fortune. While the comics originally depicted Glomgold as a native of South Africa, his origin was changed to Scottish descent just like Scrooge. New villains created for the show include Ma Beagle, mother of the Beagle Boys, and Poe De Spell, Magica's brother who has been transformed into a raven.

Other minor, but notable characters include Donald Duck, who left Huey, Dewey, and Louie in Scrooge's care at the start of the series; Gladstone Gander, Scrooge's inexplicably lucky nephew; Scrooge's old flame, Glittering Goldie; Merlock, a powerful magician who served as the movie's main villain; and Dijon, a thief who worked either on his own or for Merlock.

Cast
Alan Young - Scrooge McDuck
Russi Taylor - Huey / Dewey / Louie / Webby Vanderquack
Joan Gerber - Mrs. Beakley
Chuck McCann - Duckworth
Terry McGovern - Launchpad McQuack
Hal Smith - Gyro Gearloose / Flintheart Glomgold
Townsend Coleman - Doofus Drake
June Foray - Magica de Spell / Ma Beagle
Tony Anselmo - Donald Duck
Hamilton Camp - Fenton Crackshell / GizmoDuck
Additional cast
Michael Bell
Corey Burton
Cam Clarke
Peter Cullen
Brian Cummings
Jim Cummings
Dan Gilvezan
Barry Gordon
Marty Ingels
Casey Kasem
Aron Kincaid
Harvey Korman
Tress MacNeille
Scott Menville
Don Messick
Gary Owens
Rob Paulsen
Will Ryan
John Stocker
Cree Summer
Janet Waldo
B.J. Ward
Frank Welker
JoAnne Worley
VHS releases
10 VHS cassettes, containing two episodes each, were released in the United States.

VHS title Episode(s) Release date
"Fearless Fortune Hunter" ‘Earth Quack’
‘Master of the Djinni’ May 31, 1988
"Daredevil Ducks" ‘The Money Vanishes’
‘Home Sweet Homer’ May 31, 1988
"High-Flying Hero" ‘Hero for Hire’
‘Launchpad's Civil War’ May 31, 1988
"Masked Marauders" ‘Send in the Clones’
‘Time Teasers’ October 4, 1988
"Lost World Wanderers" ‘Dinosaur Ducks’
‘The Curse of Castle McDuck’ May 9, 1989
"Duck to the Future" ‘Duck to the Future’
‘Sir Gyro de Gearloose’ May 9, 1989
"Accidental Adventurers" ‘Jungle Duck’
‘Maid of the Myth’ September 28, 1989
"Seafaring Sailors" ‘Sphinx for the Memories’
‘All Ducks on Deck’ September 28, 1989
"Raiders of the Lost Harp" ‘Raiders of the Lost Harp’
‘The Pearl of Wisdom’ August 14, 1990
"Space Invaders" ‘Where No Duck Has Gone Before’
‘Micro Ducks from Outer Space’ August 14, 1990
In addition, the episode "Ducky Horror Picture Show" was released with the Goof Troop episode "FrankenGoof" on a VHS cassette entitled Monster Bash in 1994.

UK, Australia and New Zealand releases
10 VHS cassettes, each containing two or three episodes, were released in the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

VHS title Episode(s) Release date
"Earthquack" ‘Earth Quack’
‘Back to the Klondike’ September 11, 1992
"Micro Ducks from Outer Space" ‘Micro Ducks from Outer Space’
‘Scrooge's Pet’ September 11, 1992
"The Lost Crown of Genghis Khan" ‘The Lost Crown of Genghis Khan’
‘The Money Vanishes’ September 11, 1992
"1001 Arabian Ducks" ‘Master of the Djinni’
‘Merit-Time Adventure’ September 11, 1992
"High Sea Adventures" ‘Maid of the Myth’
‘Send in the Clones’ September 11, 1992
"Hotel Strangeduck" ‘Hotel Strangeduck’
‘Superdoo!’ September 11, 1992
"Fool of the Nile" ‘Sphinx for the Memories’
‘Top Duck’ September 10, 1993
"Little Duckaroos" ‘Ducks of the West’
‘Magicia's Shadow War’ September 10, 1993
"Jailhouse Duck" ‘Where No Duck Has Gone Before’
‘Duckman of Aquatraz’
‘Home Sweet Homer’ September 10, 1993
"Runaway Robots" ‘Robot Robbers’
‘Sweet Duck of Youth’ September 10, 1993
DVD releases
US (Region 1)
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment has released some of the series on DVD; three volumes have been released in Region 1 thus far featuring the first 75 episodes of the series. The first was released on November 8, 2005 (containing episodes 1–27), the second on November 14, 2006 (containing episodes 28–51) and the third volume on November 13, 2007 (containing episodes 52–75).[9][10][11] The sets were packaged in a box containing 3 slipcases, one for each disc. There is currently no word on a fourth and final DVD release containing the final 25 episodes.

The episodes are in the order that they originally aired (except for the five-part serial "Treasure of the Golden Suns," placed at the beginning of Volume 2). None of the DVD sets contain any special features.

DVD title Ep # Release date
Volume 1 27 November 8, 2005
Volume 2 24 November 14, 2006
Volume 3 24 November 13, 2007
International (Region 2)
In the United Kingdom, Disney released one Region 2 volume in 2007, titled DuckTales First Collection.[12] Despite the set being similar to the US version, the DVD contained only 20 episodes, while having 5 language tracks: English, French, German, Spanish and Italian. Other regional versions were distributed to other countries, but only going up to episode #20. On November 12, 2012, the UK received two further releases of Collection 2 and Collection 3, being a Region version of the 2nd and 3rd volumes from the US. Unlike the first release, these 3-disc sets include a Fastplay mode, and only four language tracks: English, Dutch, German and French, but subtitles have not been added.[13]

There are currently no plans to release the rest of the series, or the seven episodes missing between the first two sets.

DVD title Ep # Release date Language
Ducktales – 1st Collection 20 February 12, 2007 English, French, German, Spanish and Italian
Ducktales – 2nd Collection 24 November 12, 2012 English, Dutch, German and French
Ducktales – 3rd Collection 24 November 12, 2012 English, Dutch, German and French
Video on Demand
Season One of DuckTales was released on Amazon Video in 2013 and was free for Amazon Prime members [14] but as of February 28, 2014, DuckTales Season 1 is no longer accessible through Amazon Video or Amazon Prime accounts.

As of December 11, 2015, some episodes from Season 1 has been made available on Netflix in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. In Denmark, at least, only 20 episodes from season 1 are available on Netflix. The episodes available do follow the correct airdate order but some episodes are simply missing. For instance, the episodes on Netflix do not include a lot of Season 1 episodes, even though that they have indeed been dubbed into Danish. Amongst the episodes missing are the Five Part Miniseries, "Treasure of the Golden Sun", "Ducks of Aquatress", and "Top Ducks". [15]

The entire series is currently available for purchase on Amazon Instant Video in Germany, with the episodes split into eight different seasons.

iTunes and Amazon Instant Video in the United States currently offer the entire series (with the exception of the episode "Sphinx for the Memories") for purchase in SD format, split into six volumes at $14.99 per volume.

Setting
Main article: Duckburg
Music
The series theme song was written by Mark Mueller,[16] an ASCAP award-winning pop music songwriter who also wrote the theme song to Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers.[17] Episode musical scores were written by Ron Jones.[18] In contrast to how other composers were creating a "patronizing" and "cute" score for the show, Jones says he composed the music with regard to the audience and its intelligence. "I would not play the score like a kid's show at all. If they went on an adventure I would play it serious like Raiders of the Lost Ark."[19]

The DuckTales Theme was sung by Jeff Pescetto. There are four different versions of the theme song. The original version, serving as the show's opening theme, contained one verse, chorus, bridge, and then chorus. A shorter version of the opening theme was used in The Disney Afternoon lineup with the line, "Everyday they're out there making Duck Tales, woo-ooh," taken out.

A full-length version of the theme song was released on the Disney Afternoon soundtrack, the third volume (which was released in a set with the other two volumes) in The Music of Disney: a Legacy in Song along with the full TaleSpin theme and in the November 2013 release of the Disney Classics collection. In addition, it is heard in the end credits of DuckTales: Remastered and is also released on its official soundtrack.

The full version contains a second verse, and it includes a guitar solo, which is performed with a wah-wah pedal to make it sound like duck-like noises. It also has a fadeout ending, unlike the other versions. There is also a rare extended version that was used in the read along cassettes in 1987. It has a sequence order of verse-chorus-bridge-chorus-instrumental break-chorus.

Reception
The theme song has been widely regarded as one of the most memorable for a television program, with Dan Fletcher of TIME magazine noting its lasting impact despite being just a children's song: "Some of the lyrics might not make sense to those older than the age of 10 — we're not sure how life in Duckburg is like a hurricane, or exactly what a "duck blur" is — but the DuckTales song is still awesome."[20][21][22][23]

Theatrical film
Main article: DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp
DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp was released nationwide in the United States on August 3, 1990 by Walt Disney Pictures and DisneyToon Studios. The film follows Scrooge McDuck and his nephews as they try to defeat the evil warlock Merlock from taking over the legendary magic lamp.

Reception
In January 2009, IGN listed DuckTales as the 18th best show in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows.[24] In 2013, WatchMojo.com ranked DuckTales as the #1 animated Disney series [25]

Awards and nominations
Daytime Emmy Awards
1988 – Outstanding Animated Programming (nominated)
1989 – Outstanding Animated Programming (nominated)
1989 – Outstanding Animated Programming (for Programming One Hour or More) – "Super DuckTales" (won)
1990 – Outstanding Film Sound Editing – Rich Harrison, Charlie King and Rick Hinson (won)
Merchandise
Main article: List of DuckTales Merchandise
Video and computer games
Main articles: DuckTales (video game), DuckTales 2, DuckTales: The Quest for Gold, DuckTales: Scrooge's Loot, and DuckTales: Remastered
A DuckTales video game was developed by Capcom and released for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy in 1989. A sequel to the game, DuckTales 2, was released for NES and Game Boy in 1993. A Disney's Ducktales hand-held LCD game from Tiger Electronics was also released in 1990. A DuckTales was developed by Artefact Games and published by Disney Mobile and released for Mobile Phones on 2011 in Moscow.

A different platform game, DuckTales: The Quest for Gold, was released by Incredible Technologies for computers in 1990. DuckTales: Remastered, an HD remake of Capcom's original game, developed by WayForward Technologies, was released by Disney Interactive for PlayStation Network, Nintendo eShop and Steam on August 13, 2013. It was also released on September 11, 2013 for Xbox Live Arcade. A retail copy for PlayStation 3 was released on August 20, 2013 with a code to download the game and a DuckTales collector pin.[26]

Various DuckTales items appear in the Toy Box of the Disney Infinity franchise. In 1.0, the Money Bin item and Scrooge and Beagle Boy townspeople appear in addition to the "Scrooge's Lucky Dime" power disc. In 2.0, Scrooge's pile of money and a Scrooge portrait are INterior items in addition to the iOS-exclusive "Scrooge's Top Hat" power disc. In 3.0, a Launchpad McQuack townsperson was added.

Launchpad was selectable character for the mobile game titled Disney Snow Sports on 2007.

An app was released by Disney in the late summer/early fall of 2013 called DuckTales: Scrooge's Loot, where the player tries to get Scrooge back his money that was stolen by Flintheart Glomgold, Magica de Spell, and the Beagle Boys.

Comic books and trade paperbacks
Ducktales
DuckTales had two series of comic books. The first series was published by Gladstone Publishing and ran for 13 issues from 1988 to 1990, and the second series was published by Disney Comics and ran for 18 issues from 1990 to 1991. Disney also published a children's magazine based on the show, which also featured comic stories, one of which was the only story written by Don Rosa without any illustrations by him. Subsequent comic stories were also printed in the magazine Disney Adventures from 1990 to 1996.

On August 29, 2007, Disney released a trade paperback of Scrooge's Quest and later The Gold Odyssey.

Ducktales: Scrooge's Quest
Ducktales Volume 2 #1–7
Ducktales: The Gold Odyssey
Ducktales Volume 2 #9–15
Walt Disney Treasures
Trade Title Issue Reprinted
Disney Comics: 75 Years of Innovation (2006) Ducktales Volume 1 #4
Uncle Scrooge: A Little Something Special (2008) Ducktales Volume 1 #7
Carl Barks' Greatest DuckTales Stories
On May 24 and July 19, 2006, Gemstone published a two-volume trade paperback, Carl Barks' Greatest DuckTales Stories. The trades contain reprints of stories written by Carl Barks which were specifically adapted into television episodes of DuckTales.

Both volumes start out with an introduction and compare the original comic story with its DuckTales episode counterpart. Volume 1 also includes a two-page article delving into details on the adapting the show from the comic series.

Volume 1
Issue Number Story
Four Color #456 Back to the Klondike
Uncle Scrooge #13 Land Beneath the Ground (The episode was titled "Earthquack")
Uncle Scrooge #65 Micro Ducks from Outer Space
Uncle Scrooge #9 Lemming with the Locket (The episode was titled "Scrooge's Pet")
Uncle Scrooge #14 The Lost Crown of Genghis Khan
Uncle Scrooge #29 The Hound of the Whiskervilles (The episode was titled "The Curse of Castle McDuck")
Volume 2
Issue Number Story
Uncle Scrooge #58 The Giant Robot Robbers (The episode was titled "Robot Robbers")
Uncle Scrooge #12 The Golden Fleecing
Uncle Scrooge #3 The Horseradish Story (The episode was titled "Down and Out in Duckburg")
Uncle Scrooge #41 The Status Seeker
Uncle Scrooge #38 The Unsafe Safe (The episode was titled "The Unbreakable Bin")
Uncle Scrooge #6 Tralla La (The episode was titled "The Land of Tra-La-La")
2011 revival
On February 17, 2011, BOOM! Studios announced that a new DuckTales comic series would begin May 2011. The series was written by Warren Spector (author of the Epic Mickey videogame).[27] It lasted for 6 issues, with the final two crossing over with Darkwing Duck.

Ducktales: Rightful Owners
Ducktales #1–4
Darkwing Duck/Ducktales
Ducktales #5–6
Darkwing Duck #17–18
Uncle Scrooge #392–399
Issues 392–399 of the Uncle Scrooge comic book published by BOOM Kids (later called Kaboom!) featured DuckTales comic book stories never before seen in the US, and were collected into two trade paperback volumes, "Uncle Scrooge in DuckTales: Like a Hurricane" on 2011-01-12 and "Uncle Scrooge in DuckTales: Messes Become Successes" on 2011-05-25.[28]

Crossover
A 4-part crossover story with Darkwing Duck, titled "Dangerous Currency", was also released with parts 1 and 3 for DuckTales #5 and #6, and parts 2 and 4 for Darkwing Duck #17 and #18.

Comics Ducktales (USA).
Comics Ducktales (Brazil).
Comics Ducktales (Netherlands).
International
The success of DuckTales led to the translation of the show into many languages. Featured together with Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers in a Sunday morning program titled Walt Disney Presents, the show premiered in the former Soviet Union in 1991, the first American cartoon shown in the region after the Cold War. One year later, Darkwing Duck was also added to this lineup.[29] However, the show's theme song (written by Mark Mueller and originally sung by Jeff Pescetto) remained in English for a number of episodes. The first Russian version of the song was replaced midway through the series with an alternate rendition that contained completely different lyrics.

The series aired in India on Doordarshan, dubbed in Hindi. The title track was sung in Hindi by Chetan Shasital. The features were dubbed and the episodes has voice cast of Chetan Shasital, Javed Jaffery, Rakshanda Khan and others. In many countries, the theme song was performed by well-known singers (like in Finland, where it was sung by Pave Maijanen, or in Germany, where it was sung by Thomas Anders).

In Spanish speaking countries of Latin America, the series was called Pato aventuras (Duck Adventures). Scrooge McDuck is called "Rico McPato" and the nephews were translated as Hugo, Paco, and Luis, keeping the names of the translated vintage cartoons and comic books. In Spain, while the Latin American dub was used for the first broadcast, a high-quality local dub was produced afterwards, keeping the local "Gilito/Juanito/Jaimito/Jorgito" names for the characters. In Brazil, the series was called "Duck Tales: os Caçadores de Aventuras" (Duck Tales: the Adventure Hunters).

In Italy, the series was called Avventure di paperi.

In Hungary, the term "DuckTales generation" (Kacsamesék generáció) refers to the people who were born in the early to mid-1980s, because the death of József Antall, the first democratically-elected Prime Minister of Hungary, was announced during a DuckTales episode in 1993. This was the generation's first encounter with politics.[30]

In Romania, the series was called Povești cu Mac-Mac (Stories with Mac-Mac). Only the episodes 1-65 were dubbed and aired. Scrooge McDuck was dubbed by a well-known actor, Gheorghe Dinică, until his death (only 5 episodes remained after his death). After Gheorghe Dinică's death, Valentin Uritescu dubbed Scrooge (episodes 50, 57, 60, 64, 65). Also, Angela Filipescu provided the voices of Huey, Dewey and Louie, Tamara Buciuceanu-Botez provides the voice of Ms. Beakley, Mihaela Mitrache was Webbigail along with the great master Cornel Vulpe as Duckworth. The series was broadcast at Prima TV and first aired at TVR1 in 1994 and the dubbing studio who provide the Romanian version is Ager Film. The intro song was performed by a winner from Mamaia Festival, Alin Cibian.[31]

As of October 2015, the show was aired on Disney XD in the Netherlands and Scandinavia in addition to airing on Disney Channel in Germany and Latin America.

Cameos
Darkwing Duck (1991–92): Scrooge's face appears in the episode "Tiff of the Titans". Flintheart Glomgold, The Beagle Boys, and Magica De Spell in the episode "In Like Blunt".
Goof Troop (1992–93): In one episode, the Beagle Boys appear.
Raw Toonage (1992): Scrooge and Launchpad were guest stars.
Bonkers (1993–94): In the episode "The 29th Page", the Beagle Boys appear.
Aladdin (1994–95): In the episode "The Day The Bird Stood Still", the Genie transformed into Scrooge.
Television reboot
Main article: DuckTales (2017 TV series)
Disney XD announced that it is planning to reboot the original DuckTales TV series. The new reboot is scheduled to air sometime in 2017.[4] Rob Renzetti, (My Life as a Teenage Robot) will serve as the Executive Producer, alongside Matt Youngberg, (Ben 10: Omniverse) as Producer, Francisco Angones, (Wander Over Yonder) as Story Editor and Co-Producer, and Sean Jimenez (Gravity Falls) as Art Director.

In May 2015, Terry McGovern (the original voice of Launchpad McQuack) stated on Facebook that the entire voice cast would be replaced, stating he felt "heartsick" at the news.[32]

On July 20, 2016, a new look for Huey, Dewey, Louie and Webby was announced for the reboot.[33][34]

See also
Darkwing Duck
Mighty Ducks
Quack Pack
DuckTales (2017 TV series)
References
↑ Todd VanDerWerff (2013-02-11). "DuckTales invented a new animated wonderland—that quickly disappeared · 100 Episodes · The A.V. Club". Avclub.com. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
↑ "DuckTales". The Big Cartoon Database. Retrieved July 19, 2014.
↑ www.imdb.com/title/tt0092345/?ref_=nv_sr_1
1 2 Petski, Denise (February 25, 2015). "Disney XD To Reboot 'Ducktales' Animated Series For 2017 Launch". Deadline.com. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
↑ Syndication. Toonopedia. Retrieved on March 23, 2008.
↑ "Block Party: Four Disney Animated Series." The Disney Channel Magazine, Vol. 13, no. 5, October/November 1995: p. 36.
↑ Wuzzles and Gummi Bears from Toonopedia. Retrieved on March 23, 2008.
↑ Solomon, Charles (September 20, 1987). "The Duck Stops Here. . .". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
↑ "DuckTales – Volume 1". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
↑ "DuckTales – Volume 2". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
↑ "DuckTales – Volume 3". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
↑ "DuckTales – First Collection [DVD]: Amazon.co.uk: Ducktales: Film & TV". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
↑ "Amazon.co.uk: Duck Tales Collection". Retrieved December 7, 2012.
↑ "BREAKING NEWS: Ducktales, Rescue Rangers on Amazon Prime". Retrieved January 24, 2014.
↑ "Is DuckTales on Netflix Denmark?". Retrieved December 11, 2015.
↑ "IMDb – DuckTales Soundtrack Listing". IMDb. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
↑ "IMDb Profile – Mark Mueller". IMDb. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
↑ "Main Profile Page-Ron Jones Productions.com". Web.archive.org. March 7, 2007. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
↑ "Reel Cool: Ron Jones Interview". ReelCool blog.
↑ Brian Koerber (8 September 2014). "The DuckTales Theme Song, Improved With Real Ducks". Mashable. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
↑ "Top 10 Best TV Show Theme Songs". Verbicide Magazine. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
↑ Max Nicholson (3 April 2015). "19 '80s and '90s Cartoon Theme Songs Just As Good As The Cartoons Themselves". MTV. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
↑ Dan Fletcher (29 September 2010). "Top 10 Cartoon Theme Songs". TIME. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
↑ "IGN – 18. DuckTales". ign.com. Retrieved 2014-11-01.
↑ "Top 10 Disney Animated TV Series". YouTube. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
↑ Futter, Mike (July 11, 2013). "DuckTales: Remastered Coming To Most Next Month, Xbox Live Release In September". GameInformer. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
↑ "Ducktales return to comics on May 2011". Boom Studios blog. February 2011. Retrieved on March 14, 2011.
↑ "What To Do? Just Grab Onto Some DUCK TALES June 2010". Newsarama.com. Retrieved 2011-08-01.
↑ "Darkwing Duck". darkwing-duck.ru. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
↑ "Egy generáció politikai eszmélése: vasárnap fél 6 körül megszakadt a Kacsamesék". Népszabadság. April 6, 2009. About the Duck tales generation. (Hungarian).
↑ "Dezvăluiri din culisele desenelor animate". Edituramateescu.ro. May 13, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2014.
↑ "Ducktales Cast Not Returning for Reboot". Behind the Voice Actors. OptimusSolo. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
↑ "Watch Out, Childhood! DuckTales Has a New Look". Retrieved 2016-08-24.
↑ Wright, Gary (2016-07-21). "Check Out the Awesome New DuckTales Poster!". Rotoscopers. Retrieved 2016-09-16.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: DuckTales
Official website
DuckTales at the Internet Movie Database
DuckTales at the Big Cartoon DataBase
DuckTales at TV.com
DuckTales
Characters
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Film and specials
Films
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Made-for-TV
animated films
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List of Darkwing Duck charactersLaunchpad McQuackFenton Crackshell (Gizmoduck)
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Other
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The Disney Afternoon
Series
Adventures of the Gummi Bears (episodes) (1985–91)DuckTales (episodes) (1987–90)Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers (episodes) (1989–90)TaleSpin (episodes) (1990–91)Darkwing Duck (episodes) (1991–92)Goof Troop (episodes) (1992–93)Bonkers (episodes) (1993–94)Aladdin (episodes) (1994–95)Gargoyles (episodes) (1994–97)The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show (episodes) (1995)The Lion King's Timon & Pumbaa (episodes) (1995–99)Quack Pack (episodes) (1996)Mighty Ducks (1996–97)
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Original animated series
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Live-action series
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Japanese anime series
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Marvel animated series
Fantastic Four (1998–1999)The Incredible Hulk (1996–1999)Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends (1998–1999)Spider-Man (1998–1999)X-Men (1998–1999)
Other animated series
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First-run live-action series
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Rebroadcasts
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1970s
Halloween Is Grinch Night (1978)The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1979)
1980s
Carlton Your Doorman (1980)Life Is a Circus, Charlie Brown (1981)The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat (1982)Ziggy's Gift (1983)Garfield on the Town (1984)Garfield in the Rough (1985)Garfield's Halloween Adventure (1986)Cathy (1987)A Claymation Christmas Celebration (1988)Garfield's Babes and Bullets / DuckTales ("Super DuckTales") (1989)
1990s
The Simpsons ("Life on the Fast Lane") (1990)The Simpsons ("Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment") / Tale Spin ("Plunder & Lightning") (1991)A Claymation Easter (1992)Batman: The Animated Series ("Robin's Reckoning: Part I") (1993)The Roman City (1994)The Simpsons ("Lisa's Wedding") (1995)Pinky and the Brain ("A Pinky and the Brain Christmas") (1996)The Simpsons ("Homer's Phobia") (1997)The Simpsons ("Trash of the Titans") (1998)King of the Hill ("And They Call It Bobby Love") / Todd McFarlane's Spawn (1999)
2000s
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The Simpsons ("Behind the Laughter") (2000)The Simpsons ("HOMR") (2001)Futurama ("Roswell That Ends Well") (2002)The Simpsons ("Three Gays of the Condo") (2003)Samurai Jack ("The Birth of Evil") (2004)South Park ("Best Friends Forever") (2005)The Simpsons ("The Seemingly Never-Ending Story") (2006)South Park ("Make Love, Not Warcraft") (2007)The Simpsons ("Eternal Moonshine of the Simpson Mind") (2008)South Park ("Margaritaville") (2009)
Program (One Hour or More)
Walking with Dinosaurs (2000)Allosaurus: A Walking With Dinosaurs Special (2001)Walking with Prehistoric Beasts (2002)Chased by Dinosaurs (2003)Star Wars: Clone Wars (Volume 1: Chapters 1-20) (2004)Star Wars: Clone Wars (Volume 2: Chapters 21-25) (2005)Before the Dinosaurs (2006)Camp Lazlo ("Where's Lazlo?") (2007)South Park (Imaginationland: The Movie) (2008)Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends ("Destination: Imagination") (2009)
2010s
Prep & Landing (2010)Futurama ("The Late Philip J. Fry") (2011)The Penguins of Madagascar ("The Return of the Revenge of Dr. Blowhole") (2012)South Park ("Raising the Bar") (2013)Bob's Burgers ("Mazel-Tina") (2014)Over the Garden Wall (2015)Archer ("The Figgis Agency") (2016)
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Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, Inc., formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. and informally known as Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Company's six major business segments and a subsidiary.[2] It was founded on April 1, 1971, exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida.

Originally, the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions. The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek, formerly president of Disney Consumer Products. Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25, 2020.[4][5] On May 18, 2020, Josh D'Amaro was appointed as chairman of the division, succeeding Chapek. In 2018, the company's theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests, making Disney Parks the world's most visited theme park company worldwide,[6] with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests. It is by far Disney's largest business segment according to employee headcount, with approximately 130,000[7] of the company's 180,000 employees as of 2015.[8] In March 2018, Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks, Experiences and Products. In September 2020, Disney Parks, Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees.[9]


Contents
1 Background
2 History
2.1 Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division
2.2 Walt Disney Attractions
2.3 Disney Destinations
2.4 Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide
2.5 Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
3 Disney resorts
3.1 Disneyland Resort
3.2 Walt Disney World
3.3 Tokyo Disney Resort
3.4 Disneyland Paris
3.5 Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
3.6 Shanghai Disney Resort
4 Training
5 Abandoned and misreported concepts
6 Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks
6.1 Marvel Entertainment
6.2 Star Wars
6.3 20th Century Studios
7 Adaptations
8 Other ventures
8.1 Disney Signature Experiences
8.2 Disney Sports Enterprises
8.2.1 DSE background
8.2.2 DSE history
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background
Main article: Disneyland, Inc.
In 1949, Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances. Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney.[10]

Originally, entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself. As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality, Walt Disney Productions at Walt's request set up Disneyland, Inc. (DLI) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises (WED), Walt's personal corporation, which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering.[11][CDL 1] With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia, Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment. American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) agreed to the Disneyland, Inc. investment.[11] Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions (WDP), Western Publishing and Walt Disney.[CDL 2] Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney, WED and Western Publishing shares (31%) by May 1, 1959, for $562,500.[12]

With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed.[13]

Disneyland, changed from Disneylandia, was announced in April 1954 by Walt to be opened in July 1955.[CDL 3][CDL 4] On July 17, 1955, the Disneyland park opened with five themed "lands" containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests.[CDL 5] WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too.[14]

On June 29, 1957, Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PT's common stock outstanding. This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months' worth of net profits, $511K.[15] In June 1960, Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PT's share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract, and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions.[CDL 6] The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963.[16]

History
Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates (ERA) to find a location for another Disney resort, Disney Productions moved beyond a single park. ERA recommended Florida; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations. In November 1963, Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection.[CDW 1]:333, 334 In 1962, Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center (opened on September 17, 1960, in Denver, Colorado) from its owners, including Walt Disney, Art Linkletter, and John Payne, to use as a staff training center for its second resort.[17] In 1963, Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres (2,000 to 4,000 ha), which was carried out in 1964, amassing 27,443 acres (11,106 ha) by October 1965.[CDW 2][CDW 3] Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965.[CDW 3] Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967, allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park.[CDW 4] Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30.[CDW 5] In Roy O. Disney's last act as CEO in 1968, he officially named the second park Walt Disney World.[CDW 1]:357

Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20, 1961.[18] The next year, The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park.[19]

In 1959, the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland.[14][20] Disneyland's first new themed land, New Orleans Square, opened in 1966. Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions.[20] The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walt's corporation, renamed as Retlaw Enterprise.[14]

Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York World's Fair with It's a Small World[21] and costumed character appearances. When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 World's Fair, Walt wanted another outlet for "live" characters; thus, Disneyland put on Disney on Parade, a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969.[10][22] Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks.[21]

In 1965, Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort. The Sierra Club sued in June 1969 to stop the development, which was granted by the federal district judge. The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling. In the next round of lawsuits, the same district judge blocked the redevelopment. The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out.[23]

$40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in January 1968 to fund Disney World (WDW). The next year in February, an agreement was made with multiple labor unions, in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase.[CDW 6] By 1971, chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World.[24]

Walt Disney World began operation on October 1, 1971, with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million. The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands: Main Street, Adventureland, Fantasyland, Frontierland, Liberty Square, and Tomorrowland.[CDW 7] Additionally, Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels, Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, also opened.[CDW 8]

Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land, Bear Country, replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland, and later renamed Critter Country. In 1979, the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days, at first, rejecting and then accepting the park's contract.[20] Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977.[20]

Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World: the Golf Resort[25] and the Gold Resort;[CDW 9] Disney's Village Resort hotel opened in 1974.[citation needed] Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on November 22, 1974.[CDW0 1]:71 Lake Buena Vista Village, the shopping area, opened on March 22, 1975[CDW0 1] and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977.[26]:280 Celebrity Sports Center, Disney World's training center, was sold on March 29, 1979.[17]

At Walt Disney World, the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8, 1974,[CDW0 2]:569 renamed Discovery Island in 1977.[CDW0 1]:126 On July 1, 1975, the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland.[CDW0 3] The first water park, River Country, opened on June 20, 1976 at Disney World.[CDW0 4]:22 EPCOT Center's groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979.[CDW0 5]

In 1979, Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park.[19] Tokyo Disneyland opened on April 15, 1983 on 200 acres (80 ha) in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.[27]

Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division
With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions' Chairman and CEO on June 3, 1980, three divisions were formed, including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division, of which Disney Legend, Dick Nunis was named division president.[CDW0 6] Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5, 1987,[CDL4 1] while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2.[CDW1 1] A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L. Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments.[CDW0 7]

The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises, formerly WED Enterprises, in 1982.[20] Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23, 1988.[CDL4 2]

Tishman Company's plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30, 1984, marking a change in Disney architecture. New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986;[CDW1 2] ground breaking took place on January 28, 1988.[CDW1 3] The first non-Disney owned hotel, Pickett Suite Resort, opened in Disney World Village on March 15, 1987.[CDW1 4]

On June 1, 1982, the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center.[CDW0 1]:338 The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1, 1982, at a building cost of US$1.2 billion, with two areas, Future World and World Showcase.[CDW0 8]:272

Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million.[CDW1 5] In April 1985, Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM, giving Disney the right to use the MGM name, logo and movie library for this third park.[28] Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986.[CDW1 6] Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1, 1989,[CDW1 7] along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area;[CDW1 8] its second water park, Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened on June 1.[CDW1 9] In 1983, Walt Disney World Village's name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace.[CDW1 10] A new themed area, Mickey's Birthdayland, opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18, 1988.[CDW1 11]

In 1987, Disney and Ron Brierley's Industrial Equity (Pacific) Ltd., already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation, agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each.[29][30] Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions.[29] In March 1988, Disney purchased Industrial Equity's half of Wrather Corporation.[30]

In 1985, Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney. This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise, hotel, and theme park packages.[31]

Walt Disney Attractions
The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions, Inc. on August 10, 1989.[32] In January 1990, Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland (by 20% in 10 years)[CDC 1] and Walt Disney World (WDW). The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios.[CDW2 1] Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25: Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks, and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads.[CDC 2] On March 16, 1990, Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a 4,400-acre (1,800 ha) development in Osceola, Florida, with homes, shopping malls and industrial buildings.[CDC 3]

In 1990, the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development.[CDC 4] This was announced as WestCOT in 1991, to be placed at the Disneyland Resort.[20] On July 31, 1990, a new 350-acre (140 ha) ocean-themed park and resort, Port Disney, was announced for Long Beach. Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal, five hotels, restaurants, and shopping areas, costing $2 billion to build.[CDC 5] On December 12, 1991, Disney selected only one California project to go forward with, Disneyland Resort, which was to include the WestCOT Center, hotels, a shopping mall, and a lake. [CDL5 1] Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992, and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation.[CDC 6] Mickey's Toontown, a new themed land at Disneyland, opened on January 24, 1993.[CDL5 2] Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the park's projected high cost. That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park, hotels, and a retail district.[33]

At Walt Disney World, Mickey's Birthdayland closed on April 22, 1991, then reopened on May 26 as Mickey's Starland.[CDW2 2]324, 329, 333 In order to expand Disney World on wetland, on April 23, 1993, the company agreed to form an 8,500-acre (3,400 ha) wilderness preserve in Florida, known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve.[CDW2 3] The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1, 1994, by the US Army, then purchased on January 12, 1996, and later renamed Shades of Green.[CDW2 2]130 Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17, 1994.[CDW1 12] The third water park at Walt Disney World, Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened on April 1, 1995.[CDW3 1] The Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995.[CDW3 2] Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot, the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28, 1995.[CDW3 3] In 1996, the Disney Institute opened on February 9,[CDW3 4] and Disney's BoardWalk opened on July 1.[CDW3 5] The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3.[CDW3 6] The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997, combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island.[CDW3 7] A fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened at Disney World the week of April 20, 1998.[34]

The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts, Vacation Club Resort, opened on October 1, 1991, and was renamed Disney's Old Key West Resort in January 1996. These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments, Inc. as vacation timeshares.[CDW2 4] The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort, which opened on October 1, 1995, in Vero Beach, Florida.[CDC 7]

In 1993, Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros. After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean, Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line. The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay.[31]

Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney's America. The park was to have been located in Haymarket, Virginia; 2,300 acres (930 ha) of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993.[CDC 8] The history-themed park was announced on November 11, 1993. The plans for the 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) called for a 150-acre (61 ha) amusement park, a campground, a golf course, 2 million square feet (190,000 m2) of office/commercial space, and 2500 homes.[CDC 9] With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press, Disney canceled the project on September 15, 1994.[CDC 10]

Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U.S. traveling attraction, which premiered in September 1996. The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects (Asia Pacific) Inc., a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project, taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30, 1997.[35]

In November 1995, Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea, to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland.[27] Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion.[36]

In December 1998, Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris, Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio, which already held Disney World, Disney Cruise Line, Disneyland, and Tokyo Disneyland. Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time.[37] On October 31, 1999, Walt Disney Attractions, Inc. was merged into Walt Disney Attractions, LLC.[38]

On June 19, 1998, Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest, a location-based entertainment venue, at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World.[39] The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16, 1999, with plans for more locations worldwide.[40]

In 1999, plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Disneyland, as a joint venture, Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd., between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts.[41] The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15.[42] Disney World's Discovery Island was closed on April 8, 1999.[43]

Disney Destinations
Walt Disney Attractions, LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, LLC on April 14, 2000, then to Disney Destinations, LLC on April 25, 2006.[44] Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4, 2001.[45] The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe, along with the store in Manhattan, which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004.[46]

Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12, 2001, between Disneyland and the future California Adventure. [CDC 11] Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8, 2001, with three major areas: Paradise Pier, Hollywood Pictures Backlot, and the Golden State.[33] In California Adventure on October 6, 2002, A Bug's Land area opened.[CDC 12] Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disney's D23 Expo in Anaheim, California on September 12, 2009, that Walt Disney World's Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013.[CDC 13] A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012.[47]

River Country water park closed on September 1, 2001.[CDC 14][48] Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in January 2008.[49] Pleasure Island's core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World.[50]

Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16, 2002, as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris. The first park was renamed Disneyland Park (DLP).[CDC 15] DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions.[51]

Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12, 2003,[52] then opened September 12, 2005.[CDC 16] Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion: Mystic Point, Grizzly Gulch, and Toy Story Land.[CDC 17]

In June 2005, Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean, by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule.[42] Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22, 2007.[42][CDC 18] The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona, Spain, for the lines' first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September.[42]

The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001.[53] Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005.[54] Disney entered a float, "The Most Magical Celebration on Earth", into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade.[CDC 19]

In October 2007, Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei, Hawaii, featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units. The 800-unit property, named Aulani, opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park, such as Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina.[55]

With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1, 2000, sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started.[CDC 20][CDC 21] In 2001, the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the park's FastPass system.[CDC 22]

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. was incorporated on September 29, 2008,[2] and took over the parks and resorts business segment. Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance. 600 U.S. managers in January were buyout packages. Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009. Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training, procurement, menu planning, and merchandise development. While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units.[56]

In November 2009, Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghai's Pudong district.[57] The resort opened on June 16, 2016.[58]

California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands: Cars Land and Buena Vista Street. The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides.[47] In July 2017, it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier,[59] with four neighborhoods, and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park. Pixar Pier opened on June 23, 2018.[60]

Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, a 14-acre (5.7 ha) themed land for both Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015.[61] Construction began at both locations on April 14, 2016.[62] The lands at both parks opened in 2019.[63]

The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6, 2012. It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971.[64] Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015, Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land.[65]

Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts[66] reporting to Al Weiss, president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.[67] by April 2008.[68] In February 2009, Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations,[66] which was primarily Adventures by Disney. As an extension of the "One Disney" initiative and the resignation of Weiss, Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations. While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011. At that time, Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S. and France, a new positions.[67]

The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line (DCL) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31, 2012. The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises,[69] but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season.[31] Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25, 2012.[CDC 23] DCL's Magic was refitted in late 2013.[70]

The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland, Toy Story Land, opened on November 18, 2011.[71] Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13, 2012.[72] The final land of this expansion, Mystic Point, opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17, 2013.[73]

On February 5, 2015, it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named.[74] On February 23, 2015, Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day.[75]

On April 29, 2015, The Walt Disney Company, through the subsidiary, Carousel Holdings Eat LLC, has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim, from Good Hope International for $32 million. The purchase was considered a strategic purchase; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently.[76] Disney indicted in August 2016, that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure, transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard.[77]

On February 10, 2017, Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.'s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A. as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others. Disney has offered about $2.12 a share, a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9. The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June. Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack, which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment. If this buyout is successful, it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America.[78] On June 13, 2017, The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law, owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A., paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris.[79]

Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization, Disney Consumer Products, and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Products. Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment, who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products.[1] At the time, the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant, as its former holder, James Pitaro, had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks.[80]

In March 2018, a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California, Walt Disney World in Florida, and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell, outgoing Disneyland Paris president. This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier. Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise, games, publishing, and apps. Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit, which includes Disney Retail, Global Licensing, and digital guest experience.[81][82][83]

New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president, Jeff Vahle, for the division in April 2018.[84] On January 1, 2019, Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks, Experiences and Products.[85] Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination, Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera.[86] In July 2019, Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States.[87][88]

With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019, National Geographic Partners' non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segment's units, Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences, respectively.[89]

Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land, Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disney's Hollywood Studios. However, initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated. In late September, Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved, thus having those resorts' executives directly report to chairman Chapek.[90] He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxy's Edge, but instead, Powell's position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox.[91]

Powell's departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments, as announced on September 26, 2019.[91] George Kalogridis, then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort, was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment. Kalogridis is replaced by Josh D'Amaro, then-president of the Disneyland Resort, as president of the Walt Disney World Resort. In turn, D'Amaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort. Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Both D'Amaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019. In addition, Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division.[92] In February 2020, Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger.[93]

With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic, Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare, to be distributed in hospitals.[94]

In May 2020, CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks, Experiences, and Products segment. Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh D'Amaro, then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort. Jeff Vahle, then-president of Disney Signature Experiences, replaced D'Amaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort. Thomas Mazloum, senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort, succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences. In addition, Kareem Daniel, former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering, was named president of consumer products, games and publishing.[95] Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort;[95] Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman, replacing Kevin Mayer.[96]

On July 15, 2020, it was announced that Jill Estorino, then-executive vice president, global marketing and sales, replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International, supervising Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, Hong Kong Disneyland, and Shanghai Disney Resort.[97]

On September 28, 2020, D'Amaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division, many of them being part-time workers. D'Amaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as California's continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors.[98] Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees, including almost 6,500 Disney World workers, were also among those laid off.[99] On October 13, 2020, Disney CEO and former Disney Park, Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control (CDC) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland, "It's not much of a negotiation. It's pretty much a mandate that we stay closed."[100]

Disney resorts
See also: List of Disney theme park attractions
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products is located in EarthShanghai Disney ResortShanghai Disney ResortHong Kong Disneyland ResortHong Kong Disneyland ResortDisneyland ParisDisneyland ParisTokyo Disney ResortTokyo Disney ResortWalt Disney WorldWalt Disney WorldDisneyland ResortDisneyland Resort
Locations of Disney resorts — Red pog.svg International Blue pog.svg US direct reports Green pog.svg Owned by The Oriental Land Company, licensed under International division
Disneyland Resort
Main article: Disneyland Resort
Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17, 1955, in Anaheim, California. Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5, 1955. In 2001, the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8, 2001, Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2, 2001, Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15, 2000, and Downtown Disney on January 12, 2001. Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex. The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies 500 acres (2.0 km2).

Walt Disney World
Main article: Walt Disney World
The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1, 1971, in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels. It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982, Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) and Disney's Typhoon Lagoon in 1989, Disney's Blizzard Beach in 1995, Disney's Animal Kingdom in 1998, Disney Springs retail, dining, and entertainment complex, eight golf courses, and 18 new resort hotels. The resort is the largest (by area) and most-visited vacation resort in the world, with four theme parks, two water parks, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, 21 resort hotels, eight golf courses, and several additional recreational activities, and covers 27,258 acres.

Other venues:

ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Tokyo Disney Resort
Main article: Tokyo Disney Resort
Tokyo Disney Resort, in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, opened April 15, 1983, as Tokyo Disneyland. On September 4, 2001, the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea. There are several resort hotels on-site, but only three are owned by the resort, which boasts the largest parking structure in the world. Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it. Its properties, below, are divided into parks, shopping centers, and lodging.

Shopping, dining, and entertainment complex: Ikspiari
Disneyland Paris
Main article: Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris, Disney's second international resort complex, and the largest Disney resort outside the United States, opened on April 12, 1992, as Euro Disney Resort. Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris, France, it features two theme parks, a golf course, an entertainment complex, and seven Disney resort hotels. It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company.[78] Its properties, listed below, occupy 4,940 acres (20.0 km2) and are divided into parks and shopping centers.

Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Main article: Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort, Disney's fifth resort and its second in Asia, opened September 12, 2005. The resort is located in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park, Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre, and three hotels, with land reserved for future expansion. It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks, an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong. The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies 320 acres (1.3 km2).

Shanghai Disney Resort
Main article: Shanghai Disney Resort
In November 2009, Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park, Shanghai Disneyland Park, in Shanghai's Pudong district. "China is one of the most dynamic, exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China," said Robert Iger, president and CEO of Disney.[101] The resort opened on June 16, 2016.[58] A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7, 2011.[102]

Shopping, dining, and entertainment complex: Disneytown
Training
Each new employee ("cast member") at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University, founded by Walt Disney in 1955. Before training specific to the work they will perform, each employee attends the "Disney Traditions" course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disney's guest services.[103][104]

Abandoned and misreported concepts
Main article: List of Disney attractions that were never built
Disney had plans to build Walt Disney's Riverfront Square in St. Louis, but canceled the project in July 1965.

In the 1960s, Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California. Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s. The project's planning and scale changed multiple times, and in 1978, Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park, ending any possibility of developing a resort there.[105]

Disney had plans to build a park named Disney's America in Haymarket, Virginia, but abandoned the idea in 1994. On September 28, 1994, Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America, and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups.

Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney, Australia, between 2007 and 2008, with the proposed name "Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour", but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government.[106]

In early January 2011, conflicting reports emerged regarding Disney's involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa, Israel, whose plans include a small (30,000 square meter) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013. The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings, a Disney-affiliated investment firm. In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper, Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the project's development, a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park.[107]

Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks
Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009, Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019, some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors' parks.

Marvel Entertainment
Marvel Super Hero Island, a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics, has operated at Universal Orlando Resort's Islands of Adventure park since 1999, as well as the Islands of Adventure, cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004. Under Marvel's 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms, none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters (e.g., side characters, team members, and the villains associated with the Avengers, Fantastic Four, X-Men, Spider-Man, etc.) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort.[108] The Disneyland Resort, Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride.[109] This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy,[110][111] and Doctor Strange.[112] Hong Kong Disneyland, Shanghai Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters, as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride.

IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section.[113]

Star Wars
A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland California's Miniland USA opened in 2011, with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida[114] in November 2012, just weeks before Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise. However, the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA, Legoland Florida, and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm.[115]

20th Century Studios
Following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019, The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney. Like Marvel before it, The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks, with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008, with accompanying themed areas based on the show's setting of Springfield.

The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysia's under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park. The park's owner, Genting Group, filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018, accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park. In the suit, Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract. The suit also names Disney as a defendant, contending that Disney executives, following the company's then-pending acquisition of Fox, were "calling the shots" on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have "no control" over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino, which would go against Disney's "family-friendly" image.[116] Fox, in turn, referred to the suit as "without merit", stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting "agreed-upon deadlines for several years" and that Genting's attempts to blame Disney for Fox's default were "made up".[117] In July 2019, it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits. As part of the deal, Genting would be given "a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties" and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park. The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World, but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds.[118][119]

Adaptations
While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides, some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films,[120] books,[121] comic books,[122] and television pilots. Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland (which was then its only park, and was being built at the time), in order to fund the park. In this series, some episodes featured the park or a park attraction.[123] The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions. However, lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[124] Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office.[125]

At first, Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film. Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride, Tower of Terror, for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997.[126] In 2000, Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name.[124][127]

Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002. In 2003, Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and The Haunted Mansion. Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise.[124] After four Pirates sequels, the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide.[128]

Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series. The first novel of the series, Disney after Dark, was released in 2005.[121] A five-book series was laid out by Pearson, but was extended to seven with the first book's success.[129]

With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures' top franchise,[125] the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade.[130] Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s.[130] By November 2010, Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a "Night at the Museum" like film, with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it[131] after a script by Ronald D. Moore was turned down.[132] Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012.[130] Mr. Toad's Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013.[133] Tomorrowland, first to be loosely based on a theme park area,[134] was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release.[130] Also in 2013, American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad.[135] It's A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014.[136] Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015, while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor.[135]

Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint.[122] Running for six miniseries, Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird, two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcot's Journey into Imagination, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, the Haunted Mansion, and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. Disney Publishing Worldwide's revived Disney Comics imprint[137] first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7, 2014 and based on the same name park attraction.[138]

On March 31, 2015, the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released.[139]

In May 2017, Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary, Disney's Fairy Tale Weddings, based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit, Disney's Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons. With success of the May special, the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017.[140] However, another special, Holiday Magic, was aired on December 11, 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11, 2018.[141][142]

Other ventures
Disney Signature Experiences
Disney Signature Experiences division, formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations, holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum.[95]

In February 2009, Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations. New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney.[143] The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship, Triton, in 2016 and 2017.[144] In April 2017, it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15, 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1, 2017.[145]

Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks, Experiences and Products segment division, Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president, Jeff Vahle.[84] Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018.[146][147] Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination, Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government.[86]

With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019, National Geographic Partners' National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences.[89]

Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995. Its fleet comprises four ships: Disney Magic (launched 1998), Disney Wonder (1999), Disney Dream (2011), and Disney Fantasy (2012).[42] Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021, 2022 and 2023.[84] Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering. Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean, Mexican Riviera, European, and Alaskan cruises market.
Disney Vacation Club, a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort, plus Disney's Aulani Resort, Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort, and Disney's Vero Beach Resort. In December 2019, the 15th property, Disney's Riviera Resort, opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World. A 16th resort, Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge, is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disney's Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disney's River Country water park.
Adventures by Disney, a program of all-inclusive, guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world.[84]
National Geographic Expeditions
Golden Oak Realty, Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales[84]
Disney Sports Enterprises
Disney Sports Enterprises
Disney parks, experiences & products logo.svg
Formerly Disney Sports Attractions
Industry Sports
Founder Reggie Williams.[148]
Key people Rosalyn Durant (SVP, operations for Disney Springs, ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks)
Faron Kelley (vice president, sports)
Services road race
sports events
Parent Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Divisions ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
runDisney
Website disneysportsnews.com
Disney Sports Enterprises, formerly called Disney Sports Attractions,[149] is the unit of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products for Disney's sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program.[150]

DSE background
Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses, the Palm and Magnolia courses. At the time, those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational, an annual PGA Tour event.[151]

In 1994, Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon, its first road race added additional races later.[152] Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26, 1995.[153]

In 1995, Disney World had IMS Events, Inc. build the Walt Disney World Speedway.[154] Disney's Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams.[148]

DSE history
By 1998, Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions, overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division.[155] The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3, 1999, kicked off Disney World's 15-month Millennium Celebration.[156] On March 30, 2003, Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon.[157]

On November 21, 2007, Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions.[148] His replacement was named on January 3, 2008, when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President, Disney Sports Enterprises.[149] On February 25, 2010, Disney's Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities.[158]

On September 25, 2011, Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses (Palm, Magnolia, Lake Buena Vista, Osprey Ridge, and Oak Trail) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue. As part of the deal, Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course. The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course. Disney hoped that Palmer's involvement and "Palmer Advantage" membership club would draw more attention to Disney's course. With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel, which was delayed until 2014, the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins. While another golf course, the Eagle Pines, was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011.[151]

In January 2013, Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber, Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations, was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports.[150] In late June 2015, the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down.[154]

Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too.[159] Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018.[160] Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs, ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks.[161]

On September 30, 2020, it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States.[9]

runDisney races[162][163]
Race weekend month location Inaugurated
Disney World Marathon January Disney World 1994[152]
Princess Half-Marathon February 2009[164]
Star Wars Half Marathon
— The Dark Side April 2016[164]
Wine & Dine Half-Marathon November
Tinker Bell Half-Marathon May Disneyland
Disneyland Half-Marathon September
(Labor Day weekend)
Avengers Super Heroes Half Marathon November 2014[152]
Star Wars Half Marathon
— The Light Side January 2015[152]
Disneyland Paris Half Marathon September Disneyland Paris 2016[152]
See also
Fox Global Brands and Experiences, Disney's other largest cinematic competitor's equivalent branch of their company.
Universal Parks & Resorts, Disney's major competitor in the theme park industry
Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences, Disney's largest cinematic competitor's equivalent branch of their company.
Consumer Products franchises
Anaheim Sports, formerly Disney Sports Enterprises
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Walt Disney Animation Studios
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Walt Disney Animation Studios
Walt Disney Animation Studios logo
Roy E. Disney Animation Building.jpg
The studio's headquarters at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank in 2007
Formerly
Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio (1923–1926)
Walt Disney Studio (1926–1929)
Walt Disney Productions (1929–1986)
Walt Disney Feature Animation (1986–2007)
Type Division
Industry Motion pictures
Predecessor Laugh-O-Gram Studio
Founded October 16, 1923; 97 years ago (as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio)
Founders Walt Disney
Roy O. Disney
Headquarters 2100 West Riverside Drive, Burbank, California, U.S.
Key people
Clark Spencer (President)
Jennifer Lee (CCO)
Products Animated films
Parent Walt Disney Studios
Website disneyanimation.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4][5]
Walt Disney Animation Studios (WDAS),[6] sometimes shortened to Disney Animation, is an American animation studio that creates animated features and short films for The Walt Disney Company. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney,[1] it is one of the oldest-running animation studios in the world. It is currently organized as a division of Walt Disney Studios and is headquartered at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios lot in Burbank, California.[7] Since its foundation, the studio has produced 58 feature films, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) to Frozen II (2019),[8] and hundreds of short films.

Founded as Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in 1923, renamed Walt Disney Studio in 1926 and incorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929, the studio was exclusively dedicated to producing short films until it expanded into feature production in 1934, resulting in 1937's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, one of the first full-length animated feature films and the first one made in the United States. In 1986, during a large corporate restructuring, Walt Disney Productions, which had grown from a single animation studio into an international multimedia company, was renamed The Walt Disney Company and the animation studio Walt Disney Feature Animation in order to differentiate it from the other divisions. Its current name was adopted in 2007 after Pixar Animation Studios was acquired by Disney in the previous year.

For much of its existence, the studio was recognized as the premier American animation studio;[9] it developed many of the techniques, concepts and principles that became standard practices of traditional animation.[10] The studio also pioneered the art of storyboarding, which is now a standard technique used in both animated and live-action filmmaking.[11] The studio's catalog of animated features is among Disney's most notable assets, with the stars of its animated shorts – Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, Goofy and Pluto – becoming recognizable figures in popular culture and mascots for The Walt Disney Company as a whole.

Walt Disney Animation Studios is currently managed by Jennifer Lee (Chief Creative Officer) and Clark Spencer (President), and continues to produce films using both traditional animation and computer-generated imagery (CGI).


Contents
1 History
1.1 1923–1929: Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio
1.2 1929–1940: Reincorporation, Silly Symphonies and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
1.3 1940–1948: New features, strike, World War II
1.4 1948–1959: Return of features, Buena Vista, end of shorts, layoffs
1.5 1959–1966: Reduced feature animation, Walt Disney's final years
1.6 1967–1983: Decline in popularity, Don Bluth's entrance and departure, "rock bottom"
1.7 1984–1989: Michael Eisner takeover, restructuring, return to prominence
1.8 1989–1994: Beginning of the Disney Renaissance, successful releases, impact on the animation industry
1.9 1994–2000: End of the Disney Renaissance, declining returns
1.10 2001–2006: Slump, downsizing and conversion to computer animation, corporate issues
1.11 2006–2009: Rebound, Disney's acquisition of Pixar, renaming
1.12 2010–2018: Continued resurgence, John Lasseter and Ed Catmull's departure
1.13 2019–present: Continued success and expansion to television
2 Studio
2.1 Management
2.2 Locations
3 Productions
3.1 Feature films
3.2 Short films
3.3 Television programming
4 Franchises
5 See also
5.1 Documentary films about Disney animation
6 References
7 Sources
8 Further reading
9 External links
History
1923–1929: Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio

The building on Kingswell Avenue in Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926[12]
Kansas City, Missouri natives Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in Los Angeles in 1923 and got their start producing a series of silent Alice Comedies short films featuring a live-action child actress in an animated world.[13] The Alice Comedies were distributed by Margaret J. Winkler's Winkler Pictures, which later also distributed a second Disney short subject series, the all-animated Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, through Universal Pictures starting in 1927.[13][14] Upon relocating to California, the Disney brothers initially started working in their uncle Robert Disney's garage at 4406 Kingswell Avenue in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, then in October 1923 formally launched their studio in a small office on the rear side of a real estate agency's office at 4651 Kingswell Avenue. In February 1924, the studio moved next door to office space of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue. In 1925, Disney put down a deposit on a new location at 2719 Hyperion Avenue in the nearby Silver Lake neighborhood, which came to be known as the Hyperion Studio to distinguish it from the studio's other locations, and in January 1926 the studio moved there and took on the name the Walt Disney Studio.[15]

Meanwhile, after the first year's worth of Oswalds, Walt Disney attempted to renew his contract with Winkler Pictures, but Charles Mintz, who had taken over Margaret Winkler's business after marrying her, wanted to force Disney to accept a lower advance payment for each Oswald short. Disney refused, and as Universal owned the rights to Oswald rather than Disney, Mintz set up his own animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons. Most of Disney's staff was hired away by Mintz to move over, once Disney's Oswald contract was done in mid-1928.[16]

Working in secret while the rest of the staff finished the remaining Oswalds on contract, Disney and his head animator Ub Iwerks led a small handful of loyal staffers in producing cartoons starring a new character named Mickey Mouse.[17] The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons, Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho, were previewed in limited engagements during the summer of 1928. For the third Mickey cartoon, however, Disney produced a soundtrack, collaborating with musician Carl Stalling and businessman Pat Powers, who provided Disney with his bootlegged "Cinephone" sound-on-film process. Subsequently, the third Mickey Mouse cartoon, Steamboat Willie, became Disney's first cartoon with synchronized sound and was a major success upon its November 1928 debut at the West 57th Theatre in New York City.[18] The Mickey Mouse series of sound cartoons, distributed by Powers through Celebrity Productions, quickly became the most popular cartoon series in the United States.[19][20] A second Disney series of sound cartoons, the Silly Symphonies, debuted in 1929 with The Skeleton Dance.[21]

1929–1940: Reincorporation, Silly Symphonies and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
In 1929, disputes over finances between Disney and Powers led to Disney's studio, reincorporated on December 16, 1929, as Walt Disney Productions, signing a new distribution contract with Columbia Pictures.[22][23][24] Powers in return signed away Ub Iwerks, who began producing cartoons at his own studio although he would return to Disney in 1940.[25]

Columbia distributed Disney's shorts for two years before the Disney studio entered a new distribution deal with United Artists in 1932. The same year, Disney signed a two-year exclusive deal with Technicolor to utilize its new 3-strip color film process,[26] which allowed for fuller-color reproduction where previous color film processors could not.[27] The result was the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees, the first film commercially released in full Technicolor.[27][28] Flowers and Trees was a major success,[27][29] and all Silly Symphonies were subsequently produced in Technicolor.[30][31]

By the early 1930s, Walt Disney had realized that the success of animated films depended upon telling emotionally gripping stories that would grab the audience and not let go,[32][33] and this realization led him to create a separate "story department" with storyboard artists dedicated to story development.[34] With well-developed characters and an interesting story, the 1933 Technicolor Silly Symphony cartoon Three Little Pigs became a major box office and pop culture success,[27][35] with its theme song "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?" becoming a popular chart hit.[36]

In 1934, Walt Disney gathered several key staff members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film. Despite derision from most of the film industry, who dubbed the production "Disney's Folly," Disney proceeded undaunted into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[37] which would become the first animated feature in English and Technicolor. Considerable training and development went into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and the studio greatly expanded with established animators, artists from other fields, and recent college graduates joining the studio to work on the film. The training classes, supervised by the head animators such as Les Clark, Norm Ferguson, and Art Babbit and taught by Donald W. Graham, an art teacher from the nearby Chouinard Art Institute,[10][37] had begun at the studio in 1932 and were greatly expanded into orientation training and continuing education classes.[10][37] In the course of teaching the classes, Graham and the animators created or formalized many of the techniques and processes that became the key tenets and principles of traditional animation.[10] Silly Symphonies such as The Goddess of Spring (1934) and The Old Mill (1937) served as experimentation grounds for new techniques such as the animation of realistic human figures, special effects animation, the use of the multiplane camera,[38] an invention which split animation artwork layers into several planes, allowing the camera to appear to move dimensionally through an animated scene.[39]


Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer.
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs cost Disney a then-expensive sum of $1.4 million to complete (including $100,000 on story development alone) and was an unprecedented success when released in February 1938 by RKO Radio Pictures, which had assumed distribution of Disney product from United Artists in 1937. It was briefly the highest-grossing film of all time before the unprecedented success of Gone with the Wind two years later,[40][41] grossing over $8 million on its initial release, the equivalent of $145,304,960 in 1999 dollars.[41]

During the production of Snow White, work had continued on the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series of shorts. Mickey Mouse switched to Technicolor in 1935, by which time the series had added several major supporting characters, among them Mickey's dog Pluto and their friends Donald Duck and Goofy. Donald, Goofy, and Pluto would all be appearing in series of their own by 1940, and the Donald Duck cartoons eclipsed the Mickey Mouse series in popularity.[42] The Silly Symphonies, which garnered seven Academy Awards, ceased in 1939, until it returns to theatres with some re-issues and re-releases.[43]

1940–1948: New features, strike, World War II
The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new, larger studio on Buena Vista Street in Burbank, where The Walt Disney Company remains headquartered to this day. Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering on April 2, 1940, with Walt Disney as president and chairman and Roy Disney as CEO.[44]

The studio launched into the production of new animated features, the first of which was Pinocchio, released in February 1940. Pinocchio was not initially a box office success.[45] The box office returns from the film's initial release were both below Snow White's unprecedented success and the studio's expectations.[45][46] Of the film's $2.289 million cost – twice of Snow White – Disney only recouped $1 million by late 1940, with studio reports of the film's final original box office take varying between $1.4 million and $1.9 million.[47] However, Pinocchio was a critical success, winning the Academy Award for Best Original Song and Best Original Score, making it the first film of the studio to win not only either Oscar, but both at the same time.[48]

Fantasia, an experimental film produced to an accompanying orchestral arrangement conducted by Leopold Stokowski, was released in November 1940 by Disney itself in a series of limited-seating roadshow engagements. The film cost $2 million to produce, and although the film earned $1.4 million in its roadshow engagements,[49] the high cost ($85,000 per theater)[49] of installing Fantasound placed Fantasia at an even greater loss than Pinocchio.[50] RKO assumed distribution of Fantasia in 1941,[51] later reissuing it in severely edited versions over the years.[52][53] Despite its financial failure, Fantasia was the subject of two Academy Honorary Awards on February 26, 1942 – one for the development of the innovative Fantasound system used to create the film's stereoscopic soundtrack, and the other for Stokowski and his contributions to the film.[54]

Much of the character animation on these productions and all subsequent features until the late 1970s was supervised by a brain-trust of animators Walt Disney dubbed the "Nine Old Men," many of whom also served as directors and later producers on the Disney features: Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, Woolie Reitherman, Les Clark, Ward Kimball, Eric Larson, John Lounsbery, Milt Kahl, and Marc Davis.[55] Other head animators at Disney during this period included Norm Ferguson, Bill Tytla, and Fred Moore. The development of the feature animation department created a caste system at the Disney studio: lesser animators (and feature animators in-between assignments) were assigned to work on the short subjects, while animators higher in status such as the Nine Old Men worked on the features. Concern over Walt Disney accepting credit for the artists' work as well as debates over compensation led to many of the newer and lower-ranked animators seeking to unionize the Disney studio.[56]

A bitter union strike began in May 1941, which was resolved without the angered Walt Disney's involvement in July and August of that year.[56] As Walt Disney Productions was being set up as a union shop,[56] Walt Disney and several studio employees were sent by the U.S. government on a Good Neighbor policy trip to Central and South America.[57] The Disney strike and its aftermath led to an exodus of several animation professionals from the studio, from top-level animators such as Art Babbitt and Bill Tytla to artists better known for their work outside the Disney studio such as Frank Tashlin, Maurice Noble, Walt Kelly, Bill Meléndez, and John Hubley.[56] Hubley, with several other Disney strikers, went on to found the United Productions of America studio, Disney's key animation rival in the 1950s.[56]

Dumbo, in production during the midst of the animators' strike, premiered in October 1941 and proved to be a financial success. The simple film only cost $950,000 to produce, half the cost of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, less than a third of the cost of Pinocchio, and two-fifths of the cost of Fantasia. Dumbo eventually grossed $1.6 million during its original release.[58] In August 1942, Bambi was released, and as with Pinocchio and Fantasia, did not perform well at the box office. Out of its $1.7 million budget, it only grossed $1.64 million.[59]

Production of full-length animated features was temporarily suspended after the release of Bambi. Given the financial failures of some of the recent features and World War II cutting off much of the overseas cinema market, the studio's financiers at the Bank of America would only loan the studio working capital if it temporarily restricted itself to shorts production.[60] Then in-production features such as Peter Pan, Alice in Wonderland, and Lady and the Tramp were therefore put on hold until after the war.[60] Following the United States entry into World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the studio housed over 500 U.S. Army soldiers who were responsible for protecting nearby aircraft factories from enemy bombers. In addition, several Disney animators were drafted to fight in the war and the studio was contracted on producing wartime content for every branch of the U.S. military, particularly military training, and civilian propaganda films. From 1942 to 1943, 95 percent of the studio's animation output was for the military.[61] During the war, Disney produced the live-action/animated military propaganda feature Victory Through Air Power (1943),[62] and a series of Latin culture-themed shorts resulting from the 1941 Good Neighbor trip were compiled into two features, Saludos Amigos (1942) and The Three Caballeros (1944).[62]

Saludos and Caballeros set the template for several other 1940s Disney releases of "package films": low-budgeted films composed of animated short subjects with animated or live-action bridging material.[63][64] These films were Make Mine Music (1946), Fun and Fancy Free (1947), Melody Time (1948), and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad (1949). The studio also produced two features, Song of the South (1946) and So Dear to My Heart (1948), which used more expansive live-action stories which still included animated sequences and sequences combining live-action and animated characters. Shorts production continued during this period as well, with Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto cartoons being the main output accompanied by cartoons starring Mickey Mouse, Figaro, and in the 1950s, Chip 'n' Dale and Humphrey the Bear.[65]

In addition, Disney began reissuing the previous features, beginning with re-releases of Snow White in 1944,[66] Pinocchio in 1945, and Fantasia in 1946.[67] This led to a tradition of reissuing the Disney films every seven years, which lasted into the 1990s before being translated into the studio's handling of home video releases.[66]

1948–1959: Return of features, Buena Vista, end of shorts, layoffs

The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California, the headquarters of the animation department from 1940 to 1984.
In 1948, Disney returned to the production of full-length features with Cinderella, a full-length film based on the fairy tale by Charles Perrault. At a cost of nearly $3 million, the future of the studio depended upon the success of this film.[68] Upon its release in 1950, Cinderella proved to be a box-office success, with the profits from the film's release allowing Disney to carry on producing animated features throughout the 1950s.[69] Following its success, production on the in-limbo features Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, and Lady and the Tramp was resumed. In addition, an ambitious new project, an adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale "Sleeping Beauty" set to Tchaikovsky's classic score, was begun but took much of the rest of the decade to complete.[70]

Alice in Wonderland, released in 1951, met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release.[71] Peter Pan, released in 1953, was, on the other hand, a commercial success and the sixth highest-grossing film of the year. In 1955, Lady and the Tramp was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs,[72] earning an estimated $6.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955.[73] Lady is significant as Disney's first widescreen animated feature, produced in the CinemaScope process,[72] and was the first Disney animated feature to be released by Disney's own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution.[74]

By the mid-1950s, with Walt Disney's attention primarily set on new endeavours such as live-action films, television, and the Disneyland theme park,[55] production of the animated films was left primarily in the hands of the "Nine Old Men" trust of head animators and directors. This led to several delays in approvals during the production of Sleeping Beauty,[55] which was finally released in 1959. At $6 million,[75] it was Disney's most expensive film to date, produced in a heavily stylized art style devised by artist Eyvind Earle[75] and presented in large-format Super Technirama 70 with six-track stereophonic sound.[75] However, the film's large production costs and underperformance at the box office resulted in the studio posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960,[76] leading to massive layoffs throughout the studio.[77]

By the end of the decade, the Disney short subjects were no longer being produced on a regular basis, with many of the shorts divisions' personnel either leaving the company or begin reassigned to work on Disney television programs such as The Mickey Mouse Club and Disneyland. While the Disney Silly Symphonies shorts had dominated the Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) during the 1930s, its reign over the most awards had been ended by MGM's Tom and Jerry cartoons, Warner Bros' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies, and the works of United Productions of America (UPA), whose flat art style and stylized animation techniques were lauded as more modern alternatives to the older Disney style.[78] During the 1950s, only one Disney short, the stylized Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom, won the Best Short Subject (Cartoons) Oscar.[79]

The Mickey Mouse, Pluto, and Goofy shorts had all ceased regular production by 1953, with Donald Duck and Humphrey continuing and converting to widescreen CinemaScope before the shorts division was shut down in 1956. After that, all future shorts were produced by the feature films division until 1969. The last Disney short of the golden age of animation was It's Tough to Be a Bird. Disney shorts would only be produced on a sporadic basis from this point on,[65] with notable later shorts including[80] Runaway Brain (1995, starring Mickey Mouse)[81] and Paperman (2012).[82]

1959–1966: Reduced feature animation, Walt Disney's final years
Despite the 1959 layoffs and competition for Walt Disney's attention from the company's grown live-action film, TV, and theme park departments, production continued on feature animation productions at a reduced level.[70]

In 1961, the studio released One Hundred and One Dalmatians, an animated feature which popularized the use of xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels.[83] Using xerography, animation drawings could be photochemically transferred rather than traced from paper drawings to the clear acetate sheets ("cels") used in final animation production.[83] The resulting art style – a scratchier line which revealed the construction lines in the animators' drawings – typified Disney films into the 1980s.[83] The film was a success, being the tenth highest-grossing film of 1961 with rentals of $6.4 million.[84]

The Disney animation training program started at the studio before the development of Snow White in 1932 eventually led to Walt Disney helping found the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts).[85] This university formed via the merger of Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. It included a Disney-developed animation program of study among its degree offerings. CalArts became the alma mater of many of the animators who would work at Disney and other animation studios from the 1970s to the present.[85]

The Sword in the Stone was released in 1963 and was the sixth highest-grossing film of the year in North America with estimated rentals of $4.75 million.[86] A featurette adaptation of one of A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories, Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree, was released in 1966,[87] to be followed by several other Pooh featurettes over the years and a full-length compilation feature, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, which was released in 1977.[87]

Walt Disney died in December 1966, ten months before the studio's next film The Jungle Book, was completed and released.[88] The film was a success,[89] finishing 1967 as the fourth highest-grossing film of the year.[90]

1967–1983: Decline in popularity, Don Bluth's entrance and departure, "rock bottom"
Following Walt Disney's death, Wolfgang Reitherman continued as both producer and director of the features.[91][92] The studio began the 1970s with the release of The Aristocats, the last film project to be approved by Walt Disney.[92] In 1971, Roy O. Disney, the studio co-founder, died and Walt Disney Productions was left in the hands of Donn Tatum and Card Walker, who alternated as chairman and CEO in overlapping terms until 1978.[93] The next feature, Robin Hood (1973), was produced with a significantly reduced budget and animation repurposed from previous features.[91] Both The Aristocats and Robin Hood were minor box office and critical successes.[91][92]

The Rescuers, released in 1977, was a success exceeding the achievements of the previous two Disney features.[92] Receiving positive reviews, high commercial returns, and an Academy Award nomination, it ended up being the third highest-grossing film of the year and the most successful and best reviewed Disney animated film since The Jungle Book.[91][92] The film was reissued in 1983, accompanied by a new Disney featurette, Mickey's Christmas Carol.[94]

The production of The Rescuers signaled the beginning of a changing of the guard process in the personnel at the Disney animation studio:[92] as veterans such as Milt Kahl and Les Clark retired, they were gradually replaced by new talents such as Don Bluth, Ron Clements, John Musker, and Glen Keane.[92][95] The new animators, culled from the animation program at CalArts and trained by Eric Larson, Frank Thomas, Ollie Johnston, and Woolie Reitherman[92][95] got their first chances to prove themselves as a group with the animated sequences in Disney's live-action/animated hybrid feature Pete's Dragon (1977),[96] the animation for which was directed by Bluth.[91] In September 1979, dissatisfied with what they felt was a stagnation in the development of the art of animation at Disney,[97] Bluth and several of the other new guard animators quit to start their own studio, Don Bluth Productions,[97] which became Disney's chief competitor in the animation field during the 1980s.[95]

Delayed half a year by the defection of the Bluth group,[95] The Fox and the Hound was released in 1981 after four years in production. The film was considered a financial success by the studio, and development continued on The Black Cauldron, a long-gestating adaptation of the Chronicles of Prydain series of novels by Lloyd Alexander[95] produced in Super Technirama 70.

The Black Cauldron was intended to expand the appeal of Disney animated films to older audiences and to showcase the talents of the new generation of Disney animators from CalArts. Besides Keane, Musker, and Clements, this new group of artists included other promising animators such as Andreas Deja, Mike Gabriel, John Lasseter, Brad Bird, and Tim Burton. Lasseter was fired from Disney in 1983 for pushing the studio to explore computer animation production,[98][99] but went on to become the creative head of Pixar, a pioneering computer animation studio that would begin a close association with Disney in the late 1980s.[98][100][101] Similarly, Burton was fired in 1984 after producing a live-action short shelved by the studio, Frankenweenie, then went on to become a high-profile producer and director of live-action and stop-motion features for Disney and other studios. Some of Burton's high-profile projects for Disney would include the stop-motion The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), a live-action adaptation of Alice in Wonderland (2010), and a stop-motion feature remake of Frankenweenie (2012).[102][103] Bird was also fired after working a few years at the company for criticizing Disney's upper management for playing it safe and not taking risks on animation. He subsequently became an animation director at other studios, including Warner Bros. Animation and Pixar.[104]

1984–1989: Michael Eisner takeover, restructuring, return to prominence

Roy E. Disney (Chairman, 1985–2003), nephew of Walt Disney, was a key figure in restructuring the animation department following the reorganization of the Disney company in 1984.
Ron Miller, Walt Disney's son-in-law, became president of Walt Disney Productions in 1978 and CEO in 1983.[105] That year, he expanded the company's film and television production divisions, creating the Walt Disney Pictures banner under which future films from the feature animation department would be released.[105] After a series of corporate takeover attempts in 1984, Roy E. Disney, son of Roy O. and nephew of Walt, resigned from the company's board of directors and launched a campaign called "SaveDisney," successfully convincing the board to fire Miller. Roy E. Disney brought in Michael Eisner as Disney's new CEO and Frank Wells as president.[93][106] Eisner in turn named Jeffrey Katzenberg chairman of the film division, The Walt Disney Studios.[95] Near completion when the Eisner regime took over Disney, The Black Cauldron (1985) would come to represent what would later be referred to as the "rock bottom" point for Disney animation.[95] The studio's most expensive feature to that point at $44 million, The Black Cauldron was a critical and commercial failure.[95] The film's $21 million box office gross led to a loss for the studio, putting the future of the animation division in jeopardy.[95]

Between the 1950s and 1980s, the significance of animation to Disney's bottom line was significantly reduced as the company expanded into further live-action production, television, and theme parks.[95] As new CEO, Michael Eisner strongly considered shuttering the feature animation studio and outsourcing future animation. Roy E. Disney intervened, offering to head the feature animation division and turn its fortunes around,[95] while Eisner established the Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group to produce lower-cost animation for television.[93] Named Chairman of feature animation by Eisner, Roy E. Disney appointed Peter Schneider president of animation to run the day-to-day operations in 1985.[107]

On February 1, 1985, Disney executives moved the animation division from the Disney studio lot in Burbank to a variety of warehouses, hangars, and trailers located about two miles east (3.2 kilometers) at 1420 Flower Street in nearby Glendale, California. About a year later the growing computer graphics (CG) group would move there too.[95][108] The animation division's first feature animation at its new location was The Great Mouse Detective (1986), begun by John Musker and Ron Clements as Basil of Baker Street after both left production of The Black Cauldron.[109] The film was enough of a critical and commercial success to instill executive confidence in the animation studio.[95] Later the same year, however, Universal Pictures and Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment released Don Bluth's An American Tail, which outgrossed The Great Mouse Detective at the box office and became the highest-grossing first-issue animated film to that point.[110]

Katzenberg, Schneider, and Roy Disney set about changing the culture of the studio, increasing staffing and production so that a new animated feature would be released every year instead of every two to four.[95] The first of the releases on the accelerated production schedule was Oliver & Company (1988), which featured an all-star cast including Billy Joel and Bette Midler and an emphasis on a modern pop soundtrack.[95] Oliver & Company opened in the theaters on the same day as another Bluth/Amblin/Universal animated film, The Land Before Time; however, Oliver outgrossed Time in the US and went on to become the most successful animated feature in the US to that date, though the later's worldwide box office gross was higher than the former.[95]


1400 Flower Street in Glendale, California, one of several buildings used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995.

1400 Air Way, another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995.
At the same time in 1988, Disney's started entering into Australia's long-standing animation industry, by purchasing Hanna-Barbera's Australian studio to start Disney Animation Australia.[111]

While Oliver & Company and the next feature The Little Mermaid were in production, Disney collaborated with Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment and master animator Richard Williams to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit, a groundbreaking live-action/animation hybrid directed by Robert Zemeckis, which featured licensed animated characters from other animation studios.[112][113] Disney set up a new animation studio under Williams' supervision in London to create the cartoon characters for Roger Rabbit, with many of the artists from the California studio traveling to England to work on the film.[95][114] A significant critical and commercial success,[114] Roger Rabbit won three Academy Awards for technical achievements.[115] and was key in renewing mainstream interest in American animation.[95] Other than the film itself, the studio also produced three Roger Rabbit shorts during the late 1980s and early 1990s.[116][117]

1989–1994: Beginning of the Disney Renaissance, successful releases, impact on the animation industry
Main article: Disney Renaissance
A second satellite studio, Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida, opened in 1989 with 40 employees. Its offices were located within the Disney-MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake, Florida, and visitors were allowed to tour the studio and observe animators at work.[118] That same year, the studio released The Little Mermaid, which became a keystone achievement in Disney's history as its largest critical and commercial success in decades. Directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, who'd been co-directors on The Great Mouse Detective, The Little Mermaid earned $84 million at the North American box office, a record for the studio. The film was built around a score from Broadway songwriters Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, who was also a co-producer and story consultant on the film.[95] The Little Mermaid won two Academy Awards, for Best Original Song and for Best Original Score.[119]

The Little Mermaid vigorously relaunched a profound new interest in the animation and musical film genres.[95][120] The film was also the first to feature the use of Disney's Computer Animation Production System (CAPS). Developed for Disney by Pixar,[95] which had grown into a commercial computer animation and technology development company, CAPS/ink & paint would become significant in allowing future Disney films to more seamlessly integrate computer-generated imagery and achieve higher production values with digital ink and paint and compositing techniques.[95] The Little Mermaid was the first of a series of blockbusters that would be released over the next decade by Walt Disney Feature Animation, a period later designated by the term Disney Renaissance.[121]

Accompanied in theaters by the Mickey Mouse featurette The Prince and the Pauper, The Rescuers Down Under (1990) was Disney's first animated feature sequel and the studio's first film to be fully colored and composited via computer using the CAPS/ink & paint system.[95] However, the film did not duplicate the success of The Little Mermaid.[95] The next Disney animated feature, Beauty and the Beast, had begun production in London but was moved back to Burbank after Disney decided to shutter the London satellite office and retool the film into a musical-comedy format similar to The Little Mermaid.[95] Alan Menken and Howard Ashman were retained to write the song score, though Ashman died before production was completed.[95]

Debuting first in a work-in-progress version at the 1991 New York Film Festival before its November 1991 wide release, Beauty and the Beast, directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale, was an unprecedented critical and commercial success, and would later be seen as one of the studio's best films.[122] The film earned six Academy Award nominations, including one for Best Picture, a first for an animated work, winning for Best Song and Best Original Score.[123] Its $145 million box office gross set new records and merchandising for the film – including toys, cross-promotions, and soundtrack sales – was also lucrative.[124]

The successes of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast established the template for future Disney releases during the 1990s: a musical-comedy format with Broadway-styled songs and tentpole action sequences, buoyed by cross-promotional marketing and merchandising, all carefully designed to pull audiences of all ages and types into theatres.[124] In addition to John Musker, Ron Clements, Kirk Wise, and Gary Trousdale, the new guard of Disney artists creating these films included story artists/directors Roger Allers, Rob Minkoff, Chris Sanders, and Brenda Chapman, and lead animators Glen Keane, Andreas Deja, Eric Goldberg, Nik Ranieri, Will Finn, and many others.[124]

Aladdin, released in November 1992, continued the upward trend in Disney's animation success, earning $504 million worldwide at the box office,[125] and two more Oscars for Best Song and Best Score.[126] Featuring songs by Menken, Ashman, and Tim Rice (who replaced Ashman after his passing)[127] and starring the voice of Robin Williams,[128] Aladdin also established the trend of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters,[128] which had been explored to some degree with The Jungle Book and Oliver & Company, but now became standard practice.[128]

In June 1994, Disney released The Lion King, directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff. An all-animal adventure set in Africa, The Lion King featured an all-star voice cast which included James Earl Jones, Matthew Broderick, and Jeremy Irons, with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John. The Lion King earned $768 million at the worldwide box office,[129] to this date a record for a traditionally animated film,[130] earning millions more in merchandising, promotions, and record sales for its soundtrack.[124]


622/610 Circle 7 Drive (the Hart-Dannon Building), another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation during the early 1990s.
Aladdin and The Lion King had been the highest-grossing films worldwide in each of their respective release years.[131][132] Between these in-house productions, Disney diversified in animation methods and produced The Nightmare Before Christmas with former Disney animator Tim Burton.[133] With animation becoming again an increasingly important and lucrative part of Disney's business, the company began to expand its operations. The flagship California studio was split into two units and expanded,[124] and ground was broken on a new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank, which was dedicated in 1995.[95][124] The Florida satellite, officially incorporated in 1992,[citation needed] was expanded as well, and one of Disney's television animation studios in the Paris, France suburb of Montreuil[134] – the former Brizzi Brothers studio[134] – became Walt Disney Feature Animation Paris, where A Goofy Movie (1995) and significant parts of later Disney films were produced.[95] Also, Disney began producing lower cost direct to video sequels for its successful animated films using the services of its television animation studios under the name Disney MovieToons. The Return of Jafar (1994), a sequel to Aladdin and a pilot for the Aladdin television show spin-off, was the first of these productions.[135] Walt Disney Feature Animation was also heavily involved in the adaptations of both Beauty and the Beast in 1994 and The Lion King in 1997 into Broadway musicals.[124]

Jeffrey Katzenberg and the Disney story team were heavily involved in the development and production of Toy Story,[136] the first fully computer-animated feature ever produced.[136] Toy Story was produced for Disney by Pixar and directed by former Disney animator John Lasseter,[136] whom Peter Schneider had unsuccessfully tried to hire back after his success with Pixar shorts such as Tin Toy (1988).[95] Released in 1995, Toy Story opened to critical acclaim[136][137][138] and commercial success,[136][139] leading to Pixar signing a five-film deal with Disney, which bore critically and financially successful computer animated films such as A Bug's Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc. (2001),[140] and Finding Nemo (2003).

In addition, the successes of Aladdin and The Lion King spurred a significant increase in the number of American-produced animated features throughout the rest of the decade, with the major film studios establishing new animation divisions such as Fox Animation Studios, Sullivan Bluth Studios, Amblimation, Rich Animation Studios, Turner Feature Animation, and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical-comedy format such as We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993), Thumbelina (1994), The Swan Princess (1994), A Troll in Central Park (1994), The Pebble and the Penguin (1995), Cats Don't Dance (1997), Anastasia (1997), Quest for Camelot (1998) and The King and I (1999). Out of these non-Disney animated features, only Anastasia was a box-office success.[141]

1994–2000: End of the Disney Renaissance, declining returns

Walt Disney Feature Animation logo, used from 1997 to 2007.
Concerns arose internally at Disney, particularly from Roy E. Disney, about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney's early 1990s releases.[95] Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994, and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position. Instead, tensions between Katzenberg, Eisner, and Disney resulted in Katzenberg being forced to resign from the company that August 24,[142] with Joe Roth taking his place.[142] On October 12, 1994, Katzenberg went on to become one of the founders of DreamWorks SKG, whose animation division became Disney's key rival in feature animation[124][143] with both computer animated films such as Antz (1998), and traditionally animated films such as The Prince of Egypt (1998).[141] In December 1994, the Animation Building in Burbank was completed for the animation division.[144]

In contrast to the early 1990s productions, the mid-1990s Disney animated features presented a trend of diminishing returns. Pocahontas, released in summer 1995, was a critical disappointment compared to its predecessors but was still commercially successful, [143] earning $346 million worldwide[145] and won two Academy Awards for its music by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz.[146] The next film, The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), partially produced at the Paris studio,[134] performed better critically and grossed $325 million worldwide.[147] The following summer, Hercules, grossed $252 million worldwide[148] and received positive reviews,[149] but it was responsible for beginning the decline of traditional animated films. The declining box office success became doubly concerning inside the studio as wage competition from DreamWorks had significantly increased the studio's overhead,[106][124] with production costs increasing from $79 million in total costs (production, marketing, and overhead) for The Lion King in 1994 to $179 million for Hercules three years later.[143] Moreover, Disney depended upon the popularity of its new features in order to develop merchandising, theme park attractions, direct-to-video sequels, and television programming in its other divisions.[124] The production schedule was scaled back,[143] and a larger number of creative executives were hired to more closely supervise production, a move that was not popular among the animation staff.[124][150][151]

Mulan (1998), the first film produced primarily at the Florida studio,[152] opened to positive reviews from audiences and critics, and earned $305 million in worldwide box office. The next summer's Tarzan, directed by Kevin Lima and Chris Buck, had a high production cost of $130 million,[143] but again received positive reviews and earned $448 million at the box office.[153] The Tarzan song score by pop star Phil Collins resulted in significant record sales and an Academy Award for Best Song.[154]

Fantasia 2000, a sequel to the 1940 film that had been a pet-project of Roy E. Disney's since 1990,[155][156] was released on January 1, 2000. Produced in pieces when artists were available between productions,[155] Fantasia 2000 was the first animated feature produced for and released in IMAX format.[157] A standard theatrical release followed in June, but the film's $90 million worldwide box office total against its $90 million production cost[156] resulted in it losing $100 million for the studio.[156][158] Peter Schneider left his post as president of Walt Disney Feature Animation in 1999 to become president of The Walt Disney Studios under Joe Roth.[159] Thomas Schumacher, who had been Schneider's vice president of animation for several years, became the new president of Walt Disney Feature Animation.[159] By this time, competition from other studios had driven animators' incomes to all-time highs,[124] making traditionally animated features even more costly to produce.[143] Schumacher was tasked with cutting costs, and massive layoffs began to cut salaries and bring the studio's staff – which peaked at 2,200 people in 1999 – down to approximately 1,200 employees.[160][161]

In October 1999, Dream Quest Images, a special effects studio previously purchased by The Walt Disney Company in April 1996 to replace Buena Vista Visual Effects,[162] was merged with the computer-graphics operation of Walt Disney Feature Animation to form a division called The Secret Lab.[163] The Secret Lab produced one feature film, Dinosaur, which was released in May 2000[164] and featured CGI prehistoric creatures against filmed live-action backgrounds.[165] The $128 million production earned $349 million worldwide, below studio expectations,[165] and the Secret Lab was closed in 2001.[166]

In December 2000, The Emperor's New Groove was released. It had been a musical epic called Kingdom of the Sun before being revised mid-production into a smaller comedy,[167][168] The film earned $169 million worldwide when released,[169] though it was well-reviewed and performed better on video.[170][171] Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001), an attempt to break the Disney formula by moving into action-adventure, received mixed reviews and earned $186 million worldwide against production costs of $120 million.[160][172][173]

2001–2006: Slump, downsizing and conversion to computer animation, corporate issues
By 2001, the notable successes of computer-animated films from Pixar and DreamWorks such as Monsters, Inc. and, Shrek, respectively, against Disney's lesser returns for The Emperor's New Groove and Atlantis: The Lost Empire led to a growing perception that hand-drawn animation was becoming outdated and falling out of fashion.[124][174][175] In March 2002, just after the successful release of Blue Sky Studios' computer-animated feature Ice Age,[124] Disney laid off most of the employees at the Feature Animation studio in Burbank, downsizing it to one unit and beginning plans to move into fully computer animated films.[124][176] A handful of employees were offered positions doing computer animation. Morale plunged to a low not seen since the start of the studio's ten-year exile to Glendale in 1985.[124][177] The Paris studio was also closed in 2003.[178]

The Burbank studio's remaining hand-drawn productions, Treasure Planet and Home on the Range, continued production. Treasure Planet, an outer space retelling of Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island, was a pet project of writer-directors Ron Clements and John Musker. It received an IMAX release and generally positive reviews but was financially unsuccessful upon its November 2002 release, resulting in a $74 million write-down for The Walt Disney Company in fiscal year 2003.[177][179] The Burbank studio's 2D departments closed at the end of 2002 following completion of Home on the Range,[124][180] a long-in-production feature that had been known as Sweating Bullets.[181]

Meanwhile, hand-drawn feature animation production continued at the Feature Animation Florida studio, where the films could be produced at lower costs.[176] Lilo & Stitch, an offbeat comedy-drama written and directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois,[175] became the studio's first bonafide hit since Tarzan upon its summer 2002 release,[182] earning $273 million worldwide against an $80 million production budget.[183]

By this time, most of the Disney features from the 1990s had been spun off into direct-to-video sequels, television series, or both, produced by the Disney Television Animation unit. Beginning with the February 2002 release of Return to Never Land, a sequel to Peter Pan (1953), Disney began releasing lower-budgeted sequels to earlier films, which had been intended for video premieres, in theaters,[135] a process derided by some of the Disney animation staff and fans of the Disney films.[124][184]

In 2003, Tom Schumacher was appointed president of Buena Vista Theatrical Group, Disney's stageplay and musical theater arm, and David Stainton, then president of Walt Disney Television Animation, was appointed as his replacement. Stainton continued to oversee Disney's direct-to-video division, Disneytoon Studios, which had been part of the television animation department,[5] though transferred at this time to Walt Disney Feature Animation management.[185]

Under Stainton, the Florida studio completed Brother Bear, which did not perform as well as Lilo & Stitch critically or financially.[182] Disney announced the closing of the Florida studio on January 12, 2004,[124][182] with the then in-progress feature My Peoples left unfinished when the studio closed two months later.[150][175][180][186] Upon the unsuccessful April 2004 release of Home on the Range,[187] Disney, led by executive Bob Lambert,[188] officially announced its conversion of Walt Disney Feature Animation into a fully CGI studio – a process begun two years prior[174][189] – now with a staff of 600 people[174] and began selling off all of its traditional animation equipment.[124]

Just after Brother Bear's November 2003 release, Feature Animation chairman Roy E. Disney had resigned from The Walt Disney Company, launching with business partner Stanley Gold a second external "SaveDisney" campaign similar to the one that had forced Ron Miller out in 1984, this time to force out Michael Eisner.[184] Two of their arguing points against Eisner included his handling of Feature Animation and the souring of the studio's relationship with Pixar.[174]

Talks between Eisner and Pixar CEO Steve Jobs over renewal terms for the highly lucrative Pixar-Disney distribution deal broke down in January 2004.[174][190][191] Jobs in particular disagreed with Eisner's insistence that sequels such as the then in-development Toy Story 3 (2010) would not count against the number of films required in the studio's new deal.[190] To that end, Disney announced the launching of Circle 7 Animation, a division of Feature Animation which would have produced sequels to the Pixar films, while Pixar began shopping for a new distribution deal.[190]

In 2005, Disney released its first fully computer-animated feature, Chicken Little. The film was a moderate success at the box office, earning $315 million worldwide,[192] but was not well-received critically.[193] Later that year, after two years of Roy E. Disney's "SaveDisney" campaign, Eisner announced that he would resign and named Bob Iger, then president of The Walt Disney Company, his successor as chairman and CEO.[184]

2006–2009: Rebound, Disney's acquisition of Pixar, renaming

John Lasseter (Chief Creative Officer, 2006–2018, left) and Edwin Catmull (President, 2006–2018, right) came to Disney following its acquisition of Pixar and dedicated themselves to revitalizing Walt Disney Animation Studios after the studio's unsuccessful early 2000s period.
Iger later said "I didn’t yet have a complete sense of just how broken Disney Animation was". He described its history since the early 1990s as "dotted by a slew of expensive failures" like Hercules and Chicken Little; the "modest successes" like Mulan and Lilo & Stitch were still critically and commercially unsuccessful compared to the films of the Disney Renaissance.[191] After Iger became CEO, Jobs resumed negotiations for Pixar with Disney.[194] On January 24, 2006, Disney announced that it would acquire Pixar for $7.4 billion in an all-stock deal,[195] with the deal closing that May,[194][196][197] and the Circle 7 studio launched to produce Toy Story 3 was shut down,[198][199] with most of its employees returning to Feature Animation and Toy Story 3 returning to Pixar's control.[200] Iger later said that it was "a deal I wanted badly, and [Disney] needed badly". He believed that Disney Animation needed new leadership,[191] and as part of the acquisition, Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter were named president and Chief Creative Officer, respectively, of Feature Animation as well as Pixar.[196]

While Disney executives had discussed closing Feature Animation as redundant, Catmull and Lasseter refused and instead resolved to try to turn things around at the studio.[201] Lasseter said "we weren't going to let that [closure] happen on our watch. We were determined to save the legacy of Walt Disney's amazing studio and bring it back up to the creative level it had to be. Saving this heritage was squarely on our shoulders."[202] Lasseter and Catmull set about rebuilding the morale of the Feature Animation staff,[203][204] and rehired a number of its 1980s "new guard" generation of star animators who had left the studio, including Ron Clements, John Musker, Eric Goldberg,[99] Mark Henn, Andreas Deja, Bruce W. Smith, and Chris Buck.[205] To maintain the separation of Feature Animation and Pixar despite their now common ownership and management, Catmull and Lasseter "drew a hard line" that each studio was solely responsible for its own projects and would not be allowed to borrow personnel from or lend tasks out to the other. Catmull said that he and Lasseter "make sure the studios are quite distinct from each other. We don’t want them to merge; that would definitely be the wrong approach. Each should have its own personality."[206][207]

Catmull and Lasseter also brought to Feature Animation the Pixar model of a "filmmaker-driven studio" as opposed to an "executive-driven studio"; they abolished Disney's prior system of requiring directors to respond to "mandatory" notes from development executives ranking above the producers in favor of a system roughly analogous to peer review, in which non-mandatory notes come primarily from fellow producers, directors, and writers.[202][208][209] Most of the layers of "gatekeepers" (midlevel executives) were stripped away, and Lasseter established a routine of personally meeting weekly with filmmakers on all projects in the last year of production and delivering feedback on the spot.[210] The studio's team of top creatives who work together closely on the development of its films is known as the Disney Story Trust; it is somewhat similar to the Pixar Braintrust,[208][211] but its meetings are reportedly "more polite" than those of its Pixar counterpart.[212]

In 2007, Lasseter renamed Walt Disney Feature Animation to Walt Disney Animation Studios,[213] and re-positioned the studio as an animation house that produced both traditional and computer-animated projects. In order to keep costs down on hand-drawn productions, animation, design, and layout were done in-house at Disney while clean-up animation and digital ink-and-paint were farmed out to vendors and freelancers.[214][self-published source]

The studio released Meet the Robinsons in 2007, its second all-CGI film, earning $169.3 million worldwide.[215] That same year, Disneytoon Studios was also restructured and began to operate as a separate unit under Lasseter and Catmull's control.[216] Lasseter's direct intervention with the studio's next film, American Dog, resulted in the departure of director Chris Sanders,[217] who went on to become a director at DreamWorks Animation.[218] The film was retooled by new directors Byron Howard and Chris Williams as Bolt, which was released in 2008 and had the best critical reception of any Disney animated feature since Lilo & Stitch,[219] and became a moderate financial success, receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Film.[220]

The Princess and the Frog, directed by Ron Clements and John Musker, was the studio's first hand-drawn animated film in five years. A return to the musical-comedy format of the 1990s with songs by Randy Newman,[221] the film was released in 2009 to a positive critical reception and was also nominated for three Academy Awards, including two for Best Song.[222] The box office performance of The Princess and the Frog – a total of $267 million earned worldwide against a $105 million production budget – was seen as an underperformance due to competition with Avatar.[220] In addition, the "Princess" aspect of the title was blamed, resulting in future Disney films then in production about princesses being given neutral/symbolic titles: Rapunzel became Tangled and The Snow Queen became Frozen.[203][223][224][225] In 2014, Disney animator Tom Sito compared the film's box office performance to that of The Great Mouse Detective (1986), which was a step-up from the theatrical run of the 1985 film The Black Cauldron.[226] In 2009, the studio also produced the computer-animated Prep & Landing holiday special for the ABC television network.[227]

2010–2018: Continued resurgence, John Lasseter and Ed Catmull's departure
After The Princess and the Frog, the studio released Tangled, a musical CGI adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale "Rapunzel" with songs by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater. In active development since 2002 under Glen Keane,[189] Tangled, directed by Byron Howard and Nathan Greno, was released in 2010 and became a significant critical and commercial success,[228][229] and was nominated for several accolades. The film earned $591 million in worldwide box office revenue, becoming the studio's third most successful release to date.[230]

The hand-drawn feature Winnie the Pooh, a new feature film based on the "Winnie-the-Pooh" works by A.A. Milne, followed in 2011 to positive reviews, but underperformed at the box office; it remains to date the studio's most recent hand-drawn feature.[231] The film was released in theaters alongside the hand-drawn short The Ballad of Nessie.[232] Wreck-It Ralph, directed by Rich Moore, was released in 2012, to critical acclaim and commercial success. A comedy-adventure about a video-game villain who redeems himself as a hero, it won numerous awards, including the Annie, Critics' Choice, and Kids' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature Film and received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.[233] The film earned $471 million in worldwide box office revenue.[234][235][236] In addition, the studio won its first Academy Award for a short film in forty-four years with Paperman, which was released in theaters with Wreck-It Ralph.[237][238] Directed by John Kahrs, Paperman utilized new software developed in-house at the studio called Meander, which merges hand-drawn and computer animation techniques within the same character to create a unique "hybrid." According to Producer Kristina Reed, the studio is continuing to develop the technique for future projects,[238] including an animated feature.[231]

In 2013, the studio laid off nine of its hand-drawn animators, including Nik Ranieri and Ruben A. Aquino,[239] leading to speculation on animation blogs that the studio was abandoning traditional animation, an idea that the studio dismissed.[240] That same year, Frozen, a CGI musical film inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's "The Snow Queen", was released to widespread acclaim and became a blockbuster hit. Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee with songs by the Broadway team of Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson-Lopez,[241] it was the first Disney animated film to earn over $1 billion in worldwide box office revenue.[233][241][242] Frozen also became the first film from Walt Disney Animation Studios to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature (a category started in 2001), as well as the first feature-length motion picture from the studio to win an Academy Award since Tarzan and the first to win multiple Academy Awards since Pocahontas.[243] It was released in theaters with Get a Horse!, a new Mickey Mouse cartoon combining black-and-white hand-drawn animation and full-color CGI animation.[244]

The studio's next feature, Big Hero 6, a CGI comedy-adventure film inspired by the Marvel Comics series of the same name, was released in November 2014.[245] For the film, the studio developed new light rendering software called Hyperion, which the studio continued to use on all subsequent films.[246] Big Hero 6 received critical acclaim and was the highest-grossing animated film of 2014, also winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[247][248][249][250] The film was accompanied in theaters by the animated short Feast, which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[251][252] In that same month, it was announced that General Manager, Andrew Millstein has been promoted as President of Walt Disney Animation Studios.[197][253][254][255]

In March 2016, the studio released Zootopia, a CGI buddy-comedy film set in a modern world inhabited by anthropomorphic animals.[256] The film was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $1 billion worldwide, and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.[257][258][259][260]

Moana, a CGI fantasy-adventure film, was released in November 2016.[261] The film was shown in theaters with the animated short Inner Workings.[262] Moana was another commercial and critical success for the studio, grossing over $600 million worldwide and receiving two Academy Award nominations.[263][264]

In November 2017, John Lasseter announced that he was taking a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging what he called "missteps" in his behavior with employees in a memo to staff. According to various news outlets, Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees.[265][266][267] On June 8, 2018, it was announced that Lasseter would leave Disney and Pixar at the end of the year after the company decided not to renew his contract, but would take on a consulting role until it expired.[268][269] Jennifer Lee was announced as Lasseter's replacement as chief creative officer of Disney Animation on June 19, 2018.[269][270]

On June 28, 2018, the studio's division Disneytoon Studios was shut down, resulting in the layoffs of 75 animators and staff.[271] On October 23, 2018, it was announced that Ed Catmull would be retiring at the end of the year, and would stay in an adviser role until July 2019.[272]

In November 2018, the studio released a sequel to Wreck-It Ralph, titled Ralph Breaks the Internet.[273] The film grossed over $500 million worldwide and received nominations for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award, both for Best Animated Feature.[274][275][276][277]

2019–present: Continued success and expansion to television
In August 2019, it was announced that Andrew Millstein would be stepping down from his role as president, before moving on to become co-president of Blue Sky Studios alongside Robert Baird, while Clark Spencer was named president of Disney Animation, reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Bergman and working alongside chief creative officer Jennifer Lee.[3][4]

The studio's next feature film was the sequel Frozen II, released in November 2019.[278] The film grossed over $1 billion worldwide and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song. According to Disney (which does not consіder the 2019 The Lion King remake to be an anіmated fіlm), Frozen II is the hіghest-grossing anіmated fіlm of all tіme.[279][280][281]

On December 10, 2020, the studio announced that it was expanding into producing television series. Most of the projects in development are for the Disney+ streaming service.[282] Among the series being produced include Baymax! (a spinoff of Big Hero 6), a TV anthology called Zootopia+ (set in the Zootopia universe), a TV adaptation of Moana, and a series called Tiana - featuring the lead character from The Princess and the Frog. They also announced they would be teaming up with British-based African entertainment company Kugali Media on a science fiction anthology named Iwájú.[283] In addition, employees from Disney Animation will be involved on the Disney Television Animation series Monsters at Work, based on Pixar's Monsters, Inc..[284]

Studio
Management
Walt Disney Animation Studios is currently managed by Jennifer Lee (Chief Creative Officer, 2018 – present) and Clark Spencer (President, 2019 – present).

Former presidents of the studio include Andrew Millstein (November 2014 – July 2019),[3][270] Edwin Catmull (June 2007 – July 2019), David Stainton (January 2003 – January 2006), Thomas Schumacher (January 2000 – December 2002) and Peter Schneider (1985 – December 1999).[285]

Other Disney executives who also exercised much influence within the studio were John Lasseter (2006–2018, Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios), Roy E. Disney (1972–2009, CEO and Chairman, Walt Disney Animation Studios), Jeffrey Katzenberg (1984–94, Chairman, The Walt Disney Studios), Michael Eisner (1984–2005, CEO, The Walt Disney Company), and Frank Wells (1984–94, President and COO, The Walt Disney Company). Following Roy Disney's passing in 2009, the WDAS headquarters in Burbank was re-dedicated as The Roy E. Disney Animation Building in May 2010.[286]

Locations

The south side of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building, as seen from the public park that separates it from the Ventura Freeway.
Since 1995, Walt Disney Animation Studios has been headquartered in the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank, California, across Riverside Drive from The Walt Disney Studios, where the original Animation building (now housing corporate offices) is located. The Disney Animation Building's lobby is capped by a large version of the famous hat from the Sorcerer's Apprentice segment of Fantasia (1940), and the building is informally called the "hat building" for that reason.[287] Disney Animation shares its site with ABC Studios, whose building is located immediately to the west.

Until the mid-1990s, Disney Animation previously operated out of the Air Way complex, a cluster of old hangars, office buildings, and trailers[95] in the Grand Central Business Centre, an industrial park on the site of the former Grand Central Airport[288] about two miles (3.2 km) east in the city of Glendale. The Disneytoon Studios unit was based in Glendale. Disney Animation's archive, formerly known as "the morgue" (based on an analogy to a morgue file) and today known as the Animation Research Library,[289] is also located in Glendale.[290] Unlike the Burbank buildings, the ARL is located in a nondescript office building near Disney's Grand Central Creative Campus. The 12,000-square-foot ARL is home to over 64 million items of animation artwork going back to 1924; because of its importance to the company, it requires visitors to agree to not disclose its exact location within Glendale.[290]

Previously, feature animation satellite studios were located around the world in Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis, France (a suburb of Paris),[134] and in Bay Lake, Florida (near Orlando, at Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park).[175] The Paris studio was shut down in 2002,[186] while the Florida studio was shut down in 2004.[186] The Florida animation building survives as an office building, while the former Magic of Disney Animation section of the building is home to Star Wars Launch Bay.

In November 2014, Disney Animation commenced a 16-month upgrade of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building,[291][292] in order to fix what then-studio president Edwin Catmull had called its "dungeon-like" interior.[293] For example, the interior was so cramped that it could not easily accommodate "town hall" meetings with all employees in attendance.[292] Due to the renovation, the studio's employees were temporarily moved from Burbank into the closest available Disney-controlled studio space – the Disneytoon Studios building in the industrial park in Glendale and the old Imagineering warehouse in North Hollywood under the western approach to Bob Hope Airport (the Tujunga Building).[211][294] The renovation was completed in October 2016.[294]

Productions
Feature films
Main article: List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films
Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced animated features in a series of animation techniques, including traditional animation, computer animation, combination of both and animation combined with live-action scenes. The studio's first film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, was released on December 21, 1937,[295] and their most recent film, Frozen II, was released on November 22, 2019.[296]

Short films
Main article: List of Walt Disney Animation Studios short films
Since Alice Comedies in the 1920s, Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced a series of prominent short films, including the Mickey Mouse cartoons and the Silly Symphonies series. Many of these shorts provided a medium for the studio to experiment with new technologies that they would use in their filmmaking process, such as the synchronization of sound in Steamboat Willie (1928),[18] the integration of the three-strip Technicolor process in Flowers and Trees (1932),[27] the multiplane camera in The Old Mill (1937),[39] the xerography process in Goliath II (1960),[297] and the hand-drawn/CGI hybrid animation in Off His Rockers (1992),[298] Paperman (2012),[238] and Get a Horse! (2013).[244]

From 2001 to 2008, Disney released the Walt Disney Treasures, a limited collector DVD series, celebrating what would have been Walt Disney's 100th birthday.

On August 18, 2015, Disney released twelve short animation films entitled: Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection which includes among others Tick Tock Tale (2010) directed by Dean Wellins and Prep & Landing – Operation: Secret Santa (2010) written and directed by Kevin Deters Stevie Wermers-Skelton. On March 22, 2017, the shorts included were released on Netflix.

Television programming
Disney Animation announced its expansion into television programming in 2020, and is currently producing 5 original shows for Disney+. The shows include Baymax!, Zootopia+ and Iwájú (for 2022) and Tiana and Moana: The Series (for 2023).[299]

Franchises
This does not including Disney's Direct-to-Video sequels.

Titles Release dates Movies TV Seasons
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 1937–present 1 2
Fantasia 1940–2000 2 0
Dumbo 1941-2019 2 1
Cinderella 1950-2015 2 0
Alice in Wonderland 1951-2016 3 4
Peter Pan 1953-2016 2 4
Lady and the Tramp 1955-2019 2 0
Sleeping Beauty 1959-2019 3 0
101 Dalmatians 1961-present 3 3
Winnie the Pooh 1966–present 6 10
The Jungle Book 1967-2016 4 3
The Rescuers 1977–1990 2 0
The Little Mermaid 1989-present 1 3
Beauty and the Beast 1991-present 2 1
Aladdin 1992-present 2 3
The Lion King 1994-2019 2 6
Hercules 1997-1999 1 2
Mulan 1998-2020 2 0
Tarzan 1999-2005 1 2
The Emperor's New Groove 2000-2008 1 2
Lilo & Stitch 2002–2006 1 2
The Princess and the Frog 2009-present 1 1
Tangled 2010–present 1 3
Wreck-It Ralph 2012–present 2 0
Frozen 2013–present 2 1
Big Hero 6 2014–present 1 3
Moana 2016-present 1 1
See also
icon Disney portal
Film portal
icon Animation portal
flag United States portal
The Walt Disney Company
Disney's Nine Old Men
12 basic principles of animation
Walt Disney Treasures
Disney Animation: The Illusion of Life
Modern animation in the United States: Disney
Animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company
Disneytoon Studios
Pixar Animation Studios
Blue Sky Studios
20th Century Animation
List of Disney theatrical animated feature films
Documentary films about Disney animation
A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios (1937, short)
The Reluctant Dragon (1941, a staged "mockumentary")
Frank and Ollie (1995)
Dream On Silly Dreamer (2005)
Waking Sleeping Beauty (2009)
References
"The Walt Disney Studios". The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 7, 2013.
"Contact". Walt Disney Animation Studios. Retrieved August 3, 2014.
Ryan, Faughnder (August 9, 2019). "Disney shuffles animation and Blue Sky studio ranks after Fox acquisition". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
Lang, Brent (August 9, 2019). "Disney Taps Andrew Millstein, Clark Spencer for Top Animation Posts". Variety. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
Godfrey, Leigh (January 3, 2003). "David Stainton Named President, Disney Feature Animation". AWN News. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
"Our Studio". Walt Disney Animation Studios. Walt Disney. Retrieved November 24, 2017. Combining masterful artistry...
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"Big Hero 6 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
Kinsey Lowe (March 13, 2015). "'Big Hero 6′: No. 1 Animated Movie Worldwide 2014". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved March 15, 2015.
"Oscars 2015: 'Birdman' wins Best Picture". Entertainment Weekly. February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
Graser, Marc (September 2, 2014). "Disney Reveals Next Three Animated Shorts". Variety. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
Clark, Noelene (February 22, 2015). "Oscars 2015: 'Feast' wins for animated short". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
Yamato, Jen (November 19, 2014). "Disney Animation's Andrew Millstein, Pixar's Jim Morris Upped To President".
Graser, Marc (November 18, 2014). "Walt Disney Animation, Pixar Promote Andrew Millstein, Jim Morris to President". Variety. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
Graser, Marc (September 10, 2008). "Millstein to head Disney Animation". Variety. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
McNary, Dave (June 11, 2015). "Watch: Disney's 'Zootopia' Trailer Introduces Animal-Run World". Variety. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
"Zootopia (2016)". Rotten Tomatoes.
Lang, Brent (March 6, 2016). "'Zootopia' Box Office Success Proof of Disney Animation Renaissance". Variety. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
Coggan, Devin (June 6, 2016). "Zootopia hits $1 billion worldwide". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 30, 2016.
McNary, Dave (February 26, 2017). "'Zootopia' Wins Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film". Variety. Retrieved February 26, 2017.
Khatchatourian, Maane (June 13, 2016). "'Moana': Polynesian Princess Not Impressed by Dwayne Johnson's Maui in First Teaser". Variety. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Snetiker, Marc (November 18, 2016). "Go inside the human body in Disney's new short film before Moana — exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
Dave McNary (March 16, 2017). "Disney's 'Moana' Sails to $600 Million at Worldwide Box Office". Variety. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
Nordyke, Kimberly (January 24, 2017). "Oscars: 'La La Land' Ties Record With 14 Nominations". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 28, 2017.[dead link]
Masters, Kim (November 21, 2017). "John Lasseter's Pattern of Alleged Misconduct Detailed by Disney/Pixar Insiders". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
Zeitchik, Steven (November 21, 2017). "Disney animation guru John Lasseter takes leave after sexual misconduct allegations". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
Masters, Kim (April 25, 2018). "He Who Must Not Be Named": Can John Lasseter Ever Return to Disney?". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
Barnes, Brooks (June 8, 2018). "Pixar Co-Founder to Leave Disney After 'Missteps'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
Donnelly, Matt (January 9, 2019). "John Lasseter's Skydance Hire Sends Hollywood Executives, Animation Insiders Reeling". Variety. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
Kit, Borys (June 19, 2018). "Pete Docter, Jennifer Lee to Lead Pixar, Disney Animation". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
Desowitz, Bill (June 28, 2018). "Disney Shuts Down Disneytoon Studios in Glendale: Exclusive". IndieWire. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
Kit, Borys (October 23, 2018). "Pixar Co-Founder Ed Catmull to Retire". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
McNary, Dave (June 4, 2018). "Vanellope Meets Disney Princesses in New 'Wreck-It Ralph 2' Trailer". Variety. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
Scott Mendelson (February 17, 2019). "Box Office: 'How To Train Your Dragon 3' Tops $170M, 'Wandering Earth' Tops $560M". Forbes. Retrieved March 3, 2019. And Walt Disney's Ralph Breaks the Internet has now earned $505m worldwide. So, expectations notwithstanding, it's arguably a hit.
Scott Mendelson (March 3, 2019). "Box Office: 'Green Book' Scores In China, 'Bohemian Rhapsody' Tops 'Solo: A Star Wars Story'". Forbes. Retrieved March 3, 2019. And Ralph Breaks the Internet was also a Best Animated Feature nominee, so I should note that it crossed $200 million domestic yesterday. The $165m-budgeted Disney sequel has earned $515m worldwide, which is a pretty solid sum. It again shows that a Disney sequel isn't necessarily going to perform even as well as a Disney "original" like Coco or Moana, but that's for another day.
Brad Brevet (March 3, 2019). "'How to Train Your Dragon 3' Holds off Madea's 'Family Funeral' at Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved March 3, 2019. Lastly, Disney's Ralph Breaks the Internet finally topped $200 million domestically this weekend after having already outperformed the first film, which reached $189.4 million domestically back in 2012. Internationally, the Ralph sequel is now just shy of $320 million for a global cume totaling $520 million. The first film finished with over $471 million globally.
Zahed, Ramin (January 22, 2019). "Nominations Announced for the 91st Academy Awards". Animation Magazine. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
Rubin, Rebecca (June 11, 2019). "'Frozen 2' Trailer Explores Elsa's Magical Past". Variety. Retrieved November 21, 2019.
"Frozen II (2019)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
Monroe, Jazz (January 13, 2020). "Oscar Nominations 2020: Elton John and Randy Newman Up for Best Original Song, Beyoncé and Thom Yorke Shut Out". Pitchfork. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
Rubin, Rebecca (January 5, 2020). "'Frozen 2' Is Now the Highest-Grossing Animated Movie Ever". Variety. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
Andreeva, Nellie (December 11, 2020). "'Baymax!', 'Tiana', 'Moana & 'Zootopia+' Series Set For Disney+". Deadline. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
Salaudeen, Aisha. "Disney announces 'first-of-its-kind' collaboration with African entertainment company". WarnerMedia. CNN. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
Disney + "Monsters at Work" Presentation at D23 Expo
Amidi, Amid (January 24, 2006). "David Stainton Out!". Cartoon Brew. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
"Roy E Disney Feature Animation Building: Dedication and tribute open to limited number of guests". Inside the Magic. April 2013. Retrieved November 19, 2013.
Rea, Steven (July 20, 2003). "No-more-pencils animation". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 9, 2016. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
"Disney Buys 96 Acres in Glendale". Los Angeles Times. June 20, 1997. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
"Disney Animation Research Library". I Love Libraries. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
McLean, Craig (July 30, 2013). "The Jungle Book: the making of Disney's most troubled film". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 11, 2014.
Gardner, Chris (November 22, 2014). "Roy E. Disney Animation Building Getting a Makeover". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved December 8, 2014.
Frye, Jim (Spring 2016). "Remodeling Disney Animation". Disney Twenty-three. Burbank: Walt Disney Company. 8 (1): 4–9. ISSN 2162-5492. OCLC 698366817.
Catmull, Ed; Amy Wallace (2014). Creativity, Inc.: Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration. New York: Random House. pp. 253–254. ISBN 978-0812993011.
Snetiker, Marc (November 24, 2016). "Moana directors Ron Clements, John Musker talk four decades Disney movies". Entertainment Weekly. New York. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
Barrier 1999, p. 229.
Lang, Brent (November 10, 2014). "Disney Animation's 'Zootopia,' 'Moana' Hitting Theaters in 2016". Variety. Retrieved November 10, 2014.
Cohen, Karl (January 2000). "Milestones of the Animation Industry in the 20th Century". Animation World Magazine. Archived from the original on October 16, 2014. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
Hinman, Catherine (July 15, 1992). "How The Disney Film Short 'Off His Rockers' Made It to the Big Screen: A Little Project That 'blew Up.'". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 28, 2014.
"Walt Disney Animation Studios Announces 4 TV Series Coming to Disney+: "Baymax!," "Zootopia+," "Tiana" and "Moana, The Series"". Laughing Place. December 10, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
Sources
Barrier, Michael (1999). Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198020790. OCLC 436041091.
Gabler, Neal (2006), Walt Disney: The Triumph of the American Imagination, New York: Random House, ISBN 0-679-43822-X
Stewart, James (2005), DisneyWar, New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-684-80993-1
Further reading
Polsson, Ken. "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". KPolsson.com.
External links
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Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
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Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Disney parks, experiences & products logo.svg
Corporate logo for the subsidiary
Disney Parks.svg
Disney Parks brand logo
Formerly
Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division (1980–1989)
Walt Disney Attractions (1989–2008)
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. (2008–2018)
Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products (2018)[1]
Type Subsidiary[2]
Industry Consumer products, theme parks, attractions, video games, publishing, recreation, and hospitality
Predecessors
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
20th Century Fox Consumer Products
Founded April 1, 1971; 49 years ago
Headquarters Lake Buena Vista, Florida[3], United States
Key people
Josh D'Amaro (Chairman)
Jeff Vahle (President, Walt Disney World Resort)
Ken Potrock (President, Disneyland Resort)
Jill Estorino (President and Managing Director, Disney Parks International)
Thomas Mazloum (President, Disney Signature Experiences)
Products
booksgamesclothing
Services
Theme parksHotel lodgingCruisesTimesharesGuided toursTravel packagesAttraction designLicensing
Parent The Walt Disney Company
Divisions
Disney Parks International
Disney Signature Experiences
Subsidiaries
Disney Consumer Products
Disneyland Resort
Walt Disney World
Disney Vacation Development, Inc.
Disneyland Paris
Disneyland International
Walt Disney Imagineering Research & Development, Inc.
Disney Publishing Worldwide
The Muppets Studio
FoxNext
Disney Interactive
Website dpep.disney.com
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products, Inc., formerly Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. and informally known as Disney Parks, is one of The Walt Disney Company's six major business segments and a subsidiary.[2] It was founded on April 1, 1971, exactly six months before the opening of Magic Kingdom at Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida just outside of Orlando, Florida.

Originally, the company was known as Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division and later as Walt Disney Attractions. The most recent chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts was Bob Chapek, formerly president of Disney Consumer Products. Chapek was promoted to CEO of The Walt Disney Company on February 25, 2020.[4][5] On May 18, 2020, Josh D'Amaro was appointed as chairman of the division, succeeding Chapek. In 2018, the company's theme parks hosted over 157.3 million guests, making Disney Parks the world's most visited theme park company worldwide,[6] with United Kingdom-based Merlin Entertainments coming in second at 67 million guests. It is by far Disney's largest business segment according to employee headcount, with approximately 130,000[7] of the company's 180,000 employees as of 2015.[8] In March 2018, Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged into Parks and Resorts and renamed Disney Parks, Experiences and Products. In September 2020, Disney Parks, Experiences and Products laid off 28,000 employees.[9]


Contents
1 Background
2 History
2.1 Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division
2.2 Walt Disney Attractions
2.3 Disney Destinations
2.4 Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide
2.5 Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
3 Disney resorts
3.1 Disneyland Resort
3.2 Walt Disney World
3.3 Tokyo Disney Resort
3.4 Disneyland Paris
3.5 Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
3.6 Shanghai Disney Resort
4 Training
5 Abandoned and misreported concepts
6 Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks
6.1 Marvel Entertainment
6.2 Star Wars
6.3 20th Century Studios
7 Adaptations
8 Other ventures
8.1 Disney Signature Experiences
8.2 Disney Sports Enterprises
8.2.1 DSE background
8.2.2 DSE history
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
Background
Main article: Disneyland, Inc.
In 1949, Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances. Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney.[10]

Originally, entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself. As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality, Walt Disney Productions at Walt's request set up Disneyland, Inc. (DLI) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises (WED), Walt's personal corporation, which then included what would now be called Walt Disney Imagineering.[11][CDL 1] With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia, Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment. American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) agreed to the Disneyland, Inc. investment.[11] Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions (WDP), Western Publishing and Walt Disney.[CDL 2] Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney, WED and Western Publishing shares (31%) by May 1, 1959, for $562,500.[12]

With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed.[13]

Disneyland, changed from Disneylandia, was announced in April 1954 by Walt to be opened in July 1955.[CDL 3][CDL 4] On July 17, 1955, the Disneyland park opened with five themed "lands" containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests.[CDL 5] WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too.[14]

On June 29, 1957, Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PT's common stock outstanding. This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months' worth of net profits, $511K.[15] In June 1960, Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PT's share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract, and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions.[CDL 6] The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963.[16]

History
Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates (ERA) to find a location for another Disney resort, Disney Productions moved beyond a single park. ERA recommended Florida; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations. In November 1963, Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection.[CDW 1]:333, 334 In 1962, Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center (opened on September 17, 1960, in Denver, Colorado) from its owners, including Walt Disney, Art Linkletter, and John Payne, to use as a staff training center for its second resort.[17] In 1963, Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres (2,000 to 4,000 ha), which was carried out in 1964, amassing 27,443 acres (11,106 ha) by October 1965.[CDW 2][CDW 3] Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in November 1965.[CDW 3] Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967, allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park.[CDW 4] Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30.[CDW 5] In Roy O. Disney's last act as CEO in 1968, he officially named the second park Walt Disney World.[CDW 1]:357

Disneyland International was incorporated on November 20, 1961.[18] The next year, The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park.[19]

In 1959, the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland.[14][20] Disneyland's first new themed land, New Orleans Square, opened in 1966. Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions.[20] The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walt's corporation, renamed as Retlaw Enterprise.[14]

Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York World's Fair with It's a Small World[21] and costumed character appearances. When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 World's Fair, Walt wanted another outlet for "live" characters; thus, Disneyland put on Disney on Parade, a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969.[10][22] Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks.[21]

In 1965, Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort. The Sierra Club sued in June 1969 to stop the development, which was granted by the federal district judge. The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruling left open to the club the possibility of refiling. In the next round of lawsuits, the same district judge blocked the redevelopment. The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out.[23]

$40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in January 1968 to fund Disney World (WDW). The next year in February, an agreement was made with multiple labor unions, in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase.[CDW 6] By 1971, chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World.[24]

Walt Disney World began operation on October 1, 1971, with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million. The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands: Main Street, Adventureland, Fantasyland, Frontierland, Liberty Square, and Tomorrowland.[CDW 7] Additionally, Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels, Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, also opened.[CDW 8]

Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land, Bear Country, replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland, and later renamed Critter Country. In 1979, the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days, at first, rejecting and then accepting the park's contract.[20] Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977.[20]

Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World: the Golf Resort[25] and the Gold Resort;[CDW 9] Disney's Village Resort hotel opened in 1974.[citation needed] Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on November 22, 1974.[CDW0 1]:71 Lake Buena Vista Village, the shopping area, opened on March 22, 1975[CDW0 1] and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977.[26]:280 Celebrity Sports Center, Disney World's training center, was sold on March 29, 1979.[17]

At Walt Disney World, the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8, 1974,[CDW0 2]:569 renamed Discovery Island in 1977.[CDW0 1]:126 On July 1, 1975, the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland.[CDW0 3] The first water park, River Country, opened on June 20, 1976 at Disney World.[CDW0 4]:22 EPCOT Center's groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979.[CDW0 5]

In 1979, Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park.[19] Tokyo Disneyland opened on April 15, 1983 on 200 acres (80 ha) in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.[27]

Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division
With the retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions' Chairman and CEO on June 3, 1980, three divisions were formed, including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division, of which Disney Legend, Dick Nunis was named division president.[CDW0 6] Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5, 1987,[CDL4 1] while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2.[CDW1 1] A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L. Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments.[CDW0 7]

The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises, formerly WED Enterprises, in 1982.[20] Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23, 1988.[CDL4 2]

Tishman Company's plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by the new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30, 1984, marking a change in Disney architecture. New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986;[CDW1 2] ground breaking took place on January 28, 1988.[CDW1 3] The first non-Disney owned hotel, Pickett Suite Resort, opened in Disney World Village on March 15, 1987.[CDW1 4]

On June 1, 1982, the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center.[CDW0 1]:338 The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1, 1982, at a building cost of US$1.2 billion, with two areas, Future World and World Showcase.[CDW0 8]:272

Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million.[CDW1 5] In April 1985, Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM, giving Disney the right to use the MGM name, logo and movie library for this third park.[28] Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986.[CDW1 6] Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1, 1989,[CDW1 7] along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area;[CDW1 8] its second water park, Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened on June 1.[CDW1 9] In 1983, Walt Disney World Village's name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace.[CDW1 10] A new themed area, Mickey's Birthdayland, opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18, 1988.[CDW1 11]

In 1987, Disney and Ron Brierley's Industrial Equity (Pacific) Ltd., already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation, agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each.[29][30] Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions.[29] In March 1988, Disney purchased Industrial Equity's half of Wrather Corporation.[30]

In 1985, Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney. This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise, hotel, and theme park packages.[31]

Walt Disney Attractions
The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions, Inc. on August 10, 1989.[32] In January 1990, Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland (by 20% in 10 years)[CDC 1] and Walt Disney World (WDW). The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios.[CDW2 1] Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25: Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks, and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads.[CDC 2] On March 16, 1990, Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a 4,400-acre (1,800 ha) development in Osceola, Florida, with homes, shopping malls and industrial buildings.[CDC 3]

In 1990, the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development.[CDC 4] This was announced as WestCOT in 1991, to be placed at the Disneyland Resort.[20] On July 31, 1990, a new 350-acre (140 ha) ocean-themed park and resort, Port Disney, was announced for Long Beach. Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal, five hotels, restaurants, and shopping areas, costing $2 billion to build.[CDC 5] On December 12, 1991, Disney selected only one California project to go forward with, Disneyland Resort, which was to include the WestCOT Center, hotels, a shopping mall, and a lake. [CDL5 1] Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992, and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation.[CDC 6] Mickey's Toontown, a new themed land at Disneyland, opened on January 24, 1993.[CDL5 2] Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the park's projected high cost. That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park, hotels, and a retail district.[33]

At Walt Disney World, Mickey's Birthdayland closed on April 22, 1991, then reopened on May 26 as Mickey's Starland.[CDW2 2]324, 329, 333 In order to expand Disney World on wetland, on April 23, 1993, the company agreed to form an 8,500-acre (3,400 ha) wilderness preserve in Florida, known as the Disney Wilderness Preserve.[CDW2 3] The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1, 1994, by the US Army, then purchased on January 12, 1996, and later renamed Shades of Green.[CDW2 2]130 Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17, 1994.[CDW1 12] The third water park at Walt Disney World, Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened on April 1, 1995.[CDW3 1] The Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995.[CDW3 2] Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot, the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28, 1995.[CDW3 3] In 1996, the Disney Institute opened on February 9,[CDW3 4] and Disney's BoardWalk opened on July 1.[CDW3 5] The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3.[CDW3 6] The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997, combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island.[CDW3 7] A fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened at Disney World the week of April 20, 1998.[34]

The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts, Vacation Club Resort, opened on October 1, 1991, and was renamed Disney's Old Key West Resort in January 1996. These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments, Inc. as vacation timeshares.[CDW2 4] The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort, which opened on October 1, 1995, in Vero Beach, Florida.[CDC 7]

In 1993, Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros. After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean, Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its cruise line. The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay.[31]

Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney's America. The park was to have been located in Haymarket, Virginia; 2,300 acres (930 ha) of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993.[CDC 8] The history-themed park was announced on November 11, 1993. The plans for the 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) called for a 150-acre (61 ha) amusement park, a campground, a golf course, 2 million square feet (190,000 m2) of office/commercial space, and 2500 homes.[CDC 9] With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press, Disney canceled the project on September 15, 1994.[CDC 10]

Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U.S. traveling attraction, which premiered in September 1996. The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects (Asia Pacific) Inc., a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project, taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30, 1997.[35]

In November 1995, Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea, to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland.[27] Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion.[36]

In December 1998, Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris, Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio, which already held Disney World, Disney Cruise Line, Disneyland, and Tokyo Disneyland. Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time.[37] On October 31, 1999, Walt Disney Attractions, Inc. was merged into Walt Disney Attractions, LLC.[38]

On June 19, 1998, Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest, a location-based entertainment venue, at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World.[39] The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16, 1999, with plans for more locations worldwide.[40]

In 1999, plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Disneyland, as a joint venture, Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd., between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts.[41] The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15.[42] Disney World's Discovery Island was closed on April 8, 1999.[43]

Disney Destinations
Walt Disney Attractions, LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, LLC on April 14, 2000, then to Disney Destinations, LLC on April 25, 2006.[44] Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4, 2001.[45] The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe, along with the store in Manhattan, which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004.[46]

Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12, 2001, between Disneyland and the future California Adventure. [CDC 11] Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8, 2001, with three major areas: Paradise Pier, Hollywood Pictures Backlot, and the Golden State.[33] In California Adventure on October 6, 2002, A Bug's Land area opened.[CDC 12] Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disney's D23 Expo in Anaheim, California on September 12, 2009, that Walt Disney World's Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013.[CDC 13] A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012.[47]

River Country water park closed on September 1, 2001.[CDC 14][48] Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in January 2008.[49] Pleasure Island's core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World.[50]

Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16, 2002, as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris. The first park was renamed Disneyland Park (DLP).[CDC 15] DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions.[51]

Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12, 2003,[52] then opened September 12, 2005.[CDC 16] Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion: Mystic Point, Grizzly Gulch, and Toy Story Land.[CDC 17]

In June 2005, Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean, by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule.[42] Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22, 2007.[42][CDC 18] The Magic in May 2007 transferred its homeport to Barcelona, Spain, for the lines' first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September.[42]

The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001.[53] Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005.[54] Disney entered a float, "The Most Magical Celebration on Earth", into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade.[CDC 19]

In October 2007, Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei, Hawaii, featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units. The 800-unit property, named Aulani, opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park, such as Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina.[55]

With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1, 2000, sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started.[CDC 20][CDC 21] In 2001, the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the park's FastPass system.[CDC 22]

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide
Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. was incorporated on September 29, 2008,[2] and took over the parks and resorts business segment. Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance. 600 U.S. managers in January were buyout packages. Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009. Worldwide Operations would take over various back-office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training, procurement, menu planning, and merchandise development. While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units.[56]

In November 2009, Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghai's Pudong district.[57] The resort opened on June 16, 2016.[58]

California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands: Cars Land and Buena Vista Street. The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides.[47] In July 2017, it was announced that Paradise Pier land would be replaced by Pixar Pier,[59] with four neighborhoods, and the remainder not in Pixar Pier would be replaced by Paradise Park. Pixar Pier opened on June 23, 2018.[60]

Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, a 14-acre (5.7 ha) themed land for both Disneyland and Disney's Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015.[61] Construction began at both locations on April 14, 2016.[62] The lands at both parks opened in 2019.[63]

The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6, 2012. It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971.[64] Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015, Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land.[65]

Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts[66] reporting to Al Weiss, president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.[67] by April 2008.[68] In February 2009, Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations,[66] which was primarily Adventures by Disney. As an extension of the "One Disney" initiative and the resignation of Weiss, Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations. While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011. At that time, Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S. and France, a new positions.[67]

The Disney Dream ship began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line (DCL) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31, 2012. The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises,[69] but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season.[31] Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25, 2012.[CDC 23] DCL's Magic was refitted in late 2013.[70]

The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland, Toy Story Land, opened on November 18, 2011.[71] Grizzly Gulch opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13, 2012.[72] The final land of this expansion, Mystic Point, opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17, 2013.[73]

On February 5, 2015, it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named.[74] On February 23, 2015, Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day.[75]

On April 29, 2015, The Walt Disney Company, through the subsidiary, Carousel Holdings Eat LLC, has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim, from Good Hope International for $32 million. The purchase was considered a strategic purchase; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently.[76] Disney indicted in August 2016, that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure, transit plaza and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard.[77]

On February 10, 2017, Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.'s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A. as the first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others. Disney has offered about $2.12 a share, a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9. The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June. Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack, which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment. If this buyout is successful, it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America.[78] On June 13, 2017, The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law, owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A., paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris.[79]

Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
As part of The Walt Disney Company’s March 2018 strategic reorganization, Disney Consumer Products, and Interactive Media was merged into the Walt Disney Parks and Resorts segment and renamed Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Products. Parks and Resorts Chairman Bob Chapek was named chairman of this new segment, who also previously served as head of Disney Consumer Products.[1] At the time, the Consumer Products chairman position was vacant, as its former holder, James Pitaro, had been recently appointed as the new head of ESPN and co-chair of Disney Media Networks.[80]

In March 2018, a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California, Walt Disney World in Florida, and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell, outgoing Disneyland Paris president. This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier. Imagineering was expected to take on the development of merchandise, games, publishing, and apps. Paul Gainer moved up from Disney Retail head to head up the new Global Product Management and Distribution unit, which includes Disney Retail, Global Licensing, and digital guest experience.[81][82][83]

New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line division was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president, Jeff Vahle, for the division in April 2018.[84] On January 1, 2019, Walt Disney Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products changed its name to Disney Parks, Experiences and Products.[85] Disney Cruise Line purchase in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination, Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera.[86] In July 2019, Disney denied reports of plans to launch its own airline with the purchase of small regional airlines in the United States.[87][88]

With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019, National Geographic Partners' non-TV operations were transferred into its Disney counterpart with NG Media and National Geographic Expeditions moving to the segment's units, Disney Publishing Worldwide and Disney Signature Experiences, respectively.[89]

Powell supervised the two Star Wars-themed land, Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge, openings in May at Disneyland and August 2019 in Disney's Hollywood Studios. However, initial numbers showed an attendance dropped instead of the boost such an opening should have generated. In late September, Powell left the company with the Parks West regional division being dissolved, thus having those resorts' executives directly report to chairman Chapek.[90] He denied that Powell was let go because of the low attendance issue from Galaxy's Edge, but instead, Powell's position was a temporary one to allow Chapek to focus on the acquisition of 21st Century Fox.[91]

Powell's departure from Disney was soon followed by a domino of executive appointments, as announced on September 26, 2019.[91] George Kalogridis, then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort, was promoted as the president of segment development and enrichment. Kalogridis is replaced by Josh D'Amaro, then-president of the Disneyland Resort, as president of the Walt Disney World Resort. In turn, D'Amaro was replaced by Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort. Campbell transferred from the Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International segment where she served as the president of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Both D'Amaro and Campbell assumed these roles in November 2019. In addition, Michael Colglazier is also promoted as the president and managing director of Disney Parks International and will oversee Disneyland Paris as well as those under the Parks East regional division.[92] In February 2020, Chapek was promoted from chairman of this segment to chief executive officer of the Walt Disney Company under executive chairman Bob Iger.[93]

With the closure of all Disney parks in 2020 during the coronavirus pandemic, Disney donated 150,000 rain ponchos usually sold at the parks to MedShare, to be distributed in hospitals.[94]

In May 2020, CEO Chapek named new appointees under the Disney Parks, Experiences, and Products segment. Succeeding Chapek as chairman of this segment is Josh D'Amaro, then-president of the Walt Disney World Resort. Jeff Vahle, then-president of Disney Signature Experiences, replaced D'Amaro as president of the Walt Disney World Resort. Thomas Mazloum, senior vice president for transportation and resort operations at the Walt Disney World Resort, succeeded Vahle as president of Disney Signature Experiences. In addition, Kareem Daniel, former president of operations/product creation/publishing/games at Walt Disney Imagineering, was named president of consumer products, games and publishing.[95] Ken Potrock replaced Rebecca Campbell as president of the Disneyland Resort;[95] Campbell returned to the Director-to-Consumer & International segment as its chairman, replacing Kevin Mayer.[96]

On July 15, 2020, it was announced that Jill Estorino, then-executive vice president, global marketing and sales, replaced Michael Colglazier as president and managing director of Disney Parks International, supervising Tokyo Disney Resort, Disneyland Paris, Hong Kong Disneyland, and Shanghai Disney Resort.[97]

On September 28, 2020, D'Amaro announced the difficult decision to lay off over 28,000 employees in the parks division, many of them being part-time workers. D'Amaro cited the uncertainty of the ongoing pandemic as well as California's continued reluctance to reopen Disneyland as factors.[98] Nearly 6,700 Central Florida employees, including almost 6,500 Disney World workers, were also among those laid off.[99] On October 13, 2020, Disney CEO and former Disney Park, Experiences and Products head Bob Chapek agreed to keep Disney World at only 25% capacity until the Center For Disease Control (CDC) issued new guidance and also stated that with regards to reopening Disneyland, "It's not much of a negotiation. It's pretty much a mandate that we stay closed."[100]

Disney resorts
See also: List of Disney theme park attractions
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products is located in EarthShanghai Disney ResortShanghai Disney ResortHong Kong Disneyland ResortHong Kong Disneyland ResortDisneyland ParisDisneyland ParisTokyo Disney ResortTokyo Disney ResortWalt Disney WorldWalt Disney WorldDisneyland ResortDisneyland Resort
Locations of Disney resorts — Red pog.svg International Blue pog.svg US direct reports Green pog.svg Owned by The Oriental Land Company, licensed under International division
Disneyland Resort
Main article: Disneyland Resort
Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17, 1955, in Anaheim, California. Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5, 1955. In 2001, the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8, 2001, Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2, 2001, Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15, 2000, and Downtown Disney on January 12, 2001. Disneyland was re-branded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex. The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies 500 acres (2.0 km2).

Walt Disney World
Main article: Walt Disney World
The Walt Disney World resort opened October 1, 1971, in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels. It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982, Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) and Disney's Typhoon Lagoon in 1989, Disney's Blizzard Beach in 1995, Disney's Animal Kingdom in 1998, Disney Springs retail, dining, and entertainment complex, eight golf courses, and 18 new resort hotels. The resort is the largest (by area) and most-visited vacation resort in the world, with four theme parks, two water parks, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, 21 resort hotels, eight golf courses, and several additional recreational activities, and covers 27,258 acres.

Other venues:

ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Tokyo Disney Resort
Main article: Tokyo Disney Resort
Tokyo Disney Resort, in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, opened April 15, 1983, as Tokyo Disneyland. On September 4, 2001, the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea. There are several resort hotels on-site, but only three are owned by the resort, which boasts the largest parking structure in the world. Designed by Walt Disney Imagineering, the resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and licensed by The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the resort and assigns Imagineers to it. Its properties, below, are divided into parks, shopping centers, and lodging.

Shopping, dining, and entertainment complex: Ikspiari
Disneyland Paris
Main article: Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris, Disney's second international resort complex, and the largest Disney resort outside the United States, opened on April 12, 1992, as Euro Disney Resort. Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris, France, it features two theme parks, a golf course, an entertainment complex, and seven Disney resort hotels. It is the only resort outside the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company.[78] Its properties, listed below, occupy 4,940 acres (20.0 km2) and are divided into parks and shopping centers.

Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Main article: Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Hong Kong Disneyland Resort, Disney's fifth resort and its second in Asia, opened September 12, 2005. The resort is located in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park, Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre, and three hotels, with land reserved for future expansion. It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks, an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong. The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies 320 acres (1.3 km2).

Shanghai Disney Resort
Main article: Shanghai Disney Resort
In November 2009, Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park, Shanghai Disneyland Park, in Shanghai's Pudong district. "China is one of the most dynamic, exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China," said Robert Iger, president and CEO of Disney.[101] The resort opened on June 16, 2016.[58] A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7, 2011.[102]

Shopping, dining, and entertainment complex: Disneytown
Training
Each new employee ("cast member") at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University, founded by Walt Disney in 1955. Before training specific to the work they will perform, each employee attends the "Disney Traditions" course where they learn about the philosophies and history of Disney's guest services.[103][104]

Abandoned and misreported concepts
Main article: List of Disney attractions that were never built
Disney had plans to build Walt Disney's Riverfront Square in St. Louis, but canceled the project in July 1965.

In the 1960s, Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California. Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s. The project's planning and scale changed multiple times, and in 1978, Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park, ending any possibility of developing a resort there.[105]

Disney had plans to build a park named Disney's America in Haymarket, Virginia, but abandoned the idea in 1994. On September 28, 1994, Michael Eisner announced Disney was canceling its plans after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America, and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups.

Disney had plans to build a smaller Disneyland-style theme park in Sydney, Australia, between 2007 and 2008, with the proposed name "Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour", but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government.[106]

In early January 2011, conflicting reports emerged regarding Disney's involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa, Israel, whose plans include a small (30,000 square meter) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013. The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings, a Disney-affiliated investment firm. In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper, Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the project's development, a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to be involved in the building of the park.[107]

Disney intellectual properties outside Disney parks
Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009, Lucasfilm in 2012 and 20th Century Studios in 2019, some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors' parks.

Marvel Entertainment
Marvel Super Hero Island, a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics, has operated at Universal Orlando Resort's Islands of Adventure park since 1999, as well as the Islands of Adventure, cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004. Under Marvel's 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms, none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters (e.g., side characters, team members, and the villains associated with the Avengers, Fantastic Four, X-Men, Spider-Man, etc.) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort.[108] The Disneyland Resort, Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disney Resort also cannot use the Marvel brand name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride.[109] This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet-and-greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones present at Islands of Adventure, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy,[110][111] and Doctor Strange.[112] Hong Kong Disneyland, Shanghai Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters, as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride.

IMG Worlds of Adventure in Dubai has a Marvel-themed section.[113]

Star Wars
A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland California's Miniland USA opened in 2011, with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida[114] in November 2012, just weeks before Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise. However, the Star Wars-themed sections at Miniland USA, Legoland Florida, and other Legoland areas will close at the start of 2020 before the 2020 theme park season due to the expiration of their contract with Lucasfilm.[115]

20th Century Studios
Following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in March 2019, The Simpsons became the intellectual property of Disney. Like Marvel before it, The Simpsons is represented in Universal parks, with The Simpsons Ride having operated at Universal Studios Hollywood and Universal Studios Florida since 2008, with accompanying themed areas based on the show's setting of Springfield.

The Fox acquisition also made Disney responsible for the future of Malaysia's under-construction 20th Century Fox World theme park. The park's owner, Genting Group, filed a $1.75 billion lawsuit against The Walt Disney Company and 21st Century Fox in November 2018, accusing Fox of trying to back out of the deal for licensing the theme park. In the suit, Genting Malaysia alleges that Fox has taken steps to cancel the contract. The suit also names Disney as a defendant, contending that Disney executives, following the company's then-pending acquisition of Fox, were "calling the shots" on the project and that they were opposed to the park because they would have "no control" over its operations and that it would be adjacent to a casino, which would go against Disney's "family-friendly" image.[116] Fox, in turn, referred to the suit as "without merit", stating that their reasons for withdrawing from the deal were due to Genting consistently not meeting "agreed-upon deadlines for several years" and that Genting's attempts to blame Disney for Fox's default were "made up".[117] In July 2019, it was announced that Fox and Genting had settled their respective lawsuits. As part of the deal, Genting would be given "a license to use certain Fox intellectual properties" and that non-Fox intellectual property would make up the rest of the attractions in the park. The outdoor park would also no longer be referred to as 20th Century Fox World, but instead would be named Genting SkyWorlds.[118][119]

Adaptations
While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides, some Disney theme park attractions have been adapted into or have served inspiration for films,[120] books,[121] comic books,[122] and television pilots. Disney entered the television field with a network TV show named after Disneyland (which was then its only park, and was being built at the time), in order to fund the park. In this series, some episodes featured the park or a park attraction.[123] The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions. However, lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates of the Caribbean series.[124] Walt Disney Pictures produced two Pirates of the Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office.[125]

At first, Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film. Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride, Tower of Terror, for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997.[126] In 2000, Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name.[124][127]

Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002. In 2003, Walt Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and The Haunted Mansion. Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise.[124] After four Pirates sequels, the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide.[128]

Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series. The first novel of the series, Disney after Dark, was released in 2005.[121] A five-book series was laid out by Pearson, but was extended to seven with the first book's success.[129]

With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures' top franchise,[125] the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade.[130] Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s.[130] By November 2010, Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a "Night at the Museum" like film, with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it[131] after a script by Ronald D. Moore was turned down.[132] Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012.[130] Mr. Toad's Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013.[133] Tomorrowland, first to be loosely based on a theme park area,[134] was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release.[130] Also in 2013, American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad.[135] It's A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014.[136] Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015, while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor.[135]

Marvel Worldwide with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint Disney Kingdoms imprint.[122] Running for six miniseries, Disney Kingdoms would feature adaptations of the unbuilt Museum of the Weird, two serials about Figment and Dreamfinder from Epcot's Journey into Imagination, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, the Haunted Mansion, and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. Disney Publishing Worldwide's revived Disney Comics imprint[137] first publication was the Space Mountain graphic novel released on May 7, 2014 and based on the same name park attraction.[138]

On March 31, 2015, the first novel in The Kingdom Keepers sequel trilogy series was released.[139]

In May 2017, Freeform cable channel aired a special documentary, Disney's Fairy Tale Weddings, based on the services provided by Disney Parks and Resorts unit, Disney's Fairy Tale Weddings & Honeymoons. With success of the May special, the show was picked up as a series with seven episodes in October 2017.[140] However, another special, Holiday Magic, was aired on December 11, 2017 with the now six episode regular series starting on June 11, 2018.[141][142]

Other ventures
Disney Signature Experiences
Disney Signature Experiences division, formerly called Disney Cruise Line & New Vacation Operations, holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Thomas Mazloum.[95]

In February 2009, Tom McAlpin left the Disney Cruise Line presidency and was replaced by Karl Holz as president of both Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations. New Vacation Operations included the Adventures by Disney.[143] The cruise line ordered three ships of a new class of ship, Triton, in 2016 and 2017.[144] In April 2017, it was announced that Karl Holz would retire as president of Disney Cruise Line on February 15, 2018 and Anthony Connelly would assumed the role of president on October 1, 2017.[145]

Soon after a March 2018 conglomerate wide reorganization that formed Disney Parks, Experiences and Products segment division, Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations was renamed Disney Signature Experiences along with a new president, Jeff Vahle.[84] Ken Potrock was promoted from Senior Vice President and General Manager of Disney Vacation Club to President of Consumer Products in May 2018.[146][147] Disney Cruise Line purchased in early March 2019 another Bahamas destination, Lighthouse Point property on the island of Eleuthera from the Bahamas Government.[86]

With the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by August 2019, National Geographic Partners' National Geographic Expeditions moved into Disney Signature Experiences.[89]

Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995. Its fleet comprises four ships: Disney Magic (launched 1998), Disney Wonder (1999), Disney Dream (2011), and Disney Fantasy (2012).[42] Disney Cruise Line has ordered three new ships that will be completed in 2021, 2022 and 2023.[84] Each ship was designed and built-in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering. Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean, Mexican Riviera, European, and Alaskan cruises market.
Disney Vacation Club, a timeshare program that includes 14 themed hotels-resorts within Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort, plus Disney's Aulani Resort, Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort, and Disney's Vero Beach Resort. In December 2019, the 15th property, Disney's Riviera Resort, opened next to the Caribbean Beach Resort at Walt Disney World. A 16th resort, Reflections - A Disney Lakeside Lodge, is planned to open in 2022 just east of Disney's Wilderness Lodge on the former site of Disney's River Country water park.
Adventures by Disney, a program of all-inclusive, guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world.[84]
National Geographic Expeditions
Golden Oak Realty, Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort sales[84]
Disney Sports Enterprises
Disney Sports Enterprises
Disney parks, experiences & products logo.svg
Formerly Disney Sports Attractions
Industry Sports
Founder Reggie Williams.[148]
Key people Rosalyn Durant (SVP, operations for Disney Springs, ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks)
Faron Kelley (vice president, sports)
Services road race
sports events
Parent Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Divisions ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
runDisney
Website disneysportsnews.com
Disney Sports Enterprises, formerly called Disney Sports Attractions,[149] is the unit of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products for Disney's sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program.[150]

DSE background
Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses, the Palm and Magnolia courses. At the time, those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational, an annual PGA Tour event.[151]

In 1994, Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon, its first road race added additional races later.[152] Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26, 1995.[153]

In 1995, Disney World had IMS Events, Inc. build the Walt Disney World Speedway.[154] Disney's Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams.[148]

DSE history
By 1998, Williams was named vice president of Disney Sports Attractions, overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division.[155] The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3, 1999, kicked off Disney World's 15-month Millennium Celebration.[156] On March 30, 2003, Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon.[157]

On November 21, 2007, Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions.[148] His replacement was named on January 3, 2008, when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President, Disney Sports Enterprises.[149] On February 25, 2010, Disney's Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities.[158]

On September 25, 2011, Disney started the lease of its five Disney World golf courses (Palm, Magnolia, Lake Buena Vista, Osprey Ridge, and Oak Trail) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue. As part of the deal, Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course. The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course. Disney hoped that Palmer's involvement and "Palmer Advantage" membership club would draw more attention to Disney's course. With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel, which was delayed until 2014, the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins. While another golf course, the Eagle Pines, was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011.[151]

In January 2013, Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney senior vice president & general manager while Tom Wolber, Disney Cruise Line senior vice president of operations, was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports.[150] In late June 2015, the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down.[154]

Sports marketing director Faron Kelley was promoted to vice president of sports in January 2016 and has responsibility for the water parks too.[159] Senior vice president of Disney Springs and the ESPN Wide World of Sports Maribeth Bisienere was promoted to Senior Vice President of Parks in early March 2018.[160] Rosalyn Durant moved over from ESPN to be appointed in February 2020 as senior vice president of operations for Disney Springs, ESPN Wide World of Sports and Waterparks.[161]

On September 30, 2020, it was revealed that this unit of Disney was laying off 28,000 people in the United States.[9]

runDisney races[162][163]
Race weekend month location Inaugurated
Disney World Marathon January Disney World 1994[152]
Princess Half-Marathon February 2009[164]
Star Wars Half Marathon
— The Dark Side April 2016[164]
Wine & Dine Half-Marathon November
Tinker Bell Half-Marathon May Disneyland
Disneyland Half-Marathon September
(Labor Day weekend)
Avengers Super Heroes Half Marathon November 2014[152]
Star Wars Half Marathon
— The Light Side January 2015[152]
Disneyland Paris Half Marathon September Disneyland Paris 2016[152]
See also
Fox Global Brands and Experiences, Disney's other largest cinematic competitor's equivalent branch of their company.
Universal Parks & Resorts, Disney's major competitor in the theme park industry
Warner Bros. Global Brands and Experiences, Disney's largest cinematic competitor's equivalent branch of their company.
Consumer Products franchises
Anaheim Sports, formerly Disney Sports Enterprises
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Walt Disney Studios (division)
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The Walt Disney Studios
Walt Disney Studios Logo.svg
Formerly Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group (1998-2007)
Type Division
Industry Entertainment
Predecessor Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group (1998-2007)
Founded October 16, 1923; 97 years ago
Headquarters Walt Disney Studios, Burbank, California, United States
Number of locations 8 (2019)
Area served Worldwide
Key people
Alan F. Horn (CCO)
Alan Bergman (Chairman, Disney Studios Content)
Products Motion pictures, music publishing, stage productions
Services Film production, marketing, and distribution
Parent The Walt Disney Company
Divisions
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Subsidiaries
Walt Disney Pictures
Disney Theatrical Group
Pixar Animation Studios
Marvel Studios
Lucasfilm
20th Century Studios
20th Century Animation
Searchlight Pictures
Website waltdisneystudios.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]
The Walt Disney Studios is an American film and entertainment studio, and one of the four business segments of The Walt Disney Company.[3] Based in Burbank, California, the studio is best known for its multi-faceted film divisions. Founded in 1923, it is the fourth-oldest and one of the "Big Five" major film studios.[4]

The Walt Disney Studios division has prominent film production companies. These include: Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributes and markets the films produced by these studios for both theatrical exhibition and the company's streaming services. In 2019, Disney posted an industry record of $13.2 billion at the global box office.[5] The studio has released six of the top ten highest-grossing films of all time worldwide, and the two highest-grossing film franchises of all time.

The Walt Disney Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA).[6]


Contents
1 Background
2 History
2.1 1980s
2.2 1990s
2.3 2000s
2.4 2010s
2.5 2020s
3 Studio structure
3.1 Production
3.2 Disney Theatrical Group
4 Former units
4.1 Film production
4.1.1 Live-action
4.1.2 Animation
4.2 Television
4.3 Distribution and marketing
4.4 Music publishing
4.5 Other
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Background
Walt Disney Productions began production of their first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, premiered in December 1937 and became the highest-grossing film of that time by 1939.[7] In the 1940s, Disney began experimenting with full-length live-action films, with the introduction of hybrid live action-animated films such as The Reluctant Dragon (1941) and Song of the South (1946).[8] That same decade, the studio began producing nature documentaries with the release of Seal Island (1948), the first of the True-Life Adventures series and a subsequent Academy Award winner for Best Live-Action Short Film.[9][10]

Walt Disney Productions had its first fully live-action film in 1950 with the release of Treasure Island, considered by Disney to be the official conception for what would eventually evolve into the modern-day Walt Disney Pictures.[11] By 1953, the company ended their agreements with such third-party distributors as RKO Radio Pictures and United Artists and formed their own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution.[12] Disney Productions purchased in 1959 the Golden Oak Ranch for feature films and television series productions complimenting its main Burbank studio.[13]

History
1980s
By the 1980s, The Walt Disney Company's collection of film units emerged as one of Hollywood's major film studios, mostly due to newly designed efforts in branding strategies, a resurgence of Walt Disney Productions' animated releases and unprecedented box office successes, particularly from Touchstone Pictures.[14] The Walt Disney Productions film division was incorporated on April 1, 1983 as Walt Disney Pictures.[15] In April 1983, Richard Berger was hired by Disney CEO Ron W. Miller as film president. Touchstone Films was started by Miller in February 1984 as a label for their PG-rated films with an expected half of Disney's 6 to 8 films yearly slate would be released under the label.[16] Berger was pushed out as a new CEO was appointed for Walt Disney Productions later in 1984, as Michael Eisner brought his own film chief, Jeffrey Katzenberg and film studio president, Richard H. Frank.[17] Touchstone and Hollywood Pictures were formed within that unit on February 15, 1984 and February 1, 1989 respectively.[18]

In October 1984, Daily Variety had identified Disney as the seventh major film studio due to the hiring of Eisner as Disney chairman and his plans for the company.[19] Organized in 1985, Silver Screen Partners II, L.P. financed films for Disney with $193 million in funding. In January 1987, Silver Screen III began financing films for Disney with $300 million raised, the largest amount raised for a film financing limited partnership by E.F. Hutton.[20]

In April 1988, Touchstone became a unit of Walt Disney Pictures with newly appointed head Ricardo Mestres.[21] With several production companies getting out of film production or closing shop by December 1988, Walt Disney Studios announced the formation of Hollywood Pictures division, which would only share marketing and distribution with Touchstone, to fill the void.[22] Walt Disney Television and Touchstone Television were grouped together under Garth Ancier as president of network television for the Walt Disney Studios on April 18, 1989.[23]

Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a controlling stake in one of Pacific Theatres' chains[24] leading Disney's Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific to renovate the El Capitan Theatre and the Crest by 1989.[25] The Crest was finished first while El Capitan opened with the premiere of The Rocketeer film on June 19, 1991.[26]

1990s
In September 1990, The Walt Disney Company arranged for financing up to $200 million by a unit of Nomura Securities for Interscope films made for Disney. On October 23, 1990, Disney formed Touchwood Pacific Partners I to supplant the Silver Screen Partnership series as their movie studios' primary funding source.[27] In 1992, Walt Disney Studios agreed to fund a production company, Caravan Pictures, for exiting 20th Century Fox chairman Joe Roth.[28][29] In 1993, Miramax Films was purchased for $60 million by Disney.[30]

On March 30, 1992, Disney Studios agreed to sell KCAL-TV to Pineland, Inc. for a 45% ownership stake in Pineland, so as to have interest in TV stations in both large markets, Los Angeles and New York City, allowing for increased original programming.[31] Instead Pineland agreed to an unsolicited bid in May from Chris-Craft Industries thus ending the planned business merger with Disney's KCAL.[32]

David Hoberman, president of Walt Disney Pictures and Touchstone Pictures, was promoted by Katzenberg to president of motion pictures at Walt Disney Studios in April 1994, while Ricardo Mestres was forced out as president of Hollywood Pictures in exchange for a production deal.[33]

On August 24, 1994, with Katzenberg's resignation, Walt Disney Studios was reorganized by spinning off a new TV group. Richard Frank became head of the newly formed Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications (WDTT). Roth moved in from Caravan Pictures to helm the remaining Walt Disney Studios as chairman.[34] Hoberman stepped down as president in January 1995 to take a five-year, multi-film deal for his production company, Mandeville Films.[33]

Roth was appointed as chairman of Walt Disney Studios in 1996.[35] In April 1996, due to ongoing post-Disney-CC/ABC merger realignment and retirement of its president, WDTT group's division were reassigned to other groups with most transferred to the Walt Disney Studios or CC/ABC. Units returning to the studio were Walt Disney Television, Disney Television Animation, Touchstone Television and Buena Vista Home Entertainment.[36]

Buena Vista International - Latin America and two other companies became owners of Patagonik Film Group, an Argentina-based production company, in 1997.[37] In late 1997, Disney bid on CDR's Epic movie library but lost to PolyGram Filmed Entertainment.[38]

Disney's Buena Vista Distribution and Cinergi Pictures had a 25-picture distribution deal, with Disney taking a 5% stake in Cinergi stock. After nine films were delivered under the agreement, Cinergi sold its 12-film library (except for Die Hard with a Vengeance, co-financed with 20th Century Fox) to Disney on November 22, 1997 for $20 million in exchange for Disney's Cinergi shares, production advances of $35.4 million and other loans.[39][40]

In 1998, the Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group was formed by Roth to unite the Disney, Touchstone and Hollywood film production units with leadership under David Vogel.[41] This was in order to centralize the various production units and to make live-action film production within Disney more cost-efficient. Roth also determined that the studio's year production slate should be cut. In August 1998, Roger Birnbaum, Caravan's co-founder, left at Roth's prompting to co-found Spyglass Entertainment with former Morgan Creek Productions vice chairman and COO Gary Barber, in which Disney gave Caravan's development slate, a five-year distribution agreement and an advance to Spyglass. After Caravan's remaining three films were released, it went inactive.[42] By May 2000, Disney had taken an equity stake in Spyglass.[43]

Peter Schneider was promoted to studio president in January 1999, while Thomas Schumacher was promoted to president of Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Theatrical Productions while both became co-presidents of Disney Theatrical Group.[44] As the first studio president, Schneider had supervisory control of all films released by the Disney labels.[35] In July, Walt Disney Television, including Buena Vista Television Productions, were transferred from the Walt Disney Studios to ABC Television Network[45] to merge with ABC's prime-time division, forming the ABC Entertainment Television Group.[46]

2000s
Roth left to form his own production company in January 2000,[43] with Schneider moving to a studio chairman role.[35] Schneider left Walt Disney Studios in June 2001 to form his own theater production company partly funded by Disney. While no successor had been named, Dick Cook, chairman of the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (distribution); Thomas Schumacher, president of Walt Disney Animation; and Nina Jacobson, president of the Buena Vista Motion Picture Group (production) would take on the responsibilities of Schneider while continuing in their current positions.[47] In February 2002, Cook was named as studio chairman.[48] In January 2002, Buena Vista International - Latin America formed a joint venture production company, Miravista, with Admira, Telefónica's content production and distribution division, for primarily Brazilian and Mexican film productions.[49]

In January 2003, Disney initiated a reorganization of its theatrical and animation units to improve resource usage and continued focus on new characters and franchise development. Walt Disney Feature Animation — sans Walt Disney Television Animation — and Buena Vista Theatrical Worldwide were organized under the Walt Disney Studios.[50][51] In 2003, the studio set a worldwide box office record of $3 billion gross.[52]

In September 2005, Disney and Kingdom Films formed a joint venture, Magic Films, to finance a slate of 32 films, which would not include sequels. Kingdom would provide financing with $135 million equity and a $370 million revolving credit line.[53] With the exception of High School Musical 3 as a part of a Disney Channel franchise, Kingdom sued Disney in December 2008.[54] In December 2005, Alan Bergman was promoted to president of the Walt Disney Studios.[55]

In January 2006, The Walt Disney Company announced to acquire computer animation leader Pixar.[56] The deal was finalized in May 2006. Pixar executive Ed Catmull would serve as president of both Pixar and Disney feature animation studios. Pixar executive vice president John Lasseter became chief creative officer for Pixar and the feature animated studios as well as helping to develop new Disney theme park attractions.[57]

In July 2006, Disney announced a shift in its strategy of releasing more Disney-branded (i.e. Walt Disney Pictures) films and fewer Touchstone titles. The move was expected to reduce the Group's work force by approximately 650 positions worldwide.[58] This was a cost-cutting move with its yearly slate would consist of 12 to 15 films.[59]

After being transferred to various other division groups since they were acquired in 2004, The Muppets Studio was incorporated into the Walt Disney Studios' Special Events Group in 2006.[60] In April 2007, Disney retired the Buena Vista brand. Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution were renamed as Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, respectively. Hollywood Pictures was also retired as well.[12][61] In July 2007, Disney CEO Bob Iger banned the depiction of smoking and tobacco products from Walt Disney Pictures-branded films, as well as limiting such depictions in Touchstone and Miramax films.[62]

In April 2008, the Studio announced the formation of Disneynature, a nature film production label.[63] The Studio launched its Kingdom Comics division in May, led by writer-actor Ahmet Zappa, television executive Harris Katleman and writer-editor Christian Beranek. Kingdom was designed to create new properties for possible film development and re-imagine and redevelop existing movies from the Disney library, with Disney Publishing Worldwide getting a first look for publishing.[64]

On February 9, 2009, DreamWorks Studios entered a 7-year, 30-picture distribution deal with the studio's Touchstone Pictures banner starting in 2011.[65] The deal also includes co-funding between Disney and DreamWorks for production.[66] In late 2009, Miramax Films, a formerly independent Disney film unit, was transferred to the Walt Disney Studios,[67] until its sale in 2010 to Filmyard Holdings.[68] The Kingdom Comics unit's creatives/executives moved its deal to an independent Monsterfoot Productions.[69]

On September 18, 2009, Cook was forced out as chairman, after allegedly having been asked to do so by Bob Iger, for resisting change that Iger felt was needed and the previous year's poor results.[70] He was then replaced by Disney Channels Worldwide president Rich Ross on October 5, 2009.[71]

2010s
The Walt Disney Company completed its acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in December 2009 for $4.2 billion.[72][73] Disney closed a deal with Paramount Pictures to transfer worldwide marketing and the distribution rights to Marvel's The Avengers and Iron Man 3 in October 2010.[74]

In May 2011, Disney India and UTV Motion Pictures agreed to co-produce Disney-branded family films, with both companies handling creative function and UTV producing, marketing and distributing the films.[75]

In August 2011, Disney fired Marvel Studios' marketing department in a restructuring. Disney would take over the marketing and distribution of future Marvel titles, beginning with the 2012 release of The Avengers.[76][77]

On April 20, 2012, Ross was fired as studio chairman.[78] Former Warner Bros. chief Alan Horn was named chairman on May 31, 2012.[79] On October 30, 2012, Lucasfilm agreed to be purchased by The Walt Disney Company and a new Star Wars trilogy was announced.[80] The deal was finalized on December 21.[81] Later on the same day, Disney agreed to have Netflix as its exclusive U.S. television subscription service for first-run Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar Animation Studios, Marvel Studios and Disneynature feature films starting in 2016, replacing its agreement with Starz that ends in 2015.[82]

In April 2013, The Walt Disney Studios laid off 150 workers, including staff from its marketing and home entertainment units.[83][84] In July 2013, Disney acquired all of the distribution rights previously held by Paramount for Marvel Studios’ Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger.[85] In December of that same year, Disney purchased the distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films from Paramount Pictures. Paramount will continue distributing the first four films and receive "financial participation" from the additional films.[86] In March 2015, Iger expanded the studio's smoking and tobacco prohibition to include all films released by the studio—including PG-13 rated films and below—unless such depictions are historically pertinent.[87] The studio and Shanghai Media Group Pictures signed a multi-year movie development agreement, before the March 6, 2014 announcement, in which Chinese themes would be incorporated into Disney branded movies.[88]

In August 2015, Marvel Studios was integrated into Walt Disney Studios with president Kevin Feige reporting to Disney studio chief Alan Horn instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter. Perlmutter continued to oversee Marvel Television and Marvel Animation until 2019, in which they were folded back into Marvel Studios.[89][90]

In January 2016, Disney received ownership of all the DreamWorks films it distributed, in compensation for outstanding loans as DreamWorks was restructured into Amblin Partners.[91] Later that same year, Disney distributed The Light Between Oceans—the fourteenth and final film in the DreamWorks distribution deal—and also the last film released under the Touchstone banner.

On December 19, 2016, Walt Disney Studios became the first major studio to reach $7 billion at the global box office. This surpasses Universal's record from 2015 of $6.89 billion. Disney did it with five of the top 10 films of the year with a record four of them, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, Captain America: Civil War and Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, with opening weekend takes of over $100 million. Four films in 2016 grossed over $1 billion and another $966 million globally. Two studio units' (Pixar and Marvel Studios) combined lifetime library grosses passed $10 billion.[92]

In November 2017, the studio briefly banned reporters of the Los Angeles Times from attending pre-release screenings for its films, after it had published reports on Disney's political influence in the Anaheim area that the company deemed to be "biased and inaccurate". After a boycott effort emerged among several notable critics and publications (including Washington Post blogger Alyssa Rosenberg, The New York Times, and Boston Globe critic Ty Burr), and several major film critic societies threatened to disqualify Disney films from their year-end awards in retaliation, Disney stated that the company "had productive discussions with the newly installed leadership at the Los Angeles Times regarding our specific concerns", and had reversed its ban.[93][94][95]

In December 2017, Disney announced plans to purchase 21st Century Fox (21CF) for $52.4 billion.[96] In preparation for integration of 21st Century Fox assets in March 2018, Disney created a new segment named Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International, merging two segments and transferring various units to the new segment, including the Janice Marinelli-led Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[97] On June 28, 2018, DisneyToon Studios was shut down.[98][99]

On June 8, 2018, Disney announced Lasseter would be leaving the company by the end of the year, but would take on a consulting role until then.[100] On June 19, 2018, Pete Docter and Jennifer Lee were announced as Lasseter's replacements as chief creative officers of Pixar and Disney Animation, respectively.[101]

In December 2018, the studio surpassed $7 billion in global box office for the calendar year. It was the second time in history that any studio had surpassed the $7 billion mark, after Disney's own industry-record global gross of $7.6 billion in 2016.[102]

Following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, Disney announced that the film divisions of Fox Entertainment Group (including 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox 2000 Pictures, 20th Century Fox Animation, Blue Sky Studios, and Fox Family) would be folded into the Walt Disney Studios.[103] Fox's filmed entertainment CEO Stacey Snider exited following the acquisition. Fox executives Emma Watts, Nancy Utley and Stephen Gilula joined The Walt Disney Company on March 20, 2019.[1] On March 21, 2019, Disney announced that the Fox 2000 label would be shut down by the end of the year after releasing its films in production. 20th Century Fox Animation was also repositioned to directly report to chairman Horn.[104][105] 20th Century Fox and its related studios will keep their headquarters on their studio lot in Century City, thanks to a seven-year lease from the Fox Corporation.[106]

On May 1, 2019, president Alan Bergman was promoted to co-chairman. Horn added the new title of the studio's chief creative officer.[107]

Disney announced a round of layoffs for the studio, mostly from 20th Century Fox, in the production and visual effects departments. They also announced on July 31, 2019, that the Fox Research Library will be folded into the Walt Disney Archives and the Imagineering Research Library by January 2020.[108] The studio announced a 10-year lease of most of the Pinewood Studios near London from the Pinewood Group in September 2019 to start in 2020.[109]

In August 2019, Disney became the first studio to have five films to gross over $1 billion at the worldwide box office in a single year.[110] Walt Disney Studios became the first major studio to reach $10 billion at the global box office in December 2019, breaking their previous record in 2016.[111] The studio ended 2019 eventually earning $13.2 billion in worldwide box office.[5] Disney achieved this on the strength of Avengers: Endgame, The Lion King, Captain Marvel, Toy Story 4, Aladdin and Frozen II all earning over $1 billion.[111]

2020s
On January 17, 2020, Disney announced it would drop the “Fox” name from the studio's 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures branding. The two studios were renamed as 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures, respectively.[112] Similar to other Disney film units, films produced under the 20th Century Studios banner are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Searchlight Pictures continues to operate their autonomous distribution unit.[113]

In December 2020, it was announced that effective January 1, 2021, Bergman would become Chairman, Disney Studios Content, overseeing creative, production, marketing, and operations for it, while Horn would remain as the studios' Chief Creative Officer, focusing solely on Disney's creative pipeline, and working in conjunction with Bergman on the studio's creative plans.[114]

On February 9, 2021, Disney announced that Blue Sky Studios would be closed effective April 2021, due in part to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic's continued economic impact on the company's businesses; it was no longer sustainable for Disney to run a third feature animation studio. The studio’s film library and intellectual properties would be retained by Disney.[115]

Studio structure
Studio units[105][116]
Production Disney Theatrical Group Walt Disney Studios Operations[105]
(Studio Services)[117][118]
Live-action
Walt Disney Pictures
Disneynature
Marvel Studios
Lucasfilm
Industrial Light & Magic
Skywalker Sound
20th Century Studios[1][112]
20th Digital Studio
Fox Family
Searchlight Pictures[N 1]
Animation

Walt Disney Animation Studios
Pixar
20th Century Animation
Disney Theatrical Productions
(aka Disney on Broadway)
Buena Vista Theatrical
Disney Theatrical Licensing
Disney Live Family Entertainment (DLFE)
Disney on Ice
Disney Live!
Walt Disney Special Events Group[119]
Disney Studio Production Services
Walt Disney Studios
Golden Oak Ranch
The Prospect Studios
KABC7 Studio B
Disney Digital Studio Services[120]
Fox VFX Lab
Production
Main article: List of Walt Disney Studios films
Walt Disney Pictures is a film banner that encompasses the release of its own live-action productions, in addition to films produced by the company's animation studios, mainly Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios.[121] Marvel Studios—acquired through Disney's purchase of Marvel Entertainment in 2009—produces superhero films based on Marvel Comics characters, including the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise. Lucasfilm—acquired by Disney in 2012—develops and produces films including those in the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises.[122] Disneynature is an independent film genre label devoted to producing nature documentary films. 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures—acquired by Disney in 2019 and together former members of the "Big Six" studios—produce a varied slate of films, with the latter focusing on specialty prestige films.[123][104] 20th Century also releases films produced by the animated film units of 20th Century Animation and formerly Blue Sky Studios before its closure in 2021.

Disney Theatrical Group
Main article: Disney Theatrical Group
Disney Theatrical Group is the division producing live theatrical and stage events. It is currently under the leadership of Thomas Schumacher. The Disney Theatrical Productions division has been responsible for the production of many different musicals, touring events, ice shows and other live theatrical events. Their shows include: Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, Aida, Tarzan, Mary Poppins, Newsies and numerous incarnations of Disney on Ice.

Former units
In its history, Disney has created or acquired other film banners that have since been closed, divested, or retired.

Film production
Live-action
Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group/Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (1998–c. 2006) an umbrella unit for live action production companies[47][61] (defunct)
Touchstone Pictures (1984–2010), created to release films targeted at more mature adult audiences until it was retired from theatrical distribution, as it was last used for Disney's distribution deal with DreamWorks from 2011 to 2016.[13]
Hollywood Pictures (1989–2001, 2006–2007) created as an adult-oriented production unit similar to Touchstone, then briefly revived as low-budget genre film label until it became inactive.
Caravan Pictures (1992–1999) a production unit created to fill the production schedule, which was replaced by an outside deal with Spyglass Entertainment.
Miramax Films (1993–2010) acquired as an independent film studio in 1993 and operated as an autonomous unit until 2009, when it was folded into the Walt Disney Studios; it continued to serve as a distribution label until it was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings in 2010.[124][125][126]
Dimension Films (1993—2005) A genre film label acquired through the Miramax purchase, until the Weinstein brothers left Disney and took the label with them in 2005 when they formed The Weinstein Company (the label's next parent).[127][124]
Fox 2000 Pictures (2019–2020) Mid-budget unit of 20th Century Studios.
Animation
Skellington Productions (1986–1996)
Disney Circle 7 Animation (2004–2006) shut down without the production of films.
ImageMovers Digital (2007–2010) a jointly-owned motion capture animation facility that was later shut down.[128][129]
Disneytoon Studios (2003–2018) transferred from Disney Television Animation.[98]
Blue Sky Studios (2019–2021) Acquired within 21st Century Fox purchase. Announced closure in February 2021.[130]
Television
Walt Disney Television (1983-1994) transferred to Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications. (1994-1996)
Touchstone Television, transferred to Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications and later renamed as ABC Studios.
Distribution and marketing
Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (1998–c. 2001) an umbrella unit for distribution and marketing.[47][61] (defunct)
Touchstone Pictures (2011–2016) a theatrical distribution label for DreamWorks Pictures' slate.[13]
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (1978–2018) transferred to Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International and later, Disney Platform Distribution.[97]
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (1953–2020) transferred to Disney Platform Distribution.[131]
Music publishing
Disney Music Group (1956–2020): transferred to Disney Platform Distribution
Walt Disney Records
Hollywood Records
Other
Kingdom Comics (2009-2013) with executives departing for a production deal[64]
The Muppets Studio (2006–2014) transferred from Disney Consumer Products to Disney Studios' Special Events Group, then back to Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
See also
Companies portal
icon Disney portal
ESPN Films
UTV Motion Pictures
Notes
Despite being a production unit within Walt Disney Studios, Searchlight Pictures maintains its own autonomous distribution unit separate from the main studio for the release of its films.[112]
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External links
Official website
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History of The Walt Disney Studios
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Categories: 1923 establishments in CaliforniaAmerican companies established in 1923Mass media companies established in 1923The Walt Disney StudiosThe Walt Disney Company divisionsFilm production companies of the United StatesCinema of Southern CaliforniaEntertainment companies based in CaliforniaCompanies based in Burbank, CaliforniaMembers of the Motion Picture AssociationDisney production studios
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Walt Disney Studios (division)
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The Walt Disney Studios
Walt Disney Studios Logo.svg
Formerly Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group (1998-2007)
Type Division
Industry Entertainment
Predecessor Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group (1998-2007)
Founded October 16, 1923; 97 years ago
Headquarters Walt Disney Studios, Burbank, California, United States
Number of locations 8 (2019)
Area served Worldwide
Key people
Alan F. Horn (CCO)
Alan Bergman (Chairman, Disney Studios Content)
Products Motion pictures, music publishing, stage productions
Services Film production, marketing, and distribution
Parent The Walt Disney Company
Divisions
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Subsidiaries
Walt Disney Pictures
Disney Theatrical Group
Pixar Animation Studios
Marvel Studios
Lucasfilm
20th Century Studios
20th Century Animation
Searchlight Pictures
Website waltdisneystudios.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]
The Walt Disney Studios is an American film and entertainment studio, and one of the four business segments of The Walt Disney Company.[3] Based in Burbank, California, the studio is best known for its multi-faceted film divisions. Founded in 1923, it is the fourth-oldest and one of the "Big Five" major film studios.[4]

The Walt Disney Studios division has prominent film production companies. These include: Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributes and markets the films produced by these studios for both theatrical exhibition and the company's streaming services. In 2019, Disney posted an industry record of $13.2 billion at the global box office.[5] The studio has released six of the top ten highest-grossing films of all time worldwide, and the two highest-grossing film franchises of all time.

The Walt Disney Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association (MPA).[6]


Contents
1 Background
2 History
2.1 1980s
2.2 1990s
2.3 2000s
2.4 2010s
2.5 2020s
3 Studio structure
3.1 Production
3.2 Disney Theatrical Group
4 Former units
4.1 Film production
4.1.1 Live-action
4.1.2 Animation
4.2 Television
4.3 Distribution and marketing
4.4 Music publishing
4.5 Other
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
Background
Walt Disney Productions began production of their first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, premiered in December 1937 and became the highest-grossing film of that time by 1939.[7] In the 1940s, Disney began experimenting with full-length live-action films, with the introduction of hybrid live action-animated films such as The Reluctant Dragon (1941) and Song of the South (1946).[8] That same decade, the studio began producing nature documentaries with the release of Seal Island (1948), the first of the True-Life Adventures series and a subsequent Academy Award winner for Best Live-Action Short Film.[9][10]

Walt Disney Productions had its first fully live-action film in 1950 with the release of Treasure Island, considered by Disney to be the official conception for what would eventually evolve into the modern-day Walt Disney Pictures.[11] By 1953, the company ended their agreements with such third-party distributors as RKO Radio Pictures and United Artists and formed their own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution.[12] Disney Productions purchased in 1959 the Golden Oak Ranch for feature films and television series productions complimenting its main Burbank studio.[13]

History
1980s
By the 1980s, The Walt Disney Company's collection of film units emerged as one of Hollywood's major film studios, mostly due to newly designed efforts in branding strategies, a resurgence of Walt Disney Productions' animated releases and unprecedented box office successes, particularly from Touchstone Pictures.[14] The Walt Disney Productions film division was incorporated on April 1, 1983 as Walt Disney Pictures.[15] In April 1983, Richard Berger was hired by Disney CEO Ron W. Miller as film president. Touchstone Films was started by Miller in February 1984 as a label for their PG-rated films with an expected half of Disney's 6 to 8 films yearly slate would be released under the label.[16] Berger was pushed out as a new CEO was appointed for Walt Disney Productions later in 1984, as Michael Eisner brought his own film chief, Jeffrey Katzenberg and film studio president, Richard H. Frank.[17] Touchstone and Hollywood Pictures were formed within that unit on February 15, 1984 and February 1, 1989 respectively.[18]

In October 1984, Daily Variety had identified Disney as the seventh major film studio due to the hiring of Eisner as Disney chairman and his plans for the company.[19] Organized in 1985, Silver Screen Partners II, L.P. financed films for Disney with $193 million in funding. In January 1987, Silver Screen III began financing films for Disney with $300 million raised, the largest amount raised for a film financing limited partnership by E.F. Hutton.[20]

In April 1988, Touchstone became a unit of Walt Disney Pictures with newly appointed head Ricardo Mestres.[21] With several production companies getting out of film production or closing shop by December 1988, Walt Disney Studios announced the formation of Hollywood Pictures division, which would only share marketing and distribution with Touchstone, to fill the void.[22] Walt Disney Television and Touchstone Television were grouped together under Garth Ancier as president of network television for the Walt Disney Studios on April 18, 1989.[23]

Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a controlling stake in one of Pacific Theatres' chains[24] leading Disney's Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific to renovate the El Capitan Theatre and the Crest by 1989.[25] The Crest was finished first while El Capitan opened with the premiere of The Rocketeer film on June 19, 1991.[26]

1990s
In September 1990, The Walt Disney Company arranged for financing up to $200 million by a unit of Nomura Securities for Interscope films made for Disney. On October 23, 1990, Disney formed Touchwood Pacific Partners I to supplant the Silver Screen Partnership series as their movie studios' primary funding source.[27] In 1992, Walt Disney Studios agreed to fund a production company, Caravan Pictures, for exiting 20th Century Fox chairman Joe Roth.[28][29] In 1993, Miramax Films was purchased for $60 million by Disney.[30]

On March 30, 1992, Disney Studios agreed to sell KCAL-TV to Pineland, Inc. for a 45% ownership stake in Pineland, so as to have interest in TV stations in both large markets, Los Angeles and New York City, allowing for increased original programming.[31] Instead Pineland agreed to an unsolicited bid in May from Chris-Craft Industries thus ending the planned business merger with Disney's KCAL.[32]

David Hoberman, president of Walt Disney Pictures and Touchstone Pictures, was promoted by Katzenberg to president of motion pictures at Walt Disney Studios in April 1994, while Ricardo Mestres was forced out as president of Hollywood Pictures in exchange for a production deal.[33]

On August 24, 1994, with Katzenberg's resignation, Walt Disney Studios was reorganized by spinning off a new TV group. Richard Frank became head of the newly formed Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications (WDTT). Roth moved in from Caravan Pictures to helm the remaining Walt Disney Studios as chairman.[34] Hoberman stepped down as president in January 1995 to take a five-year, multi-film deal for his production company, Mandeville Films.[33]

Roth was appointed as chairman of Walt Disney Studios in 1996.[35] In April 1996, due to ongoing post-Disney-CC/ABC merger realignment and retirement of its president, WDTT group's division were reassigned to other groups with most transferred to the Walt Disney Studios or CC/ABC. Units returning to the studio were Walt Disney Television, Disney Television Animation, Touchstone Television and Buena Vista Home Entertainment.[36]

Buena Vista International - Latin America and two other companies became owners of Patagonik Film Group, an Argentina-based production company, in 1997.[37] In late 1997, Disney bid on CDR's Epic movie library but lost to PolyGram Filmed Entertainment.[38]

Disney's Buena Vista Distribution and Cinergi Pictures had a 25-picture distribution deal, with Disney taking a 5% stake in Cinergi stock. After nine films were delivered under the agreement, Cinergi sold its 12-film library (except for Die Hard with a Vengeance, co-financed with 20th Century Fox) to Disney on November 22, 1997 for $20 million in exchange for Disney's Cinergi shares, production advances of $35.4 million and other loans.[39][40]

In 1998, the Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group was formed by Roth to unite the Disney, Touchstone and Hollywood film production units with leadership under David Vogel.[41] This was in order to centralize the various production units and to make live-action film production within Disney more cost-efficient. Roth also determined that the studio's year production slate should be cut. In August 1998, Roger Birnbaum, Caravan's co-founder, left at Roth's prompting to co-found Spyglass Entertainment with former Morgan Creek Productions vice chairman and COO Gary Barber, in which Disney gave Caravan's development slate, a five-year distribution agreement and an advance to Spyglass. After Caravan's remaining three films were released, it went inactive.[42] By May 2000, Disney had taken an equity stake in Spyglass.[43]

Peter Schneider was promoted to studio president in January 1999, while Thomas Schumacher was promoted to president of Walt Disney Feature Animation and Walt Disney Theatrical Productions while both became co-presidents of Disney Theatrical Group.[44] As the first studio president, Schneider had supervisory control of all films released by the Disney labels.[35] In July, Walt Disney Television, including Buena Vista Television Productions, were transferred from the Walt Disney Studios to ABC Television Network[45] to merge with ABC's prime-time division, forming the ABC Entertainment Television Group.[46]

2000s
Roth left to form his own production company in January 2000,[43] with Schneider moving to a studio chairman role.[35] Schneider left Walt Disney Studios in June 2001 to form his own theater production company partly funded by Disney. While no successor had been named, Dick Cook, chairman of the Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (distribution); Thomas Schumacher, president of Walt Disney Animation; and Nina Jacobson, president of the Buena Vista Motion Picture Group (production) would take on the responsibilities of Schneider while continuing in their current positions.[47] In February 2002, Cook was named as studio chairman.[48] In January 2002, Buena Vista International - Latin America formed a joint venture production company, Miravista, with Admira, Telefónica's content production and distribution division, for primarily Brazilian and Mexican film productions.[49]

In January 2003, Disney initiated a reorganization of its theatrical and animation units to improve resource usage and continued focus on new characters and franchise development. Walt Disney Feature Animation — sans Walt Disney Television Animation — and Buena Vista Theatrical Worldwide were organized under the Walt Disney Studios.[50][51] In 2003, the studio set a worldwide box office record of $3 billion gross.[52]

In September 2005, Disney and Kingdom Films formed a joint venture, Magic Films, to finance a slate of 32 films, which would not include sequels. Kingdom would provide financing with $135 million equity and a $370 million revolving credit line.[53] With the exception of High School Musical 3 as a part of a Disney Channel franchise, Kingdom sued Disney in December 2008.[54] In December 2005, Alan Bergman was promoted to president of the Walt Disney Studios.[55]

In January 2006, The Walt Disney Company announced to acquire computer animation leader Pixar.[56] The deal was finalized in May 2006. Pixar executive Ed Catmull would serve as president of both Pixar and Disney feature animation studios. Pixar executive vice president John Lasseter became chief creative officer for Pixar and the feature animated studios as well as helping to develop new Disney theme park attractions.[57]

In July 2006, Disney announced a shift in its strategy of releasing more Disney-branded (i.e. Walt Disney Pictures) films and fewer Touchstone titles. The move was expected to reduce the Group's work force by approximately 650 positions worldwide.[58] This was a cost-cutting move with its yearly slate would consist of 12 to 15 films.[59]

After being transferred to various other division groups since they were acquired in 2004, The Muppets Studio was incorporated into the Walt Disney Studios' Special Events Group in 2006.[60] In April 2007, Disney retired the Buena Vista brand. Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution were renamed as Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, respectively. Hollywood Pictures was also retired as well.[12][61] In July 2007, Disney CEO Bob Iger banned the depiction of smoking and tobacco products from Walt Disney Pictures-branded films, as well as limiting such depictions in Touchstone and Miramax films.[62]

In April 2008, the Studio announced the formation of Disneynature, a nature film production label.[63] The Studio launched its Kingdom Comics division in May, led by writer-actor Ahmet Zappa, television executive Harris Katleman and writer-editor Christian Beranek. Kingdom was designed to create new properties for possible film development and re-imagine and redevelop existing movies from the Disney library, with Disney Publishing Worldwide getting a first look for publishing.[64]

On February 9, 2009, DreamWorks Studios entered a 7-year, 30-picture distribution deal with the studio's Touchstone Pictures banner starting in 2011.[65] The deal also includes co-funding between Disney and DreamWorks for production.[66] In late 2009, Miramax Films, a formerly independent Disney film unit, was transferred to the Walt Disney Studios,[67] until its sale in 2010 to Filmyard Holdings.[68] The Kingdom Comics unit's creatives/executives moved its deal to an independent Monsterfoot Productions.[69]

On September 18, 2009, Cook was forced out as chairman, after allegedly having been asked to do so by Bob Iger, for resisting change that Iger felt was needed and the previous year's poor results.[70] He was then replaced by Disney Channels Worldwide president Rich Ross on October 5, 2009.[71]

2010s
The Walt Disney Company completed its acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in December 2009 for $4.2 billion.[72][73] Disney closed a deal with Paramount Pictures to transfer worldwide marketing and the distribution rights to Marvel's The Avengers and Iron Man 3 in October 2010.[74]

In May 2011, Disney India and UTV Motion Pictures agreed to co-produce Disney-branded family films, with both companies handling creative function and UTV producing, marketing and distributing the films.[75]

In August 2011, Disney fired Marvel Studios' marketing department in a restructuring. Disney would take over the marketing and distribution of future Marvel titles, beginning with the 2012 release of The Avengers.[76][77]

On April 20, 2012, Ross was fired as studio chairman.[78] Former Warner Bros. chief Alan Horn was named chairman on May 31, 2012.[79] On October 30, 2012, Lucasfilm agreed to be purchased by The Walt Disney Company and a new Star Wars trilogy was announced.[80] The deal was finalized on December 21.[81] Later on the same day, Disney agreed to have Netflix as its exclusive U.S. television subscription service for first-run Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Pixar Animation Studios, Marvel Studios and Disneynature feature films starting in 2016, replacing its agreement with Starz that ends in 2015.[82]

In April 2013, The Walt Disney Studios laid off 150 workers, including staff from its marketing and home entertainment units.[83][84] In July 2013, Disney acquired all of the distribution rights previously held by Paramount for Marvel Studios’ Iron Man, Iron Man 2, Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger.[85] In December of that same year, Disney purchased the distribution and marketing rights to future Indiana Jones films from Paramount Pictures. Paramount will continue distributing the first four films and receive "financial participation" from the additional films.[86] In March 2015, Iger expanded the studio's smoking and tobacco prohibition to include all films released by the studio—including PG-13 rated films and below—unless such depictions are historically pertinent.[87] The studio and Shanghai Media Group Pictures signed a multi-year movie development agreement, before the March 6, 2014 announcement, in which Chinese themes would be incorporated into Disney branded movies.[88]

In August 2015, Marvel Studios was integrated into Walt Disney Studios with president Kevin Feige reporting to Disney studio chief Alan Horn instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter. Perlmutter continued to oversee Marvel Television and Marvel Animation until 2019, in which they were folded back into Marvel Studios.[89][90]

In January 2016, Disney received ownership of all the DreamWorks films it distributed, in compensation for outstanding loans as DreamWorks was restructured into Amblin Partners.[91] Later that same year, Disney distributed The Light Between Oceans—the fourteenth and final film in the DreamWorks distribution deal—and also the last film released under the Touchstone banner.

On December 19, 2016, Walt Disney Studios became the first major studio to reach $7 billion at the global box office. This surpasses Universal's record from 2015 of $6.89 billion. Disney did it with five of the top 10 films of the year with a record four of them, The Jungle Book, Finding Dory, Captain America: Civil War and Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, with opening weekend takes of over $100 million. Four films in 2016 grossed over $1 billion and another $966 million globally. Two studio units' (Pixar and Marvel Studios) combined lifetime library grosses passed $10 billion.[92]

In November 2017, the studio briefly banned reporters of the Los Angeles Times from attending pre-release screenings for its films, after it had published reports on Disney's political influence in the Anaheim area that the company deemed to be "biased and inaccurate". After a boycott effort emerged among several notable critics and publications (including Washington Post blogger Alyssa Rosenberg, The New York Times, and Boston Globe critic Ty Burr), and several major film critic societies threatened to disqualify Disney films from their year-end awards in retaliation, Disney stated that the company "had productive discussions with the newly installed leadership at the Los Angeles Times regarding our specific concerns", and had reversed its ban.[93][94][95]

In December 2017, Disney announced plans to purchase 21st Century Fox (21CF) for $52.4 billion.[96] In preparation for integration of 21st Century Fox assets in March 2018, Disney created a new segment named Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International, merging two segments and transferring various units to the new segment, including the Janice Marinelli-led Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.[97] On June 28, 2018, DisneyToon Studios was shut down.[98][99]

On June 8, 2018, Disney announced Lasseter would be leaving the company by the end of the year, but would take on a consulting role until then.[100] On June 19, 2018, Pete Docter and Jennifer Lee were announced as Lasseter's replacements as chief creative officers of Pixar and Disney Animation, respectively.[101]

In December 2018, the studio surpassed $7 billion in global box office for the calendar year. It was the second time in history that any studio had surpassed the $7 billion mark, after Disney's own industry-record global gross of $7.6 billion in 2016.[102]

Following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox, Disney announced that the film divisions of Fox Entertainment Group (including 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Fox 2000 Pictures, 20th Century Fox Animation, Blue Sky Studios, and Fox Family) would be folded into the Walt Disney Studios.[103] Fox's filmed entertainment CEO Stacey Snider exited following the acquisition. Fox executives Emma Watts, Nancy Utley and Stephen Gilula joined The Walt Disney Company on March 20, 2019.[1] On March 21, 2019, Disney announced that the Fox 2000 label would be shut down by the end of the year after releasing its films in production. 20th Century Fox Animation was also repositioned to directly report to chairman Horn.[104][105] 20th Century Fox and its related studios will keep their headquarters on their studio lot in Century City, thanks to a seven-year lease from the Fox Corporation.[106]

On May 1, 2019, president Alan Bergman was promoted to co-chairman. Horn added the new title of the studio's chief creative officer.[107]

Disney announced a round of layoffs for the studio, mostly from 20th Century Fox, in the production and visual effects departments. They also announced on July 31, 2019, that the Fox Research Library will be folded into the Walt Disney Archives and the Imagineering Research Library by January 2020.[108] The studio announced a 10-year lease of most of the Pinewood Studios near London from the Pinewood Group in September 2019 to start in 2020.[109]

In August 2019, Disney became the first studio to have five films to gross over $1 billion at the worldwide box office in a single year.[110] Walt Disney Studios became the first major studio to reach $10 billion at the global box office in December 2019, breaking their previous record in 2016.[111] The studio ended 2019 eventually earning $13.2 billion in worldwide box office.[5] Disney achieved this on the strength of Avengers: Endgame, The Lion King, Captain Marvel, Toy Story 4, Aladdin and Frozen II all earning over $1 billion.[111]

2020s
On January 17, 2020, Disney announced it would drop the “Fox” name from the studio's 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures branding. The two studios were renamed as 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures, respectively.[112] Similar to other Disney film units, films produced under the 20th Century Studios banner are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Searchlight Pictures continues to operate their autonomous distribution unit.[113]

In December 2020, it was announced that effective January 1, 2021, Bergman would become Chairman, Disney Studios Content, overseeing creative, production, marketing, and operations for it, while Horn would remain as the studios' Chief Creative Officer, focusing solely on Disney's creative pipeline, and working in conjunction with Bergman on the studio's creative plans.[114]

On February 9, 2021, Disney announced that Blue Sky Studios would be closed effective April 2021, due in part to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic's continued economic impact on the company's businesses; it was no longer sustainable for Disney to run a third feature animation studio. The studio’s film library and intellectual properties would be retained by Disney.[115]

Studio structure
Studio units[105][116]
Production Disney Theatrical Group Walt Disney Studios Operations[105]
(Studio Services)[117][118]
Live-action
Walt Disney Pictures
Disneynature
Marvel Studios
Lucasfilm
Industrial Light & Magic
Skywalker Sound
20th Century Studios[1][112]
20th Digital Studio
Fox Family
Searchlight Pictures[N 1]
Animation

Walt Disney Animation Studios
Pixar
20th Century Animation
Disney Theatrical Productions
(aka Disney on Broadway)
Buena Vista Theatrical
Disney Theatrical Licensing
Disney Live Family Entertainment (DLFE)
Disney on Ice
Disney Live!
Walt Disney Special Events Group[119]
Disney Studio Production Services
Walt Disney Studios
Golden Oak Ranch
The Prospect Studios
KABC7 Studio B
Disney Digital Studio Services[120]
Fox VFX Lab
Production
Main article: List of Walt Disney Studios films
Walt Disney Pictures is a film banner that encompasses the release of its own live-action productions, in addition to films produced by the company's animation studios, mainly Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios.[121] Marvel Studios—acquired through Disney's purchase of Marvel Entertainment in 2009—produces superhero films based on Marvel Comics characters, including the Marvel Cinematic Universe franchise. Lucasfilm—acquired by Disney in 2012—develops and produces films including those in the Star Wars and Indiana Jones franchises.[122] Disneynature is an independent film genre label devoted to producing nature documentary films. 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures—acquired by Disney in 2019 and together former members of the "Big Six" studios—produce a varied slate of films, with the latter focusing on specialty prestige films.[123][104] 20th Century also releases films produced by the animated film units of 20th Century Animation and formerly Blue Sky Studios before its closure in 2021.

Disney Theatrical Group
Main article: Disney Theatrical Group
Disney Theatrical Group is the division producing live theatrical and stage events. It is currently under the leadership of Thomas Schumacher. The Disney Theatrical Productions division has been responsible for the production of many different musicals, touring events, ice shows and other live theatrical events. Their shows include: Beauty and the Beast, The Lion King, Aida, Tarzan, Mary Poppins, Newsies and numerous incarnations of Disney on Ice.

Former units
In its history, Disney has created or acquired other film banners that have since been closed, divested, or retired.

Film production
Live-action
Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group/Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (1998–c. 2006) an umbrella unit for live action production companies[47][61] (defunct)
Touchstone Pictures (1984–2010), created to release films targeted at more mature adult audiences until it was retired from theatrical distribution, as it was last used for Disney's distribution deal with DreamWorks from 2011 to 2016.[13]
Hollywood Pictures (1989–2001, 2006–2007) created as an adult-oriented production unit similar to Touchstone, then briefly revived as low-budget genre film label until it became inactive.
Caravan Pictures (1992–1999) a production unit created to fill the production schedule, which was replaced by an outside deal with Spyglass Entertainment.
Miramax Films (1993–2010) acquired as an independent film studio in 1993 and operated as an autonomous unit until 2009, when it was folded into the Walt Disney Studios; it continued to serve as a distribution label until it was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings in 2010.[124][125][126]
Dimension Films (1993—2005) A genre film label acquired through the Miramax purchase, until the Weinstein brothers left Disney and took the label with them in 2005 when they formed The Weinstein Company (the label's next parent).[127][124]
Fox 2000 Pictures (2019–2020) Mid-budget unit of 20th Century Studios.
Animation
Skellington Productions (1986–1996)
Disney Circle 7 Animation (2004–2006) shut down without the production of films.
ImageMovers Digital (2007–2010) a jointly-owned motion capture animation facility that was later shut down.[128][129]
Disneytoon Studios (2003–2018) transferred from Disney Television Animation.[98]
Blue Sky Studios (2019–2021) Acquired within 21st Century Fox purchase. Announced closure in February 2021.[130]
Television
Walt Disney Television (1983-1994) transferred to Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications. (1994-1996)
Touchstone Television, transferred to Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications and later renamed as ABC Studios.
Distribution and marketing
Walt Disney Motion Pictures Group (1998–c. 2001) an umbrella unit for distribution and marketing.[47][61] (defunct)
Touchstone Pictures (2011–2016) a theatrical distribution label for DreamWorks Pictures' slate.[13]
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (1978–2018) transferred to Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International and later, Disney Platform Distribution.[97]
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (1953–2020) transferred to Disney Platform Distribution.[131]
Music publishing
Disney Music Group (1956–2020): transferred to Disney Platform Distribution
Walt Disney Records
Hollywood Records
Other
Kingdom Comics (2009-2013) with executives departing for a production deal[64]
The Muppets Studio (2006–2014) transferred from Disney Consumer Products to Disney Studios' Special Events Group, then back to Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
See also
Companies portal
icon Disney portal
ESPN Films
UTV Motion Pictures
Notes
Despite being a production unit within Walt Disney Studios, Searchlight Pictures maintains its own autonomous distribution unit separate from the main studio for the release of its films.[112]
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External links
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Categories: 1923 establishments in CaliforniaAmerican companies established in 1923Mass media companies established in 1923The Walt Disney StudiosThe Walt Disney Company divisionsFilm production companies of the United StatesCinema of Southern CaliforniaEntertainment companies based in CaliforniaCompanies based in Burbank, CaliforniaMembers of the Motion Picture AssociationDisney production studios
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Walt Disney Pictures
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This article is about the film production studio. For the related and similarly-named distribution unit, see Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. For the parent umbrella division, see Walt Disney Studios (division).
Walt Disney Pictures
Walt Disney Pictures 2011 logo.svg
Formerly Walt Disney Productions
(1923–1983)
Type Subsidiary
Industry Film
Founded
October 16, 1923; 97 years ago (as Walt Disney Productions)
April 1, 1983; 37 years ago (as Walt Disney Pictures)
Headquarters 500 South Buena Vista Street, Burbank, California, United States
Area served Worldwide
Key people Sean Bailey (president, production)[1]
Vanessa Morrison (president, streaming)[1]
Products Motion pictures
Parent Walt Disney Studios
Website movies.disney.com
Footnotes / references
[2]
Walt Disney Pictures[3] is an American film production studio of Walt Disney Studios, which is owned by The Walt Disney Company. The studio is the flagship producer of live-action feature films within the Walt Disney Studios unit, and is based at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. Animated films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios are also released under the studio banner. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distributes and markets the films produced by Walt Disney Pictures.

Disney began producing live-action films in the 1950s, under the company's all-encompassing name, Walt Disney Productions. The live-action division took on its current incorporated name of Walt Disney Pictures in 1983, when Disney reorganized its entire studio division; which included the separation from the feature animation division and the subsequent creation of Touchstone Pictures; a sister division responsible for producing mature films not suitable for release through Walt Disney Pictures. At the end of that decade, combined with Touchstone's output, Walt Disney Pictures elevated Walt Disney Studios as one of Hollywood's major film studios.

Walt Disney Pictures is currently one of five live-action film studios within the Walt Disney Studios, the others being 20th Century Studios, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, and Searchlight Pictures. The 2019 remake of The Lion King is the studio's highest-grossing film worldwide with $1.6 billion,[4] and Pirates of the Caribbean is the studio's most successful film series, with five films earning a total of over $4.5 billion in worldwide box office gross.[2]


Contents
1 History
1.1 Predecessor unit
1.2 1980s–2000s
1.3 2010s–present
2 Logo
3 Film library
3.1 Highest-grossing films
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
History
Predecessor unit
See also: The Walt Disney Company § Corporate history
The studio's predecessor (and the modern-day The Walt Disney Company's as a whole) was founded as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, by filmmaker Walt Disney and his business partner and brother, Roy, in 1923.

The creation of Mickey Mouse and subsequent short films and merchandise generated revenue for the studio which was renamed as The Walt Disney Studio at the Hyperion Studio in 1926.[5] In 1929, it was renamed again to Walt Disney Productions. The studio's streak of success continued in the 1930s, culminating with the 1937 release of the first feature-length animated film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which becomes a huge financial success.[6] With the profits from Snow White, Walt relocated to a third studio in Burbank, California.[7]

In the 1940s, Disney began experimenting with full-length live-action films, with the introduction of hybrid live action-animated films such as The Reluctant Dragon (1941) and Song of the South (1946).[8] That same decade, the studio began producing nature documentaries with the release of Seal Island (1948), the first of the True-Life Adventures series and a subsequent Academy Award winner for Best Live-Action Short Film.[9][10]

Walt Disney Productions had its first fully live-action film in 1950 with the release of Treasure Island, considered by Disney to be the official conception for what would eventually evolve into the modern-day Walt Disney Pictures.[11] By 1953, the company ended their agreements with such third-party distributors as RKO Radio Pictures and United Artists and formed their own distribution company, Buena Vista Distribution.[12]

1980s–2000s
The live-action division of Walt Disney Productions was incorporated as Walt Disney Pictures on April 1, 1983 to diversify film subjects and expand audiences for their film releases.[13] In April 1983, Richard Berger was hired by Disney CEO Ron W. Miller as film president. Touchstone Films was started by Miller in February 1984 as a label for the studio's PG-13 and R-rated films with an expected half of Disney's yearly 6-to-8-movie slate, which would be released under the label.[14] That same year, newly named Disney CEO Michael Eisner pushed out Berger, replacing him with Eisner's own film chief from Paramount Pictures, Jeffrey Katzenberg.[15] Touchstone and Hollywood Pictures were formed within that unit on February 15, 1984 and February 1, 1989 respectively.[16]

The Touchstone Films banner was used by then new Disney CEO Michael Eisner in the 1984–1985 television season with the short lived western, Wildside. In the next season, Touchstone produced a hit in The Golden Girls.[17]

David Hoberman was promoted to president of production at Walt Disney Pictures in April 1988.[18] In April 1994, Hoberman was promoted to president of motion picture production at Walt Disney Studios and David Vogel was appointed as Walt Disney Pictures president.[19] The following year, however Hoberman resigned from the company, and instead began a production deal with Disney and his newly formed production company, Mandeville Films.[19] In addition to Walt Disney Pictures, Vogel added the head position of Hollywood Pictures in 1997, while Donald De Line remained as head of Touchstone.[20] Vogel was then promoted in 1998 to the head of Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group, the newly formed division that oversaw all live-action production within the Walt Disney Pictures, Touchstone, and Hollywood labels.[21][22] The move was orchestrated by Walt Disney Studios chairman Joe Roth, as an effort to scale back and consolidate the studio's film production.[22] As a result of the restructuring, De Line resigned.[23]

That same year, Nina Jacobson became executive vice-president of live-action production for Buena Vista Motion Pictures Group.[24] Jacobson remained under this title until May 1999, when Vogel resigned from the company, and Jacobson was appointed by Roth to the role of president of production.[25][22] During her tenure, Jacobson oversaw the production of films at Walt Disney Pictures, including Pirates of the Caribbean, The Chronicles of Narnia, Bridge to Terabithia, National Treasure, Remember the Titans, and The Princess Diaries, and was responsible for establishing a first-look deal with Jerry Bruckheimer Films.[26][27] In 2006, Jacobson was fired by studio chairman Dick Cook, and replaced with by Oren Aviv, the head of marketing.[26][28]

After two films based on Disney theme park attractions,[29][30][31] Walt Disney Pictures selected it as a source of a line of films starting with The Country Bears (2002) and The Haunted Mansion and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (both 2003).[32] The latter film—the first film produced by the studio to receive a PG-13 rating—began a film series that was followed by four sequels, with the franchise taking in more than $5.4 billion worldwide from 2003 to 2017.[29][33] On January 12, 2010, Aviv stepped down as the studio's president of live-action production.[34]

2010s–present
In January 2010, Sean Bailey was appointed the studio's president of live-action production, replacing Aviv.[35][2] Bailey had produced Tron: Legacy for the studio, which was released later that same year.[35] Under Bailey's leadership and with support from then Disney CEO Bob Iger—and later studio chairman Alan Horn—Walt Disney Pictures pursued a tentpole film strategy, which included an expanded slate of original and adaptive large-budget tentpole films. Beginning in 2011, the studio simplified the branding in its production logo and marquee credits to just "Disney".[36] Concurrently, Disney was struggling with PG-13 tentpole films outside of the Pirates of the Caribbean series, with films such as John Carter (2012) and The Lone Ranger (2013) becoming major box office bombs. However, the studio had found particular success with live-action fantasy adaptations of properties associated with their animated films, which began with the commercial success of Alice in Wonderland (2010), that became the second billion-dollar-grossing film in the studio's history.[37] With the continued success of Maleficent (2014) and Cinderella (2015), the studio saw the potential in these fantasy adaptations and officiated a trend of similar films, which followed with The Jungle Book (2016) and Beauty and the Beast (2017).[38][2] By July 2016, Disney had announced development of nearly eighteen of these films consisting of sequels to existing adaptations, origin stories and prequels.[38][39] Although Walt Disney Pictures produced several successful smaller-budgeted genre films throughout the 2010s, such as The Muppets (2011), Saving Mr. Banks (2013), and Into the Woods (2014), the studio shifted its production model entirely on tentpole films as they had found that a majority of the smaller genre films were becoming financially unsustainable in the theatrical market.[2][40][41]

In 2017, The Walt Disney Company announced it was creating its own streaming service platform.[42] The new service, known as Disney+, would feature original programming created by the company's vast array of film and television production studios, including Walt Disney Pictures.[43] As part of this new distribution platform, Bailey and Horn confirmed that Walt Disney Pictures would renew development on smaller-budgeted genre films that the studio had previously stopped producing for the theatrical exhibition market a few years prior.[44][45][41] In 2018, nine films were announced to be in production or development for the service.[46] These films would be budgeted between $20 million and $60 million.[44] The studio is expected to produce approximately 3-4 films per year exclusively for Disney+, alongside its theatrical tentpole slate.[45] Disney+ was launched on November 12, 2019 in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands, with subsequent international expansions.[43] Within the first two months of the service's launch, Walt Disney Pictures had released three films (Lady and the Tramp, Noelle, and Togo) exclusively for Disney+.[41]

On March 12, 2020, Fox Family president Vanessa Morrison was named president of live-action development and production of streaming content for both Disney Live Action and 20th Century Studios, reporting directly to Bailey. That same day, Philip Steuer and Randi Hiller were also appointed as president of the studio's physical, post production and VFX, and executive vice president for casting, respectively–overseeing these functions for both Walt Disney Pictures and 20th Century Studios.[1]

Logo
Until 1985, instead of a traditional production logo, the opening credits of Disney films used to feature a title card that read "Walt Disney Presents", and later, "Walt Disney Productions Presents".[47] In Never Cry Wolf, and the pre-release versions of Splash, it showed a light blue rectangle with the name "Walt Disney Pictures" and featured a white outline rectangle framing on a black screen.

Beginning with the release of Return to Oz in 1985, Walt Disney Pictures introduced its fantasy castle logo. The version with its accompanying music premiered with The Black Cauldron.[47] The logo was created by Walt Disney Feature Animation in traditional animation and featured a white silhouette of Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle against a blue background, with the studio's name and underscored by "When You Wish Upon A Star", in arrangement composed by John Debney.[48] A short rendition of the logo was used as a closing logo as well as the movie Return to Oz, although the film was months before The Black Cauldron was released. Beginning with Dinosaur (2000), an alternative logo featuring an orange castle and logo against a black background, was occasionally presented with darker tone and live-action films. A computer-animated RenderMan variant appeared before every Pixar Animation Studios film from Toy Story until Ratatouille, featuring an original fanfare composed by Randy Newman, based on the opening score cue from Toy Story.

In 2006, the logo was updated with the release of Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest at the behest of then-Walt Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook and studio marketing president Oren Aviv.[48] Designed by Disney animation director Mike Gabriel and producer Baker Bloodworth, the modernized logo was created completely in computer animation by Weta Digital and featured a 3D New Waltograph typography. The final rendering of the logo was done by Cameron Smith and Cyrese Parrish.[49] In addition, the revamped logo includes visual references to Pinocchio, Mary Poppins, Peter Pan, Cinderella, and Dumbo, and its redesigned castle incorporates elements from both Sleeping Beauty and Cinderella Castle, as well as fireworks and Walt Disney's family crest.[50] Mark Mancina wrote a new composition and arrangement of "When You Wish Upon a Star" to accompany the 2006 logo.[48] It was co-arranged and orchestrated by David Metzger. In 2011, starting with The Muppets, the sequence was modified to truncate the "Walt Disney Pictures" branding to "Disney".[51] The new logo sequence has been consistently modified for high-profile releases including Maleficent, Tomorrowland, and Beauty and the Beast.

Film library
Main article: List of Walt Disney Pictures films
The studio's first live-action film was Treasure Island (1950). Animated films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar are also released by Walt Disney Pictures. The studio has released four films that have received an Academy Award for Best Picture nomination: Mary Poppins (1964), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Up (2009), and Toy Story 3 (2010).[52]

Highest-grossing films
Walt Disney Pictures has produced five live-action films that have grossed over $1 billion at the worldwide box office: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (2006), Alice in Wonderland (2010), Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (2011), Beauty and the Beast (2017) and Aladdin (2019);[2][53] and has released eight animated films that have reached that milestone: Toy Story 3 (2010), Frozen (2013), Zootopia, Finding Dory (both 2016), Incredibles 2 (2018), The Lion King, Toy Story 4, and Frozen II (three in 2019).

Highest-grossing films in North America[54]
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 Incredibles 2 2018 $608,581,744
2 The Lion King 2019 $543,638,043
3 Beauty and the Beast 2017 $504,014,165
4 Finding Dory 2016 $486,131,416
5 Frozen II 2019 $477,373,578
6 Toy Story 3 2010 $434,038,008
7 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest 2006 $423,315,812
8 The Lion King‡ 1994 $422,783,777
9 Toy Story 4 2019 $415,004,880
10 Frozen 2013 $400,738,009
11 Finding Nemo‡ 2003 $380,843,261
12 The Jungle Book 2016 $364,001,123
13 Aladdin 2019 $356,258,912
14 Inside Out 2015 $356,002,827
15 Zootopia 2016 $342,268,248
16 Alice in Wonderland 2010 $334,191,110
17 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End 2007 $309,420,425
18 Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl 2003 $305,413,918
19 Up 2009 $293,004,164
20 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2005 $291,710,957
21 Monsters, Inc.‡ 2001 $289,916,256
22 Toy Story 2‡ 1999 $276,554,625
23 Monsters University 2013 $268,492,764
24 The Incredibles 2004 $261,441,092
25 Moana 2016 $248,757,044
Highest-grossing films worldwide
Rank Title Year Box office gross
1 The Lion King 2019 $1,657,598,092
2 Frozen II $1,450,026,933
3 Frozen 2013 $1,280,802,282
4 Beauty and the Beast 2017 $1,264,521,126
5 Incredibles 2 2018 $1,243,805,359
6 Toy Story 4 2019 $1,073,394,593
7 Toy Story 3 2010 $1,067,171,911
8 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest 2006 $1,066,179,725
9 Aladdin 2019 $1,051,693,953
10 Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides 2011 $1,045,713,802
11 Finding Dory 2016 $1,029,473,532
12 Alice in Wonderland 2010 $1,025,467,110
13 Zootopia 2016 $1,024,641,447
14 The Lion King‡ 1994 $968,554,386
15 The Jungle Book 2016 $966,550,600
16 Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End 2007 $963,420,425
17 Finding Nemo‡ 2003 $940,335,536
18 Inside Out 2015 $857,675,046
19 Coco 2017 $807,139,032
20 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales $794,826,541
21 Maleficent 2014 $758,410,378
22 The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe 2005 $745,013,115
23 Monsters University 2013 $744,229,437
24 Up 2009 $735,099,082
25 Big Hero 6 2014 $657,827,828
‡—Includes theatrical reissue(s).

See also
Walt Disney Studios (division)
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Television (production company)
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External links
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Categories: Walt Disney PicturesAmerican companies established in 1983Disney production studiosFilm production companies of the United StatesEntertainment companies based in CaliforniaCompanies based in Burbank, CaliforniaMass media companies established in 19831983 establishments in CaliforniaThe Walt Disney Studios
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Walt Disney Studios (Burbank)
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Walt Disney Studios
Walt Disney Studios Alameda Entrance.jpg
Main entrance to The Walt Disney Studios
Location Burbank, California, United States
Address 500 South Buena Vista Street
Coordinates Coordinates: 34°09′25″N 118°19′30″W
Opening date February 23, 1940; 81 years ago
Developer Walt Disney
Roy O. Disney
Manager
Disney Studio Services (production)
Disney Worldwide Services
Owner Disney Worldwide Services
(The Walt Disney Company)
Size 51 acres (21 ha)
Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata
The Walt Disney Studios, located in Burbank, California, United States, serves as the corporate headquarters for The Walt Disney Company media conglomerate. The 51-acre (20.6 ha) studio lot also contains several sound stages, a backlot, and other filmmaking production facilities for Walt Disney Studios's motion picture production. The complex also houses the offices for the company's many divisions, with the exception of the 20th Century Studios (formerly 20th Century Fox), which remains on its namesake lot in Century City.

Walt Disney used the earnings from the successful release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to finance the construction of the Burbank studio. Disney is the only major film studio out of the Big Five that does not currently offer regular tours of their studio lot to the general public.[1] Since the mid-2000s, Adventures by Disney has offered tours of the studio, but only as an integral component of their Southern California tour package.[1] The other way to tour the studio is to join the official Disney D23 fan club, which offers tours to members every few months.[1] The studio used to open to the public once a year in November on the Saturday before Thanksgiving for its annual Magical Holiday Faire craft sale, but stopped hosting the Faire around 2003. As an aid to visitors, many buildings on the Disney lot are currently marked with identifying signs that include historical information and trivia about each site.

The Studio's production services are managed by Walt Disney Studios's Disney Studio Services unit – along with Golden Oak Ranch, The Prospect Studios, and KABC-7 Studio B.[2] Disney has a secondary location at Grand Central Creative Campus, where Walt Disney Imagineering and some other units are located. Disney Imagineering manages the studio.[3]


Contents
1 Background
2 History
3 Facilities
3.1 Team Disney – The Michael D. Eisner Building
3.2 Disney Legends Plaza
3.3 Frank G. Wells Building
3.4 Animation Building
3.5 Water Tower
3.6 The Roy O. Disney Building
3.7 The Annette Funicello Stage, Stage 1
3.8 The Julie Andrews Stage, Stage 2
3.9 Stage 3
3.10 Stages 4 and 5
3.11 Stages 6 and 7
3.12 The Hyperion Bungalow
3.13 Main Theater
3.14 Ink and Paint Building
3.15 Camera Building
3.16 Cutting Building
3.17 Shorts Building
3.18 The Roy E. Disney Animation Building
3.19 ABC Studios Building
3.20 Digital Studio Center
3.21 Original Commissary
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Background

The Walt Disney Studios in an aerial photo from 1999
Prior to the official opening of the Burbank lot in 1940, the Walt Disney Studios was situated at several different locations in Los Angeles. During summer 1923, Walt Disney created "The Disney Bros. Cartoon Studio" in his uncle Robert Disney's garage, which was located at 4406 Kingswell Avenue, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles (just east of Hollywood). This garage has been on display at the Stanley Ranch Museum in Garden Grove since the 1980s, several blocks away from Disneyland.[4] His brother Roy O. Disney was also in Los Angeles at the time. During October 1923, the brothers leased office space on the rear side of a real estate agency's office at 4651 Kingswell Avenue. On October 16, 1923, Walt Disney accepted an offer from Margaret Winkler of Universal Studios to distribute the new Alice Comedies starring Virginia Davis. It was also at this site where on January 14, 1924, Walt Disney met his future wife Lillian Bounds, an "ink and paint" girl whom he personally hired. In February 1924, the studio moved next door to an office of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue. The late Robert Disney's residence and the small office building that is home to 4649 and 4651 Kingswell Avenue have survived to the present and are still in use.

In 1925, Walt Disney placed a deposit on a new, considerably larger lot at 2719 Hyperion Avenue, and the studio moved there in January 1926. It was here where, after a train journey with his wife Lillian, Walt created the character of Mickey Mouse in 1928. Here, too, the first three-strip Technicolor animated film, the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees, and the first animated cartoon using Disney's multiplane camera, The Old Mill, were created. In 1937, the Hyperion studio produced Disney's first full-length animated feature film, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Disney's staff began to grow to a substantial size at the Hyperion studio, and Disney Legends such as Disney's Nine Old Men began their careers there. The Hyperion studio site was sold in 1940 and divided between two different industrial manufacturers, and in 1966 a subsequent owner demolished what was left of the studio complex and replaced it with the supermarket and shopping center that stand there today. To honor the company's former headquarters from 1926 to 1940, the name 'Hyperion' has been reused over the years by the Walt Disney Company for multiple divisions and attractions, including Hyperion Books and the Hyperion Theater at Disney California Adventure Park.

History

The original entrance gate to Walt Disney Studios at 500 South Buena Vista Street in Burbank, California.
The current Walt Disney Studios, located at 500 South Buena Vista Street, Burbank, was made possible by the revenue from the 1937 release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[5] Walt Disney and his staff began the move from the old studio at Hyperion Avenue in Silver Lake from December 1939 to January 1940. Designed primarily by Kem Weber under the supervision of Walt Disney and his brother Roy, the Burbank Disney Studio buildings are the only studios that have been owned by The Walt Disney Company to survive from the Golden Age of filming.[citation needed] A bungalow, the Shorts building and other small buildings that were located at the Hyperion Avenue location were moved to Burbank.[1]

Disney purposely planned his new Burbank studio around the animation process. The large Animation Building stood in the center of the campus, while adjacent outlying buildings were constructed for the ink-and-paint departments, the camera and editing departments, and the other various functions of the studio. Tunnels linked some of the buildings (to allow movement of animation materials without exposing them to the outside elements), and the lot also included a movie theatre, a sound stage, and a commissary. The 1941 Disney feature The Reluctant Dragon, which combined live action with animated sequences and starred Robert Benchley, served as a tour of the then-new studio. It was later frequently seen and toured on the various Disney television programs.

The attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7, 1941 brought America into World War II. 500 United States Army soldiers of the 121st Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) Gun Battalion occupied Walt Disney Studios the day after the attack for eight months in the period of the West Coast invasion scare, earning Disney as the only Hollywood studio to come under military occupation in history.[6] During the war, Disney regularly produced propaganda and training films for the U.S. government including its armed forces to increase morale among Americans that the fight against the Axis powers was waged for a just cause.[6]

In the years after the war, the studio began regular work on live-action features, as they needed the money. Though their first films were shot in England, the necessity to build live-action facilities still arose. Lacking the capital to do it themselves, Jack Webb offered to put up some of the money to build live-action soundstages in exchange for the right to use them (Webb used them to shoot much of the Dragnet TV series). During this time, backlots for exterior shots were also built and remained standing at the studios until after a major change in management in 1984.

In 1986, after the corporate restructuring of Walt Disney Productions into The Walt Disney Company, the studio lot was remodeled to accommodate more live-action production space and administrative offices. The studio lot is now home to multiple offices and administration buildings and seven soundstages. It is bounded by South Buena Vista Street on the west, West Alameda Street on the north, South Keystone Street on the east, and West Riverside Drive on the south. It sits in an area of Burbank where the street grid is offset at a diagonal, but most of the original buildings and roads within the campus itself were laid out in alignment with the cardinal directions.

Disney chairman Michael Eisner had the Team Disney building constructed in 1990.[5] In 1992, Disney had gained city approval for its expansion master plan, which included the Riverside Building. The Riverside Building, located next to Feature Animation Building at 2300 Riverside Drive, opened in 2000 for ABC executives and employees.[7]

In April 2013, Marvel Studios moved its offices from Manhattan Beach Studios Media Campus to the studio's[8] Frank G. Wells Building second floor.[9]

Facilities
Team Disney – The Michael D. Eisner Building

The "Team Disney" building
Formerly known as the Team Disney Burbank building, Team Disney – The Michael D. Eisner Building is the main building located at the Walt Disney Studios. Completed in 1990 and designed by Michael Graves, the Team Disney Burbank building contains the office of Executive Chairman Robert A. Iger, CEO Bob Chapek, as well as the boardroom for the board of directors. It also houses offices for members of Senior Management, such as Alan Horn, chairman of Walt Disney Studios and Kareem Daniel, chairman of Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution. Prior to the opening of the Team Disney Burbank building in 1990, Disney executives were located in the old Animation building and the Roy O. Disney Building; the animators had been forced to relocate in 1985 into a series of warehouses, trailers, and hangars in nearby Glendale.

The Team Disney structure is sometimes called the "Seven Dwarfs Building". It has large sculpted caryatids of the Seven Dwarfs holding up the roof of the eastern façade, a homage to the animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which provided Walt Disney with the revenue to purchase the Burbank lot. Each statue is 19 feet (5.7 meters) tall, with the exception of the 2/3-sized Dopey at top.[5] The building is located opposite the Frank G. Wells building, named for Eisner's former colleague, and President of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 to 1994. In 1996 the building was featured in Hollywood Pictures film Spy Hard. On January 23, 2006, in honor of Michael Eisner's 21-year leadership of the company, the Team Disney building was rededicated as Team Disney – The Michael D. Eisner Building.

Disney Legends Plaza
Disney Legends Plaza, located between the Team Disney: The Michael D. Eisner building and the Frank G. Wells building, is the central hub for the Disney Legends award and pays homage to its recipients. Dedicated on October 18, 1998, the plaza features the Partners statue of Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse, designed by Imagineer Blaine Gibson, along with a replica statue of Roy O. Disney and Minnie Mouse which can also be found at the Magic Kingdom park.

Located on the pillars in the plaza are bronze plaques featuring receivers of the Disney Legends award. The plaques feature the recipient's name, reason for gaining the award, and the person's hand prints and signature if they were alive at the time they received the award. Most famously, Legendary Animator and Imagineer, Ward Kimball's plaque features an extra finger, a reminder of Kimball's sense of humor. If, however, the award was presented posthumously, an image of the Disney Legends statue is engraved instead of the traditional hand prints and signature.

The plaza formerly featured a small fountain to honor the Legends, but that was since removed due to water leakage.

Frank G. Wells Building

The Frank G. Wells Building
This building is dedicated to the former President of The Walt Disney Company from 1984 to 1994, Frank G. Wells. The building opened in 1998 and was dedicated by Wells's widow Luanne Wells, and company CEO Michael Eisner.

The five-story building has a usable area of 240,518 square feet (22,344.9 m2) with three underground parking levels, accommodating 600 parking spaces. The construction was completed in two phases: phase I in August 1997 and phase II in July 1998. The Frank G. Wells building was specifically designed for Walt Disney Television Animation, and the division formerly had offices located on the third floor. The division has since moved to the Grand Central Creative Campus in nearby Glendale, California.

It is distinctly recognizable through its giant movie reel and film strip on the building's exterior. The building is currently home to the Walt Disney Archives, studio mail center, Marvel Studios, the Disney Music Group, a screening room, various multipurpose rooms, and one of the three extant multiplane cameras (which is on display in the lobby). It was formerly home to Walt Disney Television, various management offices, and the human resources department.

The Archives are located on the ground floor and are open to all cast members; they also have additional storage and restricted areas on other floors. The Studio's Starbucks Coffee shop is also located on the ground floor.

Animation Building

The original Animation Building
The three-story former main building for Walt Disney Animation Studios was completed in 1940, based on a Streamline Moderne design by industrial designer and architect Kem Weber.[10] It is considered the jewel of the original studio buildings. Walt Disney personally supervised the eight-wing "double H" design, ensuring as many rooms as possible had windows, which allowed natural light into the building to help the animators while working. Many Disney animated features were drawn here, including Dumbo (1941), Bambi (1942), Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), Peter Pan (1953), Lady and the Tramp (1955), Sleeping Beauty (1959), One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961), The Jungle Book (1967), The Aristocats (1970), The Rescuers (1977), and The Fox and the Hound (1981). The animation for The Black Cauldron (1985) was the last to be completed at the site.[11]

The Animation Building initially served as the creative and administrative nucleus for the entire studio. Walt's brother Roy O. Disney, who ran the company's financial operations, shared a wing with the accounting and legal departments on the first floor, which was where the animators, in-betweeners and clean-up artists worked. The D-Wing's ground floor was the longtime domain of Disney's Nine Old Men, and over the years other prominent animators and artists such as Bill Tytla, Fred Moore, Norm Ferguson, Preston Blair, Eyvind Earle, Tyrus Wong, Mary Blair, Andreas Deja, Floyd Norman, John Lasseter, Glen Keane, John Musker and Ron Clements worked in the building. On the second floor were office suites for the directors and studios for the background and layout artists. The story department was located on the third floor, along with offices and a rehearsal room for Disney's composers and arrangers.[12]

Suite 3H, on the third floor of the Animation Building's H-Wing, was Walt's headquarters. The five-room space included his two adjacent offices: a "formal" corner office for signing contracts and meeting with important visitors, and a "working office" where he huddled with key staff to develop ideas for his films, television shows and theme parks. The latter had a kitchenette hidden behind wood paneling that retracted at the touch of a button, as Walt often ate lunch at his desk.[13] Also in the suite was his secretary's office, featuring displays of his numerous awards, and a lounge area where Walt would relax after 5:00 pm with a drink (Scotch Mist was his cocktail of choice) and a back massage from the studio nurse before going home.[14][15] Walt's suite was closed after his death in 1966 and not reused until 1970, after his personal items had been carefully archived. Over the years these items were used in museum exhibits recreating his offices, primarily at Disney resorts. In 2015, under the auspices of the Walt Disney Archives, Suite 3H was restored as closely as possible to the condition in which Walt left it, with many of the original furnishings and objects. Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger dedicated the restoration on December 7 of that year. In 2016 it was opened for viewing by studio employees, special guests, and gold members of the Disney fan club D23.[16][17][18]

A little-known feature of the Animation Building was its private rooftop annex, The Penthouse Club, a perk for male employees who could afford its membership fees. It had a gymnasium run by a full-time athletic instructor, a bar, a barber shop, steam baths, massage tables, pool and poker tables, and an outdoor patio which members tended to use for nude sunbathing.[19] The entrance displayed a mural painted by animator Fred Moore depicting a bevy of nude or semi-nude women, surrounding a drunken single man bearing a certain resemblance to Moore himself.[20] By the early 1960s the gym activities had ceased and it became a casual lounge for studio veterans. The Penthouse space has been shuttered for years and the Fred Moore mural removed to an unknown location.[19]

The basement housed the Test Camera Department, which shot test loops of animation drawings in progress. Animators and directors would view these loops on Moviola machines to check the work before submitting it to Ink and Paint.[21]

A utility tunnel linked the Animation Building with the neighboring Ink and Paint Building and the Camera and Cutting departments. It was built to ensure that the original animation drawings and painted cels could be safely transported from one location to another without being exposed to bad weather or other outside elements.[22][23] The tunnel is still maintained and a length of it is open to D23 tours.

A popular point of interest for studio visitors is "Pluto's Corner", outside the Animation Building's A-Wing at the southwestern end of the block. There one can see three paw prints embedded in the street, curbside beneath a fire hydrant. A hind paw print is missing, humorously suggesting that Pluto used the hydrant to mark his territory.[24] Nearby is the often-photographed signpost indicating the site's location at the corner of Mickey Avenue and Dopey Drive, with directions to various studio departments as they existed in Walt's era. (Today only the street names remain the same). According to longtime Disney archivist Dave Smith, the street sign – the only one of its kind on the Disney lot – was installed as a temporary prop for the "Studio Tour" segment of the Disney feature The Reluctant Dragon (1941) and never removed.[25][26]

In 1985, during production of The Great Mouse Detective (released in 1986),[11] Disney's Animation Department was moved off the Burbank lot into a cluster of old hangars, warehouses, and trailers located about two miles east (3.2 km) in Glendale, at the former site of the Grand Central Airport. Prior to the opening of the Team Disney Burbank building in 1990, Disney executives used the Animation Building as corporate offices. In 1995, animation production moved back to Burbank across the street from the main studios with the opening of the Walt Disney Feature Animation Building. Today, the original Animation Building is used primarily to house offices for various film and television producers who have distribution deals with Disney. Its exterior was a primary location for the 2013 film Saving Mr. Banks, though the interiors (including Walt's offices) were recreated at an outside studio.[27]

Water Tower

Walt Disney Studios Water Tower
Completed in 1939 at a cost of $300,000, the Water Tower was one of the first structures to emerge at the new Disney studio.[12] It stands 135.6 feet (41.3 meters) high and originally held 150,000 gallons of water.[28] Towers such as these provided an emergency water supply in case of fire and were a standard feature of major Hollywood studios of the era, examples of which can still be seen at the Warner Bros., Paramount and Sony Pictures Studios (formerly MGM) lots. Roy Disney, however, insisted that the Disney Studio's water tower be built with six legs instead of the usual four, claiming it was more aesthetically pleasing.[28]

The tower is no longer used for water storage and stands as an identifying symbol of Disney's Burbank studio. In 1984 the top portion of the holding tank was painted white and, for the first time, emblazoned with the image of Mickey Mouse, the official mascot of the Walt Disney Company.[28] It was the model for the Earffel Tower which stood at Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park near Orlando, Florida from 1989 to 2016, and the replica at Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris (2002 to the present),[29] though the original has never been decorated with Mickey Mouse ears on top.

The Roy O. Disney Building

The Roy O. Disney Building
The Roy O. Disney building is located next to the animation building and held the office of Roy O. Disney to whom the building is dedicated. The building used to be the main administration building on the studio lot prior to the opening of the Team Disney – The Michael D. Eisner building. Today, it is home to Disney's legal department.

The Annette Funicello Stage, Stage 1
Stage 1 was completed between 1939 and 1940 and is the original Disney soundstage on the Burbank lot. The soundstage was designed to replace a smaller stage at the former Hyperion Avenue Studio. Although Walt Disney Studios predominantly made animated films, the soundstage was built in order to film Leopold Stokowski's segments in the 1940 film Fantasia. During World War II, the stage was used for repairing army vehicles. The soundstage was formerly dedicated to Fantasia, for it being the first motion picture that was filmed in the building. The stage is the smallest on the lot at 11,000 sq ft. It features a 2400 sq ft underwater tank and is still in active use. On June 24, 2013, it was dedicated to Mousketeer Annette Funicello as it was the original shooting stage for The Mickey Mouse Club.[30]

The Julie Andrews Stage, Stage 2
Constructed from 1947 and opening in April 1949, Stage 2 is the second oldest soundstage on the Walt Disney Studios lot, and at 31,000 feet (9,400 m), one of the largest in Los Angeles. It was built and financed between a joint agreement between Walt Disney and director Jack Webb, who used the stage for the filming of the television series Dragnet. In October 1955, Stage 2 began production on the first series of The Mickey Mouse Club. From 1954 to 1955 and prior to the opening of the facilities at Glendale California, WED Enterprises (now Walt Disney Imagineering) occupied soundstage 2 to build multiple attractions for Disneyland, including the Mark Twain Riverboat. Since then Stage 2 has been used for filming of multiple attractions for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.

During the filming of Armageddon the filmmakers discovered the 40 feet high tall stage was not tall enough to hold one of the "asteroid" seen in the film. The floor was removed and an additional 20 feet was dug down to accommodate the 360-degree set for the scene. In 2001, soundstage 2 was dedicated to English actress Julie Andrews, because parts of Mary Poppins and parts of the then-current filming of The Princess Diaries took place inside this particular soundstage.

Stage 3
Stage 3 was completed in 1953 and designed especially for the film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. The stage is 19,000 sq ft and contains an operational 3600 sq ft water tank that is divided into two parts for underwater and special effects filming.

The tank area was also used heavily beginning in the 1960s as Disney pioneered the use of the sodium screen process. In the 1970s stage 3 was equipped with the first computerized motion control system. The ACES (Animated Camera Effects System) was designed by Disney engineers and broke new ground with technology which has become one of the foundations of current special effects photography.

Stages 4 and 5
Stage 4, which was completed in 1958, was first used for Darby O'Gill and the Little People. Upon completing 30 years of service in 1998, Stage 4 was divided into two new television studios, creating the new Stage 4 and Stage 5. Stage 4 is known as the "Home Improvement stage", as that series was filmed here from 1991 to 1999. Stage 4 is currently inhabited by Black-ish.

Stages 6 and 7
Stages 6 and 7, built in 1997 are the newest soundstages at the Walt Disney Studios. These audience-rated stages provide comprehensive production support with computer-controlled access, high-volume air-conditioning, and adjoining production support building. They are built on the former back-lot and are located behind the Frank G. Wells Building. Both stages are 15,000 square feet (1,400 m2) each and are in frequent use at the studios. Popular productions here have included, My Wife and Kids, The Muppets, 8 Simple Rules For Dating My Teenage Daughter, The Geena Davis Show, and Brothers and Sisters.

The Hyperion Bungalow
The Bungalow was built in 1935 as the original home of the Disney Publicity and Comic Strip Departments. It was constructed at the Disney Studios on Hyperion Avenue in Hollywood and moved to the Burbank location as part of the construction process in 1939–1940. At the Disney Burbank lot, the building housed many support services over the years. Payroll, Publicity Support, Traffic and finally the Post Office were located in the building. The structure is the last remaining example of the "California Bungalow" type architecture that remains from the Hyperion studio facility. Its attractive style and utility, dating back to the early years of the company, give it a special place in the history of the Disney lot.

Main Theater
The 419-seat Theater,[31] another original building on the Burbank lot, shows first-run Disney films for studio employees and guests. It has plush stadium seating and has been upgraded over the years to keep pace with new technology in the exhibition of films. Food and drink are not allowed inside.

Throughout its history, the theater has also been used for post-production sound mixing. According to the Disney production services website, "The Main Theater is a state-of-the-art digital sound dubbing and screening facility that was first used to mix the sound for Fantasia [in 1940]. Sound mixers blend dialogue, music, and sound effects tracks to the various levels appropriate for a movie theater. The acoustics are designed to simulate a theater that is three-quarters full. Although the theater is empty during the mixing session, extra padding in the seats and specially designed walls absorb and reflect the sound. This helps the sound mixers to know what the final product will sound like when it is released to the public."[32]

The signage above the entrance says simply "Theatre". The name "Main Theater" is used to distinguish the venue from several smaller screening rooms situated throughout the studio. In Walt's era these were called "sweatboxes", where animation test reels and the daily rushes of his live-action features were shown for his approval.[33][34]

Ink and Paint Building
The 1940 Ink and Paint Building was where animators' drawings were inked onto transparent cels and then the cels were painted. It was built with high ceilings and a sophisticated central ventilation system so that the staff members would not be overcome by toxic paint fumes. One section was used as a special paint-mixing laboratory to provide Disney cartoons with the widest possible spectrum of colors. Three interior courtyards provided northern light for the artists and also served as outdoor break areas. It was a self-contained structure with its own cafeteria, lounge, and rooftop sundeck.[35]

The sequestered layout reflected workplace attitudes of the era. As was common in the American animation industry of Disney's day, the Ink and Paint departments were staffed exclusively by women. In the early 1940s Disney employed over 100 "ink and paint girls" at a starting salary of $18 a week, as opposed to $300 a week for experienced animators. A Disney employment brochure of the time stated: "Women do not do any of the creative work in connection with preparing the cartoons for the screen, as that work is performed entirely by young men...The only work open to women consists of tracing the characters on clear celluloid sheets with India ink and filling in the tracings on the reverse side with paint according to directions."[36] Men and women at the Disney studio were not encouraged to fraternize, and the cloistered atmosphere of the Ink and Paint Building led wags on the lot to call it "The Nunnery."[36][37]

The basement of the Ink and Paint Building was the location of Disney's famous "Morgue",[38] where artwork from the studio's films was stored for possible future use.[39] In a 1957 episode of his Disneyland TV series, Walt took viewers into the Morgue and, after some ghoulish fun on the room's name, explained its real function.[40] In 1989 this archival material was moved to its current location at the Disney Animation Research Library in Glendale, California.[41]

Technological advances in animation, such as the advent of Xerography in the early 1960s and the development of CAPS in the late 1980s, ultimately made traditional ink and paint techniques obsolete at the Disney studio. The last Disney animated feature to employ inked and painted cels was The Little Mermaid (1989).[42] Today the Ink and Paint Building is primarily used for office space, though its original paint-mixing lab has been preserved and is used for the creation of limited edition Disney artwork created on-site.[43][44]

Camera Building
The Camera Building, built in 1940, was where animation backgrounds and cels were traditionally photographed onto film. Unique original features were the "de-dusting chambers" that personnel, painted cels and other materials had to pass through before entering, so no trace of dust or lint would show up in the photography.[45] In 1941 it housed two multiplane cameras, each standing 12 feet (3.6 meters) high and occupying its own room, and two conventional camera set-ups.[45] A third multiplane camera was subsequently constructed.

Since 1990 the Camera Building has been occupied by what is now Buena Vista Imaging, which provides photo-optical and digital imaging services for films and television.[46]

Cutting Building
Another original site on the Burbank lot, it is the longtime home of Disney's editing facilities. The building's name derives from the traditional method of physically cutting and splicing films shot on nitrate and (after 1952) safety stock. Today it employs video editing techniques.

Shorts Building

A 1937 image of Walt Disney (with figurines of the Seven Dwarfs) in his office at the former Hyperion studio. The office later became part of the Shorts Building on the Burbank lot
The two-story Shorts Building is one of the most significant remnants of Disney's former Hyperion studio. It originally consisted of two buildings, constructed in 1934 and 1937, to accommodate the company's rapidly expanding animation department. The 1934 structure was called the "Animation Building No. 2" and Walt and Roy Disney had their offices there prior to the move to Burbank.[12][47] The animation for scores of Disney shorts of the 1930s, including The Band Concert (1935) and the Oscar-winning The Old Mill (1937), was created in this complex, and it was here that Walt hatched his risky idea for America's first full-length animated feature, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937).

In 1939 the two buildings were disassembled, transported to Disney's new Burbank lot, and reconstructed as a single T-shaped edifice, with the addition of a loading dock. (The window of Walt's old second-floor office can be seen directly above the dock).[28] The colloquial name "Shorts Building" was apparently a nod to its historical past, as no further animation would be done on the premises. Since its relocation the building has served the studio in support capacities, housing the publicity, comic strip, foreign relations, hair and makeup, and wardrobe fitting departments. The lot's Studio Operations department is now located here.[28]

The Roy E. Disney Animation Building

Roy E. Disney Animation Building
Formerly known as the Walt Disney Feature Animation Building, the Roy E. Disney building is the current home of Walt Disney Animation Studios, which sits to the south across Riverside Drive. It was designed by the firm Robert A.M. Stern Architects.[48] Construction was completed in 1994.

As noted above, in 1985, Disney Animation was moved out of the studio lot and into a cluster of old buildings in Glendale. During Michael Eisner's 1986 restructuring of The Walt Disney Company, the studio's animation division was spun off to officially create Walt Disney Feature Animation as a separate subsidiary of the company, and in 1995 it came back to Burbank when its new home opened.

The new studio is a colorful architectural landmark, adorned by a 122-foot-tall version of the Fantasia Sorcerer's hat,[49] which once housed the office of Roy Disney, former head of Walt Disney Animation Studios. It also displays the word "ANIMATION" on giant letters on its south side to passersby on the Ventura Freeway.

In 2009, following the death of Roy Disney, the building was renamed and rededicated in his honor by Disney president and CEO, Bob Iger.

ABC Studios Building

The ABC Studios building on the Walt Disney Studios Riverside Drive property in Burbank, California. The blue pedestrian overpass seen in the lower left connects it to the larger Buena Vista lot.
After Disney's purchase of ABC in 1996, a new headquarters for the television network was constructed across Riverside Drive next to the Walt Disney Feature Animation Building. The ABC building was designed by Aldo Rossi and is connected to the lot by a blue serpentine bridge that crosses over Riverside Drive. The ABC building also houses the offices of other subsidiaries such as ABC Studios and Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.

Digital Studio Center
A two-story 17,000 square foot facility dedicated to post-production utilities and other, similar technical services. Opened in December 2012, the center is the home of Disney Digital Studio Services.[50]

Original Commissary
This private cafeteria and grill opened in 1940 as Walt Disney's Studio Restaurant, and is now named the Buena Vista Café. Along with Stage 1, the Cutting Building, and the Main Theater, it is one of the few original buildings on the Burbank lot still serving its initial purpose. The commissary offers breakfast and lunch options for studio employees and guests, with indoor and outdoor seating. It once had an executive dining area called the Coral Room where Walt Disney occasionally lunched. The site was extensively remodeled in 2011, but Walt's favorite dish, chili served with crackers,[51] remains on the menu. Buena Vista Café is currently open Monday through Friday from 7:00 AM to 4:00 PM. The grill shuts down at 2:30 PM; pre-packaged foods, snacks and beverages can be purchased until closing time.

There is a newer commissary at the ABC Studios Building, across from the main Disney lot on Riverside Drive in Burbank.

See also
photo Los Angeles portal
A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios
References
Levine, Arthur (September 25, 2017). "Walt Disney Studios: Take a tour of the working lot". USA Today. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
"Disney Studios Services". go.com. Disney. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
Blankstein, Andrew (March 14, 2000). "Disney Reveals Plans for $2-Billion Glendale Project". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 7, 2016. "Imagineering also manages Disney's global real estate portfolio, which includes ... Disney's Burbank Studios, ...
"The Garden Grove Historical Society". City of Garden Grove. Retrieved August 7, 2015.
"Walt Disney Studios". Los Angeles Conservancy. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
Moseley, Doobie (December 7, 2015). "Pearl Harbor Changed Everything, Even the Disney Studio". Laughing Place.
Hamm, Jennifer; Oliande, Sylvia L. (May 18, 2000). "Disney's Newest Showplace Taking Shape". Daily News. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved October 6, 2017 – via Free Online Library.
Patten, Dominic (September 19, 2012). "Marvel Studios Heading To Disney's Backyard". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on November 10, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2012.
Sciretta, Peter (April 18, 2017). "A Tour of the Marvel Studios Offices". /Film. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
Sampson, Wade (May 9, 2007). "The Studio that Walt Built". Mouse Planet.
Korbis, Jim (February 23, 2011). "How Basil Saved Disney Feature Animation: Part One". Mouse Planet.
Korbis, Jim (January 14, 2015). "Walt Disney's Hollywood Studios". Mouse Planet.
Avey, Tori (July 15, 2015). "Walt Disney's Family Recipe for Cold Lemon Pie". PBS. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
Korkis, Jim (April 27, 2011). "Forgotten Disney Heroines: The Disney Secretaries". The Walt Disney Family Museum.
Garland, Chad (December 24, 2015). "Walt Disney's Burbank office suite restored to historic glory". Los Angeles Times. The Burbank Leader.
Rainey, James (December 7, 2015). "Bob Iger Opens Restored Offices Where Walt Disney Once Worked". Variety.
"D23 Studio Tours: Now Visit Walt Disney's Office Suite". D23. April 11, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Paige, Rachel (January 7, 2016). "Walt Disney's beautifully restored office is a look into the past". Hello Giggles. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
Todd James Pierce (March 18, 2014). "The Penthouse Club at the Disney Studio".
Pierce, "The Penthouse Club at the Disney Studio", linked above, with illustration.
W. E. Garity and J. L. Ledeen, "The New Walt Disney Studio", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 1941, p. 12. Full text available at archive.org/stream/journalofsociety36socirich/journalofsociety36socirich_djvu.txt
Neal Gabler: "Walt Disney: The triumph of the American Imagination," Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2006, p. 288.
Mannheim, Steve (2016). Walt Disney and the Quest for Community. Routledge. ISBN 9781317000570.
Sparks, Daisy (February 10, 2015). "My Visit to the Walt Disney Studios (Part 2)". Disneydaze.com.
Smith, Thomas (September 20, 2010). "Where at Disney Parks Can You Find…". Disney Parks Blog.
Sparks, "My Visit to the Walt Disney Studios (Part 2)", Disneydaze.com, linked above with illustrations.
Stern, Kevin (December 24, 2013). "The Filming Locations of Disney's Saving Mr. Banks". BeyondtheMarquee.com. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Johnson, Nancy (March 15, 2010). "A Tour of the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, CA". DIS Unplugged.
Bevil, Dewayne (April 29, 2016). "Disney: Earffel Tower removed at Hollywood Studios". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
"DEDICATING THE ANNETTE FUNICELLO STAGE". The Walt Disney Company. Disney Insider. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
"Main Theater". Disney Digital Studio Services.
"The Walt Disney Studios - History". Disney Studio Services.
Leonard Maltin, "Of Mice and Magic", Plume, Revised & Updated edition, 1987, pp. 55 and 58.
The colloquialism "Sweatbox" was carried over from the screening room at Disney's former Hyperion studio. See Maltin, "Of Mice and Magic" (1987), p. 55.
Garity and Ledeen, "The New Walt Disney Studio", p. 16.
Mary Beth Culler (April 6, 2012). "Look Closer: Women in the Disney Ink and Paint Department". The Walt Disney Family Museum.
Walt Disney met his wife Lillian when he hired her as an ink & paint girl in 1924.
In Disney's time "morgue" was also a journalistic term for a repository of old newspaper copy that could be referenced in the future, and it was in this spirit that he named his archives. See Keith Mahne, "The Story of Walt Disney's Morgue", Disney Avenue, June 28, 2015, retrieved 08–18–16 at www.disneyavenue.com/2015/06/the-story-of-disneys-morgue.html
Winslow, Jonathan; Pimentel, Joseph (December 5, 2015). "Long-lost artwork discovered from Walt Disney project with Salvador Dali, 'Destino'". The Orange County Register.
Mahne, "The Story of Walt Disney's Morgue", Disney Avenue, June 28, 2015, linked above.
Sarto, Dan (March 4, 2011). "Oscar Tour LA Photo Gallery: Disney Animation Research Library (ARL)". Animation World Network. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Kristen McCormick and Michael R. Schilling (Spring 2014). "Animation Cels: Preserving a Portion of Cinematic History". The Getty Conservation Institute. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
Arthur Levine, "Walt Disney Studios: Take a Tour of the Working Lot", USA Today, September 25, 2017. At www.usatoday.com/story/travel/experience/america/2017/09/25/walt-disney-studios-tour/694032001/
Caryn Bailey, "The Ink & Paint Department at Walt Disney Animation Studios: Preserving an Art Form", Rockin Mama, February 2, 2016. At rockinmama.net/the-ink-and-paint-department-at-walt-disney-animation-studios/
Garity and Ledeen, "The New Walt Disney Studio", p. 18.
"The Walt Disney Studios - History: Imaging". Disney Studio Services.
Bariscale, Floyd B. (July 19, 2008). "Site of First Official Walt Disney Studio and Animation School". Big Orange Landmarks. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
Gardner, Chris (November 22, 2014). "Roy E. Disney Animation Building Getting a Makeover". The Hollywood Reporter.
disneyparks.disney.go.com/blog/2011/03/where-at-disney-parks-can-you-find-29/
Tipton, Janelle. "Digital Studio Center Debuts at The Walt Disney Studios". The Walt Disney Company. The Disney Post. Retrieved February 14, 2013.
Korkis, Jim (August 31, 2011). "Eating Like Walt Disney". Mouse Planet. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
External links
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A look at the history of Walt Disney studios Burbank back lot as used for Follow Me Boys! and other films.
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Categories: American film studiosBacklot setsDisney production studiosMass media company headquarters in the United StatesThe Walt Disney StudiosBuildings and structures in Burbank, CaliforniaOffice buildings completed in 19401940 establishments in California
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Disney's Animal Kingdom
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Disney's Animal Kingdom
Animal Kingdom TPark Color.svg
Disney's Tree of Life.jpg
The Tree of Life is the icon of Disney's Animal Kingdom.
Location Walt Disney World Resort, Bay Lake, Florida, United States
Coordinates 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″WCoordinates: 28°21′29″N 81°35′24″W
Theme Natural environment and animal conservation
Owner Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
(The Walt Disney Company)
Operated by Walt Disney World
Opened April 22, 1998; 22 years ago[1]
Operating season Year-round
Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Status Operating
Walt Disney World
Theme parks
Magic KingdomEpcotDisney's Hollywood StudiosDisney's Animal Kingdom
Water parks
Disney's Typhoon LagoonDisney's Blizzard Beach
Other attractions
Disney SpringsESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Hotels
Walt Disney World Resorts
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Disney's Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Products division, it is the largest theme park in the world, covering 580 acres (230 ha).[2][3][4] The park opened on Earth Day, April 22, 1998, and was the fourth theme park built at the resort. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the natural environment and animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself.[5]

Disney's Animal Kingdom is distinguished from the rest of Walt Disney World's theme parks in that it features traditional attractions while also exhibiting hundreds of species of live animals. Due to these sensitive conditions, special designs and provisions were incorporated throughout the park to protect the animals' welfare. The park is located on the western edge of the resort, and is isolated from the resort's other theme parks and properties to minimize external disruptions to the animals; as a result, the park's nighttime show also features no fireworks that would otherwise disturb the animals. The park also uses biodegradable paper straws and prohibits plastic straws, lids, and balloons. Disney's Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, which indicates they have met or exceeded the standards in education, conservation, and research.[6]

In 2019, Disney's Animal Kingdom hosted 13.888 million guests, ranking it as the third-most-visited theme park in North America and the sixth-most-visited theme park in the world.[7] The park's icon is the Tree of Life, a 145-foot-tall (44 m), 50-foot-wide (15 m) artificial baobab tree. The park is the second-most-visited at Walt Disney World Resort, behind the Magic Kingdom.


Contents
1 History
1.1 Planning and construction
1.2 Operation
2 Areas
2.1 Oasis
2.2 Discovery Island
2.3 Pandora – The World of Avatar
2.4 Africa
2.5 Rafiki's Planet Watch
2.6 Asia
2.7 DinoLand U.S.A.
3 Former and unbuilt areas
3.1 Camp Minnie-Mickey
3.2 Beastly Kingdom
4 Restaurants and shops
5 Operations
6 Conservation efforts
7 Controversy
7.1 Incidents
8 Attendance
9 See also
10 References
11 External links
History
Planning and construction
Disney began planning a new park shortly after the opening of MGM Studios in 1989.[8] Animal Kingdom was the brainchild of Imagineer Joe Rohde, who had previously designed the Adventurers Club at Pleasure Island.[9] When presenting the idea of the new animal-themed park, Rohde brought a 400-pound Bengal tiger into the meeting with Disney CEO Michael Eisner.[10] Originally slated as Disney's "Wild Animal Kingdom," Disney announced plans for the construction of the park in 1995 at an estimated cost of $600-$800 million. To design the theme park, Disney Imagineers traveled to Africa and Asia to study the landscapes and wildlife.

By July 1996, construction was underway on the animal holding facilities as well as the installation of trees, shrubs, and grasses to shape the park's African Savanna-inspired landscape.[11] Disney Imagineers collected seeds from 37 countries to be used for the plants and grasses in the park.[12] The landscaping efforts included spreading four million cubic yards of dirt, planting 40,000 mature trees (a mix of real Savanna species and artificial Baobab trees[13]), constructing 60 miles of underground utilities, waterways, and structures built by over 2,600 construction workers.[10] Many buildings contained thatched roofs assembled by Zulu workers from South Africa.[13] About 1,500 hand-painted wooden horses were crafted in Bali under Disney supervision.[10] Parts of the park were designed to look "aged", with artificial potholes in the safari roads and boats peppered with dents and rust.[10]

Most of the park's animals were acquired by fall 1997; they were held at a rented holding facility in North Florida for quarantine and observation.[11] Disney hired staff from 69 zoos around the United States to care for the animals.[8]

Operation
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This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2020)
The park opened to the public on April 22, 1998. Several marketing events surrounded the day. ABC aired a two-hour prime time special about the making of Animal Kingdom, as part of its The Wonderful World of Disney anthology series.[10] Disney CEO Michael D. Eisner and Vice Chairman Roy Disney hosted an opening day party for 14,000 corporate partners, travel agents, and media figures, which included celebrities such as Michael J. Fox, Drew Carey, Stevie Wonder, David Copperfield, and Jane Goodall.[14] Broadcasts of Good Morning America, Today and Live with Regis and Kathie Lee aired live from the park on April 22.[14] ABC also filmed an episode Sabrina the Teenage Witch at Animal Kingdom before the opening of the park; the episode, named "Disneyworld", aired two days after the park's opening.[15]

In 2011, Disney announced a major expansion to the park, Pandora - The World of Avatar, a joint venture with director James Cameron and his production company, Lightstorm Entertainment, with the intention of transforming Animal Kingdom into a full-day operation with added attraction capacity and nighttime experiences.[16] Construction on the area began on January 10, 2014,[17] and the land opened to the public on May 27, 2017.[18]

The park was closed from March 16 to July 11, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida.[19][20]

Areas
Main article: List of Disney's Animal Kingdom attractions
Disney's Animal Kingdom is divided into seven themed areas. The park's Discovery River separates Discovery Island from the other lands.

Four of the themed areas at Disney's Animal Kingdom

Discovery Island



Pandora – The World of Avatar



Africa



Asia

Oasis
The Oasis is the park's logistic equivalent to Main Street U.S.A. and provides the transition from the park's entrance to the world of animals. The main paths feature animal exhibits and dense vegetation and trees lead deeper into the park and then onto Discovery Island.

Between the parking lot and the Oasis sits a Rainforest Cafe, which can be entered from both inside and outside the ticketed area.[21]

Discovery Island
For the island and now-closed attraction elsewhere in Walt Disney World, see Discovery Island (Bay Lake). For other islands named Discovery Island, see Discovery Island.

Scarlet macaws at Discovery Island
Discovery Island is located at the center of the park, and is an island within the park's Discovery River waterway. It serves as the "central hub" connecting the other sections of the park by bridges, with the exception of Rafiki's Planet Watch. It was originally called Safari Village, as Discovery Island was the name for the small zoological park located in Walt Disney World's Bay Lake, but renamed after that area closed in 1999.

The Tree of Life, the park's sculpted, man-made baobab tree, is located in this section and is surrounded by trails and animal enclosures. Inside the Tree of Life is It's Tough to Be a Bug!, a 3D film inspired by the 1998 Disney·Pixar animated film, A Bug's Life.

The park's largest gift shops and two of its major restaurants are on Discovery Island.[22]

Pandora – The World of Avatar
Main article: Pandora – The World of Avatar
Pandora – The World of Avatar is themed to the fictional alien exoplanetary moon, Pandora, from James Cameron's Avatar. The land's marquee attraction is Avatar Flight of Passage, a 3D flying simulator that allows guests to fly on a banshee across the Pandoran landscape.[23] Another attraction, the Na'vi River Journey, places guests aboard a boat ride through Pandora's bioluminescent rainforests.[24][25] The area opened on May 27, 2017.[26][27]

Africa

An actress performing in the Festival of the Lion King
Africa is one of the original areas of the park. Set in the fictional east African port village of Harambe, this area contains several animal exhibits.[22] Some snippets from Africa that were duplicated by the Disney Imagineers are a fortress that was found in Zanzibar and a water-stained crumbling old building that was found in Kenya. Harambe includes a "hotel," restaurants, an outdoor bar that has live entertainment, and different marketplaces.


Sign for the fictional African port of Harambe in Disney World
The village is the namesake of the Harambe Wildlife Preserve, the fictional home of Africa's main attraction, Kilimanjaro Safaris. Guests climb aboard an open-sided safari vehicle for an expedition to see African species in savanna, rivers and rocky hills. The safari features okapis, greater kudus, saddle-billed storks, bongos, black rhinoceroses, hippopotamuses, pink-backed pelicans, Nile crocodiles, Masai giraffes, Hartmann’s mountain zebras, blue wildebeests, springboks, Ankole cattle, common elands, sable antelopes,

On the adjacent Gorilla Falls Exploration Trail, visitors trek into the forest where animals such as black-and-white colobus monkeys, gerenuks, gorillas, hippos, Kenyan sand boas, kori bustards, Grévy's zebras, meerkats, chimpanzees, naked mole-rats, okapis, tarantulas, and yellow-backed duikers, as well as an aviary, are located.[28]

On the western side of Africa is the Harambe Theater, which is home to the Festival of the Lion King, a stage attraction based on Disney's 1994 film, The Lion King.

Rafiki's Planet Watch
Rafiki's Planet Watch is the only section of the park not connected to Discovery Island; it connects only to Africa. Guests board the 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge Wildlife Express Train for the short trip to and from the area, which consists of three sub-areas.

Guests first encounter Habitat Habit!, where they can see cotton-top tamarins and learn about the efforts to protect these endangered primates in their natural homes. Along the way, guests can also learn how to provide animal habitats in and around their own homes.

Conservation Station showcases the various conservation efforts supported by the Walt Disney Company. It also gives a behind-the-scenes glimpse into Disney's Animal Kingdom's animal care facilities, including a veterinary examination room complete with a two-way communications system so the veterinary staff can answer guest questions.

Outside, Affection Section is a petting zoo featuring goats, sheep, a cattle, pigs, donkeys, and alpacas.

The area temporarily closed on October 21, 2018,[29] and later reopened in July 2019, featuring The Animation Experience at Conservation Station.[30][31]

Asia

Entrance sign

Komodo dragon in Asia
Asia, the first expansion area added to Disney's Animal Kingdom, first opened in 1999. This area is set in the fictional kingdom of Anandapur (which means "Place of many delights" in Sanskrit). Anandapur evokes the traits of Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, and Thailand. According to Disney history, Anandapur was established as a royal hunting preserve in 1544. Anandapur contains both the riverside village of Anandapur, and Serka Zong, which is set in the foothills of the Himalayas.

Portraits of Anandapur's royal family (consisting of the maharaja and his wife) can be found in most of the businesses within the two villages, a map of the kingdom featuring both villages and their location relative to the mountains and river can be found on the wall of the Disney Vacation Club kiosk located there. Much like Harambe, Anandapur is now a center of animal research and tourism.

The visual focal point of Asia is Expedition Everest: Legend of the Forbidden Mountain, a steel roller coaster ride through the Forbidden Mountain of the Himalayas where passengers encounter a Yeti. Nearby is Kali River Rapids, a river rapids ride along the Chakranadi River through a rainforest, past an illegal logging operation and down a waterfall. The Maharajah Jungle Trek leads guests through the forests and ruins outside the village, which are home to species such as bantengs, bar-headed geese, Sumatran tigers, blackbucks, orangutans, Eld's deer, gibbons, Large flying foxes, Komodo dragons and over 50 bird species.[citation needed] UP! A Great Bird Adventure Show, a live bird show where one of Anandapur's bird researchers educates Russell and Dug from Up, about natural bird behaviors and the effects of habitat loss and conservation efforts on bird species, such as the black crowned crane and bald eagle.

In between Asia and DinoLand U.S.A. on the banks of the park's Discovery River is Rivers of Light, a nighttime show featuring mist screens, water fountains, floating lanterns, music, and lighting.[32][33]

DinoLand U.S.A.
DinoLand U.S.A. is themed around dinosaurs and other extinct prehistoric life. The area is anchored by the Dino Institute, a fictitious palaeontological facility which is home to Dinosaur, a dark thrill ride loosely inspired by the 2000 Disney animated film of the same name, featuring a harrowing trip through time to the Late Cretaceous Period. Just outside the Institute is "Dino-Sue", a casting of a Tyrannosaurus rex fossil that is the most complete yet found. At the nearby Boneyard, there is a multi-leveled playground area with a Columbian mammoth fossil to be uncovered and a cast skeleton of a Brachiosaurus. Adjacent to the Institute and its surrounding facilities, is Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama, which recalls the many roadside attractions that were once scattered throughout the United States, being constructed by the owners of an old gas station hoping to take advantage of the tourism business the Institute has brought in. The area features the TriceraTop Spin aerial carousel ride, carnival games and gift shops. At the eastern edge of DinoLand U.S.A. is the Theater in the Wild, which hosts Finding Nemo – The Musical, a live-action musical stage show based on the story of the 2003 Disney·Pixar animated film Finding Nemo.

Like the other sections of Disney's Animal Kingdom, there are animals on display. The animals, such as the American crocodile, red legged seriemas, Abdim's stork and Asian brown tortoise, have evolutionary links to the age of the dinosaurs. They are animal species that have survived since the dinosaur era and can be found along the Cretaceous Trail along with a collection of Mesozoic plants. The area was sponsored by McDonald's until 2009.[34]

Former and unbuilt areas
Camp Minnie-Mickey
Camp Minnie-Mickey was themed as a rustic summer camp, built as a placeholder on the location where Beastly Kingdom was intended to be built. It served as a meet-and-greet for Disney characters including Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Koda, and Thumper. The area's main attraction was the Festival of the Lion King, a live stage show featuring acrobatics and musical performances inspired by The Lion King. It currently plays in Africa's Harambe Theater. Pocahontas and Her Forest Friends, based on the 1995 animated film, was a live stage show that ran from April 22, 1998, to September 27, 2008. The area closed on January 5, 2014, and was replaced by Pandora – The World of Avatar.[35]

Beastly Kingdom
When conceived, Disney's Animal Kingdom was to focus on three broad classifications of animals: those that exist in today's reality; those that did exist but are now extinct (i.e., dinosaurs); and those that only exist in the realm of fantasy.[36] The original design for Animal Kingdom included a themed section called the Beastly Kingdom (possibly spelled as "Beastly Kingdomme"), devoted to creatures of legend and mythology. Camp Minnie-Mickey was built instead of Beastly Kingdom and was meant to serve as a temporary placeholder until Beastly Kingdom could be built.

Beastly Kingdom was to feature mythical animals such as unicorns, dragons, and sea monsters, featuring realms of both good and evil creatures:

The evil side was to be dominated by Dragon Tower, a ruined castle home to a greedy fire-breathing dragon who hoarded a fabulous treasure in the tower chamber. The castle was also inhabited by bats who planned to rob the dragon of his riches. They were to enlist the guests' help in their scheme and whisk them off on a thrilling suspended roller coaster ride through the castle ruins. The climax of the ride was to be an encounter with the evil dragon himself, resulting in a nearly barbecued train of guests.[37]
The good side was to be home to Quest of the Unicorn, an adventure that would send guests through a maze of medieval mythological creatures to seek the hidden grotto where the unicorn lives. Finally, the Fantasia Gardens attraction was to be a musical boat ride through animal scenes from the 1940 Disney animated film Fantasia. The ride was to feature both the crocodiles and hippos from "Dance of the Hours" and the Pegasus, fauns, and centaurs from Beethoven's "The Pastoral Symphony."[36][38]
In 2000, Walt Disney Imagineer Joe Rohde said: "We had a vision and now it's become a placeholder. We have all kinds of ideas and not all of them fit with the theme of Beastly Kingdom. I'm not even convinced there will be a Beastly Kingdom."[39]

Restaurants and shops

Tusker House in Africa section.

Rainforest Cafe at Disney's Animal Kingdom.
The park contains four table service restaurants:

Rainforest Cafe, a themed restaurant chain operated by Landry's, located just outside the main entrance (also accessible from inside the park).
Yak & Yeti, an Asian-themed restaurant located in the park's Asia section (operated by Landry's Restaurants) that opened on November 14, 2007.
Tusker House, located in Africa and one of the park's original quick-service restaurants, was converted into a buffet restaurant and re-opened on November 17, 2007.
Tiffins, located on Discovery Island, was opened on May 27, 2016 and features the themed Nomad Lounge adjacent to it.
Tusker House hosts "Donald's Safari Breakfast" and "Donald's Dining Safari Lunch," a character-dining event where guests enjoy a buffet while meeting Donald Duck and other Disney characters.

There are seven quick-service restaurants located throughout the park:

Flame Tree Barbecue on Discovery Island
Pizzafari on Discovery Island
Satu'li Canteen in Pandora – The World of Avatar
Restaurantosaurus in DinoLand USA
Tamu Tamu Refreshments in Africa
Harambe Market in Africa
Yak & Yeti Local Foods Café in Asia
As with other Walt Disney World theme parks, Disney's Animal Kingdom has other locations and carts that offer snacks and beverages.

Operations
The park typically closes earlier in the day than other parks in the Walt Disney World Resort; Animal Kingdom began to stay open through the evening on May 27, 2016.[40]

Disney does not allow plastic straws, lids, or balloons to be used in the park, unlike the rest of the Disney parks. This is so that plastic does not inadvertently enter an animal's habitat and hurt them. Instead, the park uses biodegradable paper straws and offers lids for hot drinks only.[41]

Unlike the three other theme parks at Walt Disney World, the restrooms at Disney's Animal Kingdom all have doors at their entrances. This practice is in place so that, in the unlikely event of an animal ever escaping, guests are able to keep themselves safe inside.[42]

Conservation efforts
As a zoological park, Disney's Animal Kingdom is engaged in research and conservation efforts involving its animal species. Since the park's opening in 1998, the resident elephant herd has produced seven calves, with births in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008,[43] 2010,[44] 2011 and 2016. In 2008, the park's giraffe herd produced four newborns, raising the total number of giraffe births since opening to eleven.[45]

In 1999, one of the park's white rhinoceros gave birth to a female calf named Nande.[46] In 2006, Nande and Hasani, another of the park's rhinos, were transferred to Uganda's Ziwa animal sanctuary, in the first attempt to re-introduce white rhinos to the country. Due to civil strife, the white rhinoceros had become extinct in the area.[46] In June 2009, Nande gave birth to a male calf, the first such birth in Uganda in over 25 years.[46] By January 2010, eight white rhinos had been born at Animal Kingdom since the park's opening; the most recent was born to another Animal Kingdom-born mother.[47]

Controversy
Several Florida-based animal rights groups and PETA voiced concerns when the park originally opened, citing Walt Disney World's previous missteps in handling animals at the now-defunct Discovery Island.[48] The groups protested, and PETA tried to convince travel agents not to book trips to the park.[49] On opening day, the Orange County Sheriff's office sent about 150 deputies; about two dozen protesters showed up. The protest lasted two hours, and there were no arrests.[50]

Following a U.S. Department of Agriculture inspection of the park, it was revealed that 31 animals died at Animal Kingdom between September 1997 and April 1998 due to accidents, poisonings, fights, and other causes.[51] Two Asian small-clawed otters died after ingesting loquat seeds from trees planted in their exhibit, two cheetah cubs died from ethylene glycol poisoning, nine herd animals died due to injuries from fights, being entangled in fences while trying to escape, and, in one case, being kicked by an ostrich.[51] Two crowned cranes were killed after being run over by safari vehicles in two separate incidents.[51] The USDA ultimately found no violations of animal-welfare regulations.[52] Disney responded to the report by hiring additional security to prevent animals from fighting, relocating the crowned cranes to walking paths, as well as adding mirrors to the safari vehicles.[51]

One year after the park opened, Animal Rights Foundation of Florida complained that a New Year's Eve fireworks show could upset the animals. A USDA inspector came to the park and found no problems with launching low-noise fireworks half a mile away.[53]

In January 2015, the animal rights group In Defense of Animals listed the park at number 10 on its 2014 "list of worst zoos for elephants."[54]

Incidents
In October 2014, a snake dropped out of a tree and bit a boy, precipitating the death of his great-grandmother who suffered a cardiac arrest as a reaction to the attack. A lawsuit was threatened because of the incident, but was never filed. The park confirmed that the snake that bit the boy was a non-venomous indigenous snake and that it did not escape from an enclosure.[55]

Attendance
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Worldwide rank
10,198,000[56] 10,402,000 [57] 10,922,000[58] 10,844,000 [59] 12,500,000[60] 13,750,000[61] 13,888,000[7] 6
See also
Disney's Animal Kingdom attraction and entertainment history
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
The Kingdom Keepers - The second book of this fiction series is set in the Animal Kingdom.
References
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"Environmentality: Disney and the Environment". The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on May 23, 2003. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
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Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (July 16, 2020). "TEA/AECOM 2019 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). teaconnect.org. Themed Entertainment Association. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
Kober, J. Jeff. "Looking Back on Disney's Animal Kingdom with Rick Barongi". Disney at Work. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
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Gunther, Marc, McGowan, Joe (April 13, 1998). "Disney's Call Of The Wild Michael Eisner and his theme park wizards are counting on a profit bonanza from their new $1 billion Animal Kingdom in Orlando". Fortune. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
Shenot, Christine (July 8, 1996). "Animal Kingdom Coming To Life At Disney World". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
Halls, Bill (March 8, 1998). "Disney's Animal Kingdom promises wild ride". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
Navarro, Mireya (April 16, 1998). "New Disney Kingdom Comes With Real-Life Obstacles". Retrieved February 6, 2019.
"Michael J. Fox among celebrities at opening". Orlando Sentinel. April 20, 1998. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
McNutt, Myles (April 17, 2018). "A spoonful of sitcom synergy: 25 years of the "Disney episode"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
Staggs, Tom (September 20, 2011). "Answering Your Questions About AVATAR at Disney Parks". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on September 23, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
Smith, Thomas. "Construction Begins For AVATAR-Inspired Land At Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
Smith, Thomas (February 7, 2017). "Just Announced: Pandora – The World of Avatar Will Open May 27 at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney Parks Blog. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
Pallotta, Frank (March 12, 2020). "Walt Disney World closes, paralyzing the company's tourism empire". CNN. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
Laughing Place Staff (May 27, 2020). "Live Blog: Walt Disney World Presents Reopening Plans to Orange County Economic Recovery Taskforce". Laughing Place. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
"Rainforest Cafe® at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney.go.com. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
The Imagineers (May 22, 2007). The Imagineering Field Guide to Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World. Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-0320-2.
Graser, Marc (December 10, 2014). "'Avatar' Ride Coming to Life at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Variety. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Martens, Todd (August 15, 2015). "Disney reveals plans for 'Toy Story Land' and 'Avatar' and more 'Star Wars'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 16, 2015.
Graser, Marc (February 26, 2015). "Disney 'Pushing Boundaries' with 'Avatar' Land at Animal Kingdom Theme Park". Variety. Retrieved August 14, 2015.
Smith, Thomas (February 7, 2017). "Just Announced: Pandora – The World of Avatar Will Open May 27 at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
"Pandora – The World of Avatar to Open May 27, Star Wars Lands Coming in 2019 - The Walt Disney Company". The Walt Disney Company. February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
"Gorilla Falls Exploration Trail". Walt Disney World. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
Bevil, Dewayne (September 25, 2018). "Disney: Rafiki's Planet Watch closing to the public next month". OrlandoSentinel.com. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
Bevil, Dewayne. "Disney's Animal Kingdom: Rafiki's Planet Watch is reprieved". Orlando Sentiel.
Terrell, Scott (March 19, 2019). "Rafiki's Planet Watch Reopens this Summer at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney Parks Blog. Disney. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
Garcia, Jason; Bevil, Dewayne (October 12, 2013). "Disney details "Avatar" land for Animal Kingdom". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
Smith, Thomas. "Update on Nighttime Experiences at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Disney Parks Blog.
Spence, Jack (May 4, 2009). "Dinoland U.S.A. - Disney's Animal Kingdom (The "World" According to Jack)". Land.allears.net. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
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"Dragon Tower". The Neverland Files. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
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Byrd, Alan (October 6, 2000). "Grand Prix out of gas; hotels to fuel land's future". Orlando Business Journal. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
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Bevil, Dewayne (July 1, 2008). "Baby elephant born at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Ogden, Jackie "New Baby Elephant, a Girl, Arrives at Disney’s Animal Kingdom", Disney Parks Blog, May 21, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Bevil, Dewayne (October 10, 2008). "Disney's Animal Kingdom welcomes baby giraffe Bonsu". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on August 16, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Bevil, Dewayne (July 13, 2009). "Landmark rhino has roots at Disney's Animal Kingdom". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 24, 2009. Retrieved July 14, 2009.
Smith, Thomas (January 25, 2010). "Animal Kingdom Welcomes Endangered White Rhino To Herd". DisneyParks Blog. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
Navarro, Mireya (April 16, 1998). "New Disney Kingdom Comes With Real-Life Obstacles". New York Times. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
Shenot, Christine (December 10, 1995). "The Captivity Question Disney's Proposed Park Makes an Attractive Target For Animal-Rights Groups". Orlando Sentinel. p. 9.
Lancaster, Cory (April 24, 1998). "Protesters at Disney Had Sheriff on Guard Talk of A Major Animal-Rights Demonstration Brought Almost 150 Specially Trained Deputies to the Opening of Animal Kingdom". Orlando Sentinel. p. 9.
Lancaster, Cory (May 14, 1998). "31 Animals Died At Disney Park". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
"Death of Wildlife At New Disney Park Is a Worry to Experts --- Four Cheetah Cubs Succumb To a Chemical, and Cranes Are Killed by Tour Buses". Wall Street Journal. New York, N.Y. April 7, 1998.
Lancaster, Cory (January 18, 1999). "Tragedy at Disneyland Leads to Beefed-up Checks Here". Orlando Sentinel. p. 9.
"Bronx Zoo, Disney's Animal Kingdom Make List Of The '10 Worst Zoos For Elephants'". The Huffington Post. January 13, 2015.
"Disney's Animal Kingdom Faces Lawsuit After Escaped Snake Scares Woman To Death".
"TEA/AECOM 2013 Global Attractions Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 6, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
Rubin, Judith; Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Beth; Cheu, Linda; Elsea, Daniel; LaClair, Kathleen; Lock, Jodie; Linford, Sarah; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Pincus, Jeff; Robinett, John; Sands, Brian; Selby, Will; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris. "TEA/AECOM 2014 Theme Index & Museum Index: The Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). aecom.com. Themed Entertainment Association (TEA). Retrieved June 4, 2015.
"TEA/AECOM 2015 Global Attractions Attendance Report Report" (PDF). Themed Entertainment Association. 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2016.
Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (June 1, 2017). "TEA/AECOM 2016 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). aecom.com. Themed Entertainment Association. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (May 17, 2018). "TEA/AECOM 2017 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). teaconnect.org. Themed Entertainment Association. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (May 22, 2019). "TEA/AECOM 2018 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). teaconnect.org. Themed Entertainment Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2019. Retrieved May 24, 2019.
External links
Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Roller Coaster DataBase
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Categories: Operating amusement attractionsDisney's Animal KingdomZoos in Florida1998 establishments in FloridaWalt Disney Parks and ResortsWalt Disney WorldTourist attractions in Greater OrlandoZoos established in 1998Amusement parks opened in 1998
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Magic Kingdom
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This article is about the theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. For other Disney theme parks informally called "Magic Kingdom", see Disneyland (disambiguation). For other uses, see Magic Kingdom (disambiguation).
Magic Kingdom Park
Magic Kingdom Logo.svg
Cinderella castle day.jpg
Cinderella Castle, the icon of Magic Kingdom
Location Walt Disney World Resort, Bay Lake, Florida, United States
Coordinates 28°25′07″N 81°34′52″W
Theme Fairy tales and Disney characters
Slogan The most magical place on earth
Owner Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
(The Walt Disney Company)
Operated by Walt Disney World
Opened October 1, 1971; 49 years ago
Previous names The Magic Kingdom (1994–2017)
Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom (1971–1994)
Operating season Year-round
Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Status Operating
Walt Disney World
Theme parks
Magic KingdomEpcotDisney's Hollywood StudiosDisney's Animal Kingdom
Water parks
Disney's Typhoon LagoonDisney's Blizzard Beach
Other attractions
Disney SpringsESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Hotels
Walt Disney World Resorts
Transport
Disney TransportWalt Disney World Monorail SystemDisney Skyliner
vte
Magic Kingdom Park is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, Experiences and Products division, the park opened on October 1, 1971, as the first of four theme parks at the resort. The park was initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises. Its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and are dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters.

The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle seen in the 1950 film. In 2019, the park hosted 20.9 million visitors, making it the most visited theme park in the world for the thirteenth consecutive year and the most visited theme park in North America for at least the past nineteen years.[1]


Contents
1 History
1.1 Planning
1.2 Opening and operation
2 Lands
2.1 Main Street, U.S.A.
2.2 Adventureland
2.3 Frontierland
2.4 Liberty Square
2.5 Fantasyland
2.5.1 Castle Courtyard
2.5.2 Storybook Circus
2.5.3 Enchanted Forest
2.6 Tomorrowland
3 Transportation and Ticket Center
4 Attendance
5 Television adaptation
6 In popular culture
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
History

Magic Kingdom entrance
Planning
Although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning the Florida Project, he died before he could see the vision through. After Walt's death, Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland Park in California.

Magic Kingdom was built over a series of tunnels called utilidors, a portmanteau of utility and corridor, allowing employees (called "cast members") or VIP guests to move through the park out of sight.[2]

Because of Florida's high water table, the tunnels could not be put underground, so they were built at the existing grade, meaning the park is built on the second story, giving the Magic Kingdom an elevation of 108 feet (33 m). The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, which was being constructed at the same time. The utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks but were set aside mostly because of financial constraints. Epcot's Future World and Disney Springs' Pleasure Island each have a smaller network of utilidors.

Opening and operation
Dedication
Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney... and to the talents, the dedication, and the loyalty of the entire Disney organization that made Walt Disney's dream come true. May Walt Disney World bring Joy and Inspiration and New Knowledge to all who come to this happy place ... a Magic Kingdom where the young at heart of all ages can laugh and play and learn together.
Roy O. Disney, October 25, 1971[3][4]
Magic Kingdom Park opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1, 1971, commencing concurrently with Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Village Resort. It opened with twenty-three attractions, three unique to the park and twenty replicas of attractions at Disneyland, split into six themed lands, five copies of those at Disneyland (Main Street, U.S.A., Adventureland, Frontierland, Fantasyland, and Tomorrowland) and the Magic Kingdom exclusive of Liberty Square. The Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no individual dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates.

The only land added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickey's Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouse's 60th birthday. Later the land was renovated as Mickey's Starland and eventually to Mickey's Toontown Fair. The land was home to attractions such as Mickey's Country House, Minnie's Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm, and Donald's Boat. It closed on February 12, 2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland. The Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickey's Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickey's Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickey's Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a sub-land called the Storybook Circus, where the Dumbo the Flying Elephant was relocated. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini.[5]

Since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of seven hurricanes: Floyd, Charley, Frances, Jeanne, Wilma, Matthew, and Irma.[6] The first non-hurricane related day the park has closed is on September 11, 2001, due to the terrorist attacks that day.[7] Walt Disney World was closed from March 15, 2020 to July 11, 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[8] In addition, there are four "phases" of park closure when Magic Kingdom exceeds capacity, ranging from restricted access for most guests (Phase 1) to full closure for everyone, even cast members (Phase 4).[9]

"Magic Kingdom" was often used as an unofficial nickname for Disneyland before Walt Disney World was built. The official tagline for Disneyland is "The Happiest Place On Earth", while the tagline for Magic Kingdom is "The Most Magical Place On Earth". Up until the early 1990s, Magic Kingdom was officially known as "Walt Disney World Magic Kingdom", and was never printed without the Walt Disney World prefix. This purpose was to differentiate between the park and Disneyland in California. In 1994, to differentiate it from Disneyland, the park was officially renamed Magic Kingdom Park. Like all Disney theme parks, the official name of the park does not start with an article ("the"), though it is commonly referred to that way; however, a sign on the railroad station at the front of the park reads "The Magic Kingdom".

Alcoholic beverages had been prohibited from the park since its opening, but this policy has changed in recent years. In 2012, the Be Our Guest restaurant opened selling wine and beer for the first time. This was the only place in the park where alcohol was permitted until December 2014 when four additional restaurants began selling beer and wine including Cinderella's Royal Table, Liberty Tree Tavern, Tony's Town Square Restaurant, and the Jungle Navigation Co. Ltd. Skipper Canteen.[10][11] And finally in 2018, the park officially became the second Magic Kingdom-style park to serve alcohol at all table service restaurants, after Disneyland Paris in 1993.[12]

In October 2018, The Wall Street Journal reported the theme park is becoming a popular spot for families to scatter the ashes of loved ones with the Haunted Mansion being the favorite location. The practice is unlawful and prohibited on Disney property and anyone spreading cremated remains will be escorted from the park.[13]

The park was closed from March 16 to July 11, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida.[14][15]

Lands
Main article: List of Magic Kingdom attractions
Magic Kingdom is divided into six themed "lands." It is designed like a wheel, with the hub in front of Cinderella Castle. Pathways spoke out from the hub across the 107 acres (43 ha) of the park and lead to these six lands.[16] The Walt Disney World Railroad circles around the entire 1.5-mile (2.4 km) perimeter of the park and makes stops at Main Street, U.S.A., Frontierland, and Fantasyland.[17][18]

Lands of Magic Kingdom

Main Street, U.S.A.



Adventureland
(exterior of Tortuga Tavern)



Frontierland
(theming for Big Thunder Mountain Railroad)



Liberty Square
(Hall of Presidents)



Fantasyland
(Bavarian theming)



Tomorrowland

Main Street, U.S.A.
Main article: Main Street, U.S.A.

Main Street, U.S.A., with Cinderella Castle in the far distance
Symbolically, Main Street, U.S.A. represents the park's "opening credits," where guests pass under the train station (the opening curtain), then view the names of key personnel along the windows of the buildings' upper floors. Many windows bear the name of a fictional business, such as "Seven Summits Expeditions, Frank G. Wells President", with each representing a tribute to significant people connected to the Disney company and the development of the Walt Disney World Resort. It features stylistic influences from around the country. Taking its inspiration from New England to Missouri, this design is most noticeable in the four corners in the middle of Main Street, where each of the four corner buildings represents a different architectural style. There is no opera house as there is at Disneyland; instead, there is the Town Square Theater. Christopher George Weaver, the "mayor" of Main Street U.S.A. and one of the park's most important figures, greeted guests here for 26 years before he died in 2017.[19]

Main Street is lined with shops selling merchandise and food. The decor is early-20th century small-town America, inspired by Walt Disney's childhood and the film Lady and the Tramp. City Hall contains the Guest Relations lobby, where cast members provide information and assistance. A working barber shop gives haircuts for a fee. The Emporium carries a wide variety of Disney souvenirs such as plush toys, collectible pins and Mickey-ear hats. Tony's Town Square Restaurant and The Plaza Restaurant are table-service locations. At the end of Main Street is Casey's Corner, where guests enjoy traditional American ballpark fare including hot dogs and fries while enjoying old baseball tunes on the piano. The Main Street Confectionery sells sweets priced by their weight, such as candied apples, crisped rice treats, chocolates, cookies and fudge.[20] Most windows bear the name of people who were influential at Disney parks. An example of a classic Main Street, U.S.A. attraction is the 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge Walt Disney World Railroad, which transports guest throughout the park, making stops at Main Street, U.S.A., Fantasyland, and Frontierland. The railroad's previous stop at Mickey's Toontown Fair was replaced by the Fantasyland stop in 2012. Main Street, U.S.A. also has the Main Street Vehicles attraction, which includes a 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge[21] tramway with horse-drawn streetcars, and several old-fashioned motor vehicles.

In the distance beyond the end of Main Street stands Cinderella Castle. Though only 189 feet (58 m) tall, it benefits from a technique known as forced perspective. The second stories of all the buildings along Main Street are shorter than the first stories, and the third stories are even shorter than the second, and the top windows of the castle are much smaller than they appear. The resulting visual effect is that the buildings appear to be larger and taller than they really are.

The park contains two additional tributes: the Partners statue of Walt Disney and Mickey Mouse in front of Cinderella Castle and the Sharing the Magic statue of Roy O. Disney sitting with Minnie Mouse in the Town Square section of Main Street, U.S.A. Both were sculpted by veteran Imagineer Blaine Gibson. In 2012, Disney replaced the shop in the Firehouse with a sign up for the Sorcerers of the Magic Kingdom game.

Adventureland
Main article: Adventureland (Disney)
Adventureland represents the mystery of exploring foreign lands. It is themed to resemble the remote jungles in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America and the South Pacific, with an extension resembling a Caribbean town square. It contains classic attractions such as Pirates of the Caribbean, Jungle Cruise, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, Swiss Family Treehouse, and The Magic Carpets of Aladdin.

Frontierland
Main article: Frontierland

Splash Mountain in Frontierland
In Frontierland guests can relive the American Old West, from the romanticized cowboys and Native Americans, to exploring the mysteries of the Rivers of America. It contains classic attractions such as Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Splash Mountain, and the Country Bear Jamboree. The land also contains shops such as Big Al's, Frontier Trading Post, Prairie Outpost and Supply, Briar Patch, and Splashdown Photos. Walt Disney World's Festival of Fantasy Parade begins in Frontierland and makes its way through several lands, eventually ending on Main Street, U.S.A., toward the front of the park.

Liberty Square
Main article: Liberty Square (Magic Kingdom)
Liberty Square is inspired by a colonial American town set during the American Revolutionary War. The Liberty Belle Riverboat travels down the park's Rivers of America. Liberty Square is home to such attractions as the Haunted Mansion and The Hall of Presidents.

Fantasyland
Main article: Fantasyland
Fantasyland is themed in a medieval-faire/carnival style, in the words of Walt Disney: "Fantasyland is dedicated to the young at heart and to those who believe that when you wish upon a star, your dreams come true." Attractions include It's a Small World, Peter Pan's Flight, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, Mickey's PhilharMagic, Prince Charming Regal Carrousel, and Mad Tea Party. From 2012 to 2014, Fantasyland was expanded to nearly double its size and new attractions and guest offerings were added, including sub-areas themed to Beauty and the Beast, Tangled, and The Little Mermaid. New attractions such as the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train and Under the Sea: Journey of the Little Mermaid were introduced.

Castle Courtyard
The original Fantasyland attractions left after the expansion was completed are located within the castle walls this courtyard area directly behind Cinderella Castle. Attractions here include: Mickey's PhilharMagic, Prince Charming Regal Carrousel, Princess Fairytale Hall, It's a Small World, Peter Pan's Flight, Mad Tea Party and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.

Storybook Circus
Part of Fantasyland, Storybook Circus is located at the former site of Mickey's Toontown Fair, and is based on elements from Dumbo and the Mickey Mouse universe. Attractions include The Barnstormer and Dumbo the Flying Elephant, which was removed from its former location on January 8, 2012. Also included is the Casey Jr. Splash n' Soak Station (a water play area themed to Casey Jr., the train from Dumbo). Storybook Circus began soft openings on March 12, 2012, with more parts opening on March 31.

Mickey's Toontown Fair closed permanently on February 11, 2011, to make way for Storybook Circus. Some elements of Mickey's Toontown Fair were demolished, and others were re-themed to fit the circus concept. An expanded Dumbo the Flying Elephant ride was built, with an interactive queue, and a second Dumbo ride was built next to it, in order to increase capacity. The Barnstormer at Goofy's Wiseacre Farm was re-themed to "The Great Goofini". A big top area was built for meet-and-greets, called Pete's Silly Sideshow. This attraction features Goofy as a stuntman, Daisy as a fortune-teller, Donald as a snake-charmer, Minnie as a Magician, and Pluto as a special performer. Storybook Circus opened with a streetmosphere circus act called The Giggle Gang, which had a two-year run from 2012 until 2014.[22]

Enchanted Forest

Fantasyland's dark ride The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure
The completion of the Enchanted Forest section of the park concluded the expansion of New Fantasyland.[23] Included in the expansion was the attraction Under the Sea ~ Journey of the Little Mermaid, themed to Disney's 1989 film The Little Mermaid. The attraction is a near replica of the Disney California Adventure attraction, The Little Mermaid, Ariel's Undersea Adventure. There is also an area themed to Disney's 1991 film Beauty and the Beast, featuring the Beast's Castle with the dining experience Be Our Guest Restaurant (offering quick-service lunches and table service dinners), as well as Gaston's Tavern and Belle's cottage.[24] This portion of the New Fantasyland officially opened on December 6, 2012. Snow White's Scary Adventures was removed to build Princess Fairytale Hall, a meet-n-greet. Another attraction themed to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs called the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train opened in 2014. The attraction, which features Snow White's cottage and state of the art audio-animatronics, is the first roller coaster to move in a wobbling motion on track.[24]

Tomorrowland
Main article: Tomorrowland
Tomorrowland is set in an intergalactic city, a concept of the future as seen from around the 1950s: rockets, UFOs and robots, etc. In the words of Walt Disney: "Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are opening the door of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future." Classic attractions include Space Mountain, Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress, Astro Orbiter, Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover and the Tomorrowland Speedway. Other current attractions include Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin and Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor. The TRON Lightcycle Power Run roller coaster from Shanghai Disneyland will be opening to the north of Space Mountain in a new area of Tomorrowland, and it will be open before Disney World's 50th anniversary in 2021.[25][26][27]

Transportation and Ticket Center
Main article: Transportation and Ticket Center

The resort's monorail system and ferryboats transport guests to and from the Magic Kingdom.
Magic Kingdom lies more than a mile away from its parking lot, on the opposite side of the man-made Seven Seas Lagoon. Upon arrival, guests are taken by the parking lot trams to the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC), which sells admission into the parks and provides transportation connections throughout the resort complex.

To reach the park, guests either use the Walt Disney World Monorail System, ferryboats, or Disney Transport buses, depending on the location of their hotel or parking lot. The three hotels closest to Magic Kingdom, Disney's Contemporary Resort, Disney's Polynesian Village Resort (which is connected to the Shades of Green resort by a walking path), and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort and Spa, use either the ferry or monorail system to travel to Magic Kingdom; a walking path also links the Contemporary Resort to the park. Guests staying at Disney's Wilderness Lodge and Disney's Fort Wilderness Campground can also ride a dedicated ferry boat to the Magic Kingdom docks. Guests of other hotels take buses to travel to the park, while guests who are not staying at any of the resort's hotels must use the monorail system or ferryboats to travel to the park from the Transportation and Ticket Center. Guests using ride-hailing services to travel to the park must transfer at the TTC or use the walking path from the Contemporary Resort, as ride-hailing vehicles cannot use the park's bus loops. The three ferries are clad in different trim colors and are named for past Disney executives: the General Joe Potter (blue), the Richard F. Irvine (red) and the Admiral Joe Fowler (green). The main monorail loop has two lanes. The outer lane is a direct nonstop loop between the TTC and Magic Kingdom, while the inner loop has additional stops at Disney's Contemporary Resort, Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa. Epcot is accessible by a spur monorail line that was added upon that park's opening in 1982.

Preceding station Walt Disney World Monorail Following station
Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa
One-way operation
Resort Line
Magic Kingdom
continuous loop clockwise
Disney's Contemporary Resort
Next clockwise
Transportation and Ticket Center
Next counterclockwise
Express Line
Magic Kingdom
continuous loop counterclockwise
Transportation and Ticket Center
One-way operation
Attendance
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
15,400,000[28] 14,700,000[29] 14,000,000[30] 14,040,000[31] 15,100,000[32] 16,100,000[33] 16,640,000[34] 17,060,000[35] 17,063,000[36] 17,233,000[37]
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
16,972,000[38] 17,142,000[39] 17,536,000[40] 18,588,000[41] 19,332,000[42] 20,492,000[43] 20,395,000[44] 20,450,000[45] 20,859,000[1] 20,963,000[46]
Worldwide rank
1
Television adaptation
In 2012, Jon Favreau announced he was planning a film called Magic Kingdom.[47] The film is described as “Night at the Museum at Disneyland,” meaning that the film would tell a story where all the characters at Disney come to life at night.[47] Marc Abraham and Eric Newman of Strike Entertainment were scheduled to produce the film.[48] Writer-producer Ronald D. Moore had previously written an original script for the project, which the studio eventually declined to use, stating that Favreau and a new screenwriter would develop a new script.[48]

In 2021, it was announced that a new project, now developed as a television series, is in development for Disney+. Moore was brought back to develop the series which will see that the various lands in the Magic Kingdom are actually gateways to alternate worlds, thus setting up a shared universe. The first in the series will be The Society of Explorers and Adventurers (SEA).[49]

In popular culture
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom, a 1990 video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System
Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, a 2003 science fiction novel by Cory Doctorow
The Kingdom Keepers, a 2005 children's novel by Ridley Pearson
The Florida Project, a 2017 drama film by Sean Baker
See also
Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party
Mickey's Very Merry Christmas Party
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
List of Magic Kingdom attractions
List of Walt Disney World Resort attractions
References
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Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (June 1, 2017). "TEA/AECOM 2016 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). aecom.com. Themed Entertainment Association. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (May 17, 2018). "TEA/AECOM 2017 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). aecom.com. Themed Entertainment Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 2, 2017. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
Au, Tsz Yin (Gigi); Chang, Bet; Chen, Bryan; Cheu, Linda; Fischer, Lucia; Hoffman, Marina; Kondaurova, Olga; LaClair, Kathleen; Li, Shaojin; Linford, Sarah; Marling, George; Miller, Erik; Nevin, Jennie; Papamichael, Margreet; Robinett, John; Rubin, Judith; Sands, Brian; Selby, William; Timmins, Matt; Ventura, Feliz; Yoshii, Chris (July 16, 2020). "TEA/AECOM 2019 Theme Index & Museum Index: Global Attractions Attendance Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
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Coordinates: 28°25′07″N 81°34′52″W

Categories: Operating amusement attractionsMagic KingdomWalt Disney Parks and ResortsWalt Disney World1971 establishments in FloridaAmusement parks in Greater OrlandoTourist attractions in Greater OrlandoAmusement parks opened in 1971
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Tomorrowland
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This article is about the themed land at six Disney Parks. For the 2015 film, see Tomorrowland (film). For the music festival in Belgium, see Tomorrowland (festival). For other uses, see Tomorrowland (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Tomorrowland
Tomorrowland logo.svg
DL tomorrowland entrance at night.jpg
Disneyland's Tomorrowland at Night
Theme Future, Technology, Outer space, Discovery and Science fiction
Disneyland
Status Operating
Opened July 17, 1955
Magic Kingdom
Status Operating
Opened October 1, 1971
Tokyo Disneyland
Status Operating
Opened April 15, 1983
Disneyland Park (Paris)
Status Operating
Opened April 12, 1992
Hong Kong Disneyland
Status Operating
Opened September 12, 2005
Shanghai Disneyland Park
Status Operating
Opened June 16, 2016
Tomorrowland is one of the many themed lands featured at all of the Magic Kingdom styled Disney theme parks around the world owned or licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Each version of the land is different and features numerous attractions that depict views of the future. Disneyland Park in Paris includes a similar area called Discoveryland, which shares some elements with other Tomorrowlands but emphasizes visions of the future inspired by Jules Verne.

Walt Disney was known for his futurist views and, through his television programs, showed the American public how the world was moving into the future. Tomorrowland was the realized culmination of his views. In his own words: "Tomorrow can be a wonderful age. Our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future."

It is this movement into the future that has, on occasion, left Tomorrowland mired in the past. Disneyland's Tomorrowland is now in its third generation, and the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland is in its second. The Walt Disney Company has mentioned that it wanted to keep Tomorrowland from becoming "Yesterdayland". As a self-referential joke along this line, the 2007 Walt Disney Animation Studios film Meet the Robinsons (which is set mainly in the year 2037) features an amusement park called Todayland, which has rides that look similar to Space Mountain and Disneyland's original Rocket Jets.


Contents
1 Disneyland
1.1 History
1.2 Attractions and entertainment
1.3 Former attractions and entertainment
1.4 Restaurants and refreshments
1.5 Former restaurants and refreshments
1.6 Shops
1.7 Former shops
2 Magic Kingdom
2.1 History
2.2 Attractions and entertainment
2.3 Future attractions and entertainment
2.4 Former attractions and entertainment
2.5 Restaurants and refreshments
2.6 Former restaurants and refreshments
2.7 Shops
2.8 Future shops
2.9 Former shops
3 Tokyo Disneyland
3.1 History
3.2 Attractions and entertainment
3.3 Former attractions and entertainment
3.4 Restaurants and refreshments
3.5 Former restaurants and refreshments
3.6 Shops
3.7 Former shops
4 Disneyland Park (Paris)
4.1 History
4.2 Attractions and entertainment
4.3 Former attractions and entertainment
4.4 Restaurants and refreshments
4.5 Former restaurants and refreshments
4.6 Shops
5 Hong Kong Disneyland
5.1 Attractions and entertainment
5.2 Future attractions and entertainment
5.3 Former attractions and entertainment
5.4 Restaurants and refreshments
5.5 Former restaurants and refreshments
5.6 Shops
5.7 Former shops
6 Shanghai Disneyland Park
6.1 History
6.2 Attractions and entertainment
6.3 Former attractions and entertainment
6.4 Restaurants and refreshments
6.5 Shops
6.6 Former Shops
7 In media
8 References
Disneyland
Original dedication
A vista into a world of wondrous ideas, signifying Man's achievements... A step into the future, with predictions of constructed things to come. Tomorrow offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals. The Atomic Age, the challenge of Outer Space and the hope for a peaceful, unified world. During the dedication, Walt Disney started speaking, was told that he wasn't yet on air, and then had to restart once the television viewers were watching.
History

Tomorrowland taken from the Space Mountain queue
Tomorrowland 1955–1966: The "original" Tomorrowland incarnation
The first Tomorrowland opened at Disneyland on July 17, 1955, with only several of its planned attractions open, due to budget cuts. The construction of the park was rushed, so Tomorrowland was the last land to be finished. It became something of a corporate showcase, despite Walt Disney's reluctance. Monsanto Company, American Motors, Richfield Oil, and Dutch Boy Paint were some of the many companies to open showcases in Tomorrowland in the first few years.[1]

Since the park was on a strict budget, one cost-cutting idea was to reuse the sets of the Nautilus from Disney's 1954 movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea as a walkthrough attraction. This remained open until 1966. For the first four years, most of Tomorrowland was generally open space and considered to be very corporate-fueled. However, the area gained more attractions as time passed, many of which have since been removed.

When Disneyland opened, Tomorrowland represented the future in the year 1986.[2]

Tomorrowland's showpiece was the TWA Moonliner, derived from Disney's "Man In Space" television episodes developed in the 1950s. The Moonliner was the tallest structure in the park at the time, even taller than the park icon Sleeping Beauty Castle. The Moonliner hosted Rocket To The Moon which was a ride to the moon. The entrance showpiece was the clock of the world showing the time anywhere on earth. The north show building hosted Circarama U.S.A. which showed movies on nine screens, and space station X-1 which showed a satellite view of America. The south show building showed the Monsanto Hall of Chemistry, which was a walk-through tour about chemistry. Autopia, an opening-day attraction, gave visitors a view of the National Interstate System that was to be built in the future. The attraction still remains open today, though it has been modified and rebuilt several times. This is the only attraction in Tomorrowland that has been open since opening day.

Several new attractions opened in 1955. Among them were Tomorrowland Boats, The World Beneath Us, which showed the Earth's geology, and the Aluminum Hall of Fame, sponsored by Kaiser Aluminum. The final Tomorrowland attraction to open in 1955 was The Flight Circle which demonstrated methanol-powered model planes, boats and cars.

In 1956, Tomorrowland Boats were renamed Phantom Boats, and were closed later in the year. Dutch Boy Color Gallery opened in 1956, and sponsored Dutch Boy Paint. Two major attractions opened in 1956: the Astro Jets, where guests were able to fly their own rockets, and Skyway to Fantasyland, where guests rode "Buckets" over to Fantasyland.

In 1957, the Monsanto House of the Future, a plastic house with four wings cantilevered from a central plinth, was built. This was similar to precursors at previous World's Fairs, though those were simply homes furnished with modern conveniences and aimed at housewives. Disneyland's attraction displayed conveniences such as picture phones and television remote controls, and it introduced many people to their first microwave oven. The Viewliner also opened where guests could ride in "the fastest miniature train in the world." It closed the next year making it the shortest lived Disney attraction ever.

In 1959, three major attractions, the park's first billed E-ticket attractions, opened at Tomorrowland. These were the Disneyland Monorail, Submarine Voyage, and the Matterhorn (which later became part of Fantasyland). These additions were collectively so large in scope that they were televised as the second opening of Disneyland. New attractions came and some went as Walt Disney focused his efforts on the 1964–65 New York World's Fair. After the Fair closed, he turned his attention to a new Tomorrowland and the Florida Project, which would later become Walt Disney World.

Tomorrowland 1967–1997: "New Tomorrowland"

Disneyland's Tomorrowland entrance in 1996, before the 1998 makeover
By 1966, Tomorrowland was becoming quickly outdated. Most of its attractions were only there as advertisements for various sponsors, such as Monsanto, despite the 1959 Tomorrowland expansion. In 1967, the area was completely rebuilt with new attractions and scenery. The original layout was demolished, with a few exceptions, and a new set of buildings were erected. The addition of the Carousel of Progress, Adventure Thru Inner Space, an improved and larger Circle-Vision auditorium, Flight to the Moon, and the PeopleMover helped give Tomorrowland its "World on the Move" theme.[citation needed]

In 1973, "The World On The Move" began to change. General Electric decided to close Carousel of Progress, which later reopened at a new home in Walt Disney World in 1975 as part of its expansion. In 1974, with the American Bicentennial approaching, Disney designers seized the opportunity of the vacant carousel theater to present a large musical extravaganza called America Sings, which featured 114 Audio Animatronics. The following year, Flight to the Moon was updated into Mission to Mars, as actual flights to the moon had become a reality since the former's construction.[citation needed]

In 1975, construction began on Walt Disney's proposed 1965 "Space Port". In May 1977, this project opened to the public as Space Mountain. The same year, the Super Speed Tunnel was added as part of the Peoplemover experience, as the Epcot model that was formerly in the building moved to Florida.[citation needed]

In 1984, Circle-Vision 360 received a brand new travelogue of the United States, to replace the aging "America The Beautiful" film – American Journeys.[citation needed]

In 1986, two new attractions found homes in Tomorrowland: Star Tours and Captain EO. Captain EO replaced the Space Stage in September 1986, and Star Tours replaced Adventure Thru Inner Space in January 1987. Aside from the Skyway closing in 1994,[3] Tomorrowland remained largely unchanged for much of the following decade until it was redesigned in 1998.[4]

In 1993, The Walt Disney Company planned a major refurbishment, "Tomorrowland 2055". This Tomorrowland was planned to have more of an extraterrestrial theme, and was going to replace Mission to Mars with ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter. In 1994, however, this plan was scrapped due to the poor initial financial performance of Euro Disneyland.[5]

Tomorrowland 1995–1998: "Tomorrowland in Decline"
Between the years of 1995 - 1998 several Tomorrowland attractions were slated to be closed or remodeled. The Peoplemover, The Rocket Jets, Mission to Mars, Circle-Vision 360, Captain EO and the Starcade were all permanently closed or planned for renovation. At this time, most of these attractions were left vacant or walled off from the public.

In 1995, the cost of an adult day pass at Disneyland was $34.00, and a Disneyland Annual Pass was $99.00. There was only one type of annual pass—as opposed to the current tiered system—and most Southern California locals had passes. Tomorrowland quickly became a local hangout for many local junior high and high school teenagers residing in Southern California. Teenagers congregated near the Tomorrowland Terrace, which featured a live band every night.

Tomorrowland became so synonymous with Southern California teenagers at that time, popular bands began to reference the local scene in their music. New Wave/Ska group No Doubt named its 1995 breakthrough album “Tragic Kingdom”, in which the titled track opens with the "remain seated" warning from Matterhorn Mountain. Ska band Jeffries Fan Club (1997) wrote a song called "12" about a high school boy who meets a 12-year-old girl at Disneyland, and Pop-Punk band the Ataris (1998) "San Dimas High School Football Rules" was about the lead singer going to Disneyland with a girl he met and getting on all the rides.

This influx of teenagers did cause some negative consequences to the park. Disneyland had to employ more security because many of the teenagers were not respectful to the families visiting the park. To combat the issue of mischievous locals, Disneyland made minor changes, including an increase to both one-day and annual passes. Tomorrowland officially began its renovation in 1995. The three-year makeover started only two years after the park's last major project: the construction of Mickey's Toontown. The land was not completely closed off the entire time, but major sections were blocked off to guests, and the entrance was finally walled up in 1997. As construction waged on, rumors about possible new attractions went rampant. Guests wondered if Tomorrowland would start to phase out transportation and space travel (its second main focus after home technologies in the 50s) in favor of a brand new theme. By the first months of 1998, New Tomorrowland was at the forefront of every Disneyland fan's mind, and the springtime opening drew major crowds. When Tomorrowland re-opened Disneyland had raised prices and many of the locals either moved on or aged out of using Tomorrowland as a hangout.

Tomorrowland 1998–2004: The "New-New Tomorrowland" incarnation

Disneyland's Tomorrowland entrance 2006-2009
Tomorrowland reopened on May 22, 1998, at the cost of a mere $100 million, as the land was hit with budget cuts from Disneyland's president at the time, Paul Pressler. It is loosely based on the retro-futurist concepts of Jules Verne that Disneyland Paris's Discoveryland featured. The entire land was painted in bronzes, golds, and dark browns, with occasional green highlights. New landscaping featured apparent vegetable plots and made reference to "neo-agrarian" concepts. The flagship attraction of the makeover was the Rocket Rods, which attempted to run a fast-paced ride on the former slow-paced PeopleMover track; the ride closed two years later due to intractable mechanical problems.

Many of the attractions remained fundamentally the same, but Circle-Vision, Captain EO, and Mission to Mars were all removed. The space formerly occupied by Circle-Vision was partly used for the queue of the Rocket Rods, while Captain EO was replaced by Honey, I Shrunk the Audience and Mission To Mars was replaced by a restaurant called Redd Rockett's Pizza Port. The Rocket Jets attraction was redressed as a moving sculpture called the Observatron, while a similar attraction called the Astro Orbiter was placed at ground level in the entrance of Tomorrowland where the World Clock once stood. The former America Sings theater became Innoventions, a technology showcase based on the Walt Disney World: EPCOT original. The famous Tomorrowland attraction Space Mountain, which had been a gleaming white color for more than twenty years, was re-painted a copperish-brown color to go along with the redesign of Tomorrowland.[6]

Following the opening of the New Tomorrowland for the summer of 1998, the Submarine Voyage was closed in September.

In late 2003, Matt Ouimet became president of the Disneyland Resort and sought to change some of the cost-cutting trends that had become the status quo there. Space Mountain was closed for two full years while the ride was refurbished and repainted white, the original color of the attraction, and the track was completely replaced by a new track with the same track plan. The former Rocket Rods queue building was converted into Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters for a 2005 opening.[citation needed]

Tomorrowland 2005–2016: Disneyland's Happiest Homecoming and Diamond Anniversary
Main articles: Happiest Homecoming on Earth and Disneyland Forever

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In February 2005, Walt Disney Imagineering approved a repaint of Tomorrowland for the "Happiest Homecoming on Earth" 50th anniversary celebration. This new paint scheme resembled the 1967 Tomorrowland with predominantly white, blue, and silver, although some of the former gold and bronze colors were kept. The largest remainder from the 1998 color scheme was the Astro Orbitor until mid-2009, when it was repainted to match the rest of the land, and mechanisms that once caused its top to rotate properly were repaired.[citation needed]


The Submarine Lagoon at Tomorrowland. Monorail Orange is passing over a submarine.
In 2007, as part of the Year of a Million Dreams, the Submarine Voyage reopened as Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage, with the submarines fully refurbished and repowered with batteries rather than diesel engines and a theme based around the 2003 film Finding Nemo[citation needed]

Also in 2007, the Disneyland Monorail began phasing out its Mark V fleet of monorails in order to reverse engineer[clarification needed] and upgrade the Mark V's to the new Mark VII models. The new Mark VII's were phased in one at a time, beginning with Red and Blue in 2008 and Orange in 2009; Purple was confirmed not to undergo an upgrade and was scrapped. These new monorails were to pay homage to the original Mark I, II, and III monorails while retaining a modern, futuristic look. The previous Mark V monorail class of trains bore more of a resemblance to the Mark IV and Mark VI monorail classes of trains used on the Walt Disney World Monorail System.[citation needed]

In January 2010, Honey, I Shrunk the Audience closed to make way for a revived Captain EO, which "re-opened" due to the large public backing the 3D film had received upon Michael Jackson's death in June 2009. It was a limited engagement (albeit with no set closing date), and eventually closed in July 2014 to use the theatre to present a preview of Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy. Later, starting on 26 September 2014, the Magic Eye theatre was used to present a preview of Walt Disney Animation Studios' Big Hero 6, set to have ended on 21 November 2014.[citation needed]

In July 2010, Disneyland's Star Wars-themed motion simulator attraction Star Tours was closed to make room for its sequel, Star Tours—The Adventures Continue. The new ride, which featured other Star Wars destinations in 3-D, opened on June 3, 2011.[citation needed]

On March 21, 2015 Innoventions closed to become transformed into the Tomorrowland Expo Center. The building was closed and converted which reopened to guests on November 16, 2015. The first floor of the building hosts the "Star Wars Launch Bay", a new Star Wars exhibit with character meet and greets, displays featuring movie props and various sneak peeks behind the scenes of Star Wars: The Force Awakens and the two other future Star Wars films. The second floor formerly hosted the "Super Hero HQ", featuring meet and greets with Marvel characters Iron Man, Thor and Spider-Man with several displays from Innoventions remaining, but redressed to display Marvel's various television series and comic strips.

Tomorrowland 2016–present: The "Season of the Force" Tomorrowland incarnation
At the 2015 D23 Expo, Disney announced that on November 16, 2015, Tomorrowland would launch a Star Wars-themed "Season of the Force", in celebration of Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Among the changes launched as part of the event were the new attraction Star Wars Launch Bay—an exhibition showcasing artwork and other materials related to the franchise, a Star Wars Rebels-themed update of Jedi Training Academy known as Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple, the addition of The Force Awakens-related content to Star Tours–The Adventures Continue, and a The Force Awakens-themed Space Mountain overlay known as Hyperspace Mountain.[7][8] Autopia also closed for a short period of time, but reopened in early 2016, with a new blue and silver color scheme to better fit current day Tomorrowland and a new sponsorship with Honda. In 2019, Disneyland began to remove the 1998-era Tomorrowland sign and rockwork popularly known as the "French fry rocks" in order to widen walkways and improve crowd flow as part of its ongoing Project Stardust beautification and improvement project.[9]

Attractions and entertainment
Astro Orbiter (1998-present)
Autopia (1955-present)
Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters (2005-present)
Disneyland Monorail (1959-present)
Disneyland Railroad (1955-present)
Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage (2007-present)
Space Mountain (1977-present)
Star Tours—The Adventures Continue (2011-present)
Star Wars Launch Bay (2015-present)
Former attractions and entertainment
Court of Honor (1955–1956)
Phantom Boats (1955–1956)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Exhibit (1955–1966)
A Tour of the West (1955–1960)
Hall of Aluminum Fame (1955–1960)
Space Station X-1 (1955–1960)
The World Beneath Us (1955–1960)
Art Corner (1955–1966)
Clock of the World (1955–1966)
Flight Circle (1955–1966)
Hobbyland (1955–1966)
Monsanto Hall of Chemistry (1955–1966)
Rocket to the Moon (1955–1966)
Circle-Vision 360° (1955–1997, re-themed as Rocket Rods Queue)
American Dairy Association Exhibit (1956–1958)
Bathroom of Tomorrow (1956–1960)
Our Future in Colors (1956–1963)
Astro Jets (1956–1964)
Avenue of the Flags (1956–1966)
Skyway to Fantasyland (1956–1994)
Viewliner Train of Tomorrow (1957–1958)
Midget Autopia (1957–1966)
Monsanto House of the Future (1957–1967)
Mermaids (1959; 1965–1967)
Submarine Voyage (1959–1998)
The Art of Animation (1960–1966)
Bell Telephone Systems Phone Exhibits (1960–1984)
America The Beautiful (1960–1984, 1996–1997)
Flying Saucers (1961–1966)
New York World's Fair Exhibit (1963–1964)
Fashions & Fabrics Through the Ages (1965)
Carousel of Progress (1967–1973)
Flight to the Moon (1967–1975)
Adventure Thru Inner Space (1967–1985)
Tomorrowland Stage (1967–1986)
PeopleMover (1967–1995)
Alpine Gardens (1967–1995)
Rocket Jets (1967–1997)
America Sings (1974–1988)
Mission to Mars (1975–1992)
Starcade (1977–2015)
Halyx (1981)
Magic Journeys (1984–1986)
Wonders of China (1984–1994)
Captain EO (1986–1997)
Magic Eye Theater (1986–2015)
Star Tours (1987–2010)
Toy Story Funhouse (January 27, 1996 – May 27, 1996)[10]
Hamm's Theater with "Hamm’s All-Doll Revue"
Rocket Rods (1998–2001)
Cosmic Waves (1998–2002)
American Space Experience (1998–2003)
Honey, I Shrunk the Audience (1998–2010)
Innoventions (1998–2015)
Radio Disney Broadcast Booth (1999–2002)
Club Buzz (2001–2006)
Captain EO Tribute (2010–2015)
Super Hero HQ (2015–2016)
Jedi Training Academy (2015-2018)
Restaurants and refreshments
Redd Rockett's Pizza Port
The Spirit of Refreshment
Tomorrowland Terrace (currently themed as Galactic Grill)
Former restaurants and refreshments
Space Bar (1955–1966)
Yacht Club (1955–1966)
Space Place (1977–1996)
Lunching Pad (1977–1998)
Shops
Autopia's Winner Circle
Little Green Men Store Command
The Star Trader
Tomorrowlanding
Former shops
The MOD Hatter (1958–2006)
Fun Fotos (1960–1966)
Premiere Shop (1963–2005)
Character Shop (1967–1986)
Magic Kingdom

Planetary adornment atop the Astro Orbiter at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom Park
See also: List of Magic Kingdom attractions § Tomorrowland
History
Second Tomorrowland: 1971–1994
The second Tomorrowland opened on October 1, 1971 at the Magic Kingdom in the Walt Disney World Resort, Florida, and, like at Disneyland, was opened unfinished. On opening day, only two attractions opened: the Grand Prix Raceway, and the Skyway to Fantasyland.

Tomorrowland was noted for being very barren and sterile at this time, due to the land being very flat and undetailed. A large orange wall was located past the two large show buildings, and blocked guests from walking further than the Skyway building. The wall had a small stage built into it, and a large outdoor food court sat adjacent to it to compensate for a lack of food venues at the time. It was removed within two years and the Carousel of Progress took its place.

The largest counter service restaurant in the Magic Kingdom was the Tomorrowland Terrace. America the Beautiful opened in November, and Flight to the Moon opened late on Christmas Eve, 1971, due to technical problems. The south show building received an expansion in 1972, which housed If You Had Wings. The south building was further expanded in 1973, opening the Plaza Pavilion, which was an open-air restaurant, and served as a convenient way of getting from Main Street to Tomorrowland quickly.

In 1973, the plans for Tomorrowland were finalized; and for about two years, construction was a common sight. In 1974, Star Jets, a spinner attraction sat on the WEDWay Peoplemover station. It resembled a Saturn V Rocket like its Disneyland cousin, the Rocket Jets. The ride vehicles between the two had some differences. The Disneyland Rockets were more narrow and resembled the central Saturn V rocket more, while the Magic Kingdom's vehicles look more like jets, hence the name "Star Jets".The Space Bar, another restaurant opened below the Peoplemover station.

The next year, Space Mountain and The Carousel of Progress opened on January 15. This was the first Space Mountain to open. It was the first totally indoor roller coaster in Florida and was the first roller coaster to have computer aided designs and use zoning to have 8 trains on the track at a time. Another Railroad station was planned to be built next to the entrance and exit to Space Mountain, but due to crowds in this area, it was never built. Carousel of Progress opened on the same day, and was similar to Disneyland's version except it rotated in the opposite direction. It also had a different song: Instead of "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow", the song was "The Best Time of Your Life." In June, the second version of the WEDWay Peoplemover opened. This Peoplemover bore resemblance to Disneyland's, but was different, in that it used linear induction motors. This means that guests could not get stuck to the tracks as they could at Disneyland if they happened to fall out of the vehicle. The only moving parts of the vehicles were the wheels and the sliding doors. The track was similar but instead of it being open air and the vehicles having roofs, the opposite is true here. Unlike Disneyland's, the Peoplemover here never changed height.

This Tomorrowland somewhat resembled Disneyland's Tomorrowland at the time, with large white buildings and clean geometric shapes. The triangular buildings at Disneyland were fully realized, and the opening of the Tomorrowland here had two enormous pylons which cascaded water down into the castle moat. Complementing the Pylons were two large blue triangular walls which also released water into the moat. These waterfalls were often shut off as the slightest change of wind could spray water all over guests. In the early 80's the Waterfalls were turned off for good, and a large mosaic was painted on the blue walls, and some blue stripes were painted on the two pylons.

The colors of Tomorrowland were mainly whites complemented with ocher on the outside. The interior of the buildings were accented with reds, oranges, yellows, and browns. In Old Tomorrowland's later years, the outside colors were changed to pinks, and blues around the Peoplemover tracks.

New Tomorrowland: 1994–present
Tomorrowland went through a drastic change in 1994. It now resembles Tomorrowland from Disneyland in California slightly, but with more color. Many of the attractions changed. Some classic Tomorrowland attractions that have closed in Disneyland still live on at the Magic Kingdom, including the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover and the Carousel of Progress, which was moved from Disneyland to Walt Disney World in 1975. A portion of Walt Disney's model display of the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, the first incarnation of what would become Epcot, is also used as a display visible only from the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover.

For most of its history, Tomorrowland's color scheme was predominantly white with soft blues, creating a retro-modernist landscape. Huge monolithic towers, spires, and clean lines completed the futuristic look. In 1994, using inspiration from Discoveryland at Disneyland Paris, Tomorrowland was completely re-built and altered to resemble a galactic spaceport as it would have been envisioned by the science-fiction comic strips of the early 20th century, like Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers. Tomorrowland has since been given a much more metallic look, along with new darker blues and purples, especially along its main concourse leading from the central hub.

Interesting to note is that the spaceship atop the Cool Scanner misting station is actually a prop from the 1986 film Flight of the Navigator.[11]

On July 9, 2019, the old entrance sign has been removed.[12]

On September 17, 2019, a new entrance sign was built.

On October 27, 2020, Since Walt Disney World reopened, after being temporarily closed during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Walt Disney World announced that all recent entertainment shows are laid off, such as Citizens of Hollywood at Disney's Hollywood Studios and Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor at Magic Kingdom, due to dispute between the Actors' Equity Association and Walt Disney World.[13][14]

Attractions and entertainment
Astro Orbiter (1994-present)
Buzz Lightyear's Space Ranger Spin (1998-present)
Space Mountain (1975-present)
Stitch's Alien Encounter Character Greeting!
Tomorrowland Speedway (1971-present)
Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover (1975-present)
Walt Disney's Carousel of Progress (1975-present)
Sonny Eclipse and the Amazing Astro Organ
Future attractions and entertainment
Tron Lightcycle / Run[15]
Former attractions and entertainment
Flight to the Moon (1971–1975)
Skyway to Fantasyland (1971–1999)
Circle-Vision 360° (1971–2006)
America the Beautiful (1971–1974, 1975–1979)
Magic Carpet 'Round The World (1974–1975)
American Journeys (1984–1994)
The Timekeeper (1994–2006)
If You Had Wings (1972–1987)
Mission to Mars (1975–1993)
Delta Dreamflight (1989–1998)
ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1995–2003)
Push the Talking Trash Can (1995–2014)
Tomorrowland Power & Light Co Video Arcade (1995–2015)
Incredible Tomorrowland Expo (2013-2017, 2018)
iCan Robot (2017-2018)
Stitch's Great Escape! (2004-2018)
Monsters, Inc. Laugh Floor (2007-2020)
Restaurants and refreshments
Auntie Gravity's Galactic Goodies
Cool Ship
Cosmic Ray's Starlight Café
The Lunching Pad at Rockettower Plaza
Tomorrowland Terrace Cafe
Former restaurants and refreshments
The Lunching Pad (Different Location) (1971–1994)
Tomorrowland Terrace Cafe (Different Location) (1971–1994)
Plaza Pavilion (1973–1994)
Space Bar (1974–1994)
Shops
Buzz Lightyear Shop
Merchant of Venus
Star Traders
Space Mountain Shop (Tomorrowland Power & Light)
Future shops
Power Supplies (2021)
Former shops
Mickey's Star Traders
Tokyo Disneyland
See also: List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions
History

Tokyo Disneyland Tomorrowland
Tokyo Disneyland's Tomorrowland was designed as a loose copy of Disney World's original Tomorrowland, particularly the main entryway which features nearly identical waterfalls and blue spires flanking the walkway. As is the case with other areas of Tokyo Disneyland, Tomorrowland has fewer attractions and more open spaces than its American counterparts, a move designed to facilitate a larger number of park guests. Notably missing is a PeopleMover-type attraction, whose tracks and ride vehicles have been conspicuous features of other Tomorrowland landscapes.

Although Walt Disney originally intended Tomorrowland to be a "living blueprint" of the future, Tokyo Disneyland's Tomorrowland never directly showcased future technology, instead opting for a science fiction fantasy theme. Prominent attractions supporting this theme include Space Mountain as well as the Pan Galactic Pizza Port, a restaurant that features a large audio-animatronic pizza-making machine operated by a whimsical alien creature named Tony Solaroni.[16] In recent years, older attractions have been replaced with newer ones that feature movie tie-ins: Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters and Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek are two examples.

In October 2014 the Oriental Land Company announced a Beauty and the Beast-themed area to be located on the site of the now-closed Grand Circuit Raceway, making Tomorrowland's size significantly smaller.

Attractions and entertainment
Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters (2004-present)
Monsters, Inc. Ride & Go Seek (2009-present)
Space Mountain (1983-present)
Star Tours—The Adventures Continue (2013-present)
Stitch Encounter (2015-present)
Tony Solaroni Show
The Happy Ride With Baymax
Former attractions and entertainment

Captain EO
Eternal Seas (1983–1984)
Magic Journeys (1985–1987)
Skyway to Fantasyland (1983–1998)
Circle-Vision 360° (1983–2002)
The Timekeeper (1993–2002)
Meet the World (1983–2002)
Starcade (1983–2007)
MicroAdventure! (1997–2010)
Star Tours (1989–2012)
Captain EO (1987–1996, 2010–2014)
Grand Circuit Raceway (1983–2017)
Star Jets (1983–2017)
One Man's Dream II: The Magic Lives On (2004-2019)
Robo Astro
Opus Five
Restaurants and refreshments

Pan Galactic Pizza Port

Plaza Restaurant
Pan Galactic Pizza Port
Plazma Ray's Diner
Soft Landing
The Popping Pod
The Big Pop
Tomorrowland Terrace
Former restaurants and refreshments
Space Place FoodPort
Lite Bite Satellite
Shops
Planet M
Monsters, Inc. Company Store
Cosmic Encounter
Stargazer Supplies
Treasure Comet
Former shops
Solar Ray's Light Supplies
Disneyland Park (Paris)
Disneyland Park in Paris has a Tomorrowland with an entirely different concept, Discoveryland. European culture was used distinctively in the park and Discoveryland uses the ideas of famed European thinkers and explorers such as Leonardo da Vinci or H. G. Wells, with Jules Verne featured most prominently. This land was heavily inspired by the abandoned Disneyland concept Discovery Bay, which would have sat at the north end of the park's Rivers of America. An example of an attraction is HyperSpace Mountain, an enclosed outer space themed roller coaster with a tongue, which is a 2 inversion element, a corkscrew and objects made to look like spaceships and asteroids.

Architecturally designed using Jules Verne's vision of the future as inspiration, the land is laid out very differently from its predecessors. Many Tomorrowland classics are featured in Discoveryland, such as Autopia and Orbitron, some in an altered way, but Space Mountain is changed the most. Its theme is Steampunk/Clockpunk, with elements of Raygun Gothic.

History
Originally conceived as Discovery Mountain, it was originally proposed to hold more than one attraction, including an improved version of Horizons from Epcot, a larger Nautilus walk-through complete with a restaurant and a free-fall ride based on Journey to the Center of the Earth. But due to budget cuts, it opened in 1995 as Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune (From the Earth to the Moon). Beside the Space Mountain show building is the Nautilus Lagoon, with a walk-through recreation of the Nautilus submarine from 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.

The showcase attraction on opening day was a Circle-Vision 360 film, titled Le Visionarium. The attraction featured an eccentric time-traveling robot and his robotic assistant, who take Jules Verne into the world of today, which is pictured as the future he dreamed of. The attraction was later exported to both the Magic Kingdom and to Tokyo Disneyland.

Space Mountain was completely refurbished in 2005 for the Happiest Celebration on Earth, with a new soundtrack and special effects. Buzz Lightyear Laser Blast opened April 8, 2006, in the former building of Le Visionarium, which closed in September 2004.

Attractions and entertainment
Buzz Lightyear Laser Blast (2006-present)
Orbitron – Machines Volantes (1992-present)
Autopia (1992-present)
Les Mystères du Nautilus (1994-present)
Disneyland Railroad – Discoveryland Station (1992-present)
Discoveryland Theatre - Mickey's Philharmagic (Mickey et son Orchestre PhilharMagique) (2018-present)
Star Tours: L'Aventure Continue - Star Tours: The Adventures Continue (2017-present)
Hyperspace Mountain (2017-present)
Starport
Former attractions and entertainment
Le Visionarium (1992–2004)
Space Mountain: From Earth to the Moon (1995–2005)
Honey, I Shrunk the Audience (1999–2010)
Captain EO (1992–1998; 2010-2015)
Star Tours (1992–2016)
Space Mountain Mission 2 (2005–2017)
Le Café des Visionnaires
Arcade Omega
Restaurants and refreshments
Café Hyperion
Former restaurants and refreshments
Buzz Lightyear's Pizza Planet Restaurant
Shops
Constellations
Star Command Photographs
Light Speed Photography
Star Traders
Hong Kong Disneyland
Like the newer generations of the American Tomorrowlands, Hong Kong's version features an emphasis on metallic trim, with many blue and purple hues. In August 2014, UFO Zone was suspended in preparation for "Tomorrowland Party Zone", a stage as part of "Disney's Haunted Halloween".

As part of "Star Wars: Tomorrowland Takeover" event since June 2016, the first three expansion attractions were all closed.[17] On April 5, UFO Zone has been closed in preparation for Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple that premiered on June 25.[18] On May 2, Stitch Encounter was closed and re-themed to "Star Wars: Command Post". On June 11, when the event started, Autopia was closed.

Starting in 2017, with the opening of Stark Expo and the Iron Man Experience,[19] the first Disney attraction to be based on a Marvel property, part of Tomorrowland will transform in phases to become Stark Expo, as part of Hong Kong Disneyland's huge expansion plan (2017-2023). The second phase will see the opening of Ant-Man and the Wasp : Nano Battle! in March 2019,[20] taking over the former Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters building which will be transformed into the S.H.I.E.L.D. Science and Technology Pavilion. The third and last phase will be unveiled in 2023 with the completion of the Marvel area and the opening of the planned E-Ticket Avengers Quinjet, taking over the spot of the former Autopia circuit.

Attractions and entertainment
Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! (as redesigned to "Stark Expo") (2019-present)
Hyperspace Mountain (2016-present)
Iron Man Experience (as redesigned to "Stark Expo") (2017-present)
Iron Man Tech Showcase – Presented by Stark Industries (as redesigned to "Stark Expo")
Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple (2016-present)
Orbitron (2005-present)
Star Wars: Command Post
Future attractions and entertainment
Avengers Quinjet Experience (2023) (also parts of "Stark Expo")
Former attractions and entertainment
Space Mountain: Ghost Galaxy (Halloween seasonal; 2007-2013)
Space Mountain (2005-2016)
Muppet Mobile Lab (2008–2013)
Autopia (2006–2016)
Stitch Encounter (2006–2016)
UFO Zone (2006–2016)
Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters (2005–2017)
Restaurants and refreshments
BB-8 Snack Cart
Comet Café
Starliner Diner
Former restaurants and refreshments
Flying Saucer Snacks
Shops
Expo Shop
Space Traders
Pavilion Gifts
Former shops
Star Command Suppliers (2005–2017)
Shanghai Disneyland Park
History
Shanghai Disneyland's Tomorrowland is the newest, opening with the resort on June 16, 2016. Unlike the other 5 Tomorrowlands around the world, this one is on the left side of the park instead of being on the right side. Also this Tomorrowland does not feature Space Mountain, and instead features the TRON Lightcycle Power Run. Instead of a classic spinning rockets attraction, Shanghai's park includes a spinning Jet Packs ride. There is a new version of Disney's popular Buzz Lightyear dark ride called Buzz Lightyear Planet Rescue, utilizing new technology different from that of the versions of the ride located at other Disney parks.[21] TRON Realm opened on September 20, 2016 to make it the first expansion for the park.


Tomorrowland at Shanghai Disneyland
Attractions and entertainment
Avengers Training Initiative
Buzz Lightyear Planet Rescue (2016-present)
Jet Packs (2016-present)
Stitch Encounter (2016-present)
TRON Lightcycle Power Run (2016-present)
TRON Realm
Former attractions and entertainment
Star Wars Launch Bay (2016-2019)
Restaurants and refreshments
Spiral Snacks
Stargazer Grill
Shops
Intergalactic Imports
The Light Stuff
Power Supplies
Former Shops
Imperial Trading Station
In media
The 2010 video game Epic Mickey features a Tomorrowland-esque area named Tomorrow City, which uses elements from the Tron franchise.
The fourth season Mad Men episode "Tomorrowland", which premiered in October 2010, is partially set at Disneyland, and at one point, Don Draper and Megan Calvet plot out the Disneyland attractions they will take Draper's children to visit, including Mr. Toad's Wild Ride.[22]
The 2015 film Tomorrowland by director Brad Bird, screenwriter Damon Lindelof and starring George Clooney, features a place in another dimension called Tomorrowland that is patterned after the theme park as an eponymous location and plot point.[23]
References
Strodder, Chris (2017). The Disneyland Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Santa Monica Press. pp. 477–479. ISBN 978-1595800909.
Trahan, Kendra; McKim, Brian; Hawkins, Dave (2004). Disneyland Detective: An Independent Guide to Discovering Disney's Legend, Lore, and Magic. Permagrin Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 0971746400.
Verrier, Richard (November 10, 1999). "Disney Grounds Skyway Ride at Orlando, Fla., Park". Tribune Business News. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
"Disneyland fans complain that Tomorrowland is stuck in the past". Orange County Register. 2019-09-01. Retrieved 2020-05-26.
The History of Tomorrowland 2055; a failed Land at Disneyland (YouTube). Fastpass Facts. February 27, 2018. Event occurs at 3:24 to 6:23. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
"Retro Space Mountain". Yesterland.
"Tomorrowland at Disneyland revamps with Season of the Force ahead of new 'Star Wars' movie release". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
Glover, Erin (September 24, 2015). "Details on Season of the Force, Coming November 16 to Disneyland Park in California". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
Tuttle, Brittani (21 August 2019). "Disneyland removing rocks in front of Tomorrowland for Project Stardust". Attractions Magazine. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
Strodder, Chris Strodder ; illustrated maps by Tristan Tang ; photographs by Chris; Patton, Sheryl (2008). The Disneyland encyclopedia : the unofficial, unauthorized, and unprecedented history of every land, attraction, restaurant, shop, and event in the original Magic Kingdom. Santa Monica, CA: Santa Monica Press. p. 431. ISBN 978-1595800336. Retrieved June 22, 2017 – via Chronology of Disneyland Theme Park 1990-1999.
10 REAL Movie Props in Disney & Universal Studios Theme Parks - Featuring Disney Dan (YouTube). Yesterworld Entertainment. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
"Disney removes Tomorrowland entrance sign from Magic Kingdom".
"Equity Cast Members Notified of Layoffs at Disney World World".
"Full List of All Recent Disney World Entertainment Layoffs".
"Rumors Point to 2022 Opening Dates for TRON Lightcycle Run and Guardians of the Galaxy: Cosmic Rewind".
Rafferty, Kevin P. (2019). "Pan Galactic Pizza Port". Magic Journey: My Fantastical Walt Disney Imagineering Career. Disney Books Group. ISBN 9781368045148.
"Star Wars takes over Hong Kong Disneyland this summer".
"Hong Kong Disneyland Reports Second-highest Revenues, Third-highest Attendance and Record Guest Spending".
"Hong Kong Disneyland to Open 'Iron Man' Experience in 2016". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
October 18, Noah Villaverde on; 2018 (2018-10-18). "'Ant-Man And The Wasp' Attraction Opening March 2019 At Hong Kong Disneyland". Heroic Hollywood. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
"上海迪士尼度假区" [Shanghai Disney Resort] (in Chinese).
Alan Sepinall (Oct 18, 2010). "'Mad Men' – 'Tomorrowland': I spill your milkshake! Everyone's looking for a fresh start in the season finale". Hitfix.
Breznican, Anthony (28 January 2013). "Disney's mysterious '1952' movie has a new name ... 'Tomorrowland' – EXCLUSIVE". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 29 January 2013.
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Magic Kingdom
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Tokyo Disneyland
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Hong Kong Disneyland
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Categories: Operating amusement attractionsTomorrowlandDisneylandDisneyland Park (Paris)Futures studiesGoogie architectureHong Kong DisneylandMagic KingdomRetrofuturismShanghai Disneyland ParkSpace in amusement parksThemed areas in Walt Disney Parks and ResortsTokyo DisneylandAmusement parks opened in 19551955 establishments in California
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Disney International Programs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Disney International Programs
Disney International Programs logo.svg
Former names
World Showcase Fellowship Program
International Hospitality Program
Waterpark/Sports and Recreation Trainee Program
International Culinary Trainee Program
African Cultural Representative Program
International Management Program
Walt Disney World International Program
Type International internship
Established 1982; 39 years ago
Parent institution Disney Internships & Programs
Affiliation The Walt Disney Company
Students 500+ per semester
Location Orlando, Florida, United States
Campus Urban
Language English
Newsletter The Communicator
US-based Disney College Program
Website thedisneyip.com
Disney International Programs (previously named the Walt Disney World International Program) is an international internship program operated by the Disney Internships & Programs division of The Walt Disney Company at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, in the United States. The program recruits participants and college students (18 years and older) from outside the United States and its territories for year-long cultural exchanges with paid positions and summer-long paid internships working at the Walt Disney World Resort. This program, which is designed to attract international workers and students, shares many similarities with the U.S. based Disney College Program and its philosophy of Living, Learning and Earning.


Contents
1 Previous programs
2 Application process
2.1 Eligibility
2.2 Interviews and meetings
3 Current programs
3.1 Cultural Representative Program
3.2 International College Program
3.3 H-2B Alumni Program
4 Experiences of the program
4.1 Living
4.2 Learning
4.3 Earning
5 Housing
5.1 1982–1988
5.2 1988–2020
5.3 Flamingo Crossings Village
6 Coronavirus impact
7 Notes
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Previous programs
Originally, Disney International Programs operated several different types of programs. Program length, work locations, job responsibilities, living arrangements, pay and required qualifications varied depending on the program which was applied for. Once all the programs were merged, they became one Walt Disney World International Program, now the Disney International Programs. Previous programs included:

World Showcase Fellowship Program: similar to the Cultural Representative Program but with a structured educational program and community involvement.
International Hospitality Program: aimed to students fluent in Japanese, Portuguese, French or German, pursuing a career in hospitality. Participants were able to experience different work roles all over the resort.
Waterpark/Sports and Recreation Trainee Program: training and development opportunities in Disney's water parks and recreation locations for students interested in the recreation/leisure industry.
International Culinary Trainee Program: for participants with 2-3 years of experience in the kitchen area of the food service industry, aiming to develop skills in Disney's food-service locations.
African Cultural Representative Program: for African participants working at Disney's Animal Kingdom and/or Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, similar to the Cultural Representative Program.
International Management Program: primarily for students who had completed one of the above programs and were considering a management experience at Walt Disney World Resort.
Application process
Eligibility
Eligibility is open to applicants who reside outside the United States or their territories and are not American citizens. Applicants must contact one of the contracted in-country agencies that assist with international applications or the International Casting office with a résumé and cover letter.

Interviews and meetings
Some countries hold a preliminary phone interview before issuing an invitation to a scheduled Disney International Programs presentation and interview. Qualified candidates receive an invitation approximately four weeks prior to the presentation and interview and in some cases, an invitation is issued at the end of the phone interview. Presentations outline key components of the program and provide further information on the program's offerings. In some cases, applicants may have to travel abroad to meet with a recruiter from Disney Worldwide Services.

Current programs
Over the years, several International Programs were operated and subsequently suspended, a new one was created for Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park and ultimately in 2004, all the Walt Disney World International Programs were combined into two new all-encompassing programs, namely the Walt Disney World Cultural Representative Program and the Walt Disney World International College Program. A new seasonal worker program has also been launched which initially required applicants to have previously completed an International Program in order to be eligible, but this requirement was soon waived due to insufficient applications.[1] The locations and positions available to participants on International Programs vary according to program and preference in that order.

Cultural Representative Program

China Pavilion at Epcot
The Cultural Representative Program (CRP) showcases participants' culture and customs with guests visiting the Walt Disney World Resort, over the course of approximately a year. To qualify for this program, applicants must "authentically represent" one of the countries or regions recreated at a Walt Disney World theme park or resort. During their interview, applicants fill out their role preferences from most interested to least.[2] The applicant's employer may not be Disney once a position has been offered, but an "operating participant" instead, trading within Walt Disney World, in which the participant would not be eligible for the same benefits as regular Disney Cast Members.

Participants in the Cultural Representative Program perform their roles at Epcot's World Showcase, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Disney's Animal Kingdom Lodge, or a combination of them, while for guest relations positions, participants are assigned to one of the four theme parks or Disney Springs. The Cultural Representative Program has different options open to applicants during their application process, depending on the pavilion's offerings. For example, Norwegian applicants may apply for attractions operator on Frozen Ever After at the Norway Pavilion at Epcot. However, this would not be the same case for applicants from the United Kingdom, since the United Kingdom pavilion does not have an attraction. The exact location for positions varies according to the country the participant represents.

International College Program
The International College Program (ICP) is a program similarly based on the Disney College Program, designed for international students who are currently enrolled in an accredited semester-program college or university, pursuing a 3-to-4 year degree. Applicants must be between academic years and as such, the program will run during their summer vacation, varying in length.

Summer International College Program: students participate in a program similar to the Disney College Program's summer program, which coincides with their summer vacation/holiday from their college or university. This program, with a duration of two to three months, is reserved for students currently enrolled in an accredited semester-program college or university and are pursuing a 3-to-4-year degree.[3]
Academic Exchange International College Program: students participate in a program which also mirrors the Disney College Program but may spend up to a full year working at the resort while taking coursework through the DCP and distance-learning at their U.S. sponsoring university. Alternatively, students may spend five months studying at their U.S. sponsoring university and seven months working and taking classes at the Walt Disney World Resort. This program is available to current students and recent university graduates.
During their interview, applicants fill out their role preferences, from most interested to least, for their International College Program, often assigned to roles based on seasonal need and may be rotated based on peak time operational needs. Participants in the International College Program may work in any of Walt Disney World's four theme parks, two water parks or on-site resort hotels and are often rotated based on peak-time operational need and may be cross-trained as such from position to position and park to park.

H-2B Alumni Program
The H-2B Alumni Program allows participants to work at the resort on an H-2B seasonal work visa as a seasonal employee while in the United States. Candidates must complete their current program successfully with a confirmed rehire status and return to school for one semester in their home country before returning on an H-2B visa. The available options for H-2B participants, in regards to available roles, are similar to those for the International College Program.

Experiences of the program
Just like the Disney College Program, the International Programs emphasize three experiences: Living, Learning and Earning.

Living
The living experience is similar to the original program's recreational experience. Once the participant has accepted their Disney offer, they can reside in one of four company-sponsored housing units near the Walt Disney World Resort during the duration of the program.[4]

Participants are expected to follow certain guidelines in the company-sponsored housing complexes. Apartments are single-gender only, except in the case of a married heterosexual couple, which both have to be accepted into an international program in order to live in a one-bedroom apartment, if they choose this accommodation. Participants go through previously-notified apartment inspections at least twice throughout their program, though the complex administration reserves the right to inspect more than twice. Apartments must be deemed clean to the inspector in order to pass, this includes minimal dishes in the sink or dishwasher, vacuumed floors, clean counter tops, clean bathrooms and organized bedrooms.[5]

Learning
The learning experience began in the early 1980s on the Disney College Program as a group of nine seminars on the "philosophies and operating practices" of the various sections of their resort's business.[6] It has grown to include eight different courses, each focusing on a Disney topic, rather than a business area. Most of the courses are approved by the American Council on Education and offer participants the possibility to earn college credit during their program, subject to a decision by the participant's college or university.[7] Classes meet once a week for most of the program and are four hours long, with breaks during peak seasons. Participants are required to utilize textbook readings, write term papers and participate on projects. Additionally, the Disney Exploration Series offers courses focused on business areas as they relate to Disney.

Like every Cast Member, participants must attend Traditions at Disney University, a 4-to-5-hour-long welcome orientation focused on the introduction of the resort, from employment to the company's values, which also symbolizes as their official first day as a Disney Cast Member. Participants are expected to uphold the Disney Look required not only for Traditions but for all types of professional meetings, classes and training. The Disney Look policy follows strict guidelines of Cast Members' appearances, that include natural hair color and style, neutral nail polish color, certain nail length, limited jewelry, facial hair restrictions, etc., varying per gender. Failure to follow these guidelines may result disciplinary action.[8]

Earning
The earning experience consists of participants working within their role at the resort[9] who are expected to work in one of four major operating areas: food service, merchandising, attractions and custodial. A fifth area, costuming, offers opportunities to work backstage with performers or in costuming operations. Just like the Disney College Program, Disney International Programs offer opportunities for participants to work in more than 20 different roles.[10]

Housing
1982–1988
From the beginning of the program until 1988, almost all international program participants resided along Disney College Program participants in Snow White Village Campground, an off-property mobile home park and the remainder of Lake Vista Village apartments in Kissimmee. In 1987, a new apartment complex, Vista Way, was opened for both international and college program participants nearby Lake Buena Vista, located much closer to the Disney property. By 1988, all participants were fully relocated out of Snow White Village Campground, which was later converted into a vacationing site.

1988–2020

Entrance to Chatham Square
After the opening of Vista Way, and over the years, three additional company-sponsored gated-community apartment complexes opened as the Disney College Program expanded to accommodate more participants: Chatham Square, The Commons and Patterson Court, all adjacently located in Little Lake Bryan, less than three miles away from Vista Way. International Program participants were housed along Disney College Program participants, until March 2020. Initially, The Commons was the only complex where all international participants were housed in after it opened. Participants were provided with fully-furnished apartments, access to recreational amenities, computer labs and housing-sponsored transportation to and from all housing complexes and all work locations, as well as stops at grocery stores, the post office and a leisure route to The Florida Mall. Participants were given options to reside in apartments of up to four bedrooms for up to three roommates per room, upon availability, prior to their arrival date but were not allowed to reside off-site due to conditions in their visas.

Flamingo Crossings Village
Flamingo Crossings Village is a new and more modern apartment complex, announced in 2018, that was intended to become the new home of all Orlando International Programs and Disney College Program participants in 2020.[11] However, due to the coronavirus pandemic and its spread to Florida, the opening of Flamingo Crossings Village was delayed and the four existing housing complexes were all closed as part of the previously-established relocation plan.[12] In the wake of the indefinite suspension of the Disney College Program announced in December 2020, and with construction completed, the Walt Disney Company opted to maintain the main purpose of Flamingo Crossings Village apartments by leasing exclusively to company Cast Members.[13]

Coronavirus impact
See also: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on The Walt Disney Company
On March 14, 2020, Disney Internships & Programs announced the suspension of the Disney International Programs due to the ongoing worldwide outbreak of the coronavirus and its spread to Florida.[14][15][16] International participants actively enrolled during this time in company-sponsored housing were asked to vacate in a short period of time, as well as Disney College Program and culinary students, providing full credit and completion of the program in return. Shortly after, the Walt Disney World Resort closed operations, initially until April 19, 2020. On April 6, 2020, the suspension of the program was extended to those applicants with May 2020 arrival dates,[17] after The Walt Disney Company extended the closure of its resorts until early June 2020.

On July 2, 2020, Disney Internships & Programs announced the Disney International Programs and the Disney College Program would be suspended for the rest of 2020, as the coronavirus pandemic further impacted operations of both the Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Resort.[18][19] On July 14, 2020, less than a week after the Walt Disney World Resort reopened during the coronavirus pandemic, Disney Internships & Programs announced the indefinite suspension of the Cultural Representative Program, impacting those who were actively participating at the time and future participants who were accepted for the Fall 2020 semester.[20]

Notes
Prior to 2019, students were required to live in "wellness" or "non-wellness" apartments based on age. Students under the age of 21, were automatically placed in a wellness apartment, deemed alcohol-free. Students over the age of 21 who chose to live in a wellness apartment were also be prohibited from consuming alcohol in their own apartment but allowed to consume in any non-wellness; this rule was discontinued after fall 2019.
See also
Disney College Program
Walt Disney World Resort
References
"Disney International Programs overview". Disney. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
"Job Roles for Disney's Cultural Representative Program". Mouse Unleashed. January 3, 2019.
"Dan@Disney". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
"Disney College Program - Living". Disney.
"Disney College Program housing policies". Disney.
Walt Disney World College Program. Walt Disney Productions. 1983.
"Disney College Program - Learning DORMS (Disney Onsite Resident Management System)". Disney. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
"Disney Look" (PDF). Disney. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
"Disney College Program - Earning". Disney. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
Schultz, Olivia (June 9, 2017). "Disney College Program Roles". Odyssey. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
Storey, Ken (March 27, 2018). "Disney is building 2,600 new apartments for its College Program and that could mean bad things for Vista Way". Orlando Weekly. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
Barton, Rebekah (October 20, 2020). "Furnishings Removed From Disney College Program Housing". Inside The Magic. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
Sheehy, Keira (December 21, 2020). "NEWS: A Brand New Apartment Complex is Now Available to Disney Cast Members!". AllEars.net. Retrieved December 24, 2020.
Carter, Ashley (March 14, 2020). "Disney College Program to be Suspended, Participants Sent Home". News 13. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Russon, Gabrielle (March 14, 2020). "Disney suspends college program, tells students to go home by next week amid coronavirus closures". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Brieskorn, Katlyn (March 14, 2020). "Thousands affected after Disney temporarily suspends college program". KIRO-TV. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
Carter, Ashley (April 6, 2020). "Disney to Suspend Remaining Disney Internships and Programs This Month". News 13. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
Coffey, Kelly (July 2, 2020). "Fall 2020 Disney College Program Officially Cancelled". Inside the Magic. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
Tuttle, Brittani (July 2, 2020). "Disney College Program suspended until further notice at Disneyland, Walt Disney World". Attractions Magazine. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
Sheetz, Janelle (July 14, 2020). "News: Disney World's Cultural Representative Programs Have Been Canceled Indefinitely". Disney Food Blog. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
External links
Disney International Programs website
Disney Programs Blog
Categories: Internship programsThe Walt Disney CompanyWalt Disney World
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Adventureland (Disney)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Adventureland
Adventureland logo.svg
Dlp adventureland.jpg
Adventureland at Disneyland in 2010
Theme Remote jungles of Asia, Africa, South America, the South Pacific and the Caribbean Islands, the Middle East, Pirates
Disneyland
Status Operating
Opened July 17, 1955 (Sunday)
Magic Kingdom
Status Operating
Opened October 1, 1971 (Friday)
Tokyo Disneyland
Status Operating
Opened April 15, 1983 (Friday)
Disneyland Park (Paris)
Status Operating
Opened April 12, 1992 (Sunday)
Hong Kong Disneyland
Status Operating
Opened September 12, 2005 (Monday)
Shanghai Disneyland Park
Status Operating
Opened June 16, 2016 (Thursday)
Adventureland is one of the "themed lands" at the many Disneyland-style theme parks run by the Walt Disney Company around the world. It is themed to resemble the remote jungles in Africa, Asia, South America, the South Pacific and the Caribbean. "To create a land that would make this dream reality", said Walt Disney, "We pictured ourselves far from civilization, in the remote jungles of Asia and Africa."

Adventureland provides a 1950s view of exotic adventure, capitalizing on the post-war Tiki craze. Lush vegetation resembles jungles while elements of the "other" surround the visitor. Tribal performance masks, conga drums, non-American totem poles, exotic animal statues, and architecture of Pacific influence make for a confined area wherein industry and technology take a back seat to uncharted nature.[1] Noted art historian David T. Doris explains Adventureland as, "a pastiche of imaginary colonial spaces, conflated within the green and foliate milieu of "the Jungle."[2]


Contents
1 Disneyland
1.1 Attractions and entertainment
1.2 Former attractions and entertainment
1.3 Restaurants and refreshments
1.4 Former restaurants and refreshments
1.5 Shops
1.6 Former shops
2 Magic Kingdom
2.1 Attractions and entertainment
2.2 Former attractions and entertainment
2.3 Restaurants and refreshments
2.4 Former restaurants and refreshments
2.5 Shops
2.6 Former shops
3 Tokyo Disneyland
3.1 Attractions and entertainment
3.2 Former attractions and entertainment
3.3 Restaurants and refreshments
3.4 Shops
4 Disneyland Park (Paris)
4.1 Attractions and entertainment
4.2 Former attractions and entertainment
4.3 Restaurants and refreshments
4.4 Former restaurants and refreshments
4.5 Shops
5 Hong Kong Disneyland
5.1 Attractions and entertainment
5.2 Former attractions and entertainment
5.3 Restaurants and refreshments
5.4 Shops
6 Shanghai Disneyland Park
6.1 Attractions and entertainment
6.2 Former attractions and entertainment
6.3 Restaurants and refreshments
6.4 Shops
7 In popular culture
8 References
Disneyland
See also: List of Disneyland attractions
Disneyland's Adventureland was originally envisioned as True-Life Adventureland, and was to be based on Walt's famous award-winning nature documentaries on Africa and Asia. The land was originally supposed to have real animals from Africa to inhabit a jungle river, but after zoologists told Walt the real animals would lie around or hide, the imagineers built mechanical animals instead. Adventureland opened with the Jungle Cruise as its star attraction, until the Swiss Family Treehouse was added years later. With the groundbreaking technology of audio animatronics Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room was added nearby the land's entry bridge. Oceanic Arts also created the series of tribal masks that now line the entry bridge.[3]


Jungle Cruise at Disneyland Kodak Tri-X 400 film
Many years later Indiana Jones Adventure was added with the expansion of Adventureland and gave the entire land a 1930s theme, which concurs with the setting created by the rustic boats of the Jungle Cruise and its DJ Albert Awol who plays big band music from the 1930s. In 1999, the Swiss Family Treehouse was transformed into Tarzan's Treehouse. Adventureland has remained the same since, until 2008 with the former summer event, Indiana Jones Summer of Hidden Mysteries.

Attractions and entertainment
Indiana Jones Adventure (1995-present)
Jungle Cruise (1955-present)
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (1963-present)
Tarzan's Treehouse (1999-present)
Former attractions and entertainment
Magnolia Park (1955–1962)
Swiss Family Treehouse (1962–1999)
Big Game Safari Shooting Gallery (1962–1982)
Aladdin's Oasis Dinner Show (1993–1997)
Aladdin's Oasis (1993–2008)
Restaurants and refreshments
Bengal Barbecue
Tiki Juice Bar
Tropical Imports
The Tropical Hideaway
Former restaurants and refreshments
Tropical Cantina (1955–1962)
Sunkist I Presume (1962–1992)
Tahitian Terrace (1962–1993)
Indy Fruit Cart (1995–2006)
Shops
Adventureland Bazaar
South Seas Traders
Indiana Jones Adventure Outpost
Former shops
Safari Outpost (1986–1995)
Magic Kingdom

Adventureland at Magic Kingdom
See also: List of Magic Kingdom attractions
The Adventureland at Walt Disney World is divided into two main sub-areas, one being the Arabian Village and the other one being Caribbean Plaza, which is home to Pirates of the Caribbean. The original Polynesian motif is still visible with the prominence of jungle surrounding the Swiss Family Treehouse and Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. The 1930s adventurer/explorer vibe is clear with the background music heard over loud projecting speakers recently installed throughout Adventureland with a different vibe than that of Disneyland's, but with similar Big Band music and witty announcements. The Magic Carpets of Aladdin attraction was unique to this version of Adventureland before the opening of Tokyo DisneySea and Walt Disney Studios Park in Paris.

Attractions and entertainment
Jungle Cruise (1971-present)
The Magic Carpets of Aladdin (2001-present)
Pirates of the Caribbean (1973-present)
The Pirates League
Swiss Family Treehouse (1971-present)
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (1971-1997 and 2011-present)
Pirate's Adventure (Treasures of Seven Seas)
Former attractions and entertainment
The Enchanted Tiki Room (Under New Management) (1998–2011)
Tinker Bell's Magical Nook (2011-2014)
Restaurants and refreshments
Aloha Isle
Tortuga Tavern (formerly El Pirata Y El Perico Restaurante)
Sunshine Tree Terrace
Skipper's Canteen
Former restaurants and refreshments
Adventureland Veranda (1971–1994)
Shops
Agrabah Bazaar
Island Supply by Sunglass Hut
Plaza del Sol Caribe Bazaar
Zanzibar Trading Co
Bwana Bob's
Former shops
Tiki Tropic Shop (1971-2000)
The Magic Carpet (1971-1987)
Traders of Timbuktu (1971-2000)
Oriental Imports (1971-1987)
Tropic Toppers (1971-1988)
The House of Treasure (located in Caribbean Plaza, 1973-2001)
The Golden Galleon and La Princesa de Cristal (also located in Caribbean Plaza, 1974-1992)
The Pirate's Arcade (Caribbean Plaza, 1974-1980)
While the House of Treasure opened originally when the Pirates premiered in December 1973, it started fully operating in February 1974 according to a March 1974 issue of "Eyes and Ears", a cast member newsletter for Walt Disney World.[4]

Tokyo Disneyland

Adventureland at Tokyo Disneyland
See also: List of Tokyo Disneyland attractions
Tokyo Disneyland's Adventureland is a mish-mash of the various Adventureland interpretations. It features a unique ride - the Western River Railroad - and a Lilo & Stitch-themed version of Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room. It features a pair of sub-lands: The Typhoon Lagoon inspired Coral Landing near the Swiss Family Treehouse and another one based on New Orleans Square at Disneyland, which features Pirates of the Caribbean. World Bazaar's buildings fade into New Orleans.

Attractions and entertainment
The Enchanted Tiki Room: Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai! (2008-present)
Jungle Cruise (1983-present)
Theatre Orleans
Let's Party Gras!
Polynesian Terrace Show
Mickey's Rainbow Luau
Pirates Brass
Pirates of the Caribbean (1983-present)
Swiss Family Treehouse (1993-present)
Western River Railroad (1983-present)
Former attractions and entertainment
Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (1983–1999)
The Enchanted Tiki Room: Now Playing "Get the Fever!" (1999–2008)
Adventureland Stage (1983-2000)
Adventureland Revue (1984-1993)
Sebastian's Caribbean Carnival (1993-1996)
Fiesta Tropical (1996-2000)
Polynesian Terrace Show
Mickey & Minnie's Polynesian Paradise (2009-2015)
Lilo's Luau & Fun (2005-2020)
Theatre Orleans
Mickey's Adventureland Mardi Gras (2001-2004)
Minnie Oh! Minnie (2004–2018)
Jungle Rhythms (2016-2020)
Jungle SounDuo
Restaurants and refreshments
Royal Street Veranda
Blue Bayou Restaurant
Café Orleans
The Gazebo
Crystal Palace Restaurant
Polynesian Terrace Restaurant
Parkside Wagon
Boiler Room Bites
China Voyager
Squeezer's Tropical Juice Bar
Fresh Fruit Oasis
The Skipper's Galley
Shops
The Golden Galleon
Pirate Treasure
Cristal Arts
La Petite Parfumerie
Party Gras Gifts
Adventureland Bazaar
Le Marché Bleu
Disneyland Park (Paris)
The European Adventureland is geographically switched with Frontierland, compared to the American parks. It contains more heavy Indian and Moroccan influences. It features four themed areas :

The first, known as Adventureland Bazar, is a recreation of an oriental city from the 1001 Arabian Nights, presumably Agrabah from the Disney movie Aladdin (Imagineers were designing the entrance area of this Adventureland while the film was in production). In 1993, the attraction Le Passage Enchanté d'Aladdin opened in this very area. During the Christmas and holiday season there is a Nativity scene with life-size figures displayed in this area of the park. The concept of this city eventually reached overseas resorts.
The second part of Adventureland has a more African appearance, and is mainly composed of shops and restaurants (like the Hakuna Matata Restaurant).
A third themed area represents Asian mysterious jungles, themed to explorers and featuring the Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril roller coaster.
The last part, and the biggest, is a Caribbean area, covering most of the surface of Adventureland. It features the ride Pirates of the Caribbean and Adventure Isle, a Tom Sawyer Island-like walkthrough spot, with some attractions like Swiss Family Treehouse or Captain Hook's Pirate Ship. There is also a small pleasure beach in this part of Adventureland which is open to swimmers during the summer months.
This Adventureland presented some construction problems, mainly due to the unsuitable local climate. Growing exotic jungles in a place where winters could be harsh was a tough task. This is also the reason why there is no Jungle Cruise ride, since most animatronics animals would have been exposed to this weather. However, abandoned ideas intended to build an adequate ride under a glass roof, but that never came true.

There is no Tiki Room attraction either, although the Explorers Club Restaurant (now Colonel Hathi's Outpost) features animatronics birds that used to sing.

Attractions and entertainment
Adventure Isle (1992-present)
La Plage des Pirates
La Cabane des Robinson - (Swiss Family Treehouse) (1992-present)
Le Passage Enchanté d'Aladdin - (Aladdin's Enchanted Passage) (1993-present)
Pirates of the Caribbean (1992-present)1
Rhythm of the Jungle
Indiana Jones et le Temple du Péril - (Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril) (1993-present)
Former attractions and entertainment
Adventureland Rhythms of the Jungle
Aladdin's Magic Lamp
Following the Leader with Peter Pan
Make a Wish - Peter Pan to the Rescue
Restaurants and refreshments
Colonel Hathi's Pizza Outpost
Adventureland Bazaar
Hakuna Matata Restaurant
Le Café de la Brousse
Restaurant Agrabah Café
Dragon chaud chinois de Mushu
Coolpost
Captain Hook's Galley
Le Comptoir du Capitaine
Captain Jack Restaurant (formerly Blue Lagoon Restaurant)
Former restaurants and refreshments
Les Epices Enchantées (1992–1995)
Explorers Club (1992–1995)
The Bazar (1992–1999)
Shops
Les Trésors de Shéhérazade (Shahrazade's Treasures)
La Girafe Curieuse (The Curious Giraffe)
Indiana Jones Adventure Outpost
Temple Traders Boutique
Le Coffre du Capitaine (The Captain's Chest)
Hong Kong Disneyland

Adventureland at Hong Kong Disneyland
Hong Kong Disneyland's Adventureland is the biggest among all Disney parks and features a large island area home to Tarzan's Treehouse, which is circled by the Jungle Cruise, not much like the Rivers of America in most Magic Kingdom–style parks' Adventureland area. It is also home to the "Festival of the Lion King" show.

In early May to August 2007, the land was converted into Pirateland, in conjunction with the release of the film Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End.

The outer edge of the land was under construction from early May to September 2008, adjacent to Festival of The Lion King. A temporary structure was built for Demon Jungle, an exclusive attraction for the 2008–2010 Halloween seasons, and transformed to The Revenge of the Headless Horseman for the 2011–2014 Halloween seasons; it is now home to introduced its all-new “Black Box” space" known as "The Pavilion", a flexible event venue. Unlike the other parks, there is still no Pirates of the Caribbean at this location yet.

On September 1, 2017, the area around the bridge that near the entrance of the theme land and in front of Tahitian Terence has surround by fences hiding the works starting recently for "Moana: A Homecoming Celebration" opening on 2018, as part of its multiyear expansion plan for the Park since November 22, 2016.[5][6][7][8][9]

Attractions and entertainment
Festival of the Lion King (2005-present)
Jungle River Cruise (2005-present)
Karibuni Marketplace
Liki Tikis
Moana: A Homecoming Celebration
Rafts to Tarzan's Treehouse
Street Entertainment at Adventureland
Tarzan's Treehouse (2005-present)
Former attractions and entertainment
Lucky the Dinosaur (2005–2006)
Jungle Puppet Carnival (2005–2009)
Restaurants and refreshments
Korean Squid, Turkey Leg, Refreshing Drinks, & Frozen Lollipop Cart
Korean Squid & Turkey Leg Cart
River View Cafe
Tahitian Terrace
Shops
Professor Porter's Trading Post
Shanghai Disneyland Park
Shanghai Disneyland Park features an area similar to the "Adventurelands" found at other Disney parks, named Adventure Isle. Just like "Adventureland" at Disneyland Paris, "Adventure Isle" does not include a Jungle Cruise attraction, and instead features a ropes course called "Camp Discovery", a dinosaur-themed rapids attraction named "Roaring Rapids and Soaring Over the Horizon. This version is also different in the fact that it is on the right side of the main hub instead of being on the left.

The land's story focuses around a group called the League of Adventurers, who came upon the island after their airship was driven off course in the 1930s. Befriending the native Arbori tribe, they have been engaged in studying their culture and the island ever since.[10] Each attraction is tied to a Guardian Animal in the Arbori mythology: Roaring Rapids is the realm of Q'aráq; a giant crocodilian Guardian of Water, Soaring Over the Horizon is located in a celestial temple to Q'otar; a condor spirit of the air, and Camp Discovery lies in the realm of Q'ai; the fanged cat guardian of the earth.

Attractions and entertainment
Camp Discovery
Explorer Canoes
Happy Circle
Roaring Rapids (2016-present)
Soaring Over the Horizon (2016-present)
Former attractions and entertainment
Tarzan: Call of the Jungle (2016-2019)
Restaurants and refreshments
Tribal Table
Piranha Bites
Shops
Laughing Monkey Traders
Rainbow Frog Trinkets
In popular culture
In the Epic Mickey series, Wasteland's version of Adventureland is Ventureland. Its main elements is the movie Peter Pan and the Pirates of the Caribbean attraction.

References
Minnick, Nathaniel. "Disney's Lands in the History of Colonial Displays of the Exotic" (University of Michigan, 2006)
Doris, David T., "It's the Truth, It's Actual: Kodak Photo Spots At Walt Disney World." Visual Resources Vol XIV pp. 321-338. 1999
Jim Fanning (2009). Disneyland Challenge. Disney Editions. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-4231-0675-3.
Foxxfur (2018-04-20). "Passport to Dreams Old & New: The Forgotten Shops of Adventureland". Passport to Dreams Old & New. Retrieved 2018-08-30.
Barnes, Brooks (November 22, 2016). "Hong Kong Disneyland, Seeking Return to Profit, Plans $1.4 Billion Upgrade". The New York Times. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
Miller, Daniel (November 22, 2016). "Hong Kong Disneyland in line for a $1.4-billion expansion, adding a 'Frozen' themed land in a bid to boost growth". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
"Hong Kong Disneyland Set for Multi-Year Transformation with All-New Attractions and Entertainment". news-en.hongkongdisneyland.com. Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
"Multi-Year Expansion of Hong Kong Disneyland Announced by The Walt Disney Company and Hong Kong Government". www.edmontonjournal.com. CNW Group. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
Ng, Ellie (22 November 2016). "Disneyland to receive HK$5.8 billion in gov't funds to expand park". Hong Kong Free Press.
www.shanghaidisneyresort.com/en/attractions/camp-discovery/
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Categories: Operating amusement attractionsAdventureland (Disney)Themed areas in Walt Disney Parks and ResortsDisneylandMagic KingdomTokyo DisneylandDisneyland Park (Paris)Hong Kong DisneylandShanghai Disneyland ParkAmusement parks opened in 19551955 establishments in California
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List of management of The Walt Disney Company
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This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)
This is a list of The Walt Disney Company's executive management team, both present and historical.


Contents
1 Board of directors
2 Senior corporate officers
3 Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
4 Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution
4.1 Disney International Operations
5 Content Groups
5.1 Disney Studios Content
5.2 Disney General Entertainment Content
5.3 ESPN and Sports Content
6 Chairman of the Board
7 Vice Chairman of the Board
8 Presidents
9 Director Emeritus
10 Executive Chairman
11 Chief Executive Officers
12 Chief Operating Officers
13 References
14 External links
Board of directors
Susan E. Arnold (Lead Independent Director)
Mary T. Barra
Safra A. Catz
Bob Chapek
Francis A. deSouza
Michael B.G. Froman
Robert A. Iger (Chairman)
Maria Elena Lagomasino
Mark G. Parker
Derica W. Rice
Senior corporate officers
Robert A. Iger – Executive Chairman
Bob Chapek – Chief Executive Officer
Alan Braverman – Senior Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Susan Fox – Senior Vice President, Government Relations
Alicia Schwarz – Senior Vice President and Chief Compliance Officer
Jenny Cohen – Executive Vice President, Corporate Social Responsibility
Ronald L. Iden – Senior Vice President and Chief Security Officer
Christine M. McCarthy – Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Carlos A. Gómez – Senior Vice President and Treasurer
Diane Jurgens – Executive Vice President, Enterprise Technology & Chief Information Officer
Lowell Singer – Senior Vice President, Investor Relations
Brent Woodford – Executive Vice President, Controllership, Financial Planning and Tax
Zenia Mucha – Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Communications Officer
Jayne Parker – Senior Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer
Latondra Newton – Senior Vice President, Chief Diversity Officer
Nancy Lee – Senior Vice President and Chief of Staff to the Executive Chairman
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Josh D'Amaro – Chairman, Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Jill Estorino – President and Managing Director, Disney Parks International
Michael Moriarty – Managing Director, Hong Kong Disneyland Resort
Tim Sypko – Senior Vice President, Operations
Annie Wharmby – Executive Director, Entertainment and Costuming
Cindy Chow – Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
Wai Quen Chan – Vice President, Human Resources
Anita Lai – Vice President, Communications and Public Affairs
Daisy Sit – Vice President, Marketing
Rita Tang – Assistant Chief Counsel - Head of Legal
Leon Chan – Executive Director, Technology and Digital
Natacha Rafalski – Présidente of Disneyland Paris
Grégoire Champetier – Senior Vice President, Commercial
Daniel Delcourt – Senior Vice President, Operations
Angela Bliss – Vice President, Communications & Public Affairs
Guillaume Da Cunha – Vice President, Human Resources
Gilles Dobelle – Deputy Chief Counsel, Legal and European Affairs
Boris Solbach – Vice President, Business Strategy Finance & CFO
Jon Wood – Vice President, Technology
Joe Schott – President and General Manager, Shanghai Disney Resort
Andrew Bolstein – Senior Vice President, Operations
Tami Garcia – Senior Vice President, Human Resources and Diversity and Inclusion
Margaret Giacalone – Chief Counsel
Alannah Hall-Smith – Senior Vice President, Communications and Public Affairs
George Kalogridis – President, Segment Development and Enrichment
Kevin Lansberry – Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Tilak Mandadi – Executive Vice President, Digital and Chief Technology Officer
Thomas Mazloum – President, Disney Signature Experiences
Terri Schultz – Senior Vice President, Disney Vacation Club, Guided Adventures & Expeditions, and Golden Oak
Helen Pak – Senior Vice President, Creative – Marketing Design and Content
Ken Potrock – President, Disneyland Resort
Patrick Finnegan – Vice President, Disney California Adventure Park and Downtown Disney District
Elliot Mills – Vice President, Disneyland Resort Hotels and Aulani, a Disney Resort & Spa
Mary Niven – Senior Vice President, Experience Development and Integration
Kris Theiler – Vice President, Disneyland Park
Jeff Vahle – President, Walt Disney World Resort
Maribeth Bisienere – Senior Vice President, Resorts, Transportation, and Premium Services
Alison Armor – Vice President, Transportation Operations
Mahmud Dhanani – Vice President, Resorts
Rosalyn Durant – Senior Vice President, Disney Springs, ESPN Wide World of Sports and Water Parks
Faron Kelley – Vice President, Sports and Water Parks
Matt Simon – Vice President, Disney Springs
Jason Kirk – Senior Vice President, Operations
Jim MacPhee – Senior Vice President, Operations
Sarah Riles – Vice President, Disney's Animal Kingdom
Jackie Swisher – Vice President, Disney's Hollywood Studios
Melissa Valiquette – Vice President, Magic Kingdom
Bob Weis – President, Walt Disney Imagineering
Barbara Bouza – President, Business Operations, Design & Delivery
Stephanie Young – President, Consumer Products, Games and Publishing
Tasia Filippatos – Senior Vice President, Consumer Products Commercialization, EMEA
Mahesh Samat – Executive Vice President, Asia Pacific
Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution
Kareem Daniel – Chairman, Media and Entertainment Distribution
Linda Bagley – Deputy General Counsel
Rebecca Campbell – Chairman, Direct-to-Consumer
Kelly Campbell – President, Hulu
Rojeh Avanesian – Senior Vice President, Finance
Brian Henderson – Vice President, Content Partnerships
Chadwick Ho – Senior Vice President and General Counsel
Jaya Kolhatkar – Executive Vice President, Data
Annie Luo – Senior Vice President, Business Development and Operations
Aaron LaBerge – Executive Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
Michael Paull – President, Disney+ and ESPN+
Joe Earley – Executive Vice President, Marketing and Operations, Disney+
Tehmina Jaffer – Senior Vice President, Business Affairs
Joe Inzerillo – Executive Vice President, Chief Technology Officer
Eric Lieberman – Senior Vice President, Chief Counsel
Matt Brodlie – Senior Vice President, International Content Development, Disney+
Alisa Bowen – Senior Vice President of Operations
Molly Brady – Senior Vice President, Growth Marketing
Judy Schwab – Vice President, Human Resources
Jessica Casano-Antonellis – Vice President, Communications
Jordan Rosen – Senior Vice President, Partner Platform Services & Business Development
Jerrell Jimerson – Executive Vice President, Product and Design
Michael Cerda – Vice President, Product, Disney+
Russell Wolff – Executive Vice President and General Manager, ESPN+
Barry Tishgart – Senior Vice President & General Manager, Hockey
Sunil Rayan – President and Head of Disney+ Hotstar
Justin Warbrooke – Executive Vice President, Finance, Direct-to-Consumer & International
Bryan Castellani – Executive Vice President, Finance, Media & Entertainment
Justin Connolly – President, Platform Distribution
Ken Bunt – President, Disney Music Group
Tony Chambers – Executive Vice President, Theatrical Distribution
Rita Ferro – President, Advertising Sales
Karen Hobson – Senior Vice President, Communications
Jim Lygopoulos – Senior Vice President, Human Resources
Debra OConnell – President, Networks
Sean Cocchia – Executive Vice President, Head of Family Networks, Disney Channels and National Geographic Channels, and Network Franchise
Jane Gould – Senior Vice President, Consumer Insights and Programming Strategy, Disney Channels
Wendy McMahon – President, ABC Owned Television Stations
Lisa Siegel – Senior Vice President, Business Strategy and Operations
David Miller – Executive Vice President and General Manager, National Geographic Media
Chuck Saftler – Executive Vice President, Business Operations, ABC, Freeform and FX Networks
Disney International Operations
Rebecca Campbell – Chairman, International Operations
Luke Kang – President, The Walt Disney Company APAC
Prateek Garg – Head of Corporate Development
Sanjay Jain – Chief Financial Officer
Anju Jain Kumar – Chief Regional Counsel, North Asia & ANZ
Amita Maheshwari – Head of Human Resources
Kylie Watson-Wheeler – Senior Vice President, Managing Director, Australia & New Zealand
Jan Koeppen – President, The Walt Disney Company EMEA
Kakhaber Abashidze – Country Manager and Media Head, The Walt Disney Company Russia & CIS and Central & Eastern Europe
Paolo Agostinelli – Senior Vice President, Affiliate Distribution
Simon Amselem – Country Manager, The Walt Disney Company Spain, Portugal and Africa and Head of Media, Spain
Deborah Armstrong – Senior Vice President, Advertising Sales, Brand Partnerships, Media Communications, National Geographic and The Walt Disney Company EMEA
Simon Bailey – Senior Vice President & Chief Financial Officer
Luke Bradley-Jones – Senior Vice President, Direct To Consumer and General Manager, Disney+ EMEA
Roger Crotti – Country Manager and Head of Studio Distribution, The Walt Disney Company Germany, Switzerland & Austria
Marco De Ruiter – Country Manager and Head of Media, The Walt Disney Company Belgium, Netherlands & Luxembourg
Hélène Etzi – Country Manager and Head of Media, The Walt Disney Company France
Daniel Frigo – Country Manager & Head of Studio Distribution, The Walt Disney Company Italy and Country Manager Turkey, Israel & Greece
Lee Jury – Senior Vice President, Studio & Integrated Marketing
Diego Londono – Executive Vice President, Media Networks and Content
Liam Keelan – Vice President, Original Productions, Television
François Masson – Vice President, Human Resources
Chafic Najia – Senior Vice President, Managing Director, Middle East
Nami Patel – Senior Vice President, Business Development & Strategy
Amy Phillips – Vice President, Corporate Communications & Social Responsibility
Hans van Rijn – Country Manager and Head of Media, The Walt Disney Company Nordics
Peter Wiley – Chief Regional Counsel
Diego Lerner – President, The Walt Disney Company Latin America
Cristina Giosa – Chief Marketing Officer
Maitena de Amorrortu – VP Press and Corporate Communication
Miguel Vives – General Manager, The Walt Disney Company Mexico
David Chávez – Marketing Leader
Tania Cacique – Sr. Press and Corporate Communication Manager
Hernán Estrada – General Manager, The Walt Disney Company Brazil
Claudia Neufeld – Head of Marketing
Camila Di Monaco – Sr. Press and Corporate Communication Manager
K Madhavan – Country Manager, Star & Disney India
Gaurav Banerjee – President & Head, Hindi and English Entertainment, Star India
Nitin Bawankule – Head of Ad Sales
Bikram Duggal – Vice President and Head of Studios
Sanjog Gupta – Head of Sports, Star India
Deepak Jacob – Chief Regional Counsel, India, ME & SEA
Gurjeev Singh Kapoor – President, TV Distribution, India and International
Kevin Vaz – President & Head of Infotainment, Kids & Regional Entertainment Channels
Content Groups
Disney Studios Content
Alan Bergman – Chairman, Disney Studios Content
Alan F. Horn – Chief Creative Officer, Disney Studios Content
Steve Asbell – President, 20th Century Studios
Randi Hiller – Executive Vice President, Casting
Philip Steuer – President, Production
Asad Ayaz – President, Marketing
Sean Bailey – President, Walt Disney Studios Motion Picture Production
Randi Hiller – Executive Vice President, Casting
Vanessa Morrison – President, Streaming
Philip Steuer – President, Production
Steve Bardwil – Deputy General Counsel
Bernardine Brandis – Executive Vice President, Business Affairs
Louis D'Esposito – Co-President, Marvel Studios
Pete Docter – Chief Creative Officer, Pixar Animation Studios
Kevin Feige – President, Marvel Studios and Chief Creative Officer, Marvel
Stephen Gilula – Co-Chairman, Searchlight Pictures
Robert Johnson – Senior Vice President, Labor Relations
Kathleen Kennedy – President, Lucasfilm
Lynwen Brennan – Executive Vice President & General Manager, Lucasfilm
Jennifer Lee – Chief Creative Officer, Walt Disney Animation Studios
Tom MacDougall – President, Walt Disney Music
Danielle Diego – Executive Vice President, Head of Music, 20th Century Studios and Searchlight Pictures
Kaylin Frank – Executive Vice President, Music, Disney Live Action
Matt Walker – Executive Vice President, Music, Animation
Jeff Miller – President, Operations
Jim Morris – President, Pixar Animation Studios
Paul Roeder – Senior Vice President, Global Communications
Thomas Schumacher – President & Producer, Disney Theatrical Group
Paul Shurgot – Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Clark Spencer – President, Walt Disney Animation Studios
Cathleen Taff – President, Production Services, Franchise Management, and Multicultural Engagement
Nancy Utley – Co-Chairman, Searchlight Pictures
Jamie Voris – Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer
Carolyn Wilson – Senior Vice President, Human Resources
Disney General Entertainment Content
Peter Rice – Chairman, General Entertainment Content
Steve Chung – Chief Legal Officer
Sonia Coleman – Senior Vice President of Human Resources
Charissa Gilmore – Head of Communications
James Goldston – President, ABC News
Eric Avram – Vice President, Talent, Booking and ABC News Specialized Units
Marc Burstein – Senior Executive Producer, Special Events
Michael Corn – Senior Executive Producer, Good Morning America
Stacia Philips Deshishku – Vice President and General Manager, ABC Audio
Justin Dial – Senior Executive Producer, ABC News Live
Wendy Fisher – Vice President, News Gathering
Galen Gordon – Senior Vice President, Talent Strategy and Development
Mary Noonan – Vice President, Talent and Development
Beth Hoppe – Senior Vice President, Long Form
Terry Hurlbutt – Vice President and Executive Editor, ABC News Digital
Almin Karamehmedovic – Executive Producer, ABC World News Tonight
Hilary Estey McLoughlin – Senior Executive Producer, The View and Non-Fiction Content
Derek Medina – Executive Vice President
Robert Murphy – Vice President, Administration
Marie Nelson – Senior Vice President, Integrated Content Strategy
Kerry Smith – Senior Vice President, Editorial Quality
Julie Townsend – Vice President, Communications
Chris Vlasto – Senior Executive Producer, Investigations
Marc Sandman – Senior Vice President, Labor Relations
John Landgraf – Chairman, FX
Stephanie Gibbons – President, Marketing
Eric Schrier – President, FX Entertainment
Gina Balian – Co-President, Original Programming
Nick Grad – Co-President, Original Programming
Jonathan Frank – Executive Vice President, Current Programming and FX Productions
Kelly Cline – Executive Vice President, Business and Legal Affairs
Sharon Klein – Executive Vice President, Casting
Michael Katcher – Vice President, Casting
John Solberg – Executive Vice President, Communications
Gary Marsh – President and Chief Creative Officer, Disney Branded Television
Joe D'Ambrosia – Senior Vice President, Original Programming and General Manager, Disney Junior
Ayo Davis – Executive Vice President, Creative Development and Strategy
Vicki Ariyasu – Senior Vice President, Educational Resource Group
Marc Buhaj – Vice President, Unscripted Series and Specials
Meghan de Boer – Director, Variety and Specials
Jordan Gilbert – Director, Short-Form
Marjon Javadi – Director, Documentaries and Docu-series
Claire McCabe – Vice President, Alternative Programming
Nicole Silveira – Director, Unscripted Formats
Theresa Helmer – Executive Director, Integrated Content Strategy
Lauren Kisilevsky – Vice President, Original Movies
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Meredith Roberts – Senior Vice President/General Manager, Television Animation, Disney Channels
Adina L. Savin – Executive Vice President, Business Affairs, Disney Channels
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Dana Walden – Chairman, Entertainment, Walt Disney Television
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Lynn Barrie – Senior Vice President
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Sharon Klein – Executive Vice President, Casting, Disney Television Studios
Jonathan Bluman – Head of Casting, ABC Signature
Dylann Brander Gunning – Vice President, Casting
Stephanie Levinson – Senior Vice President, Head of Casting, 20th Television
Kim Williams – Vice President, Casting
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ESPN and Sports Content
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Laura Gentile – Senior Vice President, Marketing & Social Media
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Diane Morse – Chief Counsel
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Chairman of the Board
Walt Disney resigned as chairman sometime before 1960 so he could focus more on the creative aspects of the company. He remained a member of the board of directors and an employee with the title "executive producer in charge of all production."[1] The chairman office was vacant until 1964.

1945[2]–1960: Walt Disney[3]
1964[4]–1971: Roy O. Disney
1971–1980: Donn Tatum
1980–1983: E. Cardon Walker
1983–1984: Raymond Watson
1984–2004: Michael Eisner
2004–2006: Sen. George J. Mitchell
2007–2012: John E. Pepper Jr.
2012–present: Robert A. Iger
Vice Chairman of the Board
1984–2003: Roy E. Disney
Presidents
1923–1945:[5] Walt Disney
1945[6]–1968: Roy O. Disney
1968[7]–1971: Donn Tatum
1971–1980: E. Cardon Walker
1980–1984: Ron W. Miller
1984–1994: Frank Wells
1995–1997: Michael Ovitz
1997–2000: Michael Eisner
2000–2012: Robert A. Iger
Director Emeritus
1992–1993: Donn Tatum
1999–2005: E. Cardon Walker
2005–2009: Roy E. Disney
Executive Chairman
2020–present: Robert A. Iger
Chief Executive Officers
1929–1971: Roy O. Disney
1971–1976: Donn Tatum
1976–1983: E. Cardon Walker
1983–1984: Ron W. Miller
1984–2005: Michael Eisner
2005–2020: Robert A. Iger
2020–present: Bob Chapek
Chief Operating Officers
1968–1976: E. Cardon Walker
1980-1983: Ron W. Miller
1984–1994: Frank Wells
1997–1999: Sanford Litvack
2000–2005: Robert A. Iger
2015–2016: Thomas O. Staggs
References
"Bambi in Business Woods, But Big Bad Wolf at Bank". Cincinnati Enquirer. June 6, 1964. ProQuest 1884516710.
"Disney to Quit Post at Studio". Los Angeles Times. September 11, 1945.
"Walt Disney Productions Re-Elects Officers, Board". Boxoffice. February 10, 1951. ProQuest 1529413717.
"Roy Disney Named Chairman Of Walt Disney Productions". The Wall Street Journal. November 23, 1964. ProQuest 132868204.
"Disney to Quit Post at Studio". Los Angeles Times. September 11, 1945.
"Disney to Quit Post at Studio". Los Angeles Times. September 11, 1945.
"Walt Disney Productions Lifts Fiscal Year's Profit to Record". The New York Times. November 16, 1968.
External links
Official website
Walt Disney Television senior executives
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products leadership
Disney Media and Entertainment Distribution leadership
The Walt Disney Company EMEA leadership
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The Walt Disney Company
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Presidents of Disney Channel
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Let’s Step Inside of a Cabin at Disney’s Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground

By Deni Sunderly - Editor / Theme Park Correspondent
www.wdwinfo.com
Posted on April 25, 2020

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As part of a media resort tour earlier this year, I had a chance to step inside of one of the Cabins at Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort. Each cabin sleeps up to six guests.


The last refurbishment of the cabins was completed in 2016. If you've not stepped into one of the cabins recently, I thought that this might be a great time to take a peek at the changes.


Let's take a look at the living room before the changes (above). This space received the lion's share of the alterations during the refurbishment.


The Murphy bed was removed and was replaced by a double sleeper sofa. A large flat screen TV and six drawers for storage now take its place on the focal wall.


The larger lighting fixture was switched out with one in more of a Craftsman style, and the dining table bench seat received an upholstered seat back. The window curtains were also updated.



The bedroom is located at the end of a hall that leads off of the main living area. From what I understand, before the latest refurbishment, the bed in this room was a double; it's now a queen. Thankfully, for the kid in all of us, the bunk beds remain.


A dresser topped with a flat screen TV is located just across from the queen bed, and a closet and counter area is located across from the bunk beds. A door to the patio/deck area is found on the wall at the end of the queen bed.


The bathroom vanity has been switched out with one that has more of a modern, yet rustic, feel.


The kitchen is located in the main living, and received new countertops and cabinets that match those found in the bathroom. While the footprint of the refurbished kitchen remained the same as before, the sink was moved away from the corner, and all appliances were replaced. Most notably, the range was removed and was replaced with a two burner stovetop and a combination convection/microwave oven.


The wood plank backsplash was replaced with a subway tile in a creamy khaki color, and the brushed nickel faucet matches the one found in the bathroom. The kitchen comes stocked with plates, cups, pots, and utensils for the whole family, as well as a coffee pot and toaster.


Each cabin features a spacious deck with a picnic table. A charcoal grill is located just off of the deck. Guests staying in the cabins can rent golf carts for $67 a day.


Have you had the opportunity to stay in a Fort Wilderness cabin? Is getting to stay in one on your Walt Disney World must-do list? Please let me know in the comments section below.

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Exploring the Recreation Options at Disney’s Fort Wilderness Resort and Campground
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The Mickey Mouse Club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.
The Mickey Mouse Club
The Mickey Mouse Club title screen.jpg
The title card used 1955–1959
Also known as The New Mickey Mouse Club (1977–1979)
The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (1989–1996)
MMC (1993–1996)
Club Mickey Mouse (2017–2018)
Created by Walt Disney
Hal Adelquist
Presented by Jimmie Dodd (1955-1958)
Roy Williams (1955-1958)
Fred Newman (1989 revival, seasons 1-6)
Mowava Pryor (1989 revival, seasons 1-3)
Terri Eoff/Misner (1989 revival, seasons 4-6)
Theme music composer Jimmie Dodd
Country of origin United States
No. of seasons 14
No. of episodes 620
Production
Producer Bill Walsh (1955–1959)
Running time 22-44 minutes
Production company Walt Disney Productions
Distributor Buena Vista Distribution Co.
(1966-1967)
SFM Media Service Corporation
(1977-1979)
Buena Vista Television (Disney Channel series)
Release
Original network ABC (1955–1959)
Syndication (1977–1979)
The Disney Channel (1989–1996)
Original release October 3, 1955 –
August 10, 2018
External links
Website
The Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show that aired intermittently from 1955 to 1996 and returned to social media in 2017. Created by Walt Disney and produced by Walt Disney Productions, the program was first televised for four seasons, from 1955 to 1959, by ABC. This original run featured a regular but ever-changing cast of mostly teen performers. ABC broadcast reruns weekday afternoons during the 1958–1959 season, airing right after American Bandstand. The show was revived three times after its initial 1955–1959 run on ABC, first from 1977 to 1979 for first-run syndication as The New Mickey Mouse Club, then from 1989 to 1996 as The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (also known to fans as MMC from 1993 to 1996) airing exclusively on cable television's The Disney Channel, and again in 2017 with the moniker Club Mickey Mouse airing exclusively on internet social media. It ended in 2018.

The character of Mickey Mouse appeared in every show, not only in vintage cartoons originally made for theatrical release, but also in the opening, interstitial, and closing segments made especially for the show. In both the vintage cartoons and new animated segments, Mickey was voiced by his creator Walt Disney. (Disney had previously voiced the character theatrically from 1928 to 1947 before being replaced by sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald.)


Contents
1 Before the TV series
2 1955–1959 show
2.1 Members
2.2 Adult co-hosts
2.3 Major serials
2.4 Music
2.5 Show themes
2.6 Scheduling and air times
2.7 Cancellation
2.8 Australian tour
2.9 Syndication
2.10 Reunions
2.11 Streaming
3 Talent Round-Up Stars
4 1977 revival: The New Mickey Mouse Club
4.1 Serials
4.2 Theme days
4.3 Syndication
4.4 Cast
4.5 Theme song and soundtrack
4.6 Distribution
5 1989–1994 revival: The All-New Mickey Mouse Club
5.1 Scheduling and air times
5.2 Skits
5.3 Music videos
5.4 Live concerts and performances
5.5 Theme days
5.6 Mouseketeer roster
5.7 Emerald Cove
6 2015 Korean revival: The Mickey Mouse Club
7 2017 Malaysian revival: Club Mickey Mouse
8 2017 American revival: Club Mickey Mouse
9 Home media
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Before the TV series
The first official theater-based Mickey Mouse Club began on January 11, 1930, at the Fox Dome Theater in Ocean Park, California, with 60 theaters hosting clubs by March 31. The Club released its first issue of the Official Bulletin of the Mickey Mouse Club on April 15, 1930.[1] By 1932, the club had 1 million members, and in 1933 its first British club opened at Darlington’s Arcade Cinema.[2][3] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the club.[4]

1955–1959 show
Members
The Mickey Mouse Club was hosted by Jimmie Dodd, a songwriter and the Head Mouseketeer, who provided leadership both on and off the screen. In addition to his other contributions, he often provided short segments which encouraged young viewers to make the right moral choices. These little homilies became known as "Doddisms".[5] Roy Williams, a staff artist at Disney, also appeared in the show as the Big Mouseketeer. Williams suggested that the Mickey and Minnie Mouse ears should be worn by the show's cast members, which he helped create, along with Chuck Keehne, Hal Adelquist, and Bill Walsh.

The main cast members were called Mouseketeers, and they performed in a variety of musical and dance numbers, as well as some informational segments. The most popular of the Mouseketeers constituted the so-called Red Team, which was kept under contract for the entire run of the show (1955–1959), and its members included:

Sharon Baird
Bobby Burgess
Lonnie Burr[6]
Tommy Cole
Annette Funicello
Darlene Gillespie
Cubby O'Brien
Karen Pendleton
Doreen Tracey
Other Mouseketeers who were Red Team members but did not star on the show for all three seasons included:

Cheryl Holdridge (second and third year)
Nancy Abbate (only first year)
Johnny Crawford (only first year)
Dennis Day (first and second year; was in the blue team for most of the first year, but he moved to the red team at the end of the first year)
Mike Smith (only first year)
Jay-Jay Solari (only second year)
Don Underhill (only first year; joined the blue team by the end of the first year)
The remaining Mouseketeers, who were members of the White or Blue Teams, were Don Agrati (who was later known as Don Grady when he starred as "Robbie" on the longest-running sitcom My Three Sons), Sherry Alberoni, Billie Jean Beanblossom, Eileen Diamond, Dickie Dodd (not related to Jimmie Dodd), Mary Espinosa, Bonnie Lynn Fields,[7] Judy Harriet, Linda Hughes, Dallas Johann, John Lee Johann, Bonni Lou Kern, Charlie Laney, Larry Larsen, Paul Petersen, Lynn Ready, Mickey Rooney Jr., Tim Rooney, Mary Sartori, Bronson Scott, Margene Storey, Ronnie Steiner, and Mark Sutherland.[8] Larry Larsen, on only for the 1956–57 season, was the oldest Mouseketeer, being born in 1939, and Bronson Scott, on only the 1955–56 season, was the youngest Mouseketeer, being born in July 1947. Among the thousands who auditioned but did not make the cut were future Oscar-winning vocalist/songwriter Paul Williams and future Primetime Emmy Award-winning actress Candice Bergen.

The 39 Mouseketeers and the seasons in which they were featured (with the team color which they belonged to are listed for each season):

Mouseketeers
Mouseketeers Years Seasons
1 2 3 4
Bobby Burgess 1955–1959
Annette Funicello 1955–1959
Darlene Gillespie 1955–1959
Cubby O'Brien 1955–1959
Karen Pendleton 1955–1959
Doreen Tracey 1955–1959
Sharon Baird 1955–1959 *
Tommy Cole 1955–1959 * *
Lonnie Burr 1955–1959 -
Dennis Day 1955–1957 * - -
Nancy Abbate 1955–1956 - - -
Johnny Crawford 1955–1956 - - -
Mike Smith 1955–1956 - - -
Don Underhill 1955–1956 - - -
Bonni Lou Kern 1955–1956 - - -
Tim Rooney 1955–1956 * - - -
Mary Sartori 1955–1956 - - -
Bronson Scott 1955–1956 - - -
Mark Sutherland 1955–1956 - - -
John Lee Johan 1955–1956 * - - -
Billie Jean Beanblossom 1955–1956 - - -
Mary Espinosa 1955–1956 - - -
Judy Harriet 1955–1956 - - -
Dallas Johann 1955–1956 * - - -
Paul Petersen 1955–1956 * - - -
Mickey Rooney Jr. 1955–1956 * - - -
Dickie Dodd 1955–1956 * - - -
Ronnie Steiner 1955–1956 * - - -
Cheryl Holdridge 1956–1958 - -
Jay-Jay Solari 1956–1957 - - -
Sherry Alberoni 1956–1957 - - -
Eileen Diamond 1956–1957 - - -
Charley Laney 1956–1957 - - -
Larry Larsen 1956–1957 - - -
Margene Storey 1956–1957 - - -
Don Grady 1957–1958 - - -
Bonnie Lynn Fields 1957–1958 - - -
Linda Hughes 1957–1958 - - -
Lynn Ready 1957–1958 - - -
Notes: Cole and Day were originally Blue Team members, but were drafted to the Red Team later in the first season.

Johann, Petersen, and the Rooney brothers were all let go early in the first season. Dallas's brother John Lee replaced him, while Dodd and Steiner were hired as replacements for the Rooney brothers.

For the show's fourth season, only a small amount of new footage was filmed and was interspliced with material from previous seasons. It is believed[according to whom?] that only six of the Mouseketeers— Funicello, Gillespie, Tracey, Burgess, Pendleton, and O'Brien— were called back for the filming of new material, while Cole and Baird were merely used for some publicity material.

Adult co-hosts
Jimmie Dodd
Roy Williams
Bob Amsberry (seasons 1–2)
Other notable non-Mouseketeer performers appeared in several dramatic segments:[5]

Tim Considine
Tommy Kirk
Roberta Shore (Jymme Shore)
David Stollery
Judy Nugent
Kevin Corcoran, a.k.a. Moochie
J. Pat O'Malley
Sammy Ogg
Alvy Moore
Julius Sumner Miller as "Professor Wonderful"[5]
These non-Mouseketeers primarily appeared in several original serials filmed for the series, only some of which have appeared in reruns. Other Mouseketeers were also featured in some of the serials, particularly Annette Funicello and Darlene Gillespie.

Major serials
Major serials included:[5]

Spin and Marty starring Tim Considine and David Stollery
The Hardy Boys starring Tim Considine and Tommy Kirk
Corky and White Shadow, starring Darlene Gillespie
Walt Disney Presents: Annette, starring Annette Funicello
Adventure in Dairyland, featuring Annette Funicello and Sammy Ogg, and introducing Kevin Corcoran as Moochie
Jiminy Cricket educational serials (four animated shorts educating kids on different topics)
The Adventures of Clint and Mac (starring Neil Wolfe as Clint Rogers and Jonathan Bailey as Alastair "Mac" MacIntosh)
Boys of the Western Sea (English language-dubbed Danish film broken into nine 10-minute segments)
Music
The opening theme, "The Mickey Mouse March", was written by the show's primary adult host, Jimmie Dodd.[5] It was also reprised at the end of each episode, with the slower "it's-time-to-say-goodbye" verse. A shorter version of the opening title was used later in the series, in syndication, and on Disney Channel reruns. Dodd also wrote many other songs used in individual segments throughout the series.

Show themes
Each day of the week had a special show theme, which was reflected in the several segments. The themes were:

Monday – Fun with Music Day
Tuesday – Guest Star Day
Wednesday – Anything Can Happen Day
Thursday – Circus Day
Friday – Talent Round-up Day
Scheduling and air times
The series ran on ABC Television for an hour each weekday in the 1955 and the 1957 seasons (from 5:00 - 6:00 pm ET), and only a half-hour weekdays in 1957 the final season to feature new programming.[9] Although the show returned for a 1958 season and these programs were repeats from the first two seasons, recut into a half-hour format. The Mickey Mouse Club was featured on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and Walt Disney's Adventure Time, featuring reruns of The Mickey Mouse Club serials and several re-edited segments from Disneyland and Walt Disney Presents, appeared on Tuesdays and Thursdays.

Cancellation
Although the show remained popular, ABC decided to cancel it after its fourth season ended, because Disney and the ABC network could not come to terms for its renewal.[5] The cancellation of the show in September 1959 was attributed to several factors: the Disney studios did not explain high-profit margins from merchandise sales, the sponsors were uninterested in educational programming for children, and many commercials were needed to pay for the show. After canceling The Mickey Mouse Club, ABC also refused to let Disney air the show on another network.[10] Walt Disney filed a lawsuit against ABC, and won the damages in a settlement; however, he had to agree that both the Mickey Mouse Club and Zorro could not be aired on any major network. This left Walt Disney Presents (initially titled Disneyland, later retitled the Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color when it moved to NBC) as the only Disney series which was left on prime time until 1972 when The Mouse Factory went on the air. The prohibition which prevented major U.S. broadcast networks from airing the original Mickey Mouse Club (or any later version of it) was disputed when Disney acquired ABC in 1996. Although it would not air on ABC again, Disney ran it on the Disney Channel's "Vault Disney" block from 1998 to 2002.

Australian tour
Although the series had been ended in the United States, many members of the cast assembled for highly successful tours of Australia in 1959 and 1960. The television series was very successful in Australia and was still running on Australian television. The cast surprised Australian audiences, as by then they had physically matured and in some cases, bore little resemblance to the young cast with whom Australians were so familiar. Mainstream television did not reach Australia until 1956, so the series screened well into the 1960s when the back catalog expired.

Syndication
In response to continuing audience demand, the original Mickey Mouse Club went into edited syndicated half-hour reruns that enjoyed wide distribution starting in the fall of 1962, achieving strong ratings especially during its first three seasons in syndicated release. (Because of its popularity in some markets, a few stations continued to carry it into 1968 before the series was finally withdrawn from syndication.) Some new features were added such as Fun with Science or "Professor Wonderful" (with scientist Julius Sumner Miller) and Marvelous Marvin in the 1964–1965 season; Jimmie Dodd appeared in several of these new segments before his death in November 1964. Many markets stretched the program back to an hour's daily run time during the 1960s rerun cycle by adding locally produced and hosted portions involving educational subjects and live audience participation of local children, in a manner not unlike Romper Room.

In response to an upsurge in demand from baby boomers entering adulthood, the show again went into syndicated reruns from January 20, 1975, until January 14, 1977.[11] It has since been rerun on cable specialty channels Disney in the United States and Family in Canada. The original Mickey Mouse Club films aired five days a week on The Disney Channel from its launch in 1983 until the third version of the series began in 1989. The last airing of the edited 1950s material was on Disney Channel's Vault Disney from 1997 to September 2002. During the baseball seasons in 1975 and 1976, WGN-TV in Chicago, Illinois, aired the show on a delayed basis due to Cubs ballgame coverages.

Reunions
Annette Funicello and Tim Considine were reunited on The New Mickey Mouse Club in 1977. Darlene Gillespie and Cubby O'Brien were also reunited on another episode of the same series.

31 out of the 39 original Mouseketeers were reunited for a TV special, which aired on Disney's Wonderful World in November 1980.

Cast members Annette Funicello, Bobby Burgess, Tommy Cole, Sharon Baird, Don Grady, and Sherry Alberoni were reunited on the 100th episode of The All-New Mickey Mouse Club, during the show's third season in 1990.

Mouseketeers Doreen Tracey, Cubby O'Brien, Sherry Alberoni, Sharon Baird, Don Grady, Cheryl Holdridge, Bobby Burgess, Karen Pendleton, Tommy Cole, and Mary Espinosa performed together at Disneyland in the fall of 2005, in observance of Disneyland's 50th birthday, and the 50th anniversary of the television premiere of The Mickey Mouse Club.

Streaming
In early 2020, the first week of the Mickey Mouse Club and the first Spin and Marty serial have been added to Disney's new streaming platform Disney+.

Talent Round-Up Stars
Larry Ashurst
Janice Crowe
Peter Lee Palmer
Mark Sutherland
Bo Wagner
Pamela Beaird
Mary Sartori
John F. Smith
Maxine Grossman
Linda Hughes
Cheryl Weinberg
Ronnie Wilson
Riley Wilson
Jimmie Fields
Donna Loren
Ray Little
1977 revival: The New Mickey Mouse Club
In 1977, Walt Disney Productions revived the concept, but modernized the show cosmetically, with a disco re-recording of the theme song and a more ethnically diverse group of young cast members. The sets were brightly colored and simpler than the detailed black and white artwork of the original. Like the original, nearly every day's episode included a vintage cartoon, though usually in color from the late 1930s onward. The 1977 Mouseketeers were part of the halftime show of Super Bowl XI on January 9, 1977.

Serials
Serials were usually old Disney movies, cut into segments for twice-weekly inclusion. Movies included Third Man on the Mountain, The Misadventures of Merlin Jones and its sequel The Monkey's Uncle (both starring Tommy Kirk), Emil and the Detectives (retitled The Three Skrinks), Tonka (retitled A Horse Called Comanche), The Horse Without a Head (about a toy horse), and Toby Tyler (starring Kevin Corcoran). In addition, one original serial was produced, The Mystery of Rustler's Cave, starring Kim Richards and Robbie Rist. Often shown were scenes from animated Disney films, from Snow White to The Jungle Book billed as "Mouseka Movie Specials".

Theme days
Theme days were:

Monday: Who, What, Why, Where, When and How
Tuesday: Let's Go
Wednesday: Surprise
Thursday: Discovery
Friday: Showtime (at Disneyland, with performers usually at Plaza Gardens)
Syndication
The series debuted on January 17, 1977, on 38 local television stations in the United States, and by June of that same year, when the series was discontinued, about 70 stations in total had picked up the series. Additional stations picked up the canceled program, which continued to run until January 12, 1979; 130 new episodes, with much of the original material repackaged and a bit of new footage added, and a shortened version of the theme song, was produced to start airing September 5, 1977. Since the 1970s, the series has aired only briefly in reruns, unlike its 1950s predecessor, and while both the 1950s and 1989/1990s series had DVD releases of select episodes in July 2005, the 1970s series has been largely forgotten by many, including the generation of youthful viewers who made it their club. On November 20, 1977, "The Mouseketeers at Walt Disney World" was shown on The Wonderful World of Disney. WGN-TV in Chicago, Illinois, also aired this version on a delayed basis in 1977 and 1978 during the Cubs baseball season due to game coverages. Action for Children's Television successfully got the show canceled because of their objections to the types of commercials that aired during the program.

Cast
The cast of twelve (five boys and seven girls) had a more diverse multiethnic background than the 1950s version. Several 1977–1978 cast members went on to become TV stars and other notable icons.

The show's most notable alumnus was Lisa Whelchel (born in 1963, in Littlefield, Texas), who later starred in the NBC television sitcom The Facts of Life which ran from 1979 to 1988 before becoming a well-known Christian author, and overall runner-up, and winner of the $100,000 viewers' choice award, on the fall 2012 season of the CBS television reality series Survivor. Mouseketeer Julie Piekarski (born in 1963 in St. Louis, Missouri.) also appeared with Lisa Whelchel on the first season of The Facts of Life. Kelly Parsons (born in 1964, in Coral Gables, Florida) went on to become a beauty queen and runner-up to Miss USA.

Other Mouseketeers (from seasons 1–2) from the 1977 show:[8]

William "Billy"/"Pop" Attmore: born at US military base in Landstuhl, West Germany, 1965; appeared in a few movies before and after the series, a final season episode of The Brady Bunch ("Kelly's Kids"), and as a streetwise hood in the short-lived Eischied crime drama.
Scott Craig: born in Van Nuys, California, in 1964; lived in Las Vegas, Nevada, died December 30, 2003 from a respiratory illness.
Benita "Nita Dee" DiGiampaolo: born in Long Beach, California in 1966; appeared at the last end of an episode in 1981 of Fantasy Island as Elena. Nita appeared in ABC Family Weekends in 1978 as Nita and 1978 as Maria. Nita also starred in Upbeat Aesop (ABC) produced by Ron Miziker (A Disney executive).
Mindy Feldman: born in Burbank, California in 1968; sister of Hollywood actor Corey Feldman.
Angel Florez: born in Stockton, California in 1963; died April 25, 1995 from an AIDS-related illness.
Allison Fonte: born in Buena Park, California in 1964.
Shawnte Northcutte born in Los Angeles, California in 1965; appeared on an episode of The Facts of Life, as Madge.
Todd Turquand: born in Hollywood, California in 1964.
Curtis Wong: born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1962; appeared on an episode of Diff'rent Strokes, as an assistant karate instructor under Soon-Tek Oh.
Disney voice actor and sound effects editor Wayne Allwine voiced Mickey Mouse in the animated lead-ins for the show, replacing Jimmy MacDonald, who in 1947 had replaced Walt Disney as the voice of Mickey for theatrical short cartoons. Walt Disney had been the original voice of Mickey and for the original 1954–1959 run provided the voice for animated introductions to the original TV show but had died in 1966. Allwine kept providing the voice for the character up to his death in 2009.

Future rock musician Courtney Love (wife of Nirvana lead singer Kurt Cobain) claims to have auditioned for a part on the show, reading a poem by Sylvia Plath; she was not selected.[12]

Former Mouseketeers Annette Funicello and serial star Tim Considine guest-starred in one episode; Former Mouseketeers Darlene Gillespie and Cubby O'Brien were also reunited on another episode.

Theme song and soundtrack
The lyrics of the "Mickey Mouse Club March" theme song were slightly different from the original, with two additional lines: "He's our favorite Mouseketeer; we know you will agree" and "Take some fun and mix in love, our happy recipe."

A soundtrack album[13] was released with the show.

A new rendition of the "Mickey Mouse Club March" was made later on in 1999 by Mannheim Steamroller, a contemporary band, in hopes of connecting new-age children and their parents who watched the Mickey Mouse Club.

Distribution
This incarnation was not distributed by Disney only; while Disney did produce the series, it was co-produced and distributed by SFM Entertainment, which also handled 1970s-era syndication of the original 1950s series. (Disney since regained only distribution rights.)

1989–1994 revival: The All-New Mickey Mouse Club
Reruns of the original The Mickey Mouse Club began airing on The Disney Channel with the channel's 1983 launch. While the show was popular with younger audiences, the Disney Channel executives felt it had become dated over the years, particularly as it was aired in black-and-white. Their answer was to create a brand-new version of the club, one aimed toward contemporary audiences. Notably, the all-new "club-members" would wear Mouseketeer varsity jackets without the iconic Mickey Mouse ears. This show was called The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (also known as "MMC" to fans).

This version of the series is notable for featuring a number of cast members who went on to achieve global success in music and acting, including Canadian actor Ryan Gosling, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, future NSYNC band members Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez, Keri Russell, Deedee Magno, future En Vogue member Rhona Bennett, Nikki DeLoach, and Chase Hampton. Nick Carter was selected to join the program at the age of 12, however, he decided to join the developing boy band, Backstreet Boys.[14]

Throughout the run, Fred Newman was the main adult co-host from the beginning of the series until season 6. In the first season, Newman was joined by other co-host Mowava Pryor. She was then replaced by Terri Eoff from the fourth season until the sixth season. By the show's final season, two original members Chase Hampton and Tiffini Hale became the co-hosts.

This was the first version of the club to have any studio audience, though a fairly small group.

Former Mouseketeer Don Grady guest-starred in the show's first-season finale. Grady, along with fellow Mouseketeers Annette Funicello, Bobby Burgess, Tommy Cole, Sharon Baird, and Sherry Alberoni were reunited on the 100th episode, during the show's third season. Funicello later appeared on the show again, in an interview with the Mouseketeer Lindsey Alley.

Scheduling and air times
From the first through fifth seasons, the series aired Monday through Friday at 5:30 pm. Through season 6, the show aired Monday to Thursday. In its final season, it aired Thursdays only at 7:00 pm (later moved a half hour later, to 7:30 pm). The series premiered Monday, April 24, 1989, ended production in October 1994, and aired its last original episode in 1996. Seasons 3 and 5 had the most episodes (55, each season). Seasons 4 - 6 were shorter, having about 36 episodes and each. The remaining seasons were a standard 45 episodes in season 7 each.

Skits
The show was known for its sketch comedy. Some of the sketches played off well-known movies, musicals, and even cartoons, as well as holiday-related skits. During the final season, some of the skits showed everyday occurrences experienced by teens, often teaching viewers a lesson on how to handle real-life situations.

Music videos
The series featured music videos of the Mouseketeers singing their versions of popular songs in front of a live studio audience or the Walt Disney World Resort. This became one of the most popular segments.

Live concerts and performances
A unique feature of the show was the Mouseketeers performing concerts on different days (which were usually taped the day before or in the summer, when the kids had more time). During the final season, the concerts were replaced primarily by live performances that featured singing and dancing in front of the audience.

Theme days
This version maintained the "theme day" format from the previous two versions. When Disney decided to revamp the show for its final season, the show was reduced to a single weekly airing, shown only on Thursdays. Although still produced as a daily series during the final season taping in 1994, The Disney Channel, after canceling the series once season 7 production had ended, decided to air the final season in a weekly format, therefore stretching the first-run episodes into early 1996. The final season premiered in May 1995, almost a year after production had started and more than 6 months after the series finale was taped.

Theme days were:

Music Day – Mondays (seasons 1–5), Tuesdays (season 6)
Guest Day – Tuesdays (seasons 1–5), Mondays (season 6)
Anything Can Happen Day – Wednesdays (seasons 1–5)
Party Day – Thursdays (seasons 1–4, 6), Fridays (season 5)
Hall of Fame Day – Fridays (seasons 1–4), Thursdays (season 5), Wednesdays (season 6)
Mouseketeer roster
The adult co-hosts for the show were Fred Newman (1989–1993), Mowava Pryor (1989–1990), Terri Misner Eoff (1991–1993), Tiffini Hale (1994), and Chase Hampton (1994).

The 35 Mouseketeers and the seasons in which they were featured are:[5]

Mouseketeers
Mouseketeers Year(s) Seasons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Joshua Ackerman 1989–1994
Lindsey Alley 1989–1994
Jennifer McGill 1989–1994
Tiffini Hale 1989–1991, 1994 * - -
Chase Hampton 1989–1991, 1994 * - -
Albert Fields 1989–1991 * - - -
Deedee Magno 1989–1991 * - - -
Damon Pampolina 1989–1991 * - - -
Brandy Brown 1989–1990 - - - -
Roque Herring 1989 - - - - -
Braden Danner 1989 - - - - - -
David Kater 1989 - - - - - -
Kevin Osgood 1989–1992 - - -
Ricky Luna 1990–1994 - -
Ilana Miller 1990–1994 - -
Marc Worden 1990–1994 - -
Mylin Brooks 1990–1992 - - - -
Jason Minor 1990–1992 - - - -
Rhona Bennett 1991–1994 - - -
Nita Booth 1991–1994 - - -
JC Chasez 1991–1994 - - -
Dale Godboldo 1991–1994 - - -
Tony Lucca 1991–1994 - - -
Matt Morris 1991–1994 - - -
Keri Russell 1991–1994 - - - -
Blain Carson 1991–1992 - - - - -
Tasha Danner 1991–1992 - - - - -
Terra McNair Deva 1991–1992 - - - - -
Christina Aguilera 1993–1994 - - - - -
Nikki DeLoach 1993–1994 - - - - -
T.J. Fantini 1993–1994 - - - - -
Ryan Gosling 1993–1994 - - - - -
Tate Lynche 1993–1994 - - - - -
Britney Spears 1993–1994 - - - - -
Justin Timberlake 1993–1994 - - - - -
Note: For the show's fourth season, Albert Fields, Tiffini Hale, Chase Hampton, Deedee Magno, and Damon Pampolina were featured in segments as "The Party," primarily in footage separate from the rest of the cast.

Emerald Cove
During the last three seasons of MMC they had a pre-recorded drama series called Emerald Cove with the older cast members:

Rhona Bennett
J.C. Chasez
Dale Godboldo
Tony Lucca
Ilana Miller
Keri Russell
Marc Worden
Matt Morris
Jennifer McGill
Joshua Ackerman
2015 Korean revival: The Mickey Mouse Club
On July 9, 2015, it was announced that a new version of the series would debut on July 23, 2015, on Disney Channel Korea. The format of revival would include musical performances, games, and skits, as same as the original one in the US. The series had two pilot episodes and ten regular episodes. The Mouseketeers consisted of nine members of S.M. Entertainment's pre-debut group SM Rookies, including five boys — Mark, Jeno, Donghyuck, Jaemin, and Jisung — and four girls — Koeun, Hina, Herin, and Lami.

The series was hosted by Leeteuk of boy band Super Junior.[15]

The show ended on December 17, 2015.

2017 Malaysian revival: Club Mickey Mouse
On May 4, 2017, it was announced that Club Mickey Mouse will be created in Malaysia.[16] The format will include musical performances, games and comedy sketches.

The series is hosted by YouTube personality, Charis Ow, and premiered on Disney Channel Asia on September 15, 2017.[17] The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on July 6, 2018 and a third season which premiered on June 14, 2019. They also cast as a guest (except Dheena Menon which she had an exam) on Episode 14 (”Friends in Need, Indeed!”) on Disney Channel Asia Original Series, Wizards of Warna Walk.In 2017, VTV cooperates with Astro corporation (Malaysia) to buy rights to broadcast the mickey mouse club.In season 1, VTV3, VTV6 and Yan TV Aired the Vietnamese Version with specific broadcast time frames:VTV3 premiered on September 18,2017 at 10:30a.m every from Monday to Friday, VTV6 premiered on September 15,2017 at 12.30 a.m every Friday and 19:00 p.m every Saturday and Sunday.In season 2,3, VTV3 aired the Vietnamese Version and YanTV aired at 17:00 p.m every Saturday and Sunday.In season 2 and 3,VTV3 aired the Vietnamese Version with specific broadcast time frames:VTV3 premiered on July 7,2018 (seasons 2) and June 15,2019 (seasons 3) at 15:10 p.m every Saturday.In Season 4, Disney Channel Asia and VTV3 returns the Club Mickey Mouse season 4 in 2020. Charis and Dheena will not return in the season because Charis is getting married. Disney Channel Asia decided to pick 2 new Mousekateers for an audition. The Club Mickey Mouse Malaysia season 4 was aired in 2021.

Mouseketeers Year(s) Notes[18]
Charis Ow 2017–2020 Head Mouseketeer
Dheena Menon 2017–2020
Erissa Puteri Hashim 2017–present
Nur Alianatsha Hanafi 2017–2018
Mohd Wafiy Ilhan Johan 2017–present
Ahmad Faiz Najib 2017–present
Gabriel Noel Poutney 2017–present
Ellya Keesha 2018–present
2017 American revival: Club Mickey Mouse
On September 8, 2017, The Mickey Mouse Club was rebooted under the name Club Mickey Mouse with a new set of Mouseketeers,[19] and for the first time, the series was made available on Facebook and Instagram, rather than its original half hour to full hour format on television, and is more like a reality show than a variety show, with about 90% of its content being behind the scenes. This incarnation of The Mickey Mouse Club features eight Mouseketeers who range in age from 15 - 18: Regan Aliyah, Jenna Alvarez, Ky Baldwin, Gabe De Guzman, Leanne Tessa Langston, Brianna Mazzola, Sean Oliu, and Will Simmons.[20] The Mouseketeers were also joined by the guest star Todrick Hall, who also served as a mentor to the cast during the casting, and Jennifer Chia as the host.[21] The series was produced by Disney Digital Network.[20][22] No new episodes or music videos have been produced since 2018.

Home media
Walt Disney Treasures: The Mickey Mouse Club at UltimateDisney.com
Mickey Mouse Club: Best of Britney, Justin & Christina at UltimateDisney.com
See also
Disney Club, the name of many television shows associated to Disney productions aired mostly in Europe
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, a show for preschool-age children with a very different format
References
Polsson, Ken (1930). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
Polsson, Ken (1932). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
Polsson, Ken (1933). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
Polsson, Ken (1935). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
Cotter, Bill (1997). The Wonderful World of Disney Television. New York: Hyperion Books. pp. 181–96 (1950s), 197–98 (1970s), 295 (MMC). ISBN 0-7868-6359-5.
Santoli, Lorraine (1995). The Official Mickey Mouse Club Book. New York: Hyperion Books. pp. Introduction xxii. ISBN 0-7868-8042-2.
Woo, Elaine (2012-11-20). "Bonnie Lynn Fields dies at 68; former Mouseketeer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2012-12-13.
Smith, Dave (1998). Disney A to Z: The Updated Official Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion Books. pp. 387–88. ISBN 0-7868-6391-9.
Mickey the Magnificent (PDF). TV-Radio Mirror. May 1957. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
"Zorro - The Hour-Long Episodes". www.billcotter.com.
Cotter, Bill (1997). The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History. Hyperion. p. 195. ISBN 978-0786863594.
Selby, Jenn (8 July 2014). "Happy 50th birthday, Courtney Love. And thank you for this - the most". The Independent. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
Disneyland Records DQ-2501
Moraski, Lauren (June 29, 2017). "Nick Carter Relives His Backstreet Boys Audition". huffpost.com.
"SM Rookies to Star In Variety Show "The Mickey Mouse Club"; Hosted by Super Junior's Leeteuk".
"Disney to look for Malaysia's first ever 'Mouseketeers'". NST Online. 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
"Kosmo! Online - Terkini". www.kosmo.com.my. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
Chaw, Kenneth (11 September 2017). "Meet the 7 Malaysian Mouseketeers from Club Mickey Mouse". Star2.com. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
Bruner, Raisa. "Disney Just Introduced a New Cast of Mickey Mouse Club Kids". Time. Retrieved 2017-09-09.
Spangler, Todd (8 September 2017). "Disney Launches 'Club Mickey Mouse,' Rebooting Classic Kids' Show for Social Media". Variety.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
"'The Mickey Mouse Club' Is Back With Todrick Hall and All-New Mouseketeers!". Etonline.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
"Disney Digital Network Brings Fresh, Original Content Directly to Fans Around the World". thewaltdisneycompany.com. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
External links
Official website
The Mickey Mouse Club at IMDb (1950s version)
The New Mickey Mouse Club at IMDb (1970s version)
MMC at IMDb (1989–1990s version)
The Mickey Mouse Club at TV.com
The New Mickey Mouse Club at TV.com
MMC at TV.com
vte
Mickey Mouse in animation
Short films
1920s
Steamboat Willie (1928)The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928)The Barn Dance (1929)Plane Crazy (1929)The Opry House (1929)When the Cat's Away (1929)The Barnyard Battle (1929)The Plowboy (1929)The Karnival Kid (1929)Mickey's Follies (1929)Mickey's Choo-Choo (1929)The Jazz Fool (1929)Jungle Rhythm (1929)The Haunted House (1929)Wild Waves (1929)
1930s
Just Mickey (1930)The Barnyard Concert (1930)The Cactus Kid (1930)The Fire Fighters (1930)The Shindig (1930)The Chain Gang (1930)The Gorilla Mystery (1930)The Picnic (1930)Pioneer Days (1930)The Birthday Party (1931)Traffic Troubles (1931)The Castaway (1931)The Moose Hunt (1931)The Delivery Boy (1931)Mickey Steps Out (1931)Blue Rhythm (1931)Fishin' Around (1931)The Barnyard Broadcast (1931)The Beach Party (1931)Mickey Cuts Up (1931)Mickey's Orphans (1931)The Duck Hunt (1932)The Grocery Boy (1932)The Mad Dog (1932)The Barnyard Olympics (1932)Mickey's Revue (1932)Musical Farmer (1932)Mickey in Arabia (1932)Mickey's Nightmare (1932)Trader Mickey (1932)The Whoopee Party (1932)Touchdown Mickey (1932)The Wayward Canary (1932)The Klondike Kid (1932)Mickey's Good Deed (1932)Building a Building (1933)The Mad Doctor (1933)Mickey's Pal Pluto (1933)Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933)Ye Olden Days (1933)The Mail Pilot (1933)Mickey's Mechanical Man (1933)Mickey's Gala Premier (1933)Puppy Love (1933)The Steeple Chase (1933)The Pet Store (1933)Giantland (1933)Shanghaied (1934)Camping Out (1934)Playful Pluto (1934)Gulliver Mickey (1934)Mickey's Steam Roller (1934)Orphans' Benefit (1934; remake 1941)Mickey Plays Papa (1934)The Dognapper (1934)Two-Gun Mickey (1934)Mickey's Man Friday (1935)The Band Concert (1935)Mickey's Service Station (1935)Mickey's Kangaroo (1935)Mickey's Garden (1935)Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935)Pluto's Judgement Day (1935)On Ice (1935)Mickey's Polo Team (1936)Orphan's Picnic (1936)Mickey's Grand Opera (1936)Thru the Mirror (1936)Mickey's Rival (1936)Moving Day (1936)Alpine Climbers (1936)Mickey's Circus (1936)Mickey's Elephant (1936)The Worm Turns (1937)Magician Mickey (1937)Moose Hunters (1937)Mickey's Amateurs (1937)Hawaiian Holiday (1937)Clock Cleaners (1937)Lonesome Ghosts (1937)Boat Builders (1938)Mickey's Trailer (1938)The Whalers (1938)Mickey's Parrot (1938)Brave Little Tailor (1938)Society Dog Show (1939)Mickey's Surprise Party (1939)The Pointer (1939)
1940s
Tugboat Mickey (1940)Pluto's Dream House (1940)Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940)The Little Whirlwind (1941)A Gentleman's Gentleman (1941)Canine Caddy (1941)The Nifty Nineties (1941)Lend a Paw (1941)Mickey's Birthday Party (1942)Symphony Hour (1942)Pluto and the Armadillo (1943)Squatter's Rights (1946)Mickey's Delayed Date (1947)Mickey Down Under (1948)Mickey and the Seal (1948)
1950s
R'coon Dawg (1951)Pluto's Party (1952)Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952)The Simple Things (1953)
1980s
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
1990s
The Prince and the Pauper (1990)Runaway Brain (1995)
2010s
Get a Horse! (2013)
Feature films
Theatrical
Fantasia (1940)Fun and Fancy Free (1947)Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Direct-to-video
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001)Mickey's House of Villains (2002)Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
TV series
The Mickey Mouse ClubThe Mouse FactoryGood Morning, Mickey!Mickey's Mouse TracksMickey Mouse and FriendsMickey Mouse WorksDisney's House of Mouse (episodes)Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (episodes)Mickey Mouse episodes"Mumbai Madness"Runaway RailwayMickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (episodes)The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse
Film cameos
Hollywood Party (1934)Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)A Goofy Movie (1995)The Lion King 1½ (2004)Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Non-Disney
Mickey Mouse in Vietnam (1969)
Categories: The Mickey Mouse Club1955 American television series debuts1959 American television series endings1960 American television series debuts1977 American television series endings1989 American television series debuts1996 American television series endings1950s American children's television series1960s American children's television series1970s American children's television series1980s American children's television series1990s American children's television series1950s American music television series1960s American music television series1970s American music television series1980s American music television series1990s American music television series1950s American sketch comedy television series1960s American sketch comedy television series1970s American sketch comedy television series1980s American sketch comedy television series1990s American sketch comedy television series1950s American variety television series1960s American variety television series1970s American variety television series1980s American variety television series1990s American variety television seriesAmerican Broadcasting Company original programmingAmerican child singersAmerican children's musical television seriesAmerican television series revived after cancellationAmerican television series with live action and animationBlack-and-white American television showsChildren's sketch comedyDisney Channel original programmingDonald Duck television seriesEnglish-language television showsMickey Mouse television seriesMouseketeersTelevision series by DisneyTelevision series created by Walt DisneyTelevision series created by Hal Adelquist
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Disney Transport
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Disney Transport
Disney Transport Bus Red.jpg
A Disney Transport bus in operation
Parent The Walt Disney Company
Commenced operation October 1, 1971
Headquarters 3020 Maingate Lane, Kissimmee, FL 34747[1]
Locale Greater Orlando
Service area Walt Disney World/Reedy Creek Improvement District
Service type bus, boat, monorail, carpool, and parking lot tram
Destinations 4 theme parks, 2 water parks, Disney Springs, 22 resorts, and ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex (special occasions)
Hubs Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, Disney's Animal Kingdom, Disney's Blizzard Beach, Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, Disney Springs and ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Stations 5 hubs, 22+ resorts
Depots 1 Bus Depot, 1 Monorail Depot
Fleet 12 Monorails
Bombardier Mark VI
486 buses[2]
Nova Bus LFS
Gillig Low Floor
New Flyer Xcelsior
Boats
Ferries[3]
2 Magic Kingdom-class
1 Kingdom Queen-class
7 Motor Launches
3 Motor Cruisers[3]
9 Friendship boats[4]
15 River boats[4]
28 Parking lot trams[5]
Operator Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Walt Disney World
Theme parks
Magic KingdomEpcotDisney's Hollywood StudiosDisney's Animal Kingdom
Water parks
Disney's Typhoon LagoonDisney's Blizzard Beach
Other attractions
Disney SpringsESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
Hotels
Walt Disney World Resorts
Transport
Disney TransportWalt Disney World Monorail SystemDisney Skyliner
vte
Disney Transport is a mass public transit system of the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista and Bay Lake, Florida. The transportation system provides free service to guests of the resort and consists of buses, a monorail system, a gondola lift system, watercraft, and parking lot trams.[6][7] Most of the routes operated by Disney Transport are buses that run along the resort's public roads maintained by the Reedy Creek Improvement District and private roads. None of these modes of transportation charge a fare, which makes the entire network free to use.


Contents
1 Buses
1.1 Features
1.2 Routes
1.3 Fleet
2 Monorail
3 Gondola lift
4 Watercraft
4.1 Routes
5 Parking lot trams
6 Minnie Van
7 Discontinued services
8 Incidents
9 Notes
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Buses
Except where monorail or ferry service exists or walking is practical, direct bus service is provided from every hotel to every park and to Disney Springs, as well as between parks. The buses are fare-free for all visitors to Walt Disney World.[6][7][8] Bus service to and from parks typically starts 45 minutes before the park opens and ends an hour after the park closes; buses from Disney Springs to the resorts run until 2 a.m.[9] Bus stops are located near park entrances; near Disney Springs' Town Center entrance; and along roadways inside the resort (for more expansive resorts) or near the resort's entrance (for smaller resorts).[6]

Features
At the resorts, there are screens that sometimes indicate when the next bus to a given park will be arriving.[10] This technology tracks the buses through GPS technology to give projected wait times, though buses usually run at intervals of no more than twenty minutes.[6][10] On board the air-conditioned, ADA-accessible buses,[6] announcements are played to indicate points of interest and bus stops. These announcements use GPS to determine which announcements should be played at which locations.[11] All buses are ADA-accessible and can carry two wheelchairs or mobility scooters per vehicle. Strollers must be folded before boarding the buses.[8]

Along Buena Vista Drive between Epcot Center Drive and the Disney Springs Lime Garage, new bus lanes were installed between 2014 and May 2016 as part of the renovation of Disney Springs.[12][13] These allow buses headed to/from Disney Springs and Typhoon Lagoon to use their own, exclusive right-of-way in the median of Buena Vista Drive.[12][13][14]

Routes
While the bus system is a hub-and-spoke paradigm, it is more akin to a traditional aviation hub-and-spoke model than to the traditional public transit hub-and-spoke model because it has multiple hubs, both primary and secondary in nature, with the routes themselves usually being non-stop.[15] The four theme parks, Magic Kingdom, Epcot, Disney's Hollywood Studios, and Disney's Animal Kingdom, as well as Disney Springs, operate as the five primary hubs. Each of the four theme parks has service to the 22 resorts, as well as to the other parks.[15] Disney Springs has service only to the resorts, except for one-way service from the theme parks to Disney Springs after 4 p.m.[16] Bus service is not provided on some routes served by monorail or watercraft, for example between Epcot and the Magic Kingdom, and between the Magic Kingdom or Epcot to resorts on the monorail line.

Since March 2019, both water parks offer direct service to and from Disney resort hotels. Guest no longer have to transfer at Disney's Animal Kingdom for Blizzard Beach or Disney Springs for Typhoon Lagoon. ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex is served only on select days, and only to and from Pop Century, Caribbean Beach, and All-Star Resorts.[17] Direct transportation between the spokes (the resorts) is not provided, unless they happen to be on the same bus route.[15] Buses also are used for internal resort guest transportation within several of the larger resorts. Disney Transport buses also carry Disney World employees around the resort.[11] The Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC) acts as the primary hub for the Walt Disney World Monorail System, as well as a transfer point for watercraft service. As of late 2013, Disney Transport buses no longer transport visitors to the TTC;[18] however, other bus services still use the TTC, such as the Orlando area's Lynx public bus system, which also stops at Disney University and Disney Springs' West Side section.[19]

Beginning in 1983, buses' destinations were marked by a small colored flag on the front of the bus. At the time of the flags' introduction, the resort consisted of two parks, four hotels, the TTC, and the Disney Shopping Village; there were also three bus routes that ran exclusively within the Fort Wilderness Resort.[20] Handbooks were provided so travelers could match the flags with the destinations. However, this became increasingly impractical as more parks and hotels were added, and the flags were retired from the buses in 1995.[20] Now, the destination or destinations are displayed on the electronic route marquee on the fronts and sides of each bus. Newer buses (made from 2015 onward) also have marquees on the backs of each bus.[20]

Fleet
Disney Transport operates a fleet of Nova Bus LFS, Gillig Low Floor, and New Flyer XD60 Xcelsior bus models. They have approximately 350 buses in their fleet with a further 50 Gillig buses on order as of 2014, which would expand their fleet to 400 buses.[2] This is an expansion from the 319 buses it had in 2012, and from approximately 289 in years prior.[21] Since 2013, some buses have sported a new red-and-gray, or red-and-white, paint scheme with a new "Disney Transport" logo, with more buses to be repainted over the coming years. This is a change from previous livery, in which buses were painted white with a red "Disney" logo and the word "Transport" in yellow-on-purple text next to the logo.[22]

Disney Transport has been expanding its fleet with new Gillig buses, and in 2014, it introduced new articulated New Flyer XD60 Xcelsior buses as a pilot project to increase capacity on certain routes.[21][23] All Disney Transport buses run on R50 Biodiesel, a cleaner renewable diesel fuel,[24] and in 2013, Disney Transport began testing the use of all-electric buses on its routes.[25] The fleet currently is the third largest fleet of any Florida transportation system, behind Miami's Metrobus and the Jacksonville Transportation Authority.[2]

The Disney Transport bus depot is located at 2451 Recycle Way, Orlando, FL 32830.

Current active fleet
As of December 2016, there are 390 vehicles in Disney Transport's fleet.

Numbers
(Total ordered) Photo Year Builder Model name Engine Transmission
or propulsion system Notes
4815 to 4885
(71 buses) Disney Transport busses at DAK (25222401703).jpg 2000-02 Nova Bus LFS Detroit Diesel Series 40 Allison B500R Leased[26]
4886-04 to 4930-04
(45 buses) Captain America Civil War Bus at DHS (27740037045).jpg 2004 Gillig Low Floor
(G29D102N4) Cummins ISL Voith D864.5
4931-06 to 4952-06
(22 buses) 2006
4953
(1 bus) 2005 Nova Bus LFS Cummins ISL ZF 5HP552C Ex-Nova Bus demo, acquired 2007
4954-07 to 4962-07
(9 buses) Disney Transport busses at DAK (25822917946).jpg 2007 Gillig Low Floor
(G29D102N4) Cummins ISL Voith DIWA.5
4963-08 to 4983-08
(21 buses) 2008
4985-09 to 4999-09
(15 buses) 2009
5000-10 to 5009-10
(10 buses) Disney Transport busses at DAK (25548298800).jpg 2010 Nova Bus LFS Cummins ISL Allison B500R
5010-10 to 5022-10
(13 buses) Disney Transport busses at DAK (25728050552).jpg 2010 Gillig Low Floor
(G27D102N4) Cummins ISL Voith D864.5
5023-11 to 5069-11
(47 buses) 2011
5071-12 to 5121-12
(51 buses) 2012
5122-13 to 5145-13
(24 buses) 2013
5146-13 to 5151-13
(6 buses) Disney Bus Number 5147-13 (30860476133).jpg New Flyer Industries XD60 Cummins ISL9 Allison B500R
5152-13 to 5157-13
(6 buses) Disney articulated bus 2 crop.jpg Nova Bus LFS Articulated Cummins ISL9
5158-15 to 5199-15
(42 buses) Disney Bus crop.jpg 2015-16 Gillig Low Floor
(G27D102N4) Cummins ISL9
5200-16 to 5206-16
(7 buses)
Past fleet
Numbers
(Total ordered) Photo Year Builder Model name Engine Transmission
or propulsion system Notes
1000-1002
(3 buses) 1961 GMC TDH-5302 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Former White House Sightseeing Corporation buses.
1008
(1 bus) 19?? Highway Products TC-31
Acquired in 1972.
1014
(1 bus) 196? GMC TDH-5302 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
1016-1020
(5 buses) 19?? Highway Products TC-31
Acquired in 1974
1021
(1 bus) TC-25
Acquired in 1974 from the City of Lansing.
1022
(1 bus) TC-31
Acquired in 1974.
1023
(1 bus) TC-25
Acquired in 1974.
1024
(1 bus)
Acquired in 1974.
1370-1373
(4 buses)
Former Fort Wayne buses numbered 401-404.
2269
(1 bus) TC-31
Former City of Fort Sumpter bus.
2479
(1 bus) TC-31
Acquired in 1975.
2508
(1 bus) 1962 GMC TDH-5302 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Ex WMATA bus 5846, Exx DC Transit bus of the same number.
2511
(1 bus) 1962 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Ex WMATA bus 5813, Exx DC Transit bus of the same number.
2512
(1 bus) 1960 TDH-4517 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Ex WMATA bus 2530, Exx Washington, Virginia & Maryland bus 530.
2513
(1 bus) 1962 TDH-5302 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Ex WMATA bus 5833, Exx DC Transit bus of the same number.
2514
(1 bus) 1965 TDH-5304 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Ex WMATA bus 6564, Exx DC Transit bus of the same number.
2515
(1 bus) 1962 TDH-5302 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
Ex WMATA bus 5831, Exx DC Transit bus of the same number.
2518
(1 bus) 196? TDH-5304 Detroit Diesel 6V71N Allison VH9
2650-2663
(14 buses) 1981 RTS-04 Detroit Diesel 6V92TA Allison V-730 Used on employee shuttles and training
2650-2653 former Long Beach Transit buses.
2654-2663 former MetroLINK buses.
2664-2665
(2 buses) 1983 Allison V-730
Ex RTC (Reno, NV)
Operated on manager shuttle to Pluto parking lot
2680-2681
(2 buses) 1983 Allison V-730 Used on employee shuttles and training
Former Delaware Transit Corporation buses.
2682-2684, 2689
(4 buses) 1982 Allison V-730 Used on employee shuttles and training
Former Pinellas Suncoast Transit Authority buses.
2701-2707
(7 buses) 1980 Allison V-730
Originally powered with 6V71Ns.
2708-2712
(5 buses) 1980 Allison V-730
Originally powered with 6V71Ns.
2713-2717
(5 buses) Disney Transport Bus, Early 1980s (2789308761).jpg 1981 Allison V-730
Originally powered with 6V71Ns.
2718-2720
(3 buses) 1982 Allison V-730
Originally powered with 6V71Ns.
2721-2738
(18 buses) 1982-83 Allison V-730
Originally powered with 6V71Ns.
2739-2743
(5 buses) 1987 RTS-06 Allison V-730
Originally powered with 6V71Ns.
2744
(1 bus) 1980 RTS-04 Allison V-731 Ex-GM Production Test Bus
2745-2758
(14 buses) 1979 T8H-203 Allison V-730
Originally DDOT and SEMTA/SMART, bought in 1998 and rebuilt by Midwest Bus Corporation.
2759-2767, 2773-2778, 2780
(16 buses) RTS Disney Transport Bus (1982 Prototype) (3140262730).jpg 1980 T8J-204 Allison V-730
Originally MDT buses, acquired in 1998 and rebuilt by Midwest Buses.
2774, 2776, 2778, 2780 were the last GMCs to operate, retired in 2010.
2768-2772, 2779
(6 buses) 1981 Allison V-730
Originally MVRTA buses, acquired in 1998 and rebuilt by Midwest Buses.
2779 was one of the last five GMCs to retire in 2010.
4701-4714
(14 buses) 1988 TMC RTS-06 Allison V-731
4715-4727
(13 buses) Disney Bus Number 4722 (cropped).jpg 1988 TMC Allison V-731
4728-4754
(27 buses) 1989 TMC Allison V-731
4755-4758
(4 buses) 1989 TMC Allison V-731
4759-4780
(22 buses) 1990 TMC Allison V-731
4781-4788
(8 buses) 1991 TMC Allison V-731
4789-4804
(16 buses) RTS Disney Transport Bus (3140262184).jpg 1992 TMC Allison V-731
4805-4814
(10 buses) 1994 TMC Detroit Diesel Series 50 Allison V-731
4984
(1 bus) 2008? DesignLine EcoSaver IV
Bought by Disney Transportation.[27][28]
Retired, may have suffered a major failure.[29]
5070-12
(1 bus) 2011 Nova Bus LFX Cummins ISL9 ZF 6AP1700B Demonstrator (2012 model), in service February–April 2012.
Monorail
vte
Transport in Walt Disney World
Main article: Walt Disney World Monorail System
There are also three monorail lines from the Transportation and Ticket Center to either Magic Kingdom or Epcot, which comprise the fare-free Walt Disney World Monorail System.[7][30] The three lines, and the rolling stock of twelve Mark VI monorails, are maintained by Disney and form part of the Walt Disney World transportation system.[30][31] The monorails are ADA-accessible and stroller-accessible, though there is a vertical gap between the monorails and the platforms, so wheelchair users must use a portable ramp, located at each station, to board the monorail.[8] The monorail system opened in 1971 with the Magic Kingdom "Resort" and "Express" monorail lines; the former runs in a loop between Magic Kingdom and the TTC via the Polynesian, Grand Floridian, and Contemporary Resorts, while the latter bypasses the resorts and goes directly between the TTC and Magic Kingdom via a parallel loop.[8] The Epcot line was added in 1982.[30][31] As of 2013, the system is one of the most heavily used monorail systems in the world with over 150,000 daily riders.[32]


The Monorail Blue train
Gondola lift

Disney Skyliner system
Main article: Disney Skyliner
The resort operates the Disney Skyliner gondola lift system. The three-line system connects Disney's Pop Century Resort, Disney's Art of Animation Resort, Disney's Caribbean Beach Resort, and Disney Riviera Resort to Disney's Hollywood Studios and Epcot.[33][34]

Watercraft

The Richard F. Irvine ferry in the Seven Seas Lagoon
The resort also maintains a fleet of watercraft providing additional access between various Disney resorts and parks. These ferries are also free to ride.[6] While some route duplication does take place (for instance, the Disney Springs water taxis to the Disney Springs Resort Area duplicate buses to these same resorts), the watercraft provide an alternative way to travel from one location to another.[8]

Strollers can be transported aboard all of the boats, and the ferries, motor cruisers, Friendship Boats, and water taxis are ADA-accessible when water conditions are favorable. Motor launches cannot accept motorized wheelchairs or unfolded wheelchairs.[35]

Routes
The boats with the highest capacities are the large ferries that traverse the Seven Seas Lagoon between the TTC and the Magic Kingdom. The three ferries are clad in different trim colors and are named for past Disney executives: the General Joe Potter (blue), the Richard F. Irvine (red) and the Admiral Joe Fowler (green).[36]

Motor launches and cruisers link several places in the Seven Seas Lagoon, using colored flags to indicate the route. Launches link the Magic Kingdom to the Grand Floridian and Polynesian Resorts via the Seven Seas Lagoon, using the Gold Route.[3][37] These launches also connect the Magic Kingdom to Bay Lake via a water bridge to reach the Wilderness Lodge, using the Red Route; and the Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground, using the Green Route.[3][37][38] There is also a Blue Route motor launch between the Wilderness Lodge and the Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground, via the Contemporary Resort.[37]

Water taxis, which also have colored flags as route indicators, link the Port Orleans Resort – Riverside (yellow), the Port Orleans Resort – French Quarter (purple), the Saratoga Springs Resort (blue), and the Old Key West Resort (green) to Disney Springs along the Sassagoula River.[8] A fourth route, the red-flag route, ferries passengers around Disney Springs.[3]

Friendship Boats also connect the International Gateway entrance of Epcot to the BoardWalk Resort; the Yacht and Beach Club Resorts; the Swan and Dolphin Resorts; and Disney's Hollywood Studios.[3] They also connect Epcot's Future World to Morocco in the World Showcase.[39]

Type Photo Route Northern/
western
terminal[3][36][40] Intermediate
stops[3][36][40] Southern/
eastern
terminal[3][36][40]
Ferry
(3 boats)[38] General Joe Potter.jpg Magic Kingdom / Transportation
and Ticket Center[3][36] Magic Kingdom None Transportation and Ticket Center
Motor Launch
(7 boats)
Motor Cruiser
(3 boats)[38] Boats at the Magic Kingdom (2357414779).jpgFlorida Tour, August 2006 (19139428785).jpg Gold flag[37] (2 launches)[8] Continuous clockwise operation (before 3 p.m.) or counterclockwise operation (after 3 p.m.). Stops shown in clockwise order:[38][40]
Magic Kingdom
Disney's Polynesian Resort
Disney's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa
Green flag[37] (2 cruisers)[8] Magic Kingdom None Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground
Red flag[38] (1 launch, 1 cruiser)[8] Disney's Wilderness Lodge
Blue flag[37] (2 launches)[8] Continuous circular operation to:[40]
Disney's Contemporary Resort
Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground
Disney's Wilderness Lodge
Water Taxi – River Boats
(15 boats)[38] 2016 June 10,GOING TO Disney Springs (27125901814).jpg Yellow flag/purple flag[8] Disney's Port Orleans Resort – Riverside (yellow flag) Disney's Port Orleans Resort – French Quarter (purple flag) Disney Springs
Blue flag[8] Treehouse Villas Disney's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa
Green flag[8] Disney's Old Key West Resort None
Red flag[8] Disney Springs internal service between Marketplace, West Side, and The Landing in a counterclockwise loop
Friendship Boat
(8 boats)[8] Ygdoz 1b (7416975520).jpg Epcot–Hollywood Studios[3] Epcot
Disney's BoardWalk Resort
Disney's Yacht/Beach Club Resorts
Swan and Dolphin Resorts
Disney's Hollywood Studios
Future World–Morocco[39] Future World None Morocco
Future World–Germany[39] Germany
Parking lot trams

A parking lot tram operating at Epcot
Disney Transport is also responsible for maintaining the fleet of parking lot trams used for shuttling guests between the various theme park parking lots and their respective main entrances (except at the Magic Kingdom, where the trams drop guests off at the Transportation and Ticket Center).[5][7] Because the trams require guests to transfer from one's wheelchair and to fold all strollers and wheelchairs before boarding, they are not ADA-accessible.[8] Both the Magic Kingdom and Epcot parking lots have two tram lanes, with the Magic Kingdom trams serving the "Heroes" and "Villains" sides of the lot, while the Disney's Hollywood Studios and Disney's Animal Kingdom parking lots have only one tram lane.[5]

The original tram tractors, which ran on compressed natural gas (CNG), were built by United Tractor of Chesterton, Indiana in 1969, while the tram cars were built by Arrow Development during the same period.[41] However, these tractors experienced many problems including overheating, transmission issues, as well as electrical and air brake troubles and were prone to frequent breakdowns.[42] A new fleet of tram tractors, which were custom designed and built in-house by Disney, were put into service in 1972. These tram tractors also originally ran on CNG, but were converted to run on diesel fuel only a few years after entering service due to numerous problems encountered with using CNG. Over the years, these problems were slowly resolved and the tractors were eventually converted back to running on CNG starting in the late 1990s and into the early 2000s.[42] Beginning in late 2010 and throughout 2011, safety doors were added to all of the tram cars along with outward facing speakers so that guests waiting to board the trams could hear the safety announcements more clearly. The 1972 tractors remained in service for over forty five years until late 2016, when Disney began testing a new tram tractor prototype at Disney's Animal Kingdom. The new tractor ran on propane, which made it quieter and more fuel efficient. Following successful testing, Disney upgraded the entire tram tractor fleet to the new propane-fueled tractors throughout 2017.[43]

Minnie Van

A Minnie Van parked at Disney Springs
The vehicle for hire service named after Minnie Mouse[33] began testing in July 2017, with the first Minnie Van service being offered to guests staying at Disney's BoardWalk Resort, Disney's Yacht Club Resort, and Disney's Beach Club Resort at the end of that month.[44] The service is now available to all visitors on Walt Disney World property, whether overnight resort guests or not.[45] Unlike the public transportation, the Minnie Vans charge a distance based fee to transport guests anywhere within the Walt Disney World property (except for the Magic Kingdom; guests using rideshare vehicles to travel to the park must transfer to the ferry or a monorail at the TTC or walk to the park via a walking path from Disney's Contemporary Resort, as rideshare vehicles cannot use the park's bus loops). The vehicles are Chevrolet Traverse SUVs with capacity for up to 6 passengers.[46][47] Minnie Vans are requested using the Lyft mobile app. ADA accessible Minnie Vans are requested by calling the service on the direct line.[48]

Discontinued services
Walt Disney World previously had its own small airport: the Walt Disney World Airport (a.k.a.: the Lake Buena Vista STOLport).[49] During the early 1970s, scheduled passenger service was operated by Shawnee Airlines with small de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter commuter turboprops, which had STOL (short takeoff and landing) capabilities on flights to Tampa and Orlando.[50][51] The airport is no longer in operation, but the landing strip still exists and is currently used as space for offices and storage.

From late 1973 to early 1980, the steam-powered 2 ft 6 in (762 mm) narrow-gauge Fort Wilderness Railroad provided transportation within the Fort Wilderness Resort.[52] Railroad ties remain in place along certain sections of the railroad's former right-of-way.

Watercraft provided service to the Discovery Island zoological attraction from its opening in 1974 to its closure in 1999. As of 2019, the island is abandoned and access is prohibited.[53]

Incidents
Main article: Incidents in Walt Disney World's transportation system
From September 25, 2013 to September 25, 2015, Disney Transport has been involved in 27 total accidents that have been reported to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, including two fatal accidents and nineteen others involving injuries.[1]

Notes
There may be more than one stop in each resort; some resorts have their own internal buses.
These resorts are Animal Kingdom Lodge, Caribbean Beach, Coronado Springs, Fort Wilderness, Old Key West, Port Orleans, and Saratoga Springs.[15]
See also
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Magic Kingdom castle.jpgDisney portalNuvola apps ksysv square.svgTransport portalFlag of Florida.svgFlorida portal
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disney Transport.
Official website
Unofficial Map
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Walt Disney World Resort
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Reedy Creek Improvement District
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Reedy Creek Improvement District
Improvement district
Reedy Creek Sign.jpg
Official logo of Reedy Creek Improvement District
Logo
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Map showing RCID cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista
Country United States
State Florida
County Orange, Osceola
Established May 12, 1967
Area
• Total 38.6 sq mi (100 km2)
Time zone UTC−05:00 (EST)
• Summer (DST) UTC−04:00 (EDT)
Area code(s) 407, 689
Website www.rcid.org
The Reedy Creek Improvement District (RCID) is the immediate governing jurisdiction for the land of the Walt Disney World Resort. As of the late 1990s, it comprised an area of 38.6 sq mi (100 km2) within the outer limits of Orange and Osceola counties in Florida. The RCID includes the cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, and unincorporated RCID land.


Contents
1 History
1.1 Creation
1.1.1 Initial steps
1.1.2 Improvement district and cities
1.2 Further development
1.3 Naming
2 Governance
3 Fire department
4 Further reading
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
History
Creation
Initial steps
After the success of Disneyland in California, Walt Disney began planning a second park on the East Coast. Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, and therefore wanted control of a much larger area of land for the new project.[1] He flew over the Orlando-area site, as well as many other potential sites, in November 1963.[2] Seeing the well-developed network of roads, including the planned Interstate 4 and Florida's Turnpike, with McCoy Air Force Base (later Orlando International Airport) to the east, Disney selected a centrally located site near Bay Lake. Disney used multiple shell companies to buy up land at very low prices from unknowing landowners in the area that would eventually become the district. These company names are listed on the upper story windows of what is now the Main Street USA section of Walt Disney World, including Compass East Corporation; Latin-American Development and Management Corporation; Ayefour Corporation (named because of nearby I-4); Tomahawk Properties, Incorporated; Reedy Creek Ranch, Incorporated; and Bay Lake Properties, Incorporated.[2]


A map showing the Walt Disney Company's land holdings and the boundaries of the District
On March 11, 1966, these landowners, all fully owned subsidiaries of what is now The Walt Disney Company, petitioned the Circuit Court of the Ninth Judicial Circuit, which served Orange County, Florida, for the creation of the Reedy Creek Drainage District under Chapter 298 of the Florida Statutes. After a period during which some minor landowners within the boundaries opted out, the Drainage District was incorporated on May 13, 1966, as a public corporation. Among the powers of a Drainage District were the power to condemn and acquire property outside its boundaries "for the public use". It used this power at least once to obtain land for Canal C-1 (Bonnet Creek) through land that is now being developed as the Bonnet Creek Resort, a non-Disney resort.[3]

Improvement district and cities
However, Walt Disney knew that his plans for the land would be easier to carry out with more independence. Among his ideas for his Florida project was his proposed EPCOT, the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow, which was to be a futuristic planned city (and which was also known as Progress City).[4] He envisioned a real working city with both commercial and residential areas, but one that also continued to showcase and test new ideas and concepts for urban living.[3] Therefore, the Disney Company petitioned the Florida State Legislature for the creation of the Reedy Creek Improvement District, which would have almost total autonomy within its borders. Residents of Orange and Osceola Counties did not need to pay any taxes unless they were residents of the district. Services like land use regulation and planning, building codes, surface water control, drainage, waste treatment, utilities, roads, bridges, fire protection, emergency medical services, and environmental services were overseen by the district,[3] and the only areas where the district had to submit to the county and state would be property taxes and elevator inspections.[1] The planned EPCOT city was also emphasized in this lobbying effort.

On May 12, 1967, Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. signed the following statutes to implement Disney's plans:[5]

Chapter 67-764 created the Reedy Creek Improvement District;
Chapter 67-1104 established the City of Bay Lake; and
Chapter 67-1965 established the City of Reedy Creek (later renamed as the City of Lake Buena Vista around 1970.)
According to a press conference held in Winter Park, Florida, on February 2, 1967, by Disney Vice President Donn Tatum, the Improvement District and Cities were created to serve "the needs of those residing there", and the company needed its own government to "clarify the District's authority to [provide services] within the District's limits" and because of the public nature of the planned development. The original city boundaries did not cover the whole Improvement District; they may have been intended as the areas where communities would be built for people to live.[1][3]

Further development
In 1993, the land that eventually became the Disney-controlled town of Celebration, Florida—which was built with many of Walt Disney's original ideas that had since evolved into a form of New Urbanism—was deannexed from Bay Lake and the District.[6] This was done to keep its residents from having power over Disney by providing for separate administration of the areas. Celebration lies on unincorporated land within Osceola County, with a thin strip of still-incorporated land separating it from the rest of the county. This strip of land contains canals and other land used by the District.[3]

The law creating the Improvement District was held by the Supreme Court of Florida not to "violate any provision of the Constitution of Florida."[7] As it, in part, declares that the District is exempt from all state land use regulation laws "now or hereafter enacted," the Attorney General of Florida has issued an opinion stating that this includes state requirements for developments of regional impact.[8]

After Walt Disney died in 1966, the Disney Company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city, and abandoned many of his ideas for Progress City. The planned residential areas were never built.[3] Most notably, Richard Foglesong argues in his book, Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando, that Disney has abused its powers by remaining in complete control of the District.[1]

In January 1990, RCID was granted a $57-million allocation of tax-free state bonds over an agency with plans for a low-income housing development and all additional government applicants in a 6 county region as state distributes the bond proceeds on a first-come order. Disney was criticized for the move with a Republican gubernatorial candidate filed a lawsuit to stop the RCID from using the funds. Also, one legislator moved that would limit the RCID ability to apply to the program and other talk about stripping Disney of the RCID.[9]

Naming
Reedy Creek is a natural waterway whose flow, drainage, and destination have been altered over the years by human development. It begins west of the Bay Lake city limits and the Magic Kingdom, and then meanders south through Disney property, passing between Disney's Animal Kingdom and Blizzard Beach. It crosses Interstate 4 and exits Disney property west of Celebration and runs mostly through undeveloped territory east of Haines City. It empties into Lake Russell, and continues flowing southward into Cypress Lake, which is connected to the Kissimmee Chain of Lakes.[10]

Governance

Reedy Creek Improvement District Office in Lake Buena Vista
A five-member Board of Supervisors governs the District, elected by the landowners of the District. These members, senior employees of The Walt Disney Company, each own undeveloped five-acre (2.0 ha) lots of land within the District, the only land in the District not technically controlled by Disney or used for public road purposes. The only residents of the District, also Disney employees or their immediate family members, live in two small communities, one in each city. In the 2000 U.S. Census, Bay Lake had 23 residents, all in the community on the north shore of Bay Lake, and Lake Buena Vista had 16 residents, all in the community about a mile north of Disney Springs. These residents elect the officials of the cities, but since they don't actually own any land, they don't have any power in electing the District Board of Supervisors.

The District headquarters are in a building in Lake Buena Vista, east of Disney Springs.[11] The District runs the following services, primarily serving Disney:

Law enforcement – Officers from Orange County, Osceola County and the Florida Highway Patrol are contracted to police the district. In addition, the Walt Disney Company employs about 800 security staff in their Disney Safety and Security division. While Disney security maintains a fleet of private security Chevrolet Equinoxes equipped with flashing amber and green lights, flares, traffic cones, and chalk commonly used by police officers, arrests and citations are issued by the Florida Highway Patrol along with the Orange County and Osceola County sheriffs deputies.
Disney security personnel are involved with traffic control and may only issue personnel violation notices to Disney and RCID employees, not the general public.[1] Security vans previously had red lightbars, but after public scrutiny following the death of Robb Sipkema,[12] were changed to amber to fall in line with Florida State Statutes.[13]
Environmental protection: Many pieces of land have been donated to the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation and the South Florida Water Management District as conservation easements, and the District collects data and ensures that large portions remain in their natural wetland state.[11]
Building codes and land-use planning – The "EPCOT Building Codes" were implemented to provide the sort of flexibility that the innovative community of EPCOT would require. The provisions contained therein, although rumored to be exceptionally stringent, have in fact never been far and above those of the Standard Building Code or the Florida Building Code (FBC) that is currently in force in the rest of Florida. In fact, since the inception of the International Building Code (IBC) in 2000, the EPCOT Building Code defers much of its design parameters to the IBC-based FBC, and many of the reference standards contained therein. Particularly with regard to wind design, today's standards are better than the ones that previously existed, and today's RCID buildings are built to withstand 110 mph (180 km/h) winds. Hurricane Charley (2004) reached maximum sustained winds estimated 85 mph (137 km/h) at the nearby Orlando International Airport but winds were lower on RCID property. Although the codes are ostensibly updated on a three-year cycle, the most recent and currently used version of the EPCOT Building Codes is the 2015 version.[14][11]
Utilities – wastewater treatment and collection, water reclamation, electric generation and distribution, solid waste disposal, potable water, natural gas distribution, and hot and chilled water distribution, through Reedy Creek Energy Services, which has been merged with the Walt Disney World Company[11]
Roads – Many of the main roads in the District are public roads maintained by the District, while minor roads and roads dead-ending at attractions are private roads maintained by Disney; in addition, state-maintained Interstate 4 and U.S. Highway 192 pass through the District, as does part of the right-of-way of County Road 535 (formerly State Road 535).[11]
Disney provides transportation for guests and employees in the form of buses, ferries, and monorails, under the name Disney Transport. In addition, several Lynx public bus routes enter the District, with half-hour service between the Transportation and Ticket Center (and backstage areas at the Magic Kingdom) and Downtown Orlando and Kissimmee, and once-a-day service to more points, intended mainly for cleaning staff. Half-hourly service is provided, via Lynx, to Orlando International Airport (MCO).[11]

Fire department

Reedy Creek Improvement District RCFD Fire Station 4 in Lake Buena Vista, FL
The Reedy Creek Fire Department (RCFD) was created in 1968 to provide fire suppression for RCID. Today, RCFD provides fire suppression, emergency medical services, 911 communications, fire inspections, technical rescue services, and hazardous materials mitigation. EMS makes up approximately 85 percent of the call volume, with RCFD providing both Advanced Life Support and Basic Life Support.[15]

RCFD currently staffs four fire stations located throughout the district with 138 personnel across 3 shifts. They also maintain a staff of 86 administrative and support personnel including EMS Team Members (Primarily Located in each of the 4 Walt Disney World Theme Parks), 911 Communicators, and Fire Inspectors among others.[16] There are 4 Engines, 2 Tower Trucks, one Squad Unit, 8 Rescue Ambulances and Several Special units.

Fire Stations of the Reedy Creek Fire Department
Station Area Engine Company Tower Company Squad Company Rescue(Ambulance) Units Special Unit
Fire Station 1 Epcot / Hollywood Studios Engine 11 Truck 1 Rescue 11
Rescue 12

Woods 11
Utility 11

Fire Station 2 Animal Kingdom Engine 21 Rescue 21
Rescue 22

Tanker 21
Woods 21

Utility 21

Fire Station 3 Magic Kingdom Engine 31 Truck 3 Rescue 31
Rescue 32

Woods 31
Woods 32

Utility 31

Platform 3 (Monorail Response Unit)

Fire Station 4 Disney Springs Engine 41 Squad 1 (Heavy Rescue & Hazmat) Rescue 41
Rescue 42

Woods 41
Further reading
Richard Foglesong (2001), Married to the Mouse: Walt Disney World and Orlando, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-08707-1, ISBN 0-300-09828-6
Sam Gennawey (2011), Walt Disney and the Promise of Progress City, Theme Park Press, ISBN 978-0-615-54024-5
See also
Walt Disney World Company
Bonnet Creek Resort
References
Fogleson, Richard E. (2003). Married to the Mouse. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09828-0.
Mannheim, Steve (2002). Walt Disney and the Quest for Community. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 68–70. ISBN 0-7546-1974-5.
"History". Reedy Creek Improvement District. Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Fickley-Baker, Jennifer (August 11, 2011). "A Closer Look at the Progress City Model at Magic Kingdom Park". Disney Parks Blog. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
"Laws of Florida, Chapter 67-764, House Bill No. 486" (PDF). May 12, 1967. pp. 266–368. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
"Existing Land Use" (PDF). Reedy Creek Improvement District Comprehensive Plan 2020. October 7, 2010. p. 2B-11. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
State v. Reedy Creek Improvement District, 216 So.2d. 202 (Fla. 1968).
"Advisory Legal Opinion – AGO 77-44: Developments of Regional Impact – Applicability of Ch. 380 to Disney World". Florida Office of the Attorney General. May 16, 1977.
Richter, Paul (July 8, 1990). "Disney's Tough Tactics". Los Angeles Times. p. 2. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
"Upper Reedy Creek: Intercession City, Reedy Creek and Lake Russell". South Florida Water Management District. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
"Reedy Creek Improvement District". Disney Park History. June 26, 2008. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
Fritz, Mark (September 30, 1996). "US: Disney Shows Two Worlds". Corpwatch. p. G1.
Bell, Maya (May 4, 1997). "Mickey's Identity Crisis – Courts Deciding If Disney World Is A Government, Business Or Both". Orlando Sentinel. p. G1.
"Reedy Creek Improvement District – Lake Buena Vista, Florida". Rcid.org. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
"Reedy Creek Fire Rescue". reedycreek.unionactive.com. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
"Reedy Creek Professional Firefighters | Operations Suppression". reedycreek.unionactive.com. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
External links
Reedy Creek Improvement District
Coordinates: 28.35°N 81.56°W

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Walt Disney World Resort
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Municipalities and communities of Orange County, Florida, United States
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Municipalities and communities of Osceola County, Florida, United States
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
ISNI: 0000 0000 9276 8690LCCN: n86139360VIAF: 136129329WorldCat Identities: lccn-n86139360
Categories: Reedy Creek Improvement DistrictGreater OrlandoQuasi-public entities in the United StatesSpecial districts of FloridaStates and territories established in 1967Walt Disney WorldUnincorporated communities in Orange County, FloridaUnincorporated communities in Osceola County, Florida1967 establishments in FloridaUnincorporated communities in Florida
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Disney Consumer Products
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Disney Consumer Products
Disney Consumer Products logo.svg
Type Subsidiary
Industry Merchandising
Predecessor Character Merchandising Division
Founded 1929; 92 years ago[1]
Headquarters Burbank, California[1], United States
Area served Worldwide
Key people Stephanie Young (President)
Products Textiles, apparel and luxury goods[1]
Services Licensing
Parent Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Divisions Global Products
Disney Retail
Subsidiaries
Disney Store
Disney Games
Disney Publishing Worldwide
Website disneyconsumerproducts.com
Disney Consumer Products, Inc. is the retailing and licensing subsidiary of Disney Parks, Experiences and Products segment of the Walt Disney Company. Previously, Consumer Products was a segment of Disney until 2016 then a unit of Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media (2016-2018).


Contents
1 Background
1.1 DCP history
1.2 Franchise focus
1.3 Merged segments
2 Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
3 DCPIMedia history
4 Franchises
4.1 Disney Bunnies
4.2 Disney Dragonkind
5 DCPI structure
6 Disney Shopping
6.1 DS history
6.1.1 Disney Direct Marketing
6.1.2 Disney Shopping
6.2 Catalogs
6.3 Services
7 References
Background
DCPI's origins trace back to 1929, when Walt Disney licensed the image of Mickey Mouse for use on a children's writing tablet.[ChWDC 1] On December 16 of that year, Walt Disney Productions formed the Walt Disney Enterprises (WDE) division to handle merchandising.[ChWDC 2]

The Mickey Mouse doll production by Charlotte Clark started shortly after in January 1930.[ChWDC 3] The WDE division also hired George Borgfeldt & Company of New York as a licensing agent to make Mickey and Minnie Mouse toys.[ChWDC 4] Borgfeldt & Company in turn set to work developing other products, granting the first license to Walkburger, Tanner and Company of St. Gall, Switzerland, for Mickey and Minnie Mouse handkerchiefs.[ChWDC 5] That summer of 1930, Disney expanded WDE to England, granting a general license to William Banks Levy for Mickey and Minnie Mouse merchandise.[ChWDC 6]

In 1932 Disney closed a merchandising contract with Herman "Kay" Kamen for sole representation.[ChWDC 7] Early on WDE began to show results. The company's merchandising made the Silly Symphony film Three Little Pigs (1933) its first profit-making animated film.[ChWDC 8]

In 1934, Disney's licensing expanded to hand-crank toy projectors,[ChWDC 9] diamond-studded Mickey Mouse pins, Mickey Mouse toffee in England[ChWDC 10] and a Lionel wind-up train toy,[ChWDC 11] while a patent is received for Ingersoll-Waterbury Clock Company's Mickey Mouse watch.[ChWDC 12]

More companies licensed the Mickey Mouse image. General Foods did so for one year and made $1.5 million on the Post Toasties cereal box. Mickey was the first licensed character on such a product.[ChWDC 13] Clashes with other companies weren't unavoidable, though. Disney filed suit on July 31 against the United Biscuit Company of America, Sawyer Biscuit Company, and the Chicago Carton Company for unauthorized use of Disney characters for animal crackers which lasted for four months and ended in Disney's favor.[ChWDC 14]

Disney signed with Courvoisier Galleries on July 19, 1938, making the latter company Disney's original art marketing representative. In December, Walt Disney Enterprises was renamed Walt Disney Productions.[ChWDC 15]

In October 1948, Disney and Kay Kamen extended the merchandising contract, but only for the Americas.[ChWDC 16] In 1949, the Character Merchandising Division is formed with in Disney.[ChWDC 17] Also that year on October 28, Kay Kamen, Disney's licensing representative, died in an Air France plane crash over the Azores.[ChWDC 18]

With Roy Disney splitting the merchandising division from Walt Disney Productions, Jimmy Johnson became head of the merchandising division's publication department in 1950 and took on managing business affairs for the Walt Disney Music Company.[2]

Disney had a food division with products from bread to soft drinks, which was mostly discontinued due to its contract with ABC to produce TV shows and the need not to be in competition with potential advertisers.[3]

After Disney purchased the rights for Winnie the Pooh to make a 1966 animated short film, the company conceded to a broad licensing agreement with Sears, Roebuck & Co..[4] Stephen Slesinger Inc.'s Pati Slesinger found merchandise that Disney did not pay royalties on. Slesinger then attempted to get the A.A. Milne Trust to abrogate its contract. In 1983, Disney paid Stephen Slesinger Inc. and the Milne estate to end the royalty issue and agreed to a new contract that lowered Slesinger Inc.'s royalty percentage.[5]

In 1979, the Intergovernmental Philatelic Corporation of New York was licensed by Walt Disney Productions to make Disney character stamps for several countries.[ChWDC 19]

DCP history
Disney Consumer Products was formed in 1985 under Barton K. "Bo" Boyd and[6] incorporated with the State of California in 1986.[7]

The first Disney Store opened in Glendale, California on March 28, 1987.[ChWDC 20] On October 12, Disney agreed to a licensing contract with Mattel for a Disney Character infant and preschool toy line.[ChWDC 21] DCP purchased Childcraft Education Corp., makers of children's furniture and equipment and owners of retail stores and catalog sales, from Grolier Inc. in April 1988.[nyt 1]

In April 1990, the 50th store was opened in Montclair, California along with the first Mickey's Kitchen fast food restaurant.[nyt 2] On November 11, 1991, Mattel and Disney extended the 1987 agreement, adding Pinocchio, Bambi, Dumbo, It's a Small World, and Autopia to the toy line.[ChWDC 22] In March 1992, Disney Stores closed two Mickey's Kitchens as the restaurants were only breaking even while well received by the customers as the company wanted to focus on overseas expansions.[8]

In 1994, DCP ended an exclusive licensing agreement with Sears for Winnie the Pooh. Three distinct product lines were created for Pooh: Disney Pooh, based on the Disney red-shirted tan bear cartoon version; 100 Acre Collection, a more upscale line for department stores and the Classic Pooh line based on the original A.A. Milne books' Ernest H. Shephard illustrations.[4]

DCP licensing peak in 1997 with 749 Disney Stores worldwide, operating income of $893 million and 4,200 licensees for mostly Winnie the Pooh and Mickey Mouse productd plus some popular animated movies.[nyt 3] Disney's and McDonald's ten-year cross-promotional agreement began on January 1, 1997.[nyt 4] In May 1997, the Vermont Teddy Bear Co. filed a copyright infringement suit against Disney over "Pooh-Grams" being similar to its mail-order "Bear-Gram" trademark and logo. Also, Disney Enterprises, Inc. sold DCP operating subsidiary Childcraft Education Corp. to U.S. Office Products Co.[lat 1] In July 1997, Boyd was named chairman of DCP with Canada and US head Anne Osberg was promoted to President, DCP. As president, Osberg also oversaw Disney Stores, Walt Disney Records and Disney Interactive.[6]

In March 1998, Walt Disney Records and Walt Disney Music Publishing were transferred out of DCP to Buena Vista Music Group in the Disney studio division.[9] By 1998, Pooh outsold Mickey Mouse $316 million to $114 million through November of that year in just-licensed-toy sales. By replacing Sears with 100 licensees including Mattel, Hallmark, Timex, Tupperware and Royal Daulton, DCP has since increased Pooh product lines from $390 million to $3.3 billion.[4]

Franchise focus

DCP office buildings in Glendale at Disney's Grand Central Creative Campus
With Mickey Mouse and other characters on products everywhere and a general retail decline in 2000, DCP had registered operating income of only $386 million.[nyt 3] In mid-December 1999, Andrew P. Mooney became the president of DCP under Chairman Boyd in a general shake up of the unit.[10] He created the Disney Princess franchise in January 2000.[nyt 5][11] He also developed the Disney Couture fashion line, Walt Disney Signature furniture, a princess-inspired bridal gowns line, and lines based on the Pixar films, Toy Story and Cars.[lat 2] Mooney had DCP try an Always Fresh labeled women's nightshirts and T-shirts line which attempt to be more mature but failed. He also reduced the number of licensees in half, sold low sale stores and had staff actively pursuing licensing partners than waiting for proposals. For example, Mooney, worked to have Fred Segal, a high-end retailers, sell specialty products and opened a sales office near Wal-Mart's headquarters in Bentonville, Arkansas. In 2001, Mooney lead a promotion of Mickey Mouse T-shirts by getting them into the hands of celebrities, which was a success. Also, Disney Publishing issued its first original comic book, W.I.T.C.H., which was successful enough to be adapted into an animated series.[nyt 3]

Consumer Products also began expanding licensing in the food category in the 2000s. DCP agreed to a licensing agreement with Kellogg Company for a Kellogg's Disney cereal line launched in February 2002; Kellogg's Disney Mickey's Magix, Kellogg's Disney Hunny Bs, and Kellogg's Disney/Pixar Buzz Blasts.[12] In May 2003, DCP and Wells' Dairy launched a Disney-branded dairy line with a variety of new ice creams, frozen novelties and yogurt products.[13] In May 2005, DCP licensed Krogers the Old Yeller name to sell dog food.[14]

The Japanese stores were sold to Oriental Land Company in 2002,[lat 3] while most North American stores were sold and licensed in November 2004 to The Children's Place.[lat 4] Disney licensed Motorola for cordless phones and two way handset radios in August 2002.[15]

For the first 3 quarters of 2004, Disney Consumer Products made $388 million in operating income placing the year ahead of 2000 and 2003. In May 2004, the Disney Cuties design (a more anime style) line was introduced with T-shirts. Mooney's major initiatives was to turn Disney into a lifestyle brand by relying on the Disney brand reputation instead of its characters to sell clothing and household goods with half the royalty percentage of the 10% for Disney characters. At Fred Segal in August, the retailer was test selling Snap watches, with swappable faces and wristbands, with Disney characters with hipper, urban designs. In Spring 2005, DCP planned to start sell pants and jean jackets under the Disney Denim brand with a cartoon whimsical elements.[nyt 3] On August 5, 2004, the Disney Dream Desk PC, designed by Frog Design and manufactured by Medion, began being sold at CompUSA and Disney online. DCP planned to release a camcorder and digital camera later in the year.[16]

Disney purchased the rights to The Muppets and the Bear in the Big Blue House franchises from The Jim Henson Company on February 17, 2004.[nyt 6] The two brands were placed under control of the Muppets Holding Company, LLC, then as a unit of Disney Consumer Products.[17]

In 2005, DCP has begun working with various Indian retail outlets to establish Disney Corners within the outlets to sell licensed merchandise.[18] Also that year, Mooney formed the Disney Fairies franchise which launched in the fall with the Fairy Dust and the Quest for the Egg book.[11][19] In the early 2000s, DisneyToon Studios (DTS) joined DCP as their internal Disney conglomerate video partner in developing the new Disney franchises. While DCP eyed other potential franchises, DTS looked to the Seven Dwarfs for a male centric franchise to counterbalance the female centric Fairies by 2005.[20]

In 2006, the Muppets Holding Company was transferred from the Disney Consumer Products unit to The Walt Disney Studios with studio executives passing on oversight, the unit was placed in the special events group.[nyt 6][17] With Disney Princesses a success and Disney Fairies just under way in 2006, Consumer Products started looking into the next possible franchises with Disney Bunnies selected already.[21] DCP concluded a consumer products master licensing agreement for Indochina, including Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos in May, with East Media Holdings Inc.'s EMHI Licensing Inc.[22] On September 26, the Disney Jeans brand was launched in India under license to Indus Clothing, who planned to open 30 Disney Jean stores by the end of 2007.[23] In October, DCP India licensed the rights to Ravi Jaipuria Corporation for five years to set up 150 Disney Artist brand stores and wholesales under the Disney Artist brand, which sold Disney character-branded greeting cards, stationary, arts, crafts and party products in India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Maldives.[24]

In January 2007 two new DCP franchises were launched, Disney Bunnies and Disney Dragonkind.[25][26]

In 2008, Disney purchased back its Disney Stores from The Children's Place.[lat 2] On June 5, 2008, Disney Interactive Studios is transferred out of DCP to the Disney Interactive Media Group.[27][28]

John Lasseter of Pixar became a creative advisor to DCP in 2009 after already assisting on Cars products. Lasseter pushed for an end to "label slapping", which is using a popular move to sell unrelated generic toys.[lat 5] The Disney Princesses franchise has generated more than $4 billion in retail sales worldwide.[lat 2] In post-Christmas 2009, Disney Pook-A-Looz, a plush line of Disney caricatures, was launched with its first set at Toy'R'Us with Disney Stores receiving them in mid-March 2010 with the Cheshire Cat selling well.[29] The Muppets were considered the best sellers of the second set of Pook-A-Looz over the expected “Nightmare Before Christmas” characters.[30]

In 2009, Disney acquired Marvel Entertainment for $4.24 billion.[31] Josh Silverman, a senior executive at Marvel, was appointed Executive Vice President of Global Licensing for Disney Consumer Products and helped facilitate the Disney-Marvel integration.[32] In 2011, Disney fired Marvel Studios' marketing department,[33] taking over marketing of their films beginning with the 2012 film The Avengers.[34]

The Cars sequel was approved for a 2011 debut despite the original being panned by the critics and one of the lowest grossing Pixar films as its licensed products have done well.[lat 6] Mooney stepped down as DCP chair in September 2011.[lat 2] With Robert Chapek being appointed president of DCP, DCP expanded its responsibility to include all retailing, distribution and licensing for Marvel, Pixar, video discs and video games.[lat 7]

Swampy the Alligator from Where's My Water? was the first Disney Interactive Media Group original character to get the merchandising treatment by 2012.[35] In 2012, Disney was the world's largest licensor and number 1 in the entertainment category according to the International Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association for another year with an 80% market share and $39.5 billion.[36]

In March 2013, Disney sent a letter to its suppliers to have them pull any Disney branded products out of the five "highest-risk countries" by April 2014: Bangladesh, Ecuador, Venezuela, Belarus and Pakistan, based on a World Bank-governed metric report. This was announced in May after a Bangladeshi factory building collapsed. Haiti and Cambodia, which are also low-ranking countries, were allowable per Disney's new policy so long as the factories worked with the Better Work health and safety program run by the International Labour Organization and the International Finance Corporation. Bangladesh factories were liable to get work if they also partnered with the Better Work program. Disney also stated that less than 1% of its products were sourced from Bangladesh and even less from the other four countries.[37]

DCP began representing Lucasfilm brands in June 2013.[38] With the addition of Star Wars, Disney has six of the top 10 franchises: Disney Princess (1st), Star Wars (2nd), Winnie the Pooh (3rd), Cars (4th), Mickey & Friends (6th), and Toy Story (8th), with two more in the top twenty; Disney Fairies (11th) and Spider-Man (16th).[36] In October, DCP announced an arrangement with Wet Seal for an ABC Family character inspired Crush by ABC Family apparel and accessories line to reach the shelves in 2014.[39]

In April 2014, DCP was the subject of online criticism from numerous parents (through the Disney Store's Facebook page and other forums) for severely underestimating consumer demand of merchandise related to Disney Animation's 2013 blockbuster hit, Frozen.[40][41] DCP saw its profit increase by 22% for the 2014 year.[nyt 7]

On February 23, 2015, Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, effective that day.[nyt 7] Leslie Ferraro, formerly executive vice president of global marketing, sales and travel operations of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, was named president of DCP.[lat 8]

Merged segments
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was formed in June 2015 as merger of Disney Consumer Products and Disney Interactive. The presidents of DCP and DIM were appointed co-chairs of the division while retaining the presidency of their subsidiary while Disney Publishing Worldwide would report to them as co-chairs. The units were brought together due to increase use of technology on the part of DCP with the announced Playmation toy system and digital publishing by DPW.[42]

With the dismantling of Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media segment in March 2018, many of the consumer products units were moved under the Disney Parks, Experiences and Products segment.[43] Ken Potrock was appointed as president of consumer products in May 2018.[44] The elevation of Parks, Experiences and Products chairman Bob Chapek to Disney Company CEO caused a cascade of promotions and reassignments in May 2020 with Potrock becoming president of Disneyland Resort with Kareem Daniel moved from president of Walt Disney Imagineering Operations/product creation/publishing/games to president of consumer products, games and publishing.[45]

Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media, Inc.
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media logo.png
Type Subsidiary[46]
Industry
Merchandising
Publishing
Video Games
Predecessor Disney Consumer Products
Disney Interactive
Successor Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
Founded March 25, 2015; 5 years ago[46]
Defunct March 14, 2018
Fate Merged with Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
Headquarters Burbank, California[1], United States
Key people James Pitaro
(chairman)[47]
Products Books
Production output
Digital content
Video games
Services Licensing
Parent The Walt Disney Company
Divisions
Disney Licensing
Disney Retail
DCPI Games & Apps
DCPI Publishing and Digital Media
Subsidiaries
Disney Publishing Worldwide
Disney Store
The Muppets Studio
Disney Digital Network
Disney Interactive
Website dcpi.disney.com
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media (DCPI), was a segment and subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company that engaged in merchandising of the Disney brand and Disney properties through licensing, retail, video games, digital applications and content divisions. The company was formed as a result of the merger between Disney Consumer Products and Disney Interactive.

DCPIMedia history
Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was formed in June 2015 as merger of Disney Consumer Products and Disney Interactive. The presidents of DCP and DIM were appointed co-chairs of the division while retaining the presidency of their subsidiary while Disney Publishing Worldwide would report to them as co-chairs. The units were brought together due to increase use of technology on the part of DCP with the announced Playmation toy system and digital publishing by DPW.[42]

In 2014, The Muppets Studio was transferred and ended up as a part of the newly formed DCPI Labs unit.[48][49] On January 11, 2016, Maker Studios was placed under the control of Disney Interactive, concurrent with the appointment of Courtney Holt as Maker Studios head with the title of executive vice president.[50]

Ferraro left Disney eight months later in February 2016 with James Pitaro becoming sole chairman.[47] Disney Co/Op team was formed in 2015 to work with licensees and other partners for branded content like Disney Boxed (the reverse concept of Unboxing) with Hasbro about creating a toy.[51]

Content & Media department was formed under executive vice president Andrew Sugerman in early 2016 from Disney Publishing Worldwide, Disney LOL, Oh My Disney and other units. Maker Studios was transferred into DCPI Content and Media in December 2016 while former moved to Disney's corporate strategy unit as executive vice president of media and strategy.[52] Disney Digital Network was formed by the May 2, 2017 by Disney's Digital Content NewFronts with Maker Studios, the former Disney Online websites, StarWars.com and other digital first content units.[53]

DCPI moved to address three issues for all franchises, expanding the audience, category expansion & product development and direct-to-consumer.[54] With Marvel and Star Wars, DCPI planned to push into the female audience. With Star Wars, DCPI partnered with Lucasfilm Animation for Star Wars Forces of Destiny which features female characters, premieres on DCPI's Disney YouTube channel and supported by apparel, books and toys including a new product type, "adventure figures".[54][55] DCPI has worked on aging up Minnie Mouse by working with several designers for product appealing to adults and young adults for primary the fashion field. With Ashley Eckstein's Her Universe, Disney Consumer had already work with on expanding Star Wars and Marvel products to girls and women. Now Her Universe is working on a Disney co-branded "athleisure" line for both sexes and Disney Princess.[54]

On March 14, 2018 in anticipation of integrating Fox assets, Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media was merged with Walt Disney Parks and Resorts to form Disney Parks, Experiences and Products segment.[56] Disney Media Network, however, did not follow the rest of DCPIM to Parks, Experiences and Consumer Products, but instead was transferred to Disney Direct-to-Consumer and International.[43]

Franchises
Franchises launched[21]
Disney Princess (2000)
Disney Fairies (2006)
Franchises considered (2006)[21]
Disney Bunnies
Disney Dwarves
Disney Horses
Disney Mermaids
Disney Trains
Andrew P. Mooney of Disney Consumer Products (DCP) created the Disney Princess franchise in January 2000.[nyt 5] In 2005, Mooney formed the Disney Fairies franchise which launched in the fall with the Fairy Dust and the Quest for the Egg book.[11][19] In the early 2000s, DisneyToon Studios (DTS) joined DCP as their internal video partner within the Disney conglomerate in developing the new Disney franchises. While Consumer Products eyed other potential franchises, DTS looked to the Seven Dwarfs for a male-centric franchise to counterbalance the female-centric Fairies by 2005.[20] The Muppet franchise was held by DCP, via the Muppet Holding Company, after it was purchased in 2004 and transferred in 2006 to WaltDisney Studios.[nyt 6][17]

With Disney Princesses becoming a success and Disney Fairies just under way in 2006, Disney Consumer Products started looking into the next possible franchises (see table at right) with Disney Bunnies selected already.[21] In January 2007, two new DCP franchises were launched, Disney Bunnies with three books and Disney Dragonkind with a set of statues.[25][26]

Complications relating to the production of Tinker Bell, the debut film of the Disney Fairies franchise, led to discussions over the focus of DisneyToon Studios. Pixar's leadership exerted control and affected Franchise projects at the production company. Tinker Bell's animation was scrapped and was restarted while two possible franchise projects were cancelled, "Disney's Dwarfs" and the "Disney Princess Enchanted Tales" line after the latter's first DVD release.[57][58]

The June 2013 release of the Disney Princess Palace Pets app from Disney Publishing lead DCP to turn Palace Pets into a Disney Princess franchise extension with the release of The Palace Pets toy line in August from licensee, Blip Toys. The line was also listed by TimetoPlayMag.com for its Most Wanted List Holiday 2013.[59]

Disney Bunnies
Disney Bunnies
Created by Disney Consumer Products
Original work Licensing spin-off
Print publications
Book(s)
"I Love You, My Bunnies"
"Thumper Counts to Ten"
"Goodnight, Thumper!"[25]
Miscellaneous
spun off from Bambi and Bambi II
Disney Bunnies is a Disney Consumer Products spin-off franchise based on Thumper from the 1942 film Bambi and its 2006 followup Bambi II.[21][26] Selected as DCP's third franchise to be launched,[21] Disney Bunnies was launched on January 15, 2007 with three books.[25]

Disney Dragonkind
Disney Dragonkind
Created by Disney Consumer Products
Original work Licensing spinoff
Miscellaneous
Toy(s) Statues
Spun off from Disney movies
Disney Dragonkind is a Disney Consumer Products spin-off franchise based on dragons appearing in Disney animated movies.[25][26] It was launched in January 2007 with a statue of Maleficent (from Sleeping Beauty) in dragon form. Gentle Giant Studios sculpted the three first statues with the last two being: Mushu from Mulan and Elliot from Pete's Dragon.[25]

DCPI structure
Disney Licensing
Disney Retail
Disney Store Worldwide, Inc.
Disney Shopping, Inc., online and other direct marketing channels
Games and Interactive Experiences
DCPI Labs team[42]
The Muppets Studio (formerly Muppets Holding Company LLC)[60]
DCPI Publishing and Digital Media
Disney Digital Network[53]
Polaris, gaming channel
Advanced Media
Disney Social
Disney Co/Op, custom content[51] and all platform ad sales
disney.com
Disney Style[53]
Oh My Disney[51]
Disney LOL[51]
babble.com[51]
Disney Family (Family.com)[53]
Go.com: formerly GO Network
StarWars.com and Star Wars app[53]
Disney Publishing Worldwide
Disney Shopping
Disney Shopping, Inc., formerly Disney Direct Marketing (Disney Direct Marketing Services Inc.; DDM), is the direct sales subsidiary of Disney Consumer Products, a segment subsidiary of the Walt Disney Company.[61]

DS history
Disney Direct Marketing
Fiscal
Year sales
(million)[62]
1994 $65
1998 estimated $200
The Walt Disney Company purchased the Childcraft Education Corporation for $52 million from Grolier Inc. to expand its mail-order business, indicating that the children's furniture and equipment area will fit with the Disney characters' target market. Childcraft's mailing list would boost Walt Disney Family Gift Catalog's mailing list from 2.8 million to 8 million.[63]

Disney Direct Marketing Services Inc. was incorporated on May 1, 1990.[64] In 1996, Disney Stores had started leasing land in the Southpoint Distribution Park in Memphis. In 1997, Disney Direct Marketing started operating out of a building built there by Clayco.[65]

Prior to December 1996, Disney Direct Marketing had sold the Playclothes catalog as they did not support the Disney brand. At that time, DDM had a in-house Kansas City telemarketing center and a warehouse in Memphis. In December 1996, DDM's HQ was moved from New York City to the main Disney campus in Burbank, California. Due to the relocation, the unit needed to restaff. Donna Bhatia was hired then as Disney Direct Marketing as vice president of marketing and new business development and was involved in the restaffing adding another 4 hours to her work day. The company added its first services then with the Pooh Gram 1-800 gift service.[62]

The company added its first services in December 1996 with the Pooh Gram 1-800 gift service.[62] In May 1997, Disney Direct Marketing was sued over the service for copyright and trademark infringement of Vermont Teddy Bear Company's trademark mail-order "Bear-Gram" ideas and logo.[66] By October 1997, the case was settled out of court with an agreement that includes changes to reduce confusion.[67]

Also in May 1997, Disney sold its Childcraft Education Corp. to U.S. Office Products Co. for $14.6 million.[66] Disney sold Childcraft as the catalog did not support the Disney brands.[62]

Bhatia got the Disney Catalog distributed by the Disney Stores, which had not happened much before and generated sales of $13 million at lower mail costs. She then found that Disney had multiple (60) customer databases of which only five were used for catalog mailings. A combination of 60 databases had 20 million records after removing duplicated records consisting of 10 million households. With the unified database, Disney started adding additional catalogs started in spring 1997 with The Walt Disney Gallery Catalog plus two more by June 1998. With the increased sales, a new warehouse was being built in South Carolina.[62]

With Disney's purchase of the remainder of Infoseek in July 1999, the Go Network, Infoseek, the Disney Catalog, Disney Online (Disney.com and DisneyStore.com), ABC News Internet Ventures and ESPN Internet Ventures and Buena Vista Internet Group are merged into the Go.com company.[68]

Disney Shopping
Disney Direct Marketing Services Inc. had changed its name to Disney Shopping, Inc. as it operated online with the disneyshopping.com domain. By January 31, 2006, Disney Shopping's Kansas call center was closed with some of the 250 employees would transferring to a Utah call center and few would remain until May 2006.[61] On May 19, 2009, disneyshopping.com was redesigned and relaunched at a new domain, disneystore.com, with the additional of Disney Parks and Resorts products.[69]

Catalogs
Disney Catalog[62]
Walt Disney Gallery (Spring 1997-), a twice-a-year collectibles catalog, which has also been sent to Lenox Mint, Danbury Mint and Franklin Mint catalog lists. By June 1, 1998, its circulation was 2.5 million copies per year and generating $6 million in annual sales.[62]
Disney Kids (by July 1998-), sent to parents twice a year in August focusing on back-to-school and in September focusing on Halloween costumes. By June 1, 1998, its circulation was 1.3 million copies per year and generating $3 million in annual sales.[62]
disneystore.com, formerly disneyshopping.com[69]
Pooh's Corner (1997-), for fans of the bear character. By June 1, 1998, its circulation was 4 million copies per year and generating $6 million in annual sales.[62]
Playclothes (sold by 12/1996)[62]
Childcraft (April 1988[63]-May 1997), a line of educational products[66]
Services
1-800 gift service

Pooh Gram (December 1996- ) - A parent can order an occasionly-dressed Pooh bear sent with a personal message. This service takes in $10 million in revenue per year.[62]
Mickey Gram - Pending as of June 1998[62]
Club

Winnie the Pooh Flag - Sends holiday flags on a regular basis, which did $10 million a year in revenue in 1997.[62]
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You’ll soon be welcomed back to enjoy the magic of the Disneyland Resort theme parks! Exciting news: Disneyland Park and Disney California Adventure Park are planning to officially reopen to California Residents on April 30, with limited capacity. More details on the Disney Parks Blog: di.sn/6183HqLVx

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List of Walt Disney Pictures films
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"List of Disney films" redirects here. For a broader list of Disney films, see List of Walt Disney Studios films.
This is a list of films produced by and released under the Walt Disney Pictures banner (known as that since 1983, with Never Cry Wolf as its first release) and films released before that under the former name of the parent company, Walt Disney Productions (1929–1983). Most films listed here were distributed theatrically in the United States by the company's distribution division, Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (formerly known as Buena Vista Distribution Company [1953–1987] and Buena Vista Pictures Distribution [1987–2007]). The Disney features produced before The Living Desert (1953) were originally distributed by RKO Radio Pictures, and are now distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Some films produced by Walt Disney Pictures are also released through the parent company's streaming service, Disney+.[1]

This list is organized by release date and includes live-action feature films (including theatrical and streaming releases), animated feature films (including films developed and produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and Pixar Animation Studios), and documentary films (including titles from the True-Life Adventures series and films produced by the Disneynature label). For an exclusive list of animated films released by Walt Disney Pictures and its previous entities see List of Disney theatrical animated feature films.

This list is only for films released under the main Disney banner. The list does not include films produced or released by other existing, defunct or divested labels or subsidiaries owned by Walt Disney Studios (i.e. Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, 20th Century Studios, Searchlight Pictures, Fox 2000 Pictures, Touchstone Pictures, Hollywood Pictures, National Geographic Documentary Films, Miramax Films, Dimension Films, ESPN Films etc.; unless they are credited as co-production partners) nor any direct-to-video releases, TV films, theatrical re-releases, or films originally released by other non-Disney studios.


Contents
1 Released
1.1 1930s
1.2 1940s
1.3 1950s
1.4 1960s
1.5 1970s
1.6 1980s
1.7 1990s
1.8 2000s
1.9 2010s
1.10 2020s
2 Upcoming
3 Number of films per decade
4 See also
5 Notes
6 Citations
7 Further reading
8 External links
Released
Key to the colors used below
Type of film
A Animated films
H Films combining live action and traditional animation
L Live-action films
N True-Life Adventures / Disneynature documentary films
D Other documentary films
1930s
Title US Release Notes
A Academy Award Review of Walt Disney Cartoons May 19, 1937 Anthology film
A Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs December 21, 1937
1940s
Title US Release Notes
A Pinocchio February 7, 1940
H Fantasia November 13, 1940 Anthology film
H The Reluctant Dragon June 20, 1941 Fictionalized tour around the Disney studio
A Dumbo October 23, 1941
A Bambi August 13, 1942
H Saludos Amigos February 6, 1943 Anthology film
H Victory Through Air Power July 17, 1943 Documentary film, with wide use of animation.
H The Three Caballeros February 3, 1945 Anthology film
A Make Mine Music April 20, 1946 Anthology film
H Song of the South November 12, 1946
H Fun and Fancy Free September 27, 1947 Anthology film
H Melody Time May 27, 1948 Anthology film
H So Dear to My Heart November 29, 1948
A The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad October 5, 1949 Anthology film
1950s
Title US Release Notes
A Cinderella February 15, 1950
L Treasure Island July 29, 1950
A Alice in Wonderland July 28, 1951
L The Story of Robin Hood June 26, 1952
A Peter Pan February 5, 1953
L The Sword and the Rose July 23, 1953
N The Living Desert November 10, 1953 First film to be distributed by Buena Vista.
L Rob Roy: The Highland Rogue February 27, 1954 Last film to be distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
N The Vanishing Prairie August 16, 1954
L 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea December 23, 1954
L Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier May 25, 1955 Compilation film mostly made up from pre-existing footage from the Walt Disney anthology television series
A Lady and the Tramp June 22, 1955
N The African Lion September 14, 1955
L The Littlest Outlaw December 22, 1955
L The Great Locomotive Chase June 8, 1956
L Davy Crockett and the River Pirates July 18, 1956 Compilation film mostly made up from pre-existing footage from the Walt Disney anthology television series
N Secrets of Life November 6, 1956
L Westward Ho the Wagons! December 20, 1956
L Johnny Tremain June 19, 1957
N Perri August 28, 1957
L Old Yeller December 25, 1957
L The Light in the Forest July 8, 1958
N White Wilderness August 12, 1958
L Tonka December 25, 1958
A Sleeping Beauty January 29, 1959
L The Shaggy Dog March 19, 1959
L Darby O'Gill and the Little People June 26, 1959
L Zorro the Avenger September 10, 1959 Released in European theaters in 1959
L Third Man on the Mountain November 10, 1959
1960s
Title US Release Notes
L Toby Tyler or 10 Weeks with a Circus January 21, 1960
L Kidnapped February 24, 1960
L Pollyanna May 19, 1960
L The Sign of Zorro June 11, 1960 Released in European theaters in 1958
N Jungle Cat August 10, 1960
L Ten Who Dared November 1, 1960
L Swiss Family Robinson December 21, 1960
A One Hundred and One Dalmatians January 25, 1961
L The Absent-Minded Professor March 16, 1961
L The Parent Trap June 21, 1961
L Nikki: Wild Dog of the North July 12, 1961
L Greyfriars Bobby July 17, 1961
L Babes in Toyland December 14, 1961
L Moon Pilot April 5, 1962
L Bon Voyage! May 17, 1962
L Big Red June 6, 1962
L Almost Angels September 26, 1962
L The Legend of Lobo November 7, 1962
L In Search of the Castaways December 21, 1962
L Son of Flubber January 16, 1963
L Miracle of the White Stallions March 29, 1963
L Savage Sam June 1, 1963
L Summer Magic July 7, 1963
L The Incredible Journey November 20, 1963
A The Sword in the Stone December 25, 1963
L A Tiger Walks March 12, 1964
L The Missadventures of Merlin Jones March 25, 1964
L The Three Lives of Thomasina June 4, 1964
L The Moon-Spinners July 8, 1964
H Mary Poppins August 29, 1964
L Emil and the Detectives December 18, 1964
L Those Calloways January 28, 1965
L The Monkey's Uncle August 18, 1965
L That Darn Cat! December 2, 1965
L The Ugly Dachshund February 16, 1966
L Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. July 29, 1966
L The Fighting Prince of Donegal October 1, 1966
L Follow Me, Boys! December 1, 1966
L Monkeys, Go Home! February 8, 1967
L The Adventures of Bullwhip Griffin March 8, 1967
L The Gnome-Mobile July 19, 1967
A The Jungle Book October 18, 1967
L Charlie, the Lonesome Cougar October 18, 1967
L The Happiest Millionaire November 30, 1967 This was the last film with personal involvement from Walt Disney, who died during production
L Blackbeard's Ghost February 8, 1968
L The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band March 21, 1968
L Never a Dull Moment June 26, 1968
L The Horse in the Gray Flannel Suit December 20, 1968
L The Love Bug December 24, 1968
L Smith! March 21, 1969
L Rascal June 11, 1969
L The Computer Wore Tennis Shoes December 24, 1969
1970s
Title US Release Notes
L King of the Grizzlies February 11, 1970
L The Boatniks July 1, 1970
L The Wild Country December 15, 1970
A The Aristocats December 24, 1970
L The Barefoot Executive March 17, 1971
L Scandalous John June 22, 1971
L The Million Dollar Duck June 30, 1971
H Bedknobs and Broomsticks December 13, 1971
L The Biscuit Eater March 22, 1972
L Now You See Him, Now You Don't July 12, 1972
L Napoleon and Samantha July 19, 1972
L Run, Cougar, Run October 18, 1972
L Snowball Express December 22, 1972
L The World's Greatest Athlete February 1, 1973
L Charley and the Angel March 23, 1973
L One Little Indian June 20, 1973
A Robin Hood November 8, 1973
L Superdad December 14, 1973
L Herbie Rides Again June 6, 1974
L The Bears and I July 31, 1974
L The Castaway Cowboy August 1, 1974
L The Island at the Top of the World December 20, 1974
L The Strongest Man in the World February 6, 1975
L Escape to Witch Mountain March 21, 1975
L The Apple Dumpling Gang July 1, 1975
L One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing July 9, 1975
N The Best of Walt Disney's True-Life Adventures October 8, 1975 Compilation film composed of highlights from True-Life Adventures series
L Ride a Wild Pony December 25, 1975
L No Deposit, No Return February 5, 1976
L Treasure of Matecumbe July 1, 1976
L Gus July 7, 1976
L The Shaggy D.A. December 17, 1976
L Freaky Friday December 17, 1976
L The Littlest Horse Thieves March 11, 1977 Released in European theaters in 1976, also known as Escape from the Dark
A The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh March 11, 1977 Anthology film
L A Tale of Two Critters June 22, 1977
A The Rescuers June 22, 1977
L Herbie Goes to Monte Carlo June 24, 1977
H Pete's Dragon November 3, 1977
L Candleshoe December 16, 1977
L Return from Witch Mountain March 10, 1978
L The Cat from Outer Space June 9, 1978
L Hot Lead and Cold Feet July 5, 1978
L The North Avenue Irregulars February 9, 1979
L The Apple Dumpling Gang Rides Again June 27, 1979
L Unidentified Flying Oddball July 26, 1979
L The Black Hole December 21, 1979
L The London Connection December 21, 1979 Also known as The Omega Connection
1980s
Title US Release Co-production companies
L Midnight Madness February 8, 1980
L The Watcher in the Woods April 17, 1980
L Herbie Goes Bananas June 25, 1980
L The Last Flight of Noah's Ark June 25, 1980
L Popeye[N 1] December 12, 1980 Paramount Pictures
L The Devil and Max Devlin March 6, 1981
L Amy March 20, 1981
L Dragonslayer[N 1] June 26, 1981 Paramount Pictures
A The Fox and the Hound July 10, 1981 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L Condorman August 7, 1981
L Night Crossing February 5, 1982
H Tron July 9, 1982 Lisberger/Kushner Productions
L Tex July 30, 1982
L Trenchcoat March 11, 1983
L Something Wicked This Way Comes April 29, 1983 The Bryna Company
L Never Cry Wolf October 7, 1983 Amarok Productions Ltd.
L Return to Oz June 21, 1985 Silver Screen Partners II
A The Black Cauldron July 24, 1985 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners II
L The Journey of Natty Gann September 27, 1985 Silver Screen Partners II
L One Magic Christmas November 22, 1985 Silver Screen Partners II and Telefilm Canada
A The Great Mouse Detective July 2, 1986 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners II
L Flight of the Navigator[N 2] July 30, 1986 Producers Sales Organization and New Star Entertainment
L Benji the Hunted June 17, 1987 Silver Screen Partners III and Mulberry Square Productions
L Return to Snowy River April 15, 1988 Silver Screen Partners III, Burrowes Film Group and The Hoyts Group
A Oliver & Company November 18, 1988 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners III
L Honey, I Shrunk the Kids June 23, 1989 Silver Screen Partners III
L Cheetah August 18, 1989 Silver Screen Partners III
A The Little Mermaid November 17, 1989 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV
1990s
Title US Release Co-production companies
A DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp August 3, 1990 Disney MovieToons
A The Rescuers Down Under November 16, 1990 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV
L White Fang January 18, 1991 Silver Screen Partners IV and Hybrid Productions Inc.
L Shipwrecked March 1, 1991 AB Svensk Filmindustri
L Wild Hearts Can't Be Broken May 24, 1991 Silver Screen Partners IV and Pegasus Entertainment
L The Rocketeer[N 3] June 21, 1991 Touchstone Pictures, Silver Screen Partners IV and The Gordon Company
A Beauty and the Beast November 22, 1991 Walt Disney Feature Animation and Silver Screen Partners IV
L Newsies April 10, 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners
L Honey, I Blew Up the Kid July 17, 1992
L The Mighty Ducks October 2, 1992 Touchwood Pacific Partners and Avnet–Kerner Productions
A Aladdin November 25, 1992 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L The Muppet Christmas Carol December 11, 1992 Jim Henson Productions
L Homeward Bound: The Incredible Journey February 3, 1993 Touchwood Pacific Partners
L A Far Off Place March 12, 1993 Touchwood Pacific Partners and Amblin Entertainment
L The Adventures of Huck Finn April 2, 1993
L Hocus Pocus July 16, 1993
L Cool Runnings October 1, 1993
L The Three Musketeers November 12, 1993 Caravan Pictures and Avnet-Kerner Productions
L Iron Will January 14, 1994
L Blank Check February 11, 1994
L D2: The Mighty Ducks March 25, 1994 Avnet–Kerner Productions
L White Fang 2: Myth of the White Wolf April 15, 1994
A The Lion King June 15, 1994 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L Angels in the Outfield July 15, 1994 Caravan Pictures
L Squanto: A Warrior's Tale October 28, 1994
L The Santa Clause [N 4] November 11, 1994 Hollywood Pictures and Outlaw Productions
L Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book December 25, 1994
L Heavyweights February 17, 1995 Caravan Pictures
L Man of the House March 3, 1995 All Girl Productions and Orr & Cruickshank Productions
L Tall Tale March 24, 1995 Caravan Pictures
A A Goofy Movie April 7, 1995 Disney MovieToons
A Pocahontas June 23, 1995 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L Operation Dumbo Drop July 28, 1995 Interscope Communications and PolyGram Filmed Entertainment
L A Kid in King Arthur's Court August 11, 1995 Trimark Pictures and Tapestry Films
L The Big Green September 29, 1995 Caravan Pictures
D Frank and Ollie October 20, 1995
A Toy Story November 22, 1995 Pixar Animation Studios
L Tom and Huck December 22, 1995
L Muppet Treasure Island February 16, 1996 Jim Henson Productions
L Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco March 8, 1996
H James and the Giant Peach April 12, 1996 Skellington Productions and Allied Filmmakers
A The Hunchback of Notre Dame June 21, 1996 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L First Kid August 30, 1996 Caravan Pictures
L D3: The Mighty Ducks October 4, 1996 Avnet–Kerner Productions
L 101 Dalmatians November 27, 1996 Great Oaks
L That Darn Cat February 14, 1997 Robert Simonds Productions
L Jungle 2 Jungle March 7, 1997 TF1
A Hercules June 27, 1997 Walt Disney Feature Animation
H George of the Jungle July 16, 1997 Mandeville Films and Avnet-Kerner Production
L Air Bud[N 2] August 1, 1997 Keystone Entertainment
L RocketMan October 10, 1997 Caravan Pictures and Roger Birnbaum Productions
L Flubber November 26, 1997 Great Oaks
H Mr. Magoo December 25, 1997 UPA Productions
L Meet the Deedles March 27, 1998 DIC Entertainment and Peak Productions
A Mulan June 19, 1998 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L The Parent Trap July 29, 1998
L I'll Be Home for Christmas November 13, 1998 Mandeville Films
A A Bug's Life November 25, 1998 Pixar Animation Studios
L Mighty Joe Young December 25, 1998 RKO Pictures and The Jacobson Company
L My Favorite Martian February 12, 1999
A Doug's 1st Movie March 26, 1999 Walt Disney Television Animation, Jumbo Pictures and A. Film A/S
L Endurance May 14, 1999
A Tarzan June 18, 1999 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L Inspector Gadget July 23, 1999 Caravan Pictures, DIC Entertainment, Avnet–Kerner Productions and Roger Birnbaum Productions
L The Straight Story[N 2] October 15, 1999 Asymmetrical Productions, FilmFour, Ciby 2000, Le Studio Canal+, Canal+
A Toy Story 2 November 24, 1999 Pixar Animation Studios
2000s
Title US Release Co-production companies
H Fantasia 2000 January 1, 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation
A The Tigger Movie February 11, 2000 DisneyToon Studios and Walt Disney Animation (Japan) Inc.
L Whispers: An Elephant's Tale March 10, 2000
A Dinosaur May 19, 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation and The Secret Lab
L Disney's The Kid July 7, 2000
L Remember the Titans September 29, 2000 Jerry Bruckheimer Films and Technical Black Films
L 102 Dalmatians November 22, 2000
A The Emperor's New Groove December 15, 2000 Walt Disney Feature Animation
A Recess: School's Out February 16, 2001 Walt Disney Television Animation and Paul & Joe Productions
A Atlantis: The Lost Empire June 15, 2001 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L The Princess Diaries August 3, 2001 BrownHouse Productions
L Max Keeble's Big Move October 5, 2001 Karz Entertainment
A Monsters, Inc. November 2, 2001 Pixar Animation Studios
L Snow Dogs January 18, 2002 The Kerner Entertainment Company
A Peter Pan in Return to Neverland February 15, 2002 DisneyToon Studios and A. Film A/S
L The Rookie March 29, 2002
A Lilo & Stitch June 21, 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L The Country Bears July 26, 2002 Gunn Films
A Spirited Away[N 2] September 20, 2002 Studio Ghibli
L Tuck Everlasting October 11, 2002 Scholastic Entertainment
L The Santa Clause 2 November 1, 2002 Outlaw Productions and Boxing Cat Films
A Treasure Planet November 27, 2002 Walt Disney Feature Animation
A The Jungle Book 2 February 14, 2003 DisneyToon Studios
A Piglet's Big Movie March 21, 2003 DisneyToon Studios and Munich Animation
D Ghosts of the Abyss [N 5] April 11, 2003 Walden Media, Earthship Productions, Ascot Elite Entertainment Group, Golden Village, Telepool and UGC PH
L Holes April 18, 2003 Walden Media, Phoenix Pictures and Chicago Pacific Entertainment
H The Lizzie McGuire Movie May 2, 2003 Stan Rogow Productions
A Finding Nemo May 30, 2003 Pixar Animation Studios
L Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl July 9, 2003 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
L Freaky Friday August 6, 2003 Gunn Films
A Brother Bear November 1, 2003 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L The Haunted Mansion November 26, 2003 Gunn Films
L The Young Black Stallion December 25, 2003 The Kennedy/Marshall Company
A Teacher's Pet January 16, 2004 Walt Disney Television Animation
L Miracle February 6, 2004
L Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen February 20, 2004
A Home on the Range April 2, 2004 Walt Disney Feature Animation
D Sacred Planet April 22, 2004
L Around the World in 80 Days[N 2] June 16, 2004 Walden Media, Spanknyce Films, and Mostow/Lieberman Productions
D America's Heart and Soul July 2, 2004 Blacklight Films
L The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement August 11, 2004 Shondaland and Martin Chase Productions
A The Incredibles November 5, 2004 Pixar Animation Studios
L National Treasure November 19, 2004 Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Junction Entertainment and Saturn Films
D Aliens of the Deep January 28, 2005 Walden Media and Earthship Productions
A Pooh's Heffalump Movie February 11, 2005 DisneyToon Studios
L The Pacifier March 4, 2005 Spyglass Entertainment and Offspring Entertainment
L Ice Princess March 18, 2005 Bridget Johnson Films & Skate Away Productions
L Herbie: Fully Loaded June 22, 2005 Robert Simonds Productions
A Howl's Moving Castle[N 2] July 10, 2005 Studio Ghibli
L Sky High July 29, 2005 Gunn Films
A Valiant[N 2] August 19, 2005 Vanguard Animation and Odyssey Entertainment
L The Greatest Game Ever Played September 30, 2005 Fairway Films
A Chicken Little November 4, 2005 Walt Disney Feature Animation
L The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe December 9, 2005 Walden Media
L Glory Road January 13, 2006 Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Texas Western Productions and Glory Road Productions
D Roving Mars January 27, 2006 The Kennedy/Marshall Company and White Mountain Films
L Eight Below February 17, 2006 Spyglass Entertainment, Mandeville Films and The Kennedy/Marshall Company
L The Shaggy Dog March 10, 2006 Mandeville Films, Robert Simonds Productions, and Boxing Cat Films
A The Wild April 14, 2006 C.O.R.E. Feature Animation, Hoytyboy Pictures, Sir Zip Productions and Contrafilm
A Cars June 9, 2006 Pixar Animation Studios
L Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest July 7, 2006 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
L Invincible August 25, 2006 Mayhem Pictures
A The Nightmare Before Christmas 3D [N 6] October 27, 2006 Skellington Productions
L The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause November 3, 2006 Outlaw Productions & Boxing Cat Productions
L Bridge to Terabithia February 16, 2007 Summit Entertainment and Walden Media
A Meet the Robinsons March 30, 2007 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End May 25, 2007 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
A Ratatouille June 29, 2007 Pixar Animation Studios
L Underdog August 3, 2007 Spyglass Entertainment, Classic Media and Maverick Films
D The Pixar Story August 28, 2007 Leslie Iwerks Productions
L The Game Plan September 28, 2007
H Enchanted November 21, 2007 Right Coast Entertainment and Josephson Entertainment
L National Treasure: Book of Secrets December 21, 2007 Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Junction Entertainment and Saturn Films
L Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert February 1, 2008 PACE
L College Road Trip March 7, 2008 Gunn Films
L The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian May 16, 2008 Walden Media
A WALL-E June 27, 2008 Pixar Animation Studios
L Beverly Hills Chihuahua October 3, 2008 Mandeville Films
D Morning Light October 17, 2008
L High School Musical 3: Senior Year October 24, 2008 Borden and Rosenbush Entertainment
A Bolt November 21, 2008 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Bedtime Stories December 25, 2008 Gunn Films, Happy Madison Productions, Offspring Entertainment and Conman & Izzy Productions
H The Secret of the Magic Gourd January 27, 2009 Walt Disney Pictures, Centro Digital Pictures Limited
L Jonas Brothers: The 3D Concert Experience February 27, 2009 Jonas Films
L Race to Witch Mountain March 13, 2009 Gunn Films
L Hannah Montana: The Movie April 10, 2009 It's a Laugh Productions and Millar Gough Ink
N Earth[N 7] April 22, 2009 BBC Natural History Unit, BBC Worldwide, Discovery Channel and Greenlight Media AG
L Trail of the Panda May 8, 2009 Disney World Cinema and Castle Hero Pictures
A Up May 29, 2009 Pixar Animation Studios
L Hexe Lilli: Der Drache und das magische Buch June 12, 2009
L G-Force July 24, 2009 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
A Ponyo[N 7] August 14, 2009 Studio Ghibli
D Walt & El Grupo September 9, 2009 Walt Disney Family Foundation Films and Theodore Thomas Productions
L Книга Мастеров October 29, 2009 Russia only
A Disney's A Christmas Carol November 6, 2009 ImageMovers Digital
L Old Dogs November 25, 2009 Tapestry Films
A The Princess and the Frog December 11, 2009 Walt Disney Animation Studios
2010s
All films listed are theatrical releases unless specified. Films labeled with a ‡ symbol signifies a streaming release exclusively through Disney+.

Title US Release Co-production companies
L Alice in Wonderland March 5, 2010 The Zanuck Company, Roth Films and Team Todd
N Oceans[N 7] April 22, 2010 Participant Media, Pathé, Gatetee Films, Canal+, France 2 Cinéma, France 3 Cinéma, Notro Films, JMH-TSR, France Télévisions, TPS Star, Centre National de la Cinématogrpahie, Procirep, Angoa-Agicoa Movies
L Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time May 28, 2010 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
A Toy Story 3 June 18, 2010 Pixar Animation Studios
L The Sorcerer's Apprentice July 14, 2010 Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Saturn Films, and Broken Road Productions
A Tales from Earthsea[N 7] August 13, 2010 Studio Ghibli
N The Crimson Wing: Mystery of the Flamingos September 7, 2010 Disneynature, Kudos Pictures, Kudos Film and Television, and Natural Light Films
L Secretariat October 8, 2010 Mayhem Pictures
L Do Dooni Chaar October 8, 2010 Planman Motion Pictures, Disney India, and Disney World Cinema
A Tangled November 24, 2010 Walt Disney Animation Studios
D The Boys: The Sherman Brothers' Story November 30, 2010 Crescendo Productions, Red Hour Films, and Traveling Light
L Tron: Legacy December 17, 2010 Sean Bailey Productions
L Anaganaga O Dheerudu January 21, 2011 A Bellyful of Dreams Entertainment, Arka Media Works, Disney India, and Disney World Cinema
L Lilly the Witch: The Journey to Mandolan February 17, 2011
A Mars Needs Moms March 11, 2011 ImageMovers Digital
L Zokkomon April 22, 2011 Disney India, and Disney World Cinema
N African Cats April 22, 2011 Disneynature, Fothergill / Scholey Productions, and Silverback Films[5]
L Prom April 29, 2011
L Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides May 20, 2011 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
A Cars 2 June 24, 2011 Pixar Animation Studios
A Winnie the Pooh July 15, 2011 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L The Muppets November 23, 2011 Mandeville Films
A The Secret World of Arrietty[N 7] February 17, 2012 Studio Ghibli
L John Carter March 9, 2012
N Chimpanzee April 20, 2012 Disneynature, and Great Ape Productions
A Arjun: The Warrior Prince May 25, 2012 Disney India, Disney World Cinema, and UTV Motion Pictures
A Brave June 22, 2012 Pixar Animation Studios
L The Odd Life of Timothy Green August 15, 2012 Monsterfoot Productions, and Scott Sanders Productions
A Frankenweenie October 5, 2012 Tim Burton Productions
A Wreck-It Ralph November 2, 2012 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Oz the Great and Powerful March 8, 2013 Roth Films, and Curtis-Donen Productions
N Wings of Life April 16, 2013 Disneynature, and Blacklight Films
A Monsters University June 21, 2013 Pixar Animation Studios
L The Lone Ranger July 3, 2013 Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Blind Wink, and Infinitum Nihil
A Planes August 9, 2013 DisneyToon Studios
A Frozen November 27, 2013 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Saving Mr. Banks December 13, 2013 BBC Films, Essential Media and Entertainment, Ruby Films, and Hopscotch Features
L Muppets Most Wanted March 21, 2014 Mandeville Films
N Bears April 18, 2014 Disneynature, and Silverback films[6]
L Million Dollar Arm May 16, 2014 Roth Films, and Mayhem Pictures
L Maleficent May 30, 2014 Roth Films
A Planes: Fire & Rescue July 18, 2014 DisneyToon Studios
L Khoobsurat September 19, 2014 UTV Motion Pictures, Disney India, and Anil Kapoor Films
L Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day October 10, 2014 21 Laps Entertainment, and The Jim Henson Company
A Big Hero 6 November 7, 2014 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Into the Woods December 25, 2014 Lucamar Productions, and Marc Platt Productions
L McFarland, USA February 20, 2015 Mayhem Pictures
L Cinderella March 13, 2015 Genre Films
N Monkey Kingdom April 17, 2015 Disneynature, and Silverback Films[7]
L Tomorrowland May 22, 2015 A113 Productions
A Inside Out June 19, 2015 Pixar Animation Studios
L ABCD 2 June 19, 2015 UTV Motion Pictures, and Disney India
A The Good Dinosaur November 25, 2015 Pixar Animation Studios
L The Finest Hours January 29, 2016 Whitaker Entertainment, and Red Hawk Entertainment
A Zootopia March 4, 2016 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L The Jungle Book April 15, 2016 Fairview Entertainment
L Tini: The Movie May 6, 2016 Gloriamundi Producciones and Lapis Films
L Alice Through the Looking Glass May 27, 2016 Roth Films, Team Todd, and Tim Burton Productions
A Finding Dory June 17, 2016 Pixar Animation Studios
L The BFG [N 8] July 1, 2016 Amblin Entertainment, Reliance Entertainment, Walden Media, and The Kennedy/Marshall Company
L Pete's Dragon August 12, 2016 Whitaker Entertainment
L Queen of Katwe September 23, 2016 ESPN Films, Cine Mosaic, and Mirabai Films
A Moana November 23, 2016 Walt Disney Animation Studios
N Growing Up Wild December 6, 2016 Disneynature, and Silverback Films[9]
L Dangal December 21, 2016 Disney India, UTV Motion Pictures, and Aamir Khan Productions
N L'Empereur - March of the Penguins 2: The Next Step[N 9] February 15, 2017 Disneynature, Bonne Pioche Cinéma, Paprika Films, Wild-Touch Productions, OCS, France 3 Cinéma, and Hulu Originals
L Beauty and the Beast March 17, 2017 Mandeville Films
N Born in China April 21, 2017 Disneynature, Shanghai Media Group, Chuan Films, and Brian Leith Productions
L Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales May 26, 2017 Jerry Bruckheimer Films
A Cars 3 June 16, 2017 Pixar Animation Studios
N Ghost of the Mountains June 30, 2017 Disneynature, Netflix Original Documentaries, and Brian Leith Productions[11]
L Jagga Jasoos July 14, 2017 Disney India, UTV Motion Pictures, Picture Shuru Entertainment, and Ishana Movies
A Coco November 22, 2017 Pixar Animation Studios
N Expedition China December 27, 2017 Disneynature, Netflix Original Documentaries, and Brian Leith Productions[11]
L A Wrinkle in Time March 9, 2018 Whitaker Entertainment
A Incredibles 2 June 15, 2018 Pixar Animation Studios
L Christopher Robin August 3, 2018 2DUX²
L The Nutcracker and the Four Realms November 2, 2018 The Mark Gordon Company
A Ralph Breaks the Internet November 21, 2018 Walt Disney Animation Studios
H Mary Poppins Returns December 19, 2018 Lucamar Productions, and Marc Platt Productions
L Dumbo March 29, 2019 Tim Burton Productions, Infinite Detective Productions, and Secret Machine Entertainment
N Penguins April 17, 2019 Disneynature and Silverback Films
L Aladdin May 24, 2019 Lin Pictures, Rideback and Marc Platt Productions
A Toy Story 4 June 21, 2019 Pixar Animation Studios
L The Lion King July 19, 2019 Fairview Entertainment
L Maleficent: Mistress of Evil October 18, 2019 Roth Films
L Lady and the Tramp ‡ November 12, 2019 Taylor Made
L Noelle ‡ November 12, 2019
A Frozen II November 22, 2019 Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Togo ‡ December 20, 2019
2020s
All films listed are theatrical releases unless specified. Films labeled with a ‡ symbol signifies a streaming release exclusively through Disney+; a † symbol signifies a premium video on demand release through Disney+ and limited theatrical release; a § symbol signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on premium video on demand.

Title US Release Co-production companies
L Timmy Failure: Mistakes Were Made ‡ February 7, 2020 Etalon Films, Slow Pony Pictures and Whitaker Entertainment
A Onward March 6, 2020 Pixar Animation Studios
L Stargirl ‡ March 13, 2020 Gotham Group and Hahnscape Entertainment
N Dolphin Reef ‡ April 3, 2020 Disneynature
N Elephant ‡ April 3, 2020 Disneynature
L Artemis Fowl ‡ June 12, 2020 TriBeCa Productions and Marzano Films
L Hamilton ‡ July 3, 2020 5000 Broadway Productions, Nevis Productions, Old 320 Sycamore Pictures and RadicalMedia
L Black Is King ‡ July 31, 2020 Parkwood Entertainment
L Magic Camp ‡ August 14, 2020 Team Todd
L The One and Only Ivan ‡ August 21, 2020 Jolie Pas Productions
L Mulan † September 4, 2020 Jason T. Reed Productions and Good Fear Productions
L Godmothered ‡ December 4, 2020 The Montecito Picture Company[12]
L Safety ‡ December 11, 2020 Mayhem Pictures and Select Films[13]
A Soul ‡ December 25, 2020 Pixar Animation Studios[14][15]
L Flora & Ulysses ‡ February 19, 2021 Netter Productions[16]
A Raya and the Last Dragon § March 5, 2021 Walt Disney Animation Studios[17][18][19][20]
L Cruella § May 28, 2021 Gunn Films and Marc Platt Productions[21][22]
A Luca ‡ June 18, 2021 Pixar Animation Studios[23][24][25]
Upcoming
All films listed are theatrical releases unless specified. Films labeled with a ‡ symbol signifies a streaming release exclusively through Disney+; a § symbol signifies a simultaneous release to theatres and on premium video on demand.


Key to the colors used below
Type of film
A Animated films
H Films combining live action and traditional animation
L Live-action films
N True-Life Adventures / Disneynature documentary films
D Other documentary films
Title US Release Co-production companies
2021
L Jungle Cruise §[26] July 30, 2021[27] Davis Entertainment, Flynn Picture Company and Seven Bucks Productions
A Encanto November 24, 2021[28][29][30][31] Walt Disney Animation Studios
2022
A Turning Red March 11, 2022[25] Pixar Animation Studios
L Untitled live-action Disney film April 8, 2022[32]
L Untitled live-action Disney film May 27, 2022[25]
A Lightyear June 17, 2022[25] Pixar Animation Studios
L Untitled live-action Disney film August 12, 2022[25]
L Untitled live-action Disney film November 4, 2022[25]
A Untitled Disney animated film November 23, 2022[25] Walt Disney Animation Studios
H Disenchanted ‡ 2022[33]
L Peter Pan & Wendy ‡ 2022[34] Whitaker Entertainment, Roth/Kirschenbaum Films[35]
L Hocus Pocus 2 ‡ Fall 2022[36]
2023
L Untitled live-action Disney film March 10, 2023[37]
L Untitled live-action Disney film May 26, 2023[37]
A Untitled Pixar animated film June 16, 2023[37] Pixar Animation Studios
L Untitled live-action Disney film July 14, 2023[37]
L Untitled live-action Disney film August 11, 2023[37]
A Untitled Disney animated film November 22, 2023[37] Walt Disney Animation Studios
L Untitled live-action Disney film December 15, 2023[37]
In production / without scheduled release dates
L The Little Mermaid TBA Lucamar Productions, Marc Platt Productions[35]
L Shrunk ‡ TBA Mandeville Films[35]
L Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers ‡ TBA Mandeville Films
L Pinocchio ‡ TBA ImageMovers, Depth of Field[38]
L Hollywood Stargirl ‡ TBA Gotham Group and Hahnscape Entertainment[39]
L Better Nate Than Never ‡ TBA Marc Platt Productions[40]
L Song for a Whale ‡ TBA Jane Startz Productions[41]
Number of films per decade
420 films produced and released under the Disney banner until now.
1930s (2) 1940s (14) 1950s (29) 1960s (52) 1970s (48) 1980s (28) 1990s (67) 2000s (97) 2010s (90) 2020s (36)
1940 2 1950 2 1960 7 1970 4 1980 5 1990 2 2000 7 2010 12 2020 14
1941 2 1951 1 1961 6 1971 4 1981 5 1991 5 2001 5 2011 10 2021 6
1942 1 1952 1 1962 6 1972 5 1982 3 1992 5 2002 8 2012 7 2022 8
1943 2 1953 3 1963 6 1973 5 1983 3 1993 6 2003 11 2013 7 2023 8
1954 3 1964 6 1974 4 1994 9 2004 11 2014 9 2024
1945 1 1955 4 1965 3 1975 6 1985 4 1995 11 2005 10 2015 7 2025
1946 2 1956 4 1966 4 1976 5 1986 2 1996 7 2006 10 2016 12 2026
1937 2 1947 1 1957 3 1967 6 1977 7 1987 1 1997 8 2007 10 2017 9 2027
1948 2 1958 3 1968 5 1978 3 1988 2 1998 7 2008 10 2018 6 2028
1949 1 1959 5 1969 3 1979 5 1989 3 1999 7 2009 15 2019 11 2029
See also
icon Disney portal
Film portal
flag United States portal
In-depth lists by other types

List of Disney feature-length home entertainment releases
List of Disney television films
List of Disney theatrical animated feature films
List of Disney live-action remakes of animated films
Disney-branded labels

List of Walt Disney Studios films
Operating:

Walt Disney Animation Studios (list)
Disney Channel Original Movies (list)
Disneynature
Pixar Animation Studios (list)
Defunct:

ImageMovers Digital
Skellington Productions
DisneyToon Studios
Other film labels and/or subsidiaries Operating:

Marvel Studios (list)
Marvel Cinematic Universe (list)
Marvel Television
Lucasfilm Ltd.
20th Century Studios (list)
Searchlight Pictures
20th Century Fox Animation
Fox Star Studios
ESPN Films
UTV Motion Pictures
Defunct:

Hollywood Pictures
Touchstone Pictures (list)
ABC Motion Pictures (list)
ABC Family (list)
Fox 2000 Pictures[42]
Blue Sky Studios (list)
Divested (once owned by Disney):

Miramax (list)
Dimension Films (list)
Related lists

List of Disney animated shorts
List of Disney television series
Notes
Walt Disney Productions and Paramount Pictures co-produced this film, with Buena Vista International handling international distribution, and Paramount handling North American distribution.
Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures in North America only.
The Rocketeer was released as a Walt Disney Pictures release in North America.[2] However, outside of the United States and Canada, the film was released through the Touchstone Pictures label.[3]
Released in conjunction with the Hollywood Pictures label.
Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures in a small number of countries. Walden Media sold on the international rights to other distributors.
Released under the Touchstone Pictures label for its original 1993 release, and was rebranded as a Walt Disney Pictures film for the 2006 reissue.[4]
Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in North America only.
Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures worldwide except in Europe, Africa and the Middle East, where DreamWorks Pictures' international partner Mister Smith Entertainment sold the rights to independent distributors.[8]
Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in France.[10] It was subsequently released exclusively on Hulu in the U.S. as March of the Penguins 2: The Next Step.
Citations
McClintock, Pamela (December 20, 2018). "Disney's Film Prodution Chief Talks 'Mary Poppins' and His Big Bet on 'The Lion King': "It's a New Form of Filmmaking"". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
Cooke, Jon B. (transcribed by Sam Gafford). "Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens on his life as an artist." Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Comic Book Artist #15 via tomorrows.com. Retrieved: October 31, 2010.
"Disney rebrands Rocketeer to reach wider audience." Screen Finance, August 21, 1991.
Mendelson, Scott (October 15, 2013). "'Nightmare Before Christmas' Turns 20: From Shameful Spawn To Disney's Pride". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 23, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2013.
"Disneynature African Cats". silverbackfilms.tv. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
"Disneynature Bears". silverbackfilms.tv. Archived from the original on November 12, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
"Disneynature Monkey Kingdom". silverbackfilms.tv. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
Rainey, James. "Steven Spielberg Takes First Directing Turn With Walt Disney Studios". Variety. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
"Disneynature Growing Up Wild". silverbackfilms.tv. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
Carvajal, Doreen (September 28, 2005). "Compared With Their Filmmakers, the Penguins Have It Easy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
"Productions – Brian leith Productions". brianleith.tv. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
Disney+ Original Movie 'Godmothered to Debut on December 4
Disney+ movie on former Clemson RB’s story premieres next month
Pixar [@pixar] (June 19, 2019). "One year from today, Pixar Animation Studios will take you on a journey from the streets of New York City to the cosmic realms to discover the answers to life's most important questions. Disney & Pixar's "Soul" arrives in theaters on June 19, 2020. t.co/D3VP8Tw4RM" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 7, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021 – via Twitter.
Alexander, Julia (October 8, 2020). "Disney's next Pixar movie 'Soul' will skip theaters for Disney Plus this December". The Verge. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
"What's Coming To Disney+ In February (US) | What's On Disney Plus". December 13, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2020.
Kit, Borys (May 25, 2018). "Disney Reportedly Developing Animated Dragon Empire Film". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on March 28, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
Sarto, Dan (October 9, 2018). "Osnat Shurer and Adele Lim Developing Animated Feature for Disney". Animation World Network. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
Radulovic, Petrana (August 24, 2019). "Disney announces Raya and the Last Dragon as next animated film". Polygon. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
Sneider, Jeff (April 13, 2020). "Disney Moves Pixar's 'Soul' to Fall, 'Raya and the Last Dragon' to Next Year". Collider. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
Kit, Borys (September 30, 2013). "Disney Preps Live-Action Cruella de Vil Film (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
D'Alessandro, Anthony (August 20, 2019). "Amy Adams 'Woman In The Window' Will Now Open In Early Summer, 'Cruella' Moves To 2021". Deadline. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
Pixar [@pixar] (July 30, 2020). "Meet "Luca." Directed by Enrico Casarosa & produced by Andrea Warren, our all-new film will introduce a boy named Luca as he experiences an unforgettable summer in a seaside town on the Italian Riviera. "Luca" opens in theaters summer 2021. t.co/orlIxzqXnB" (Tweet). Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021 – via Twitter.
D'Alessando, Anthony (March 23, 2021). "Disney Shifts 'Black Widow' & 'Cruella' To Day & Date Release In Theaters And Disney+, Jarring Summer Box Office". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. Retrieved March 23, 2021.
"Walt Disney Studios Announces Updated Release Schedule". WhatsOnDisneyPlus. WhatsOnDisneyPlus. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
Driscoll, Molly (August 20, 2015). "Dwayne Johnson is set to star in a movie version of Disney's Jungle Cruise ride". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Rubin, Rebecca (April 3, 2020). "'Black Widow,' 'Eternals,' 'Indiana Jones 5' and More Disney Films Get New Release Dates". Variety. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on December 22, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
Disney Animation [@disneyanimation] (December 10, 2020). "This Fall, Walt Disney Animation Studios' all-new film Encanto takes you to Colombia, where a magical family live in a magical home. Directed by Byron Howard and Jared Bush, co-directed and co-written by Charise Castro Smith, and music written by Lin-Manuel Miranda. t.co/bdxag3SzPv" (Tweet). Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021 – via Twitter.
lumiere-a.akamaihd.net/v1/documents/twdc_investor_day_programming_fact_sheet_ecbccd9a.pdf
"The Walt Disney Studios Announces Updated Release Schedule". The Walt Disney Company. April 3, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
Dela Paz, Maggie (March 26, 2021). "Disenchanted: James Marsden & Idina Menzel Return For Disney+ Sequel". ComingSoon.net. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
Dela Paz, Maggie (March 16, 2021). "Disney+'s Live-Action Peter Pan & Wendy Film Begins Production". Comingsoon.net. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
Jones, Mike (November 13, 2020). "Disney Confirms ALL Movies Shut Down For COVID Have Restarted Or Completed Filming". Screen Rant. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
Rubin, Rebecca (May 20, 2021). "Sarah Jessica Parker, Bette Midler and Kathy Najimy Officially Returning for 'Hocus Pocus' Sequel". Variety. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
D'Alessandro, Anthony (November 15, 2019). "Disney Dates A Ton Of Pics Into 2023 & Juggles Fox Releases With Ridley Scott's 'The Last Duel' To Open Christmas 2020, 'The King's Man' Next Fall – Update". Deadline. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2019.
Aquilina, Tyler (March 17, 2021). "Pinocchio: Erivo, Gordon-Levitt & More Join Disney's Live-Action Film". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved March 18, 2021. After an unusually long and bumpy road to the screen, production is finally underway on Disney's live-action remake of the animated classic Pinocchio.
Kit, Borys (February 22, 2021). "'Stargirl' Sequel in the Works for Disney+ (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
Wiseman, Andrea (June 8, 2021). "Lisa Kudrow Set For Disney+ Comedy 'Better Nate Than Ever' From Producer Marc Platt, Cameras Roll In NY". Deadline. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
Sharpe, Josh (April 27, 2021). "Exclusive: Film Based on Lynne Kelly's 'Song for a Whale' In Development at Disney+". The DisInsider. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
Fleming, Mike Jr. (March 21, 2019). "Elizabeth Gabler's Fox 2000 To Shutter As Disney Takes Over". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on March 21, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
Further reading
Maltin, Leonard (2000). The Disney Films. New York: Disney Editions. ISBN 978-0-7868-8527-5.
Smith, Dave (2006). Disney A to Z: The Official Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). New York: Disney Editions. ISBN 978-0-7868-4919-2.
"A Complete List of Disney Films". The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2003.
List of all films released by Disney regardless of label—Disney
List of Pre-1980 Live Action Disney Movies and DVD Status—UltimateDisney.com
List of 1980–Present Live Action Disney Movies and DVD Status—UltimateDisney.com
External links
Official list of Walt Disney Pictures films
Walt Disney Pictures at IMDb
vte
Walt Disney Studios films
Lists of films
1937–19591960–19791980–19891990–19992000–20092010–20192020–2029
Films by Studio
Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Animation StudiosPixarMarvel StudiosLucasfilm20th Century StudiosSearchlight Pictures
Dormant
Touchstone PicturesHollywood Pictures
Categories: Walt Disney Pictures filmsLists of films by studioLists of films released by DisneyWalt Disney PicturesAmerican films by studio
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Pixar
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This article is about the computer animation studio. For other uses, see Pixar (disambiguation).

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Pixar Animation Studios
Logo for Pixar Communications
Pixaranimationstudios.jpg
Headquarters in Emeryville, California
Type Subsidiary
Predecessor The Graphics Group of Lucasfilm Computer Division (1979–1986)
Founded February 3, 1986; 35 years ago in Richmond, California, U.S.
Founders
Edwin Catmull
Alvy Ray Smith
Headquarters 1200 Park Avenue, Emeryville, California, U.S.
Area served Worldwide
Key people
Jim Morris (President)
Pete Docter (CCO)
Products Computer animations
Brands Pixar Image Computer, Pixar RenderMan
Number of employees 1,233 (2020)
Parent
Independent (1986–2006)
Walt Disney Studios (2006–present)
Website pixar.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3]
Pixar Animation Studios (/ˈpɪksɑːr/), commonly just Pixar, is an American computer animation studio known for its critically and commercially successful computer animated feature films. It is based in Emeryville, California, and is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios owned by The Walt Disney Company.

Pixar began in 1979 as part of the Lucasfilm computer division, known as the Graphics Group, before its spin-off as a corporation in 1986, with funding from Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, who became its majority shareholder.[2] Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4+ billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock.[4][5] Pixar is best known for its feature films, technologically powered by RenderMan, the company's own implementation of the industry-standard RenderMan Interface Specification image-rendering application programming interface. Luxo Jr., a desk lamp from the studio's 1986 short film of the same name, is the studio's mascot.

Pixar has produced 24 feature films, beginning with Toy Story (1995), which is the first fully computer-animated feature film; its most recent film was Luca (2021). Aside from Soul (2020) and Luca, which did not receive theatrical releases and instead debuted on Disney+, they have all had CinemaScore ratings of at least an "A−", which indicates a positive reception with audiences.[6] The studio has also produced many of short films. As of July 2019, its feature films have earned approximately $14 billion at the worldwide box office,[7] with an average worldwide gross of $680 million per film.[8] Toy Story 3 (2010), Finding Dory (2016), Incredibles 2 (2018), and Toy Story 4 (2019) are all among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time, with Incredibles 2 being the fourth highest-grossing animated film of all time, with a gross of $1.2 billion; the other three also grossed over $1 billion. Moreover, 15 of Pixar's films are in the 50 highest-grossing animated films of all time.

The studio has earned 23 Academy Awards, 10 Golden Globe Awards, and 11 Grammy Awards, along with numerous other awards and acknowledgments. Many of Pixar's films have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since its inauguration in 2001, with eleven winners being Finding Nemo (2003), The Incredibles (2004), Ratatouille (2007), WALL-E (2008), Up (2009), Toy Story 3, Brave (2012), Inside Out (2015), Coco (2017), Toy Story 4, and Soul; the four nominated without winning are Monsters, Inc. (2001), Cars (2006), Incredibles 2, and Onward (2020). Up and Toy Story 3 were also nominated for the more competitive and inclusive Academy Award for Best Picture.

On September 6, 2009, Pixar executives John Lasseter, Brad Bird, Pete Docter, Andrew Stanton, and Lee Unkrich were presented with the Golden Lion award for Lifetime Achievement by the Venice Film Festival. The physical award was ceremoniously handed to Lucasfilm's founder, George Lucas.


Contents
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Independent company
1.3 Collaboration with Disney
1.4 Disney subsidiary
1.5 Expansion
2 Campus
3 Feature films and shorts
3.1 Traditions
3.2 Sequels and prequels
3.3 Adaptation to television
3.4 Animation and live-action
3.5 Upcoming films
4 Co-op Program
5 Franchises
6 Exhibitions
6.1 Pixar: 20 Years of Animation
6.2 Pixar: 25 Years of Animation
6.3 The Science Behind Pixar
6.4 Pixar: The Design of Story
6.5 Pixar: 30 Years of Animation
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links
History
Early history

A Pixar computer at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View with the 1986–95 logo on it
Pixar got its start in 1974 when New York Institute of Technology's (NYIT) founder, Alexander Schure, who was also the owner of a traditional animation studio, established the Computer Graphics Lab (CGL) and recruited computer scientists who shared his ambitions about creating the world's first computer-animated film. Edwin Catmull and Malcolm Blanchard were the first to be hired and were soon joined by Alvy Ray Smith and David DiFrancesco some months later, which were the four original members of the Computer Graphics Lab, located in a converted two-story garage acquired from the former Vanderbilt-Whitney estate.[9][10] Schure kept pouring money into the computer graphics lab, an estimated $15 million, giving the group everything they desired and driving NYIT into serious financial troubles.[11] Eventually, the group realized they needed to work in a real film studio in order to reach their goal. Francis Ford Coppola then invited Smith to his house for a three-day media conference, where Coppola and George Lucas shared their visions for the future of digital moviemaking.[12]

When Lucas approached them and offered them a job at his studio, six employees moved to Lucasfilm. During the following months, they gradually resigned from CGL, found temporary jobs for about a year to avoid making Schure suspicious, and joined the Graphics Group at Lucasfilm.[13][14] The Graphics Group, which was one-third of the Computer Division of Lucasfilm, was launched in 1979 with the hiring of Catmull from NYIT,[15] where he was in charge of the Computer Graphics Lab. He was then reunited with Smith, who also made the journey from NYIT to Lucasfilm, and was made the director of the Graphics Group. At NYIT, the researchers pioneered many of the CG foundation techniques—in particular, the invention of the alpha channel by Catmull and Smith.[16] Over the next several years, the CGL would produce a few frames of an experimental film called The Works. After moving to Lucasfilm, the team worked on creating the precursor to RenderMan, called REYES (for "renders everything you ever saw") and developed several critical technologies for CG—including particle effects and various animation tools.[citation needed]

John Lasseter was hired to the Lucasfilm team for a week in late 1983 with the title "interface designer"; he animated the short film The Adventures of André & Wally B.[17] In the next few years, a designer suggested naming a new digital compositing computer the "Picture Maker". Smith suggested that the laser-based device have a catchier name, and came up with "Pixer", which after a meeting was changed to "Pixar".[18]

In 1982, the Pixar team began working on special-effects film sequences with Industrial Light & Magic. After years of research, and key milestones such as the Genesis Effect in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and the Stained Glass Knight in Young Sherlock Holmes,[15] the group, which then numbered 40 individuals, was spun out as a corporation in February 1986 by Catmull and Smith. Among the 38 remaining employees, there were also Malcolm Blanchard, David DiFrancesco, Ralph Guggenheim, and Bill Reeves, who had been part of the team since the days of NYIT. Tom Duff, also an NYIT member, would later join Pixar after its formation.[2] With Lucas's 1983 divorce, which coincided with the sudden dropoff in revenues from Star Wars licenses following the release of Return of the Jedi, they knew he would most likely sell the whole Graphics Group. Worried that the employees would be lost to them if that happened, which would prevent the creation of the first computer-animated movie, they concluded that the best way to keep the team together was to turn the group into an independent company. But Moore's Law also suggested that sufficient computing power for the first film was still some years away, and they needed to focus on a proper product until then. Eventually, they decided they should be a hardware company in the meantime, with their Pixar Image Computer as the core product, a system primarily sold to governmental, scientific, and medical markets.[2][11][19] They also used SGI computers.[citation needed]

In 1983, Nolan Bushnell founded a new computer-guided animation studio called Kadabrascope as a subsidiary of his Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatres company (PTT), which was founded in 1977. Only one major project was made out of the new studio, an animated Christmas special for NBC starring Chuck E. Cheese and other PTT mascots; known as "Chuck E. Cheese: The Christmas That Almost Wasn't". The animation movement would be made using tweening instead of traditional cel animation. After the video game crash of 1983, Bushnell started selling some subsidiaries of PTT to keep the business afloat. Sente Technologies (another division, was founded to have games distributed in PTT stores) was sold to Bally Games and Kadabrascope was sold to Lucasfilm. The Kadabrascope assets were combined with the Computer Division of Lucasfilm.[20] Coincidentally, one of Steve Jobs's first jobs was under Bushnell in 1973 as a technician at his other company Atari, which Bushnell sold to Warner Communications in 1976 to focus on PTT.[21] PTT would later go bankrupt in 1984 and be acquired by ShowBiz Pizza Place.[citation needed]

Independent company
In 1986, the newly independent Pixar was headed by President Edwin Catmull and Executive Vice President Alvy Ray Smith. Lucas's search for investors led to an offer from Steve Jobs, which Lucas initially found too low. He eventually accepted after determining it impossible to find other investors. At that point, Smith and Catmull had been declined 45 times, and 35 venture capitalists and ten large corporations had declined.[22] Jobs, who had been edged out of Apple in 1985,[2] was now founder and CEO of the new computer company NeXT. On February 3, 1986, he paid $5 million of his own money to George Lucas for technology rights and invested $5 million cash as capital into the company, joining the board of directors as chairman.[2][23]

In 1985, while still at Lucasfilm, they had made a deal with the Japanese publisher Shogakukan to make a computer-animated movie called Monkey, based on the Monkey King. The project continued sometime after they became a separate company in 1986, but it became clear that the technology was not sufficiently advanced. The computers were not powerful enough and the budget would be too high. So they focused on the computer hardware business for years until a computer-animated feature became feasible according to Moore's law.[24][25]

At the time, Walt Disney Studios was interested and eventually bought and used the Pixar Image Computer and custom software written by Pixar as part of its Computer Animation Production System (CAPS) project, to migrate the laborious ink and paint part of the 2D animation process to a more automated method. The company's first feature film to be released using this new animation method was The Black Cauldron.[citation needed]

In a bid to drive sales of the system and increase the company's capital, Jobs suggested releasing the product to the mainstream market. Pixar employee John Lasseter, who had long been working on not-for-profit short demonstration animations, such as Luxo Jr. (1986) to show off the device's capabilities, premiered his creations to great fanfare at SIGGRAPH, the computer graphics industry's largest convention.[26]

However, the Image Computer had inadequate sales[26] which threatened to end the company as financial losses grew. Jobs increased investment in exchange for an increased stake, reducing the proportion of management and employee ownership until eventually, his total investment of $50 million gave him control of the entire company. In 1989, Lasseter's growing animation department, originally composed of just four people (Lasseter, Bill Reeves, Eben Ostby, and Sam Leffler), was turned into a division that produced computer-animated commercials for outside companies.[1][27][28] In April 1990, Pixar sold its hardware division, including all proprietary hardware technology and imaging software, to Vicom Systems, and transferred 18 of Pixar's approximately 100 employees. That year, Pixar moved from San Rafael to Richmond, California.[29] Pixar released some of its software tools on the open market for Macintosh and Windows systems. RenderMan is one of the leading 3D packages of the early 1990s, and Typestry is a special-purpose 3D text renderer that competed with RayDream.[citation needed]

During this period, Pixar continued its successful relationship with Walt Disney Animation Studios, a studio whose corporate parent would ultimately become its most important partner. As 1991 began, however, the layoff of 30 employees in the company's computer hardware department—including the company's president, Chuck Kolstad,[30] reduced the total number of employees to just 42, approximately its original number.[31] Pixar made a historic $26 million deal with Disney to produce three computer-animated feature films, the first of which is Toy Story, the product of the technological limitations that challenged CGI.[32] By then the software programmers, who were doing RenderMan and IceMan, and Lasseter's animation department, which made television commercials (and four Luxo Jr. shorts for Sesame Street the same year), were all that remained of Pixar.[33]

Even with income from these projects, the company continued to lose money and Steve Jobs, as chairman of the board and now the full owner, often considered selling it. Even as late as 1994, Jobs contemplated selling Pixar to other companies such as Hallmark Cards, Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, and Oracle CEO and co-founder Larry Ellison.[34] Only after learning from New York critics that Toy Story would probably be a hit—and confirming that Disney would distribute it for the 1995 Christmas season—did he decide to give Pixar another chance.[35][36] For the first time, he also took an active leadership role in the company and made himself CEO.[citation needed] Toy Story grossed more than $373 million worldwide[37] and, when Pixar held its initial public offering on November 29, 1995, it exceeded Netscape's as the biggest IPO of the year. In its first half-hour of trading, Pixar stock shot from $22 to $45, delaying trading because of unmatched buy orders. Shares climbed to US$49 and closed the day at $39.[38]

During the 1990s and 2000s, Pixar gradually developed the "Pixar Braintrust", the studio's primary creative development process, in which all of its directors, writers, and lead storyboard artists regularly examine each other's projects and give very candid "notes", the industry term for constructive criticism.[39] The Braintrust operates under a philosophy of a "filmmaker-driven studio", in which creatives help each other move their films forward through a process somewhat like peer review, as opposed to the traditional Hollywood approach of an "executive-driven studio" in which directors are micromanaged through "mandatory notes" from development executives outranking the producers.[40][41] According to Catmull, it evolved out of the working relationship between Lasseter, Stanton, Docter, Unkrich, and Joe Ranft on Toy Story.[39]

As a result of the success of Toy Story, Pixar built a new studio at the Emeryville campus which was designed by PWP Landscape Architecture and opened in November 2000.[citation needed]

Collaboration with Disney
Pixar and Disney had disagreements over the production of Toy Story 2. Originally intended as a straight-to-video release (and thus not part of Pixar's three-picture deal), the film was eventually upgraded to a theatrical release during production. Pixar demanded that the film then be counted toward the three-picture agreement, but Disney refused.[42] Though profitable for both, Pixar later complained that the arrangement was not equitable. Pixar was responsible for creation and production, while Disney handled marketing and distribution. Profits and production costs were split equally, but Disney exclusively owned all story, character, and sequel rights and also collected a 10- to 15-percent distribution fee. The lack of these rights was perhaps the most onerous aspect for Pixar and precipitated a contentious relationship.[43]

The two companies attempted to reach a new agreement for ten months and failed in January 2004. The new deal would be only for distribution, as Pixar intended to control production and own the resulting story, character, and sequel rights while Disney would own the right of first refusal to distribute any sequels. Pixar also wanted to finance its own films and collect 100 percent profit, paying Disney only the 10- to 15-percent distribution fee.[44] More importantly, as part of any distribution agreement with Disney, Pixar demanded control over films already in production under the old agreement, including The Incredibles (2004) and Cars (2006). Disney considered these conditions unacceptable, but Pixar would not concede.[44]

Disagreements between Steve Jobs and Disney chairman and CEO Michael Eisner made the negotiations more difficult than they otherwise might have been. They broke down completely in mid-2004, with Disney forming Circle 7 Animation and Jobs declaring that Pixar was actively seeking partners other than Disney.[45] Even with this announcement and several talks with Warner Bros., Sony Pictures, and 20th Century Fox, Pixar did not enter negotiations with other distributors,[46] although a Warner Bros. spokesperson told CNN, "We would love to be in business with Pixar. They are a great company."[44] After a lengthy hiatus, negotiations between the two companies resumed following the departure of Eisner from Disney in September 2005. In preparation for potential fallout between Pixar and Disney, Jobs announced in late 2004 that Pixar would no longer release movies at the Disney-dictated November time frame, but during the more lucrative early summer months. This would also allow Pixar to release DVDs for its major releases during the Christmas shopping season. An added benefit of delaying Cars from November 4, 2005, to June 9, 2006, was to extend the time frame remaining on the Pixar-Disney contract, to see how things would play out between the two companies.[46]

Pending the Disney acquisition of Pixar, the two companies created a distribution deal for the intended 2007 release of Ratatouille, to ensure that if the acquisition failed, this one film would be released through Disney's distribution channels. In contrast to the earlier Pixar deal, Ratatouille was meant to remain a Pixar property and Disney would have received only a distribution fee. The completion of Disney's Pixar acquisition, however, nullified this distribution arrangement.[47]

Disney subsidiary
In January 2006, Disney ultimately agreed to buy Pixar for approximately $7.4 billion in an all-stock deal.[48] Following Pixar shareholder approval, the acquisition was completed May 5, 2006. The transaction catapulted Jobs, who owned 49.65% of total share interest in Pixar, to Disney's largest individual shareholder with 7%, valued at $3.9 billion, and a new seat on its board of directors.[5][49] Jobs's new Disney holdings exceeded holdings belonging to ex-CEO Michael Eisner, the previous top shareholder, who still held 1.7%; and Disney Director Emeritus Roy E. Disney, who held almost 1% of the corporation's shares. Pixar shareholders received 2.3 shares of Disney common stock for each share of Pixar common stock redeemed.[citation needed]

As part of the deal, John Lasseter, by then Executive Vice President, became Chief Creative Officer (reporting directly to President and CEO Robert Iger and consulting with Disney Director Roy E. Disney) of both Pixar and Walt Disney Animation Studios (including its division DisneyToon Studios), as well as the Principal Creative Adviser at Walt Disney Imagineering, which designs and builds the company's theme parks.[49] Catmull retained his position as President of Pixar, while also becoming President of Walt Disney Animation Studios, reporting to Iger and Dick Cook, chairman of the Walt Disney Studios. Jobs's position as Pixar's chairman and chief executive officer was abolished, and instead, he took a place on the Disney board of directors.[50]

After the deal closed in May 2006, Lasseter revealed that Iger had realized Disney needed to buy Pixar while watching a parade at the opening of Hong Kong Disneyland in September 2005.[51] Iger noticed that of all the Disney characters in the parade, not one was a character that Disney had created within the last ten years since all the newer ones had been created by Pixar.[51] Upon returning to Burbank, Iger commissioned a financial analysis that confirmed that Disney had actually lost money on animation for the past decade, then presented that information to the board of directors at his first board meeting after being promoted from COO to CEO, and the board, in turn, authorized him to explore the possibility of a deal with Pixar.[52] Lasseter and Catmull were wary when the topic of Disney buying Pixar first came up, but Jobs asked them to give Iger a chance (based on his own experience negotiating with Iger in summer 2005 for the rights to ABC shows for the fifth-generation iPod Classic),[53] and in turn, Iger convinced them of the sincerity of his epiphany that Disney really needed to re-focus on animation.[51]


John Lasseter appears with characters from Up at the 2009 Venice Film Festival.
Lasseter and Catmull's oversight of both the Disney Feature Animation and Pixar studios did not mean that the two studios were merging, however. In fact, additional conditions were laid out as part of the deal to ensure that Pixar remained a separate entity, a concern that analysts had expressed about the Disney deal.[54][page needed] Some of those conditions were that Pixar HR policies would remain intact, including the lack of employment contracts. Also, the Pixar name was guaranteed to continue, and the studio would remain in its current Emeryville, California, location with the "Pixar" sign. Finally, branding of films made post-merger would be "Disney•Pixar" (beginning with Cars).[55]

Jim Morris, producer of WALL-E (2008), became general manager of Pixar. In this new position, Morris took charge of the day-to-day running of the studio facilities and products.[56]

After a few years, Lasseter and Catmull were able to successfully transfer the basic principles of the Pixar Braintrust to Disney Animation, although meetings of the Disney Story Trust are reportedly "more polite" than those of the Pixar Braintrust.[57] Catmull later explained that after the merger, to maintain the studios' separate identities and cultures (notwithstanding the fact of common ownership and common senior management), he and Lasseter "drew a hard line" that each studio was solely responsible for its own projects and would not be allowed to borrow personnel from or lend tasks out to the other.[58][59] That rule ensures that each studio maintains "local ownership" of projects and can be proud of its own work.[58][59] Thus, for example, when Pixar had issues with Ratatouille and Disney Animation had issues with Bolt (2008), "nobody bailed them out" and each studio was required "to solve the problem on its own" even when they knew there were personnel at the other studio who theoretically could have helped.[58][59]

In November 2014, Morris was promoted to president of Pixar, while his counterpart at Disney Animation, general manager Andrew Millstein, was also promoted to president of that studio.[60] Both continued to report to Catmull, who retained the title of president of both Disney Animation and Pixar.[60]

On November 21, 2017, Lasseter announced that he was taking a six-month leave of absence after acknowledging what he called "missteps" in his behavior with employees in a memo to staff. According to The Hollywood Reporter and The Washington Post, Lasseter had a history of alleged sexual misconduct towards employees.[61][62][63] On June 8, 2018, it was announced that Lasseter would leave Disney Animation and Pixar at the end of the year, but would take on a consulting role until then.[64] Pete Docter was announced as Lasseter's replacement as chief creative officer of Pixar on June 19, 2018.[65]

On October 23, 2018, it was announced that Catmull would be retiring. He stayed in an adviser role until July 2019.[66] On January 18, 2019, it was announced that Lee Unkrich would be leaving Pixar after 25 years.[67]

Expansion
On April 20, 2010, Pixar opened Pixar Canada in the downtown area of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[68] The roughly 2,000 square meters studio produced seven short films based on Toy Story and Cars characters. In October 2013, the studio was closed down to refocus Pixar's efforts at its main headquarters.[69]

Campus

The Steve Jobs Building at the Pixar campus in Emeryville

The atrium of the Pixar campus
When Steve Jobs, chief executive officer of Apple Inc. and Pixar, and John Lasseter, then-executive vice president of Pixar, decided to move their studios from a leased space in Point Richmond, California, to larger quarters of their own, they chose a 20-acre site in Emeryville, California,[70] formerly occupied by Del Monte Foods, Inc. The first building of several, a high-tech structure designed by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson,[71] has special foundations and electricity generators to ensure continued film production, even through major earthquakes. The character of the building is intended to abstractly recall Emeryville's industrial past. The two-story steel-and-masonry building is a collaborative space with many pathways.[citation needed]

The digital revolution in filmmaking was driven by applied mathematics, including computational physics and geometry.[72] In 2008, this led Pixar senior scientist Tony DeRose to offer to host the second Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival at the Emeryville campus.[73]

Feature films and shorts
See also: List of Pixar films, List of Pixar shorts, and List of Pixar awards and nominations
Traditions
Some of Pixar's first animators were former cel animators including John Lasseter, and others came from computer animation or were fresh college graduates.[74] A large number of animators that make up its animation department had been hired around the releases of A Bug's Life (1998), Monsters, Inc. (2001), and Finding Nemo (2003). The success of Toy Story (1995) made Pixar the first major computer-animation studio to successfully produce theatrical feature films. The majority of the animation industry was (and still is) located in Los Angeles, and Pixar is located 350 miles (560 km) north in the San Francisco Bay Area. Traditional hand-drawn animation was still the dominant medium for feature animated films.[citation needed]

With the scarcity of Los Angeles-based animators willing to move their families so far north to give up traditional animation and try computer animation, Pixar's new hires at this time either came directly from college or had worked outside feature animation. For those who had traditional animation skills, the Pixar animation software Marionette was designed so that traditional animators would require a minimum amount of training before becoming productive.[74]

In an interview with PBS talk show host Tavis Smiley,[75] Lasseter said that Pixar's films follow the same theme of self-improvement as the company itself has: with the help of friends or family, a character ventures out into the real world and learns to appreciate his friends and family. At the core, Lasseter said, "it's gotta be about the growth of the main character and how he changes."[75]

Since 1995, actor John Ratzenberger, who famously stars in the television show Cheers (1982–93), has voiced a character in most Pixar feature films except Soul (2020), in which he had a non-speaking background character animated in his likeness instead, and Luca (2021). Pixar paid tribute to its "good luck charm" in the end credits of Cars (2006) by parodying scenes from three of its earlier films (Toy Story, Monsters, Inc., and A Bug's Life), replacing all of the characters with motor vehicle versions of them. After the third scene, Mack (his character in Cars) realizes that the same actor has been voicing characters in every film.

Due to the traditions that have occurred within the films and shorts such as anthropomorphic creatures and objects, and easter egg crossovers between films and shorts that have been spotted by Pixar fans, a blog post titled The Pixar Theory was published in 2013 by Jon Negroni, and popularized by the YouTube channel Super Carlin Brothers,[76] proposing that all of the characters within the Pixar universe were related, surrounding Boo from Monsters Inc. and the Witch from Brave (2012).[77][78][79]

Sequels and prequels
Toy Story 2 was originally commissioned by Disney as a 60-minute direct-to-video film. Expressing doubts about the strength of the material, John Lasseter convinced the Pixar team to start from scratch and make the sequel their third full-length feature film.

Following the release of Toy Story 2 in 1999, Pixar and Disney had a gentlemen's agreement that Disney would not make any sequels without Pixar's involvement though retaining a right to do so. After the two companies were unable to agree on a new deal, Disney announced in 2004 they would plan to move forward on sequels with or without Pixar and put Toy Story 3 into pre-production at Disney's then-new CGI division Circle 7 Animation. However, when Lasseter was placed in charge of all Disney and Pixar animation following Disney's acquisition of Pixar in 2006, he put all sequels on hold and Toy Story 3 was canceled. In May 2006, it was announced that Toy Story 3 was back in pre-production with a new plot and under Pixar's control. The film was released on June 18, 2010, as Pixar's eleventh feature film.

Shortly after announcing the resurrection of Toy Story 3, Lasseter fueled speculation on further sequels by saying, "If we have a great story, we'll do a sequel."[80] Cars 2, Pixar's first non-Toy Story sequel, was officially announced in April 2008 and released on June 24, 2011 as their twelfth. Monsters University, a prequel to Monsters, Inc. (2001), was announced in April 2010 and initially set for release in November 2012;[81] the release date was pushed to June 21, 2013 due to Pixar's past success with summer releases, according to a Disney executive.[82]

In June 2011, Tom Hanks, who voiced Woody in the Toy Story series, implied that Toy Story 4 was "in the works", although it had not yet been confirmed by the studio.[83][84] In April 2013, Finding Dory, a sequel to Finding Nemo, was announced for a June 17, 2016 release.[85] In March 2014, Incredibles 2 and Cars 3 were announced as films in development.[86] In November 2014, Toy Story 4 was confirmed to be in development with Lasseter serving as director.[87] However, in July 2017, Lasseter announced that he had stepped down, leaving Josh Cooley as sole director.[88] Released in June 2019, Toy Story 4 ranks among the 40 top-grossing films in American cinema.[89]

Adaptation to television
Toy Story is the first Pixar film to be adapted for television as Buzz Lightyear of Star Command film and TV series on the UPN television network, now The CW. Cars became the second with the help of Cars Toons, a series of 3-to-5-minute short films running between regular Disney Channel show intervals and featuring Mater from Cars.[90] Between 2013 and 2014, Pixar released its first two television specials, Toy Story of Terror![91] and Toy Story That Time Forgot. Monsters at Work, a television series spin-off of Monsters, Inc., premiered in July 2021, on Disney+.[92][93]

On December 10, 2020, it was announced that three series would be released on Disney+. The first is Dug Days (featuring Dug from Up) where Dug explores the suburbia. Dug Days will be released in Fall 2021.[94] Next, an untitled Cars show was announced to come to Disney+ in Fall 2022 where it follows Mater and Lighting McQueen as they go on a road trip.[94] Lastly, an original show entitled Win or Lose would be released on Disney+ in Fall 2023. The series will follow a middle school softball team the week leading up the big championship game where each episode will be from a different perspective.[94]

Animation and live-action
All Pixar films and shorts to date have been computer-animated features, but so far, WALL-E (2008) has been the only Pixar film not to be completely animated as it featured a small amount of live-action footage while Day & Night (2010), Kitbull (2019), and Burrow (2020) are the only three shorts to feature 2D animation. 1906, the live-action film by Brad Bird based on a screenplay and novel by James Dalessandro about the 1906 earthquake, was in development but has since been abandoned by Bird and Pixar. Bird has stated that he was "interested in moving into the live-action realm with some projects" while "staying at Pixar [because] it's a very comfortable environment for me to work in". In June 2018, Bird mentioned the possibility of adapting the novel as a TV series, and the earthquake sequence as a live-action feature film.[95]

The Toy Story Toons short Hawaiian Vacation (2011) also includes the fish and shark as live-action.

Jim Morris, president of Pixar, produced Disney's John Carter (2012) which Andrew Stanton co-wrote and directed.[96]

Pixar's creative heads were consulted to fine tune the script for the 2011 live-action film The Muppets.[97] Similarly, Pixar assisted in the story development of Disney's The Jungle Book (2016) as well as providing suggestions for the film's end credits sequence.[98] Both Pixar and Mark Andrews were given a "Special Thanks" credit in the film's credits.[99] Additionally, many Pixar animators, both former and current, were recruited for a traditional hand-drawn animated sequence for the 2018 film Mary Poppins Returns.[100]

Pixar representatives have also assisted in the English localization of several Studio Ghibli films, mainly those from Hayao Miyazaki.[101]

In 2019, Pixar developed a live-action hidden camera reality show, titled Pixar In Real Life, for Disney+.[102]

Upcoming films
Three upcoming films have been announced. The first, titled Turning Red, directed by Domee Shi, will be released on March 11, 2022, followed by Lightyear, directed by Angus MacLane, on June 17, 2022,[103][104] and an untitled film on June 16, 2023.[105]

Co-op Program
The Pixar Co-op Program, a part of the Pixar University professional development program, allows their animators to use Pixar resources to produce independent films.[106][107] The first 3D project accepted to the program was Borrowed Time (2016); all previously accepted films were live-action.[108]

Franchises
This table does not include media produced by studios other than Pixar.

Titles Films Short films TV series Release Date
Toy Story 4 1 4 1995-present
Monsters, Inc. 2 2 1 2001-present
Finding Nemo 2 2 0 2003-present
The Incredibles 2 4 0 2004-present
Cars 3 5 3 2006-present
Exhibitions
Since December 2005, Pixar has held a variety of exhibitions celebrating the art and artists of the organization and its contribution to the world of animation.[109]

Pixar: 20 Years of Animation
Upon its 20th anniversary, in 2006, Pixar celebrated with the release of its 7th feature film Cars, and held two exhibitions from April to June 2010 at Science Centre Singapore in Jurong East, Singapore and the London Science Museum in London.[110] It was their first time holding an exhibition in Singapore.[citation needed]

The exhibition highlights consist of work-in-progress sketches from various Pixar productions, clay sculptures of their characters and an autostereoscopic short showcasing a 3D version of the exhibition pieces which is projected through four projectors. Another highlight is the Zoetrope, where visitors of the exhibition are shown figurines of Toy Story characters "animated" in real-life through the zoetrope.[110]

Pixar: 25 Years of Animation
Pixar celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2011 with the release of its twelfth feature film Cars 2, and held an exhibition at the Oakland Museum of California from July 2010 until January 2011.[111] The exhibition tour debuted in Hong Kong and was held at the Hong Kong Heritage Museum in Sha Tin from March 27 to July 11, 2011.[112][113] In 2013, the exhibition was held in the EXPO in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. For 6 months from July 6, 2012 until January 6, 2013 the city of Bonn (Germany) hosted the public showing,[114]

On November 16, 2013, the exhibition moved to the Art Ludique museum in Paris, France with a scheduled run until March 2, 2014.[115] The exhibition moved to three Spanish cities later in 2014 and 2015: Madrid (held in CaixaForum from March 21 until June 22),[116] Barcelona (held also in Caixaforum from February until May) and Zaragoza.[117]

Pixar: 25 Years of Animation includes all of the artwork from Pixar: 20 Years of Animation, plus art from Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3.

The Science Behind Pixar
The Science Behind Pixar is a travelling exhibition that first opened on June 28, 2015, at the Museum of Science in Boston, Massachusetts. It was developed by the Museum of Science in collaboration with Pixar. The exhibit features forty interactive elements that explain the production pipeline at Pixar. They are divided into eight sections, each demonstrating a step in the filmmaking process: Modeling, Rigging, Surfaces, Sets & Cameras, Animation, Simulation, Lighting, and Rendering. Before visitors enter the exhibit, they watch a short video at an introductory theater showing Mr. Ray from Finding Nemo and Roz from Monsters, Inc..

The exhibition closed on January 10, 2016 and was moved to the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where it ran from March 12 to September 5. Afterwards, it moved to the California Science Center in Los Angeles, California and was open from October 15, 2016 to April 9, 2017. It made another stop at the Science Museum of Minnesota in St. Paul, Minnesota from May 27 through September 4, 2017.[118]

The exhibition opened in Canada on July 1, 2017, at the TELUS World of Science – Edmonton (TWOSE).

Pixar: The Design of Story
Pixar: The Design of Story was an exhibition held at the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York City from October 8, 2015 to September 11, 2016.[119][120] The museum also hosted a presentation and conversation with John Lasseter on November 12, 2015 entitled "Design By Hand: Pixar's John Lasseter".[119]

Pixar: 30 Years of Animation
Pixar celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2016 with the release of its seventeenth feature film Finding Dory, and put together another milestone exhibition. The exhibition first opened at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Tokyo, Japan from March 5, 2016 to May 29, 2016. It subsequently moved to the Nagasaki Prefectural Art Museum National Museum of History, Dongdaemun Design Plaza where it ended on March 5, 2018 at the Hong Kong Heritage Museum.[121]

Notes
Graphics Group of Lucasfilm Computer Division was founded on January 7, 1979; 42 years ago.
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External links
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Pixar Animation Studios
A subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, a division of The Walt Disney Company.
Feature films
Toy Story (1995) A Bug's Life (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Monsters, Inc. (2001) Finding Nemo (2003) The Incredibles (2004) Cars (2006) Ratatouille (2007) WALL-E (2008) Up (2009) Toy Story 3 (2010) Cars 2 (2011) Brave (2012) Monsters University (2013) Inside Out (2015)The Good Dinosaur (2015)Finding Dory (2016)Cars 3 (2017)Coco (2017)Incredibles 2 (2018)Toy Story 4 (2019)Onward (2020)Soul (2020)Luca (2021)
Upcoming
Turning Red (2022)Lightyear (2022)
Short films
Luxo Jr. (1986) Red's Dream (1987) Tin Toy (1988) Knick Knack (1989) Geri's Game (1997) For the Birds (2000) Mike's New Car (2002) Boundin' (2003) Jack-Jack Attack (2005) Mr. Incredible and Pals (2005)One Man Band (2005)Mater and the Ghostlight (2006)Lifted (2006) Your Friend the Rat (2007)Presto (2008) BURN-E (2008) Partly Cloudy (2009) Dug's Special Mission (2009) George and A.J. (2009) Day & Night (2010) La Luna (2011)Hawaiian Vacation (2011) Small Fry (2011)Partysaurus Rex (2012) The Legend of Mor'du (2012) The Blue Umbrella (2013)Party Central (2013)Lava (2014)Sanjay's Super Team (2015)Riley's First Date? (2015)Piper (2016)Lou (2017)Bao (2018)Lamp Life (2020)22 vs. Earth (2021)
SparkShorts
Purl (2019)Smash and Grab (2019)Kitbull (2019)Float (2019)Wind (2019)Loop (2020)Out (2020)Burrow (2020)
Series
Cars Toons (2008–14) Toy Story Toons (2011–12) Forky Asks a Question (2019–20)
Compilations
Tiny Toy Stories (1996) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 1 (2007) Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales (2010)Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 2 (2012) Pixar Short Films Collection, Volume 3 (2018)
Other works
Beach Chair (1986)Flags and Waves (1986)Light & Heavy (1990)Surprise (1991)Nemo & Friends SeaRider (2016)
Television series
Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000-01; co-productions)Monsters at Work (2021; based on characters)
Television specials
Toy Story of Terror! (2013) Toy Story That Time Forgot (2014)
Franchises
Toy StoryMonsters, Inc.Finding NemoThe IncrediblesCars
Associated
productions
The Adventures of André & Wally B. (1984)It's Tough to Be a Bug! (1998)Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins (2000)Exploring the Reef (2003)Turtle Talk with Crush (2004)John Carter (2012)Planes (2013)Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)Borrowed Time (2016)
Documentaries
The Pixar Story (2007)Inside Pixar (2020–2021; docuseries)
Products
Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Presto Animation System
People
John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim MorrisPete Docter
See also
List of Pixar characters Luxo Jr.List of Pixar awards and nominations feature filmsshort filmsList of Pixar film referencesComputer Graphics LabIndustrial Light & MagicLucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar CanadaPixar Photoscience TeamA Computer Animated HandThe WorksThe Shadow KingKingdom Hearts IIIWalt Disney Animation Studios20th Century Animation Blue Sky StudiosThe Walt Disney Studios
Category Category
Articles related to Pixar
Coordinates: 37.8327°N 122.2838°W

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Categories: PixarAmerican animation studiosAmerican companies established in 1986Disney production studiosThe Walt Disney StudiosFilm production companies of the United StatesEntertainment companies based in CaliforniaMass media companies established in 1986Cinema of the San Francisco Bay AreaCompanies based in Emeryville, California1986 establishments in CaliforniaDisney acquisitionsSteve Jobs2006 mergers and acquisitionsFilm studios
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List of Disney television series
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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. (September 2019)
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This is a list of television series produced or distributed by The Walt Disney Company and its subsidiaries.


Contents
1 Disney Television Studios
1.1 ABC Signature (formerly Touchstone Television/ABC Studios)
1.1.1 ABC Signature Studios
1.2 20th Television (formerly 20th Century Fox Television)
1.2.1 Touchstone Television (formerly Fox 21 Television Studios)
1.3 20th Television Animation (formerly Fox Television Animation and 20th Animation)
2 Walt Disney Animation Studios
3 Disney Television Animation
4 It's a Laugh Productions
5 FX Productions
6 Searchlight Television
7 National Geographic Partners
8 Pixar
9 Marvel Studios
9.1 Marvel Television
9.2 Marvel Animation
10 Lucasfilm Ltd.
11 The Muppets Studio
12 ESPN
13 Freeform
13.1 Saban Entertainment
13.2 ABC Family Worldwide
13.2.1 DePatie–Freleng Enterprises
13.2.2 Marvel Productions
13.2.3 Others
14 Walt Disney Productions/Walt Disney Television/Disney Channel
14.1 Live Action Television Series
14.2 Short series
14.3 Television films, specials, and miniseries
15 American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
15.1 ABC News
15.2 Disney-ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution
15.3 Other ABC production companies
16 SoapNet
17 Distributed only by Disney
17.1 Jetix Europe
18 See also
19 References
20 Notes
21 External links
Disney Television Studios
ABC Signature (formerly Touchstone Television/ABC Studios)
Main article: List of programs produced by ABC Signature
ABC Signature Studios
Main article: List of programs produced by ABC Signature § Former productions#ABC Signature Studios (2012–2020)
20th Television (formerly 20th Century Fox Television)
Main article: List of 20th Television programs § 20th Television
Touchstone Television (formerly Fox 21 Television Studios)
Main article: List of 20th Television programs § Touchstone Television
20th Television Animation (formerly Fox Television Animation and 20th Animation)
Main article: 20th Television Animation § Television productions
Walt Disney Animation Studios
Main article: Walt Disney Animation Studios § Television programming
Disney Television Animation
Main article: Disney Television Animation § Television series
It's a Laugh Productions
Main article: It's a Laugh Productions § Series
FX Productions
Main article: List of 20th Television programs § FX Productions
Searchlight Television
Main article: List of 20th Television programs § Searchlight Television
National Geographic Partners
Main article: List of programs broadcast by National Geographic
Main article: List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild
Pixar
Main article: Pixar § Adaptation to television
Main article: List of Pixar shorts § Short series
Marvel Studios
Main article: Marvel Studios § Television
Marvel Television
Main article: Marvel Television § Production library
Marvel Animation
Main article: Marvel Animation § Production library
Lucasfilm Ltd.
Main article: Lucasfilm § Television and web series
The Muppets Studio
Main article: The Muppets Studio § Projects
ESPN
Main article: List of programs broadcast by ESPN
Freeform
Big Brother Jake (1990–1994)
That's My Dog (1991–1995) (co-production with Albert Wallace Enterprises)[N 1]
Hometown Hero (1991 TV pilot)
The All New Captain Kangaroo (1998) (season 2)
Mister Moose's Fun Time (1997–1999)
Famous Families (1998–1999) (co-production with Glen Avenue Films, Foxstar Productions, and Fox Television Studios)
The New Addams Family (1998–2000)
World Gone Wild (1999–2000; co-production with 20th Century Fox Television)
Scariest Places on Earth (2000–2002)
State of Grace (2001–2002)
Switched! (2003–2004)
Knock First (2003–2004)
Las Vegas Garden of Love (2005)
Brat Camp (2005)
Lincoln Heights (2007–2009)
Greek (2007–2011)
The Middleman (2008)
The Secret Life of the American Teenager (2008–2013)
Make It or Break It (2009–2012)
Roommates (2009)
10 Things I Hate About You (2009–2010)
Huge (2010)
Melissa & Joey (2010–2015)
Switched at Birth (2011–2017)
The Nine Lives of Chloe King (2011)
Jane by Design (2012)
Bunheads (2012–2013)
Beverly Hills Nannies (2012)
Baby Daddy (2012–2017)
The Fosters (2013–2018)
Twisted (2013–2014)
Chasing Life (2014–2015)
Mystery Girls (2014)
Freak Out (2014–2015)
Young & Hungry (2014–2018)
Stitchers (2015–2017)
Becoming Us (2015)
Job or No Job (2015)
Next Step Realty: NYC (2015)
Startup U (2015)
Kevin from Work (2015)
Monica the Medium (2015–2016)
Beyond (2017–2018)
Truth & Iliza (2017)
Alone Together (2018)
Siren (2018–2020)
Disney's Fairy Tale Weddings (2018)
Good Trouble (2019–present)
Party of Five (2020) (co-production with Sony Pictures Television)
Everything's Gonna Be Okay (2020–present)
Motherland: Fort Salem (2020–present)
Saban Entertainment
Main article: Saban Entertainment § List of television series and films
ABC Family Worldwide
Note: Formerly known as Fox Kids Worldwide.

DePatie–Freleng Enterprises
Main article: DePatie–Freleng Enterprises § TV series
Marvel Productions
Main article: Marvel Productions § Animated series
Others
Attack of the Killer Tomatoes (1990–1991) (co-production with Marvel Productions)
Bobby's World (1990–1998) (co-production with Film Roman)[N 2]
Peter Pan and the Pirates (1990–1991) (co-production with Southern Star Productions and TMS Entertainment)
Piggsburg Pigs! (1990–1991) (co-production with The Fred Silverman Company and Ruby-Spears Enterprises)
Zazoo U (1990–1991) (co-production with Film Roman)
Eek! The Cat (1992–1997, later retitled Eek! Stravaganza in 1994)
The Terrible Thunderlizards (1993–1997)
Klutter! (1995–1996)
Count DeClues' Mystery Castle (1993; TV special)
Grunt & Punt (1994–1995) (co-production with NFL Films)[N 3]
The Fox Cubhouse (1994–1996)
Jim Henson's Animal Show (1994–1996)
Johnson and Friends (U.S. version) (1994–1996)
Rimba's Island (1994–1996) (co-production with DIC Productions L.P.)[N 4]
Britt Allcroft's Magic Adventures of Mumfie (1995–1996)
Budgie the Little Helicopter (1995–1996)
Red Planet (1994)
The Tick (1994–1996)
Life with Louie (1994–1998)
Big Dreamers (1996–1998; interstitial series)
Mowgli: The New Adventures of the Jungle Book (1998) (co-production with Wolfcrest Entertainment, Franklin/Waterman Worldwide and Alliance Entertainment)[N 4]
Mad Jack the Pirate (1998–1999)
Moolah Beach (2001)
Walt Disney Productions/Walt Disney Television/Disney Channel
Live Action Television Series
Title Original run Production company Network
Walt Disney anthology television series 1954–present ABC (1954–61, 1986–88, and 1997–present)
NBC (1961–81 and 1988–91)
CBS (1981–83, 1991–97)
The Mickey Mouse Club 1955–1959, 1977–1978, 1989–1994 Walt Disney Productions ABC (1955–1959)
Syndication (1977–1979)
The Disney Channel (1989–1996)
Zorro 1957–1959 ABC
The Mouse Factory 1971–1973 Walt Disney Productions Syndicated
Herbie, the Love Bug 1982 Walt Disney Productions CBS
Small & Frye 1983 Walt Disney Productions CBS
Gun Shy 1983 Walt Disney Productions CBS
Zorro and Son 1983 Walt Disney Television CBS
Welcome to Pooh Corner 1983–1985 Left Coast Television
Walt Disney Productions The Disney Channel
You and Me Kid 1983–1986 Walt Disney Productions The Disney Channel
Contraption 1983–1989 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Mousercise 1983–1986
EPCOT Magazine 1984–1986
Disney Family Album 1984–1986
Dumbo's Circus 1985–1988
Sidekicks 1986–1987 Motown Productions The Disney Channel/ABC
Videopolis 1987–1989 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Teen Angel 1989 The Disney Channel
Brand New Life 1989–1990 NBC Productions NBC
Little Mermaid Island 1990 Jim Henson Productions
The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage 1991 Stephen J. Cannell Productions NBC
Dinosaurs 1991–1994 Michael Jacobs Productions
Jim Henson Productions ABC
The Torkelsons 1991–1992 Michael Jacobs Productions NBC
Adventures in Wonderland 1992–1995 Betty Productions Syndication
The Secret of Lost Creek 1992 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Bill Nye the Science Guy 1993-1998 KCTS Seattle
McKenna/Gottlieb Producers, Inc.
Rabbit Ears Productions syndication/PBS
Walt Disney World Inside Out 1994–1997 The Disney Channel
Sing Me a Story with Belle 1995-1997 Patrick Davidson Productions Syndication
Flash Forward 1995–1997 Atlantis Films The Disney Channel
Brotherly Love 1996–1997 Witt/Thomas Productions The WB
Going Wild with Jeff Corwin 1996-1999 Popular Arts Entertainment The Disney Channel
Smart Guy 1997–1999 de Passe Entertainment
Danny Kallis Productions The WB
Honey, I Shrunk the Kids: The TV Show 1997–2000 Plymouth Productions
St. Clare Entertainment Syndication
Disney Channel in Concert 1997–2001 Disney Channel
Omba Mokomba 1997–1999 Popular Arts Entertainment Disney Channel
Out of the Box 1998–2004 OOTB, Inc. Disney Channel
2 Hour Tour 1998–2000
Bug Juice 1998–2001 Evolution Film & Tape Disney Channel
Off the Wall 1998–1999 Media Arts Entertainment
Vin Di Bona Productions Disney Channel
Mad Libs 1998–1999 Slam Dunk Productions
Dick Clark Productions Disney Channel
The Famous Jett Jackson 1998–2001[N 4] Alliance Atlantis
Everyone Is JP Kids Disney Channel
So Weird 1999–2001 Sugar Entertainment, Ltd. (seasons 1–2)
No Equal Entertainment, Inc. (season 3)
Fair Dinkum Productions Disney Channel
The Jersey 1999–2004 Lynch Entertainment Disney Channel
Even Stevens 2000–2003 Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Disney Channel
In a Heartbeat 2000–2001[N 4] AAC Kids Disney Channel
Totally Circus 2000 Buena Vista Television Disney Channel
Lizzie McGuire 2001-2004 Stan Rogow Productions Disney Channel
Totally Hoops 2001 Evolution Films Disney Channel
The Book of Pooh 2001-2004 Shadow Projects Playhouse Disney
Zapping Zone 2001–2012
Totally in Tune 2002 Evolution Film & Tape Disney Channel
That's So Raven 2003–2007 Brookwell McNamara Entertainment (2003–06)
That's So Productions (2006–07)
Warren & Rinsler Productions (2006–07) Disney Channel
Phil of the Future 2004–2006 2929 Productions Disney Channel
The Eyes of Nye 2005 (distribution only: produced by KCTS-TV) PBS
Breakfast with Bear 2005 Shadow Projects
Jim Henson Television Playhouse Disney
Johnny and the Sprites 2005–2009 Happy Puppet Productions (seasons 1–2)
Homegirl Productions (season 3) Playhouse Disney
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody 2005–2008 It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Life with Derek 2005–2009 Shaftesbury Films
Pope Productions Family Channel
Disney Channel Games 2006-2008 Danny Kallis Productions Disney Channel
Hannah Montana 2006–2011 It's a Laugh Productions
Michael Poryes Productions Disney Channel
Cory in the House 2007–2008 Warren & Rinsler Productions Disney Channel
Wizards of Waverly Place 2007–2012 It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Bunnytown 2007–2009 Baker Coogan Productions
Spiffy Pictures Playhouse Disney
The Suite Life on Deck 2008–2011 It's a Laugh Productions
Danny Kallis Productions (seasons 1–2)
Bon Mot Productions (season 3) Disney Channel
Imagination Movers 2008–2013 Penn/Bright Entertainment
Zydeco Productions Playhouse Disney
Sonny with a Chance 2009–2011 Varsity Pictures
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Aaron Stone 2009–2010 Shaftesbury Films
Three Hearts Productions Disney XD
Jonas 2009–2010 Mantis Productions (season 1)
Turtle Rock Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Zeke and Luther 2009–2012 Turtle Rock Productions Disney XD
I'm in the Band 2009–2011 It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
Good Luck Charlie 2010–2014 It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Shake It Up 2010–2013 It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Pair of Kings 2010–2013 It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
A.N.T. Farm 2011–2014 Gravy Boat Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
So Random! 2011–2012 Varsity Pictures
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Kickin' It 2011–2015 Poor Soul Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
Jessie 2011–2015 Bon Mot Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Austin & Ally 2011–2016 Kevin & Heath Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
PrankStars 2011 Zoo Productions Disney Channel
Lab Rats 2012–2016 It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
Violetta 2012–2015 Pol-ka Disney Channel (Latin American)
The U-Mix Show 2012–2014 Disney Channel (Latin American)
Code: 9 2012 Evolution Media Disney Channel
Crash & Bernstein 2012–2014 It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
Dog with a Blog 2012–2015 Diphthong Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Liv and Maddie 2013–2017 Beck & Hart Productions
Oops Doughnuts Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Mighty Med 2013–2015 It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
I Didn't Do It 2014–2015 That's Not So Funny Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Win, Lose or Draw 2014 Entertain the Brutes Disney Channel
Girl Meets World 2014–2017 Michael Jacobs Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
The Evermoor Chronicles 2014–2017 Lime Pictures
All3Media Disney Channel (British and Irish)
Kirby Buckets 2014–2017 Horizon Productions
Titmouse, Inc. Disney XD
K.C. Undercover 2015–2018 Rob Lotterstein Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Best Friends Whenever 2015–2016 Diphthong Productions
Entertainment Force
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything 2015–2017 It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
Lab Rats: Elite Force 2016 Britelite Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney XD
Stuck in the Middle 2016–2018 International Donut Fund Productions
Horizon Productions Disney Channel
Walk the Prank 2016–2018 Blackbird Films
Sullen Child
Horizon Productions Disney XD
Bizaardvark 2016–2019 It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
The Lodge 2016–2017 Zodiak Media Disney Channel (British and Irish)
Mech-X4 2016–2018 Marmel Dynamics
Omnifilm Entertainment Disney XD
Andi Mack 2017–2019 Go Dog Go
MM Productions
Horizon Productions Disney Channel
Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp 2018 Evolution Media Disney Channel
Coop & Cami Ask the World 2018–2020 Bugliari/McLaughlin Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Fast Layne 2019 Lakeshore Productions
Omnifilm Entertainment Disney Channel
Ongoing
Bunk'd 2015–present Bon Mot Productions (season 1–3)
That's Not So Funny Productions (season 4)
A Little Too You
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Raven's Home 2017–present Entertainment Force (season 1)
November 13th Inc.
Done Deal Productions (season 2)
Funny Boone Productions (mid-season 3)
Institute for Individual Education (seasons 3–4)
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Sydney to the Max 2019–present Mark Reisman Productions
It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Just Roll with It Blackbird Films
Sullen Child
Kenwood TV Productions Disney Channel
Gabby Duran & the Unsittables Omnifilm Entertainment
Two Gorgeous Gentleman Disney Channel
High School Musical: The Musical: The Series Salty Pictures
Disney Channel Disney+
Disney Fam Jam 2020–present Matador Content Disney Channel
Secrets of Sulphur Springs 2021–present Gwave Productions Disney Channel
Short series
Title Original run Production company Network
A Disney Moment 1980s Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
D-TV 1984–1988 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
D-TV² 1988–1989 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Music Break 1991–1995 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Discover Magazine 1992–1995 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Ovation 1992–1996 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Making Their Mark 1993–1997 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Inside Out Spotlite 1994–1996 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Joke Time 1996–1998 Walt Disney Television The Disney Channel
Project Time 1997–1999 Walt Disney Television Disney Channel
Movie Surfers 1997–2018 Walt Disney Television
Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Behind the Ears 1997–1999
2007–2008 Walt Disney Television
Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Playhouse Disney
Frankenguy and the Professor 1997 Colossal Pictures Disney Channel
Disney's One Saturday Morning
Mrs. Munger's Class (1997–1998)
Manny the Uncanny
Great Minds Think For Themselves
How Much Stuff Can an Elephant Crush?
How Things Werk
Find Out Why!
The Monkey Boys
What's Up With That?
Tube Dwellers
Flynndiggery Do!
Flipbook
Centerville (1999)
Manny's America (1999–2000)
What's the Diff? (1999–2000)
1997–2000 Walt Disney Television ABC
The Mix-ups 1998 Colossal Pictures Disney Channel
Pet Spot 1998 Walt Disney Television Disney Channel
Circle Time 1999 Riverstreet Productions Playhouse Disney
Imagineer That! 1999–2001
2005–2007 Walt Disney Television
Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Discover Spot 2000 King Rollo Films
Walt Disney Television Playhouse Disney
Mike's Super Short Show 2002–2006 7ATE9 Entertainment Disney Channel
Cool Pets 2002–2005 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Show Your Stuff 2003–2006 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Project Playtime 2003–2007 7ATE9 Entertainment Playhouse Disney
Disney 411 2004–2006 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Shanna's Show 2004 Unbound Studios Playhouse Disney
Adventures of Nutrition with Captain Carlos 2004 Walt Disney Television Animation Playhouse Disney
Toon News 2004–2005 Disney Channels Worldwide Toon Disney International
Shane's Kindergarten Countdown 2005 Unbound Studios Playhouse Disney
Feeling Good with JoJo 2006–2008 Cartoon Pizza
Cuppa Coffee Studios Playhouse Disney
Choo Choo Soul 2006–2011 Disney Channels Worldwide Playhouse Disney
Disney Junior
Disney Channel Games 2006–2008 Disney Channel Originals Disney Channel
Disney 365 2006–2014 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Shorty McShorts' Shorts 2006–2009 Walt Disney Television Animation Disney Channel
Disney's Really Short Report 2007–2009 7ATE9 Entertainment Disney Channel
As the Bell Rings 2007–2009 It's a Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Happy Monster Band 2007–2008 Walt Disney Television Animation
Kickstart Productions Playhouse Disney
Disney Channel's 3 Minute Game Show 2007–2010 7ATE9 Entertainment Disney Channel
Can You Teach My Alligator Manners? 2008–2009 Walt Disney Television Animation Playhouse Disney
Cars Toons 2008–2014 Pixar Animation Studios
Disney Television Animation Toon Disney
Disney Channel
Brian O'Brian 2008 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Tasty Time with ZeFronk 2008–2011 Walt Disney Television Animation Playhouse Disney
Disney Junior
Whiffle and Fuzz 2008–2009 Disney Channels Worldwide Playhouse Disney
Leo Little's Big Show 2009–2010 7ATE9 Entertainment Disney Channel
TTI: The Time I... 2009–2011 Riverstreet Productions Disney Channel
Where Is Warehouse Mouse? 2009–2010 Penn/Bright Entertainment
Zydeco Productions Playhouse Disney
Have a Laugh! 2009–2012 Disney Channels Worldwide
7ATE9 Entertainment Disney Channel
Disney's Friends for Change 2009 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Moises Rules! 2009 7ATE9 Entertainment Disney XD
Handy Manny's School for Tools 2010 Walt Disney Television Animation
Nelvana Playhouse Disney
Take Two with Phineas and Ferb 2010–2011 Walt Disney Television Animation
Hieroglyphic Productions Disney Channel
Mickey Mousekersize 2011 Disney Television Animation Disney Junior
Minnie's Bow-Toons 2011–2016; 2021–present Disney Television Animation Disney Junior
Special Agent Oso: Three Healthy Steps 2011–2013 Disney Television Animation Disney Junior
Disney's Friends for Change Games 2011 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
A Poem Is... 2011–2013 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Junior
Quiet Is... 2012
Where's My Water?: Swampy's Underground Adventures 2012–2013 Animax Entertainment Disney.com
Disney Channel
Mickey Mouse 2013–2019 Disney Television Animation Disney Channel
The Coppertop Flop Show 2013–2014 Artists First Disney Channel
Dogs Rule! Cats... Not So Much 2014–2016 Diphthong Productions
It's A Laugh Productions Disney Channel
Nina Needs to Go! 2014 ArthurCox Disney Junior
Disney Tsum Tsum 2015–2017 Polygon Pictures Disney Junior
Disney Channel
Whisker Haven 2015–2017 Ghostbot Studios
Disney Television Animation
Disney Publishing DisneyNow
Disney Junior
Two More Eggs 2015–2017 Disney Television Animation
Citywide Hoop Champs, Inc. Disney XD
Descendants: Wicked World 2015–2017 Disney Television Animation
Bad Angels Productions
5678 Productions Disney Channel
Mickey Meows Club 2016 Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
Disney QUIZney 2018–present Disney Channels Worldwide Disney Channel
DisneyNow
Theme Song Takeover 2019–present Disney Television Animation Disney Channel
Random Rings 2019–present Disney Television Animation Disney Channel
The Wonderful World of Mickey Mouse 2020–present Disney Television Animation Disney+
Television films, specials, and miniseries
Main article: List of Walt Disney anthology television series episodes
Main article: List of Disney Channel original films
Category:The Mickey Mouse Club serials

Dateline: Disneyland (1955)
Kraft Salutes Disneyland's 25th Anniversary (1980)
The Disney Channel Salutes The American Teacher (1983–1997)
Hansel and Gretel (1983 TV special) (1983)
Black Arrow (1984)
Vacationing with Mickey and Friends (1984)
Samantha Smith Goes to Washington: Campaign '84 (1984)
Disney's D-TV Romancin (1986)
Fluppy Dogs (1986)
Disney's Living Seas (1986)
Disney's D-TV Doggone Valentine (1987)
Golden Anniversary of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1987)
Sport Goofy in Soccermania (1987)
Disney's D-TV Monster Hits (1987)
Down & Out with Donald Duck (1987)
Walt Disney World Celebrity Circus (1987)
Totally Minnie (1988)
Disney's Magic in the Magic Kingdom (1988)
Davy Crockett: Guardian Spirit (1989)
Great Expectations (1989)
Spooner (1989)
The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson (1990)
Coyote Tales (1991)
Fantasia: The Making of a Masterpiece (1991)
The Making of Aladdin: A Whole New World (1992)
Disney's Young Musicians (1992–1997)
Disney's Christmas Fantasy on Ice (1992)
For Our Children (1993)
Miracle Child (1993)
Disney's Night of Magic
The Century That Made America Great (1995)
The Making of A Goofy Movie (1995)
The Making of Pocahontas (1995)
The Making of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame: Festival of Fun Musical Spectacular (1996)
The Christmas Tree (1996)
The Making of Hercules (1997)
The Making of Mulan (1998)
A Valentine for You (1999)
The Making of Tarzan (1999)
Studio DC: Almost Live (2008)
Prep & Landing (series) (2009–2011)
Toy Story of Terror (2013)
Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular (2013)
Toy Story That Time Forgot (2014)
Mickey's 90th Spectacular (2018)
The Little Mermaid: Live (2019)
American Broadcasting Company (ABC)
General Hospital (1963–present)
The American Sportsman (1965–1986)
One Life to Live (1968–2012)
All My Children (1970–2011)
ABC Afterschool Special (1972–1997)
Schoolhouse Rock! (1973–1984; 1993–1996; 2002; 2008–2009)
Ryan's Hope (1975–1989) (co-production with Labine-Mayer Productions)
ABC Weekend Specials (1977–1997)
The Littles (1983–1985) (co-production with DIC Audiovisuel)[N 4]
Little Clowns of Happytown (1987–1988)[N 4]
America's Funniest Home Videos (1989–present; with Vin Di Bona Productions)
Port Charles (1997–2003)
The View (1997–present)
You Don't Know Jack (2001)
General Hospital: Night Shift (2007–2008)
The Chew (2011–2018)
ABC News
College News Conference (1952 – November 1960)
Issues and Answers (November 1960 – November 1981)
ABC News Weekend Report (1970s—September 1991)
AM America (January 6 – October 31, 1975)
Good Morning America (November 3, 1975–present)
20/20 (June 6, 1978–present)
ABC World News Tonight (July 10, 1978–present)
Nightline (March 24, 1980–present)
This Week (November 15, 1981–present)
ABC News This Morning (1982–1983)
ABC World News This Morning (1983–2006)
America This Morning (July 5, 1982–present)
Our World (September 25, 1986 – May 28, 1987)
Business World (1987-1990)
Primetime (August 3, 1989 – May 18, 2012)[1] (formerly Primetime Live)
World News Now (January 6, 1992–present)
Good Morning America Weekend (January 3, 1993 – present)
Day One (March 7, 1993 – 1995)
Turning Point (March 9, 1994 – June 17, 1999)
20/20 Downtown (October 1999 – 2001)
Primetime Thursday (2000–2002)
What Would You Do? (formerly Primetime: What Would You Do?) (February 26, 2008–present)
Boston Med (June 24 – August 12, 2010)
Good Afternoon America (July 9 – September 7, 2012)
GMA Day (2018–19)
GMA3: Strahan & Sara (2019)
GMA3: Strahan, Sara & Keke (2019–20)
Pandemic/GMA3: What You Need to Know (2020–present)
GMA3: What You Need To Know (September 10, 2018 – present)
Disney-ABC Home Entertainment and Television Distribution
At the Movies (originally Siskel & Ebert & the Movies/At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper) (1986–2010)
Today's Business (1986–1987)
Win, Lose or Draw (1987–1990; w/Burt & Bert Productions and Kline & Friends)
Live with Kelly and Ryan (1988–present; w/ WABC-TV)
Teen Win, Lose or Draw (1989–1992; with Jay Wolpert Productions/Stone Stanley Productions)
The Challengers (1990–1991; w/Dick Clark Productions and Ron Greenberg Productions)
The Disney Afternoon (1990–1997; syndicated programming block)
Saturday Disney (1990–2016; co-production with Seven Network)
Bill Nye the Science Guy (1993–1998; w/KCTS of Seattle and Rabbit Ears Productions)
Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1999)
The LA Thing (1996)
Debt (1996–1998; w/ Faded Denim Productions and Lifetime)
Make Me Laugh (1997–1998; w/ Dove Four Point Productions)
The Keenen Ivory Wayans Show (1997–1998)
Disney's One Saturday Morning (1997–2002; programming block exclusively for ABC stations)
Win Ben Stein's Money (1997–2003; w/Valleycrest Productions and Comedy Central)
Rolie Polie Olie (1998–2004; w/Nelvana, Métal Hurlant Productions, Sparx* and Sparkling Animation)
Disney's One Too (1999–2003; programming block exclusively for UPN stations)
Your Big Break (1999–2001; with Dick Clark Productions and Endemol)
The Ainsley Harriott Show (2000) with Valleycrest Productions and Merv Griffin Entertainment
Iyanla (2001–2002)
The Wayne Brady Show (2001–2004)[2]
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (2002–2019; w/ Valleycrest Productions,[3] Times Square Studios,[4] 2waytraffic)
Legend of the Seeker (2008–2010)[5]
Katie (2012–2014)[6] (co-produced by KAC Productions)
On the Red Carpet (2013–2014)[7]
FABLife (2015–2016; w/ Summerdale Productions)[8]
Right This Minute (2016–present; w/ MagicDust Television, Cox Media Group, Raycom Media and E. W. Scripps Company)[9][10]
Pickler and Ben (2017–2019) (co-production with E. W. Scripps Company, Happy Street Entertainment and Sandbox Entertainment)
Tamron Hall (2019–present)[11] (co-produced by Summerdale Productions and May Avenue Productions (season 1))
Other ABC production companies
Main article: List of production companies owned by the American Broadcasting Company
SoapNet
SoapCenter (2000–2003)
Soap Talk (2002–2006)
They Started on Soaps (2003–2004)
Soapography (2004–2005)
1 Day With (2004–2005)
I Wanna Be a Soap Star (2004–2007)
The Fashionista Diaries (2007)
Relative Madness (2008)
Greg Behrendt's Wake Up Call (2009)
Holidate (2009)
What If... (2010)
Distributed only by Disney
Jetix Europe
Title Original run Co-production with
The Tofus 2004–2005 SIP Animation
CinéGroupe
W.I.T.C.H. 2004–2006 SIP Animation
The Walt Disney Company
A.T.O.M. 2005–2006 SIP Animation
Monster Warriors 2006–2008 Coneybeare Stories
Bejuba! Entertainment
Galactik Football 2006–2008 Gaumont Animation (Season 1-2)
Shuriken School 2006–2007 Xilam
Zinkia Entertainment
Team Galaxy 2006–2007 Marathon Media Group
Image Entertainment Corporation
Ōban Star-Racers 2006 Sav! The World Productions
Pucca 2006–2008 VOOZ Character System
Studio B Productions
Monster Buster Club 2008–2009 Marathon Media
Image Entertainment Corporation
Combo Niños 2008 SIP Animation
Kid vs. Kat 2008–2009 Studio B Productions
Jimmy Two-Shoes 2009 Breakthrough Entertainment (Season 1)
Mercury Filmworks (Season 1)
See also
20th Television Animation
ABC Signature
Disney Television Animation
DePatie–Freleng Enterprises
Touchstone Television
It's a Laugh Productions
List of Disney television films
Lists of Walt Disney Studios films
List of programs broadcast by American Broadcasting Company
List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel
List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior
List of programs broadcast by Disney XD
List of programs broadcast by ESPN
List of programs broadcast by Freeform
List of programs broadcast by FX
List of programs broadcast by FXX
List of programs broadcast by National Geographic
List of programs broadcast by Nat Geo Wild
References
"Listings – TheFutonCritic.com – The Web's Best Television Resource". Retrieved December 30, 2016.
"Low ratings spell end of Brady show". Los Angeles Times. AP. January 13, 2004. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
Just, Olivia (July 3, 2014). "Disney moves filming of 'Millionaire' to Stamford". CT Post. Hearst Media Services Connecticut, LLC. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
Stelter, Brian (December 2, 2011). "Head of ABC's Daytime Programming is Leaving". New York Times. Retrieved 11 January 2013.
Thielman, Sam (August 1, 2008). "Sam Raimi banks on Disney's 'Seeker'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
Carter, Bill (December 19, 2013). "Katie to End Production in June After Two Seasons". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
Albiniak, Paige (April 29, 2013). "Disney-ABC Goes Wall-to-Wall With 'On the Red Carpet'". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved December 3, 2014.
Villarreal, Yvonne (October 20, 2014). "ABC stations pick up Tyra Banks-led daytime talk show for 2015". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
FABLife Officially Canceled Following Tyra Banks’ Departure, Disney/ABC Picks Up Right This Minute at Variety.com
Disney/ABC Takes Over Distribution Of RightThisMinute, Clears it On ABC Stations at Deadline.com
Petski, Denise (March 4, 2019). "'Tamron Hall' Syndicated Daytime Talk Show Gets Fall Premiere Date". Deadline. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
Notes
The first two seasons are currently owned by the Christian Broadcasting Network.
Rights now owned by Howie Mandel, with distribution rights licensed to Splash Entertainment.
Rights now owned by NFL Films.
Currently owned by WildBrain.
External links
BCDB.com
vte
The Walt Disney Company
vte
ABC programming (current and upcoming)
vte
Disney Branded Television
vte
Disney Channel original programming
vte
Disney Junior original programming
vte
Disney XD original programming
vte
ESPN Inc.
vte
ESPN original programming
vte
Freeform original programming
vte
FX original programming
vte
National Geographic original programming
Categories: Disney-related listsTelevision series by DisneyLists of television series
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Walt Disney World Inside Out is an American monthly television show that aired on the Disney Channel from 1994 to 1997. The show featured footage of attractions at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida.

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The Mickey Mouse Club
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Not to be confused with Mickey Mouse Clubhouse.
The Mickey Mouse Club
The Mickey Mouse Club title screen.jpg
The title card used 1955–1959
Also known as The New Mickey Mouse Club (1977–1978)
The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (1989–1994)
MMC (1993–1994)
Club Mickey Mouse (2017–2018)
Created by Walt Disney
Hal Adelquist
Presented by Jimmie Dodd (1955–1958)
Roy Williams (1955–1958)
Fred Newman (1989 revival, seasons 1–6)
Mowava Pryor (1989 revival, seasons 1–3)
Terri Eoff/Misner (1989 revival, seasons 4–6)
Theme music composer Jimmie Dodd
Country of origin United States
No. of seasons 14
No. of episodes 620
Production
Producer Bill Walsh (1955–1959)
Running time 22–44 minutes
Production company Walt Disney Productions
Distributor Buena Vista Distribution Co.
(1966–1967)
SFM Media Service Corporation
(1977–1979)
Buena Vista Television (Disney Channel series)
Release
Original network ABC (1955–1959)
Syndication (1977–1978)
The Disney Channel (1989–1994)
Original release October 3, 1955 –
August 10, 2018
External links
Website
The Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show that aired intermittently from 1955 to 1994 and returned to social media in 2017. Created by the late Walt Disney and produced by Walt Disney Productions, the program was first televised for four seasons, from 1955 to 1959, by ABC. This original run featured a regular, but ever-changing cast of mostly teen performers. ABC broadcast reruns weekday afternoons during the 1958–1959 season, airing right after American Bandstand. The show was revived three times after its initial 1955–1959 run on ABC, first from 1977 to 1978 for first-run syndication as The New Mickey Mouse Club, then from 1989 to 1994 as The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (also known to fans as MMC from 1993 to 1994) airing exclusively on cable television's The Disney Channel, and again in 2017 with the moniker Club Mickey Mouse airing exclusively on internet social media. It ended in 2018.

The character of Mickey Mouse appeared in every show, not only in vintage cartoons originally made for theatrical release, but also in the opening, interstitial, and closing segments made especially for the show. In both the vintage cartoons and new animated segments, Mickey was voiced by his creator Walt Disney. (Disney had previously voiced the character theatrically from 1928 to 1947 before being replaced by sound effects artist Jimmy MacDonald.)


Contents
1 Before the TV series
2 1955–1959 show
2.1 Members
2.2 Adult co-hosts
2.3 Major serials
2.4 Music
2.5 Show themes
2.6 Scheduling and air times
2.7 Cancellation
2.8 Australian tour
2.9 Syndication
2.10 Reunions
2.11 Streaming
3 Talent Round-Up Stars
4 1977 revival: The New Mickey Mouse Club
4.1 Serials
4.2 Theme days
4.3 Syndication
4.4 Cast
4.5 Theme song and soundtrack
4.6 Distribution
5 1989–1994 revival: The All-New Mickey Mouse Club
5.1 Scheduling and air times
5.2 Skits
5.3 Music videos
5.4 Live concerts and performances
5.5 Theme days
5.6 Mouseketeer roster
5.7 Emerald Cove
6 2015 Korean revival: The Mickey Mouse Club
7 2017 Malaysian revival: Club Mickey Mouse
8 2017-2018 American revival: Club Mickey Mouse
9 Home media
10 See also
11 References
12 External links
Before the TV series
The first official theater-based Mickey Mouse Club began on January 11, 1930, at the Fox Dome Theater in Ocean Park, California, with 60 theaters hosting clubs by March 31. The Club released its first issue of the Official Bulletin of the Mickey Mouse Club on April 15, 1930.[1] By 1932, the club had one million members, and in 1933 its first UK club opened at Darlington’s Arcade Cinema.[2][3] In 1935, Disney began to phase out the club.[4]

1955–1959 show
Members
The Mickey Mouse Club was hosted by Jimmie Dodd, a songwriter and the Head Mouseketeer, who provided leadership both on and off the screen. In addition to his other contributions, he often provided short segments which encouraged younger viewers to make the right moral choices. These little homilies became known as "Doddisms".[5] Roy Williams, a staff artist at Disney, also appeared in the show as the Big Mouseketeer. Williams suggested that the Mickey and Minnie Mouse ears should be worn by the show's cast members, which he helped create, along with Chuck Keehne, Hal Adelquist, and Bill Walsh.

The main cast members were called Mouseketeers, and they performed in a variety of musical and dance numbers, as well as some informational segments. The most popular of the Mouseketeers constituted the so-called Red Team, which was kept under contract for the entire run of the show (1955–1959), and its members included:

Sharon Baird
Bobby Burgess
Lonnie Burr[6]
Tommy Cole
Annette Funicello
Darlene Gillespie
Cubby O'Brien
Karen Pendleton
Doreen Tracey
Other Mouseketeers who were Red Team members but did not star on the show for all three seasons included:

Cheryl Holdridge (second and third year)
Nancy Abbate (only first year)
Johnny Crawford (only first year)
Dennis Day (first and second year; was in the blue team for most of the first year, but he moved to the red team at the end of the first year)
Mike Smith (only first year)
Jay-Jay Solari (only second year)
Don Underhill (only first year; joined the blue team by the end of the first year)
The remaining Mouseketeers, who were members of the White or Blue Teams, were Don Agrati (who was later known as Don Grady when he starred as "Robbie" on the longest-running sitcom My Three Sons), Sherry Alberoni, Billie Jean Beanblossom, Eileen Diamond, Dickie Dodd (not related to Jimmie Dodd), Mary Espinosa, Bonnie Lynn Fields,[7] Judy Harriet, Linda Hughes, Dallas Johann, John Lee Johann, Bonni Lou Kern, Charley Laney, Larry Larsen, Paul Petersen, Lynn Ready, Mickey Rooney Jr., Tim Rooney, Mary Sartori, Bronson Scott, Margene Storey, Ronnie Steiner, and Mark Sutherland.[8] Larry Larsen, on only for the 1956–57 season, was the oldest Mouseketeer, being born in 1939, and Bronson Scott, on only the 1955–56 season, was the youngest Mouseketeer, being born in July 1947. Among the thousands who auditioned but did not make the cut were future Oscar-winning vocalist/songwriter Paul Williams and future Primetime Emmy Award-winning actress Candice Bergen.

The 39 Mouseketeers and the seasons in which they were featured (with the team color which they belonged to are listed for each season):

Mouseketeers
Mouseketeers Years Seasons
1 2 3 4
Bobby Burgess 1955–1959
Annette Funicello 1955–1959
Darlene Gillespie 1955–1959
Cubby O'Brien 1955–1959
Karen Pendleton 1955–1959
Doreen Tracey 1955–1958
Sharon Baird 1955–1958 *
Tommy Cole 1955–1959 * *
Lonnie Burr 1955–1959 -
Dennis Day 1955–1957 * - -
Nancy Abbate 1955–1959 - - -
Johnny Crawford 1955–1959 - - -
Mike Smith 1955–1959 - - -
Don Underhill 1955–1959 - - -
Bonni Lou Kern 1955–1956 - - -
Tim Rooney 1955–1959 * - - -
Mary Sartori 1955–1958 - - -
Bronson Scott 1955–1957 - - -
Mark Sutherland 1955–1958 - - -
John Lee Johan 1955–1957 * - - -
Billie Jean Beanblossom 1955–1957 - - -
Mary Espinosa 1955–1958 - - -
Judy Harriet 1955–1957 - - -
Dallas Johann 1955–1958 * - - -
Paul Petersen 1955–1959 * - - -
Mickey Rooney Jr. 1955–1958 * - - -
Dickie Dodd 1955–1959 * - - -
Ronnie Steiner 1955–1957 * - - -
Cheryl Holdridge 1955–1959 - -
Jay-Jay Solari 1955–1959 - - -
Sherry Alberoni 1955–1957 - - -
Eileen Diamond 1955–1957 - - -
Charley Laney 1955–1957 - - -
Larry Larsen 1955–1957 - - -
Margene Storey 1955–1959 - - -
Don Grady 1955–1958 - - -
Bonnie Lynn Fields 1955–1959 - - -
Linda Hughes 1955–1957 - - -
Lynn Ready 1955–1957 - - -
Notes: Cole and Day were originally Blue Team members, but were drafted to the Red Team later in the first season.

Johann, Petersen, and the Rooney brothers were all let go early in the first season. Dallas's brother John Lee replaced him, while Dodd and Steiner were hired as replacements for the Rooney brothers.

For the show's fourth season, only a small amount of new footage was filmed and was interspliced with material from previous seasons. It is believed[according to whom?] that only six of the Mouseketeers— Funicello, Gillespie, Tracey, Burgess, Pendleton, and O'Brien— were called back for the filming of new material, while Cole and Baird were merely used for some publicity material.

Adult co-hosts
Jimmie Dodd
Roy Williams
Bob Amsberry (seasons 1–2)
Other notable non-Mouseketeer performers appeared in several dramatic segments:[5]

Tim Considine
Tommy Kirk
Roberta Shore (Jymme Shore)
David Stollery
Judy Nugent
Kevin Corcoran, a.k.a. Moochie
J. Pat O'Malley
Sammy Ogg
Alvy Moore
Julius Sumner Miller as "Professor Wonderful"[5]
These non-Mouseketeers primarily appeared in several original serials filmed for the series, only some of which have appeared in reruns. Other Mouseketeers were also featured in some of the serials, particularly Annette Funicello and Darlene Gillespie.

Major serials
Major serials included:[5]

Spin and Marty starring Tim Considine and David Stollery
The Hardy Boys starring Tim Considine and Tommy Kirk
Corky and White Shadow, starring Darlene Gillespie
Walt Disney Presents: Annette, starring Annette Funicello
Adventure in Dairyland, featuring Annette Funicello and Sammy Ogg, and introducing Kevin Corcoran as Moochie
Jiminy Cricket educational serials (four animated shorts educating kids on different topics)
The Adventures of Clint and Mac (starring Neil Wolfe as Clint Rogers and Jonathan Bailey as Alastair "Mac" MacIntosh)
Boys of the Western Sea (English-dubbed Danish film divided into nine 10-minute segments)
Music
The opening theme, "The Mickey Mouse March", was written by the show's primary adult host, Jimmie Dodd.[5] It was also reprised at the end of each episode, with the slower "it's time to say goodbye" verse. A shorter version of the opening title was used later in the series, in syndication, and on Disney Channel reruns. Dodd also wrote many other songs used in individual segments throughout the series.

Show themes
Each day of the week had a special show theme, which was reflected in the several segments. The themes were:

Monday – Fun with Music Day
Tuesday – Guest Star Day
Wednesday – Anything Can Happen Day
Thursday – Circus Day
Friday – Talent Round-up Day
Scheduling and air times
The series ran on ABC Television for an hour each weekday in the 1955 and the 1956 seasons (from 5:00 - 6:00 pm ET), and only a half-hour weekdays in 1957, the final season to feature new programming.[9] Although the show returned for a 1958 season and these programs were repeats from the first two seasons, recut into a half-hour format. The Mickey Mouse Club was featured on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and Walt Disney's Adventure Time, featuring reruns of The Mickey Mouse Club serials and several re-edited segments from Disneyland and Walt Disney Presents, appeared on Tuesdays and Thursdays.

Cancellation
Although the show remained popular, ABC decided to cancel it after its fourth season ended, because Disney and the ABC network could not come to terms for its renewal.[5] The cancellation of the show in September 1959 was attributed to several factors: the Disney studios did not explain high-profit margins from merchandise sales, the sponsors were uninterested in educational programming for children, and many commercials were needed to pay for the show. After canceling The Mickey Mouse Club, ABC also refused to let Disney air the show on another network.[10] Walt Disney filed a lawsuit against ABC, and won the damages in a settlement, the following year; however, he had to agree that both the Mickey Mouse Club and Zorro could not be aired on any major network. This left Walt Disney Presents (initially titled Disneyland, later retitled the Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color when it moved to NBC) as the only Disney series which was left on prime time until 1972 when The Mouse Factory went on the air. The prohibition which prevented major U.S. broadcast networks from airing the original Mickey Mouse Club (or any later version of it) was disputed when Disney acquired ABC in 1996. Although it would not air on ABC again, Disney ran it on the Disney Channel's "Vault Disney" block from 1998 to 2002.

Australian tour
Although the series had been ended in America, many members of the cast assembled for highly successful tours of Australia in 1959 and 1960. The television series was very successful in Australia and was still running on Australian television. The cast surprised Australian audiences, as by then they had physically matured and in some cases, bore little resemblance to the cast of youths with whom Australians were so familiar. Mainstream television did not reach Australia until 1956, so the series screened well into the 1960s when the back catalog expired.

Syndication
In response to continuing audience demand, the original Mickey Mouse Club went into edited syndicated half-hour reruns that enjoyed wide distribution starting in the fall of 1962, achieving strong ratings especially during its first three seasons in syndicated release. (Because of its popularity in some markets, a few stations continued to carry it into 1968 before the series was finally withdrawn from syndication.) Some new features were added such as Fun with Science or "Professor Wonderful" (with scientist Julius Sumner Miller) and Marvelous Marvin in the 1964–1965 season; Jimmie Dodd appeared in several of these new segments before his death in November 1964. Several markets expanded the program back to an hour's daily run time during the 1960s repeat cycle by adding locally produced and hosted portions involving educational subjects and live audience participation of local children, in a manner not unlike Romper Room.

In response to an upsurge in demand from baby boomers entering adulthood, the show again went into syndicated reruns from January 20, 1975, until January 14, 1977.[11] It has since been rerun on cable specialty channels Disney in the United States and Family in Canada. The original Mickey Mouse Club films aired five days a week on The Disney Channel from its launch in 1983 until the third version of the series began in 1989. The last airing of the edited 1950s’ material was on Disney Channel's Vault Disney from 1997 to September 2002. During the baseball seasons in 1975 and 1976, WGN-TV in Chicago, Illinois, aired the show on a delayed basis due to Cubs baseball coverages.

Reunions
Annette Funicello and Tim Considine were reunited on The New Mickey Mouse Club in 1977. Darlene Gillespie and Cubby O'Brien were also reunited on another episode of the same series.

31 out of the 39 original Mouseketeers were reunited for a TV special, which aired on Disney's Wonderful World in November 1980.

Cast members Annette Funicello, Bobby Burgess, Tommy Cole, Sharon Baird, Don Grady, and Sherry Alberoni were reunited on the 100th episode of The All-New Mickey Mouse Club, during the show's third season in 1990.

Mouseketeers Doreen Tracey, Cubby O'Brien, Sherry Alberoni, Sharon Baird, Don Grady, Cheryl Holdridge, Bobby Burgess, Karen Pendleton, Tommy Cole, and Mary Espinosa performed together at Disneyland in Fall 2005, in observance of Disneyland's 50th birthday, and the 50th anniversary of the television premiere of The Mickey Mouse Club.

Streaming
In early 2020, the first week of the Mickey Mouse Club and the first Spin and Marty serial have been added to Disney's new streaming platform Disney+.

Talent Round-Up Stars
Larry Ashurst
Janice Crowe
Peter Lee Palmer
Mark Sutherland
Bo Wagner
Pamela Beaird
Mary Sartori
John F. Smith
Maxine Grossman
Linda Hughes
Cheryl Weinberg
Ronnie Wilson
Riley Wilson
Jimmie Fields
Donna Loren
Ray Little
1977 revival: The New Mickey Mouse Club
In 1977, Walt Disney Productions revived the concept, but modernized the show cosmetically, with a disco re-recording of the theme song and a more ethnically diverse group of young cast members. The sets were brightly colored and simpler than the detailed black and white artwork of the original. Like the original, nearly every day's episode included a vintage cartoon, though usually in color from the late 1930s onward. The 1977 Mouseketeers were part of the halftime show of Super Bowl XI on January 9, 1977.

Serials
Serials were usually old Disney movies, cut into segments for twice-weekly inclusion. Movies included Third Man on the Mountain, The Misadventures of Merlin Jones and its sequel The Monkey's Uncle (both starring Tommy Kirk), Emil and the Detectives (retitled The Three Skrinks), Tonka (retitled A Horse Called Comanche), The Horse Without a Head (about a toy horse), and Toby Tyler (starring Kevin Corcoran). In addition, one original serial was produced, The Mystery of Rustler's Cave, starring Kim Richards and Robbie Rist. Often shown were scenes from animated Disney films, from Snow White to The Jungle Book billed as "Mouseka Movie Specials".

Theme days
Theme days were:

Monday: Who, What, Why, Where, When and How
Tuesday: Let's Go
Wednesday: Surprise
Thursday: Discovery
Friday: Showtime (at Disneyland, with performers usually at Plaza Gardens)
Syndication
The series debuted on January 17, 1977, on 38 local television stations in the United States, and by June of that same year, when the series was discontinued, about 70 stations in total had picked up the series. Additional stations picked up the canceled program, which continued to run until January 12, 1978; 130 new episodes, with much of the original material repackaged and a bit of new footage added, and a shortened version of the theme song, was produced to start airing September 5, 1977. Since the 1970s, the series has aired only briefly in reruns, unlike its 1950s predecessor, and while both the 1950s and 1989-1990s series had DVD releases of select episodes in July 2005, the 1970s series has been largely forgotten by many, including the generation of youthful viewers who made it their club. On November 20, 1977, "The Mouseketeers at Walt Disney World" was shown on The Wonderful World of Disney. WGN-TV in Chicago, Illinois, also aired this version on a delayed basis in 1977 and 1978 during the Cubs baseball season due to game coverages. Action for Children's Television successfully got the show canceled because of their objections to the types of commercials that aired during the program.

Cast
The cast of twelve (five boys and seven girls) had a more diverse multiethnic background than the 1950s version. Several 1977–1978 cast members went on to become TV stars and other notable icons.

The show's most notable alumnus was Lisa Whelchel (born in 1963, in Littlefield, Texas), who later starred in the NBC television sitcom The Facts of Life which ran from 1979 to 1988 before becoming a well-known Christian author, and overall runner-up, and winner of the $100,000 viewers' choice award, on the fall 2012 season of the CBS television reality series Survivor. Mouseketeer Julie Piekarski (born in 1963 in St. Louis, Missouri.) also appeared with Lisa Whelchel on the first season of The Facts of Life. Kelly Parsons (born in 1964, in Coral Gables, Florida) went on to become a beauty queen and runner-up to Miss USA.

Other Mouseketeers (from seasons 1–2) from the 1977 show:[8]

William "Billy"/"Pop" Attmore: born at US military base in Landstuhl, West Germany, 1965; appeared in a few movies before and after the series, a final season episode of The Brady Bunch ("Kelly's Kids"), and as a streetwise hood in the short-lived Eischied crime drama.
Scott Craig: born in Van Nuys, California, in 1964; lived in Las Vegas, Nevada, died December 30, 2003 from a respiratory illness.
Benita "Nita Dee" DiGiampaolo: born in Long Beach, California in 1966; appeared at the last end of an episode in 1981 of Fantasy Island as Elena. Nita appeared in ABC Family Weekends in 1978 as Nita and 1978 as Maria. Nita also starred in Upbeat Aesop (ABC) produced by Ron Miziker (A Disney executive).
Mindy Feldman: born in Burbank, California in 1968; sister of Hollywood actor Corey Feldman.
Angel Florez: born in Stockton, California in 1963; died April 25, 1995 from an AIDS-related illness.
Allison Fonte: born in Buena Park, California in 1964.
Shawnte Northcutte born in Los Angeles, California in 1965; appeared on an episode of The Facts of Life, as Madge.
Todd Turquand: born in Hollywood, California in 1964.
Curtis Wong: born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1962; appeared on an episode of Diff'rent Strokes, as an assistant karate instructor under Soon-Tek Oh.
Disney voice actor and sound effects editor Wayne Allwine voiced Mickey Mouse in the animated lead-ins for the show, replacing Jimmy MacDonald, who in 1947 had replaced Walt Disney as the voice of Mickey for theatrical short cartoons. Walt Disney had been the original voice of Mickey and for the original 1954–1959 run provided the voice for animated introductions to the original TV show but had died in 1966. Allwine kept providing the voice for the character up to his death in 2009.

Future rock musician Courtney Love (wife of Nirvana lead singer Kurt Cobain) claims to have auditioned for a part on the show, reading a poem by Sylvia Plath; she was not selected.[12]

Former Mouseketeers Annette Funicello and serial star Tim Considine guest-starred in one episode; Former Mouseketeers Darlene Gillespie and Cubby O'Brien were also reunited on another episode.

Theme song and soundtrack
The lyrics of the "Mickey Mouse Club March" theme song were slightly different from the original, with two additional lines: "He's our favorite Mouseketeer; we know you will agree" and "Take some fun and mix in love, our happy recipe."

A soundtrack album[13] was released with the show.

A new rendition of the "Mickey Mouse Club March" was made later on in 1999 by Mannheim Steamroller, a contemporary band, in hopes of connecting new-age children and their parents who watched the Mickey Mouse Club.

Distribution
This incarnation was not distributed by Disney only; while Disney did produce the series, it was co-produced and distributed by SFM Entertainment, which also handled 1970s-era syndication of the original 1950s series. (Disney since re-acquired only distribution rights.)

1989–1994 revival: The All-New Mickey Mouse Club
Reruns of the original The Mickey Mouse Club began airing on The Disney Channel with the channel's 1983 launch. While the show was popular with younger audiences, the Disney Channel executives felt it had become dated over the years, particularly as it was aired in black-and-white. Their answer was to create a brand-new version of the club, one targeted at contemporary audiences. Notably, the all-new "club-members" would wear Mouseketeer varsity jackets instead of iconic Mickey Mouse ears. This show was called The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (also known as "MMC" to fans).

This version of the series is notable for featuring a number of cast members who went on to achieve global success in music and acting, Ryan Gosling, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, future NSYNC band members Justin Timberlake and JC Chasez, Keri Russell, Deedee Magno, future En Vogue member Rhona Bennett, Nikki DeLoach, and Chase Hampton. Nick Carter was selected to join the program at the age of 12, however, he decided to join the developing boy band, Backstreet Boys.[14]

Throughout the run, Fred Newman was the main adult co-host from the beginning of the series until season 6. In the first season, Newman was joined by other co-host Mowava Pryor. She was then replaced by Terri Eoff from the fourth season until the sixth season. By the show's final season, two original members Chase Hampton and Tiffini Hale became the co-hosts.

This was the first version of the club to have any studio audience, though a moderately small group.

Former Mouseketeer Don Grady guest-starred in the season 1 finale. Grady, along with fellow Mouseketeers Annette Funicello, Bobby Burgess, Tommy Cole, Sharon Baird, and Sherry Alberoni were reunited on the 100th episode, during the show's third season. Funicello later appeared on the show again, in an interview with the Mouseketeer Lindsey Alley.

Scheduling and air times
From seasons 1 to 6, the series aired Monday through Friday at 5:30 pm. Through season 6, the show aired Monday to Thursday. In its final season, it aired Thursdays only at 7:00 pm (later moved a half hour later, to 7:30 pm). The series premiered Monday, April 24, 1989, and ended in October 22, 1994. Seasons 3 and 5 had the most episodes (55, each season). Seasons 4 - 6 were shorter, having about 36 episodes and each. The remaining seasons were regular with 45 episodes in season 7 each.

Skits
The show was known for its sketch comedy. Some of the sketches played off famous movies, musicals, and even cartoons, as well as holiday-related skits. During the final season, some of the skits showed everyday occurrences experienced by teens, often teaching viewers a lesson on how to handle real-life situations.

Music videos
The series featured music videos of the Mouseketeers singing their versions of popular songs in front of a live studio audience or the Walt Disney World Resort. This became one of the most popular segments.

Live concerts and performances
A unique feature of the show was the Mouseketeers performing concerts on different days (which were usually taped the day before or in the summer, when the kids had more time). During the final season, the concerts were replaced primarily by live performances that featured singing and dancing in front of the audience.

Theme days
This version maintained the "theme day" format from the previous two versions. When Disney decided to revamp the show for its final season, the show was reduced to a single weekly airing, shown only on Thursdays.

Theme days were:

Music Day – Mondays (Seasons 1–4), Tuesdays (seasons 5-6),
Guest Day – Tuesdays (seasons 1–4), Mondays (Seasons 5-6),
Anything Can Happen Day – Wednesdays (Seasons 1–5),
Party Day – Thursdays (Seasons 1–4), Fridays (Seasons 5-6),
Hall of Fame Day – Fridays (Seasons 1–4), Thursdays (season 5), Wednesdays (season 6)
Mouseketeer roster
The adult co-hosts for the show were Fred Newman (1989–1993), Mowava Pryor (1989–1990), Terri Misner Eoff (1991–1993), Tiffini Hale (1994), and Chase Hampton (1994).

The 35 Mouseketeers and the seasons in which they were featured are:[5]

Mouseketeers
Mouseketeers Year(s) Seasons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Joshua Ackerman 1989–1994
Lindsey Alley 1989–1994
Jennifer McGill 1989–1994
Tiffini Hale 1989–1991, 1994 * - -
Chase Hampton 1989–1991, 1994 * - -
Albert Fields 1989–1991 * - - -
Deedee Magno 1989–1993 * - - -
Damon Pampolina 1989–1993 * - - -
Brandy Brown 1989–1993 - - - -
Roque Herring 1989-1993 - - - - -
Braden Danner 1989-1993 - - - - - -
David Kater 1989-1992 - - - - - -
Kevin Osgood 1989–1993 - - -
Ricky Luna 1990–1994 - -
Ilana Miller 1990–1994 - -
Marc Worden 1990–1994 - -
Mylin Brooks 1990–1994 - - - -
Jason Minor 1990–1994 - - - -
Rhona Bennett 1991–1994 - - -
Nita Booth 1991–1994 - - -
JC Chasez 1991–1994 - - -
Dale Godboldo 1991–1994 - - -
Tony Lucca 1991–1994 - - -
Matt Morris 1991–1994 - - -
Keri Russell 1991–1993 - - - -
Blain Carson 1990–1994 - - - - -
Tasha Danner 1990–1994 - - - - -
Terra McNair Deva 1990–1994 - - - - -
Christina Aguilera 1993–1994 - - - - -
Nikki DeLoach 1992–1994 - - - - -
T.J. Fantini 1990–1994 - - - - -
Ryan Gosling 1990–1994 - - - - -
Tate Lynche 1990–1994 - - - - -
Britney Spears 1993–1994 - - - - -
Justin Timberlake 1991–1994 - - - - -
Note: For the show's fourth season, Albert Fields, Tiffini Hale, Chase Hampton, Deedee Magno, and Damon Pampolina were featured in segments as "The Party," primarily in footage separate from the rest of the cast.

Emerald Cove
During the last three seasons of MMC they had a pre-recorded drama series called Emerald Cove with the older cast members:

Rhona Bennett
J.C. Chasez
Dale Godboldo
Ricky Luna
Tony Lucca
Ilana Miller
Keri Russell
Marc Worden
Matt Morris
Jennifer McGill
Joshua Ackerman
Nikki Deloach
2015 Korean revival: The Mickey Mouse Club
On July 9, 2015, it was announced that a new version of the series would debut on July 23, 2015, on Disney Channel Korea. The format of revival would include musical performances, games, and skits, as same as the original one in the US. The series had two pilot episodes and ten regular episodes. The Mouseketeers consisted of nine members of S.M. Entertainment's pre-debut group SM Rookies, including five boys — Mark, Jeno, Haechan, Jaemin, and Jisung — and four girls — Koeun, Hina, Herin, and Lami.

The series was hosted by Leeteuk of boy band Super Junior.[15]

The show ended on December 17, 2015.

2017 Malaysian revival: Club Mickey Mouse
On May 4, 2017, it was announced that Club Mickey Mouse would be created in Malaysia.[16] The format would include musical performances, games and comedy sketches.

The series is hosted by YouTube personality, Charis Ow, and premiered on Disney Channel Asia on September 15, 2017.[17] The series was renewed for a second season, which premiered on July 6, 2018 and a third season which premiered on June 14, 2019. They also cast as a guest (except Dheena Menon which she had an exam) on Episode 14 (”Friends in Need, Indeed!”) on Disney Channel Asia Original Series, Wizards of Warna Walk. In 2018, Natasya did not return after season 1, Ellya took her place as the new Mouseketeer. Charis and Dheena would not return in the season because Charis was getting married. Disney Channel Asia decided to pick two new Mouseketeers for an audition. Season 4 of Club Mickey Mouse was aired in 2021. Eric and Melynna are announced as the two new Mouseketeers.

The Malaysian version was also picked up for broadcast in Vietnam; in 2017, Vietnam Television (VTV) acquired the rights to broadcast Club Mickey Mouse from Astro, with broadcasting split between VTV3, VTV6 and YanTV. The VTV channels carried Club Mickey Mouse from 2017 to 2020.

Mouseketeers Year(s) Notes[18]
Charis Ow 2017–2019 Head Mouseketeer
Dheena Menon 2017–2019 Jerry Trainor 2017-2020 Erissa Puteri Hashim 2017–2019 Kevin Clash 2017-2019 Nur "Natasya" Alianatsha Hanafi 2017–2020
Mohd Wafiy Ilhan Johan 2017–2020 Ahmad Faiz Najib 2017–2020
Gabriel Noel Poutney 2017–2019
Ellya Keesha 2018–2020
Eric Lau Lofstedt 2017-2020 Head Mouseketeer
Melynna Rose 2017-2019
2017-2018 American revival: Club Mickey Mouse
On September 8, 2017, The Mickey Mouse Club was rebooted under the name Club Mickey Mouse with a new set of Mouseketeers,[19] and for the first time, the series was made available on Facebook and Instagram, rather than its original half hour to full hour format on television, and is more like a reality show than a variety show, with about 90% of its content being behind the scenes. This incarnation of The Mickey Mouse Club features eight Mouseketeers who range in age from 15 - 18: Regan Aliyah, Jenna Alvarez, Ky Baldwin, Gabe De Guzman, Leanne Tessa Langston, Brianna Mazzola, Sean Oliu, and Will Simmons.[20] The Mouseketeers were also joined by the guest star Todrick Hall, who also served as a mentor to the cast during the casting, and Jennifer Chia as the host.[21] The series was produced by Disney Digital Network.[20][22] No new episodes or music videos have been produced since 2018.

Home media
Walt Disney Treasures: The Mickey Mouse Club at UltimateDisney.com
Mickey Mouse Club: Best of Britney, Justin & Christina at UltimateDisney.com
See also
Disney Club, the name of many television shows associated to Disney productions aired mostly in Europe
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, a show for preschool-age children with a very different format
References
Polsson, Ken (1930). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Polsson, Ken (1932). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Polsson, Ken (1933). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Polsson, Ken (1935). "Chronology of the Walt Disney Company". Kpolsson.com/. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Cotter, Bill (1997). The Wonderful World of Disney Television. New York: Hyperion Books. pp. 181–96 (1950s), 197–98 (1970s), 295 (MMC). ISBN 0-7868-6359-5.
Santoli, Lorraine (1995). The Official Mickey Mouse Club Book. New York: Hyperion Books. pp. Introduction xxii. ISBN 0-7868-8042-2.
Woo, Elaine (November 20, 2012). "Bonnie Lynn Fields dies at 68; former Mouseketeer". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 13, 2012.
Smith, Dave (1998). Disney A to Z: The Updated Official Encyclopedia. New York: Hyperion Books. pp. 387–88. ISBN 0-7868-6391-9.
Mickey the Magnificent (PDF). TV-Radio Mirror. May 1957. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2014. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
"Zorro - The Hour-Long Episodes". www.billcotter.com.
Cotter, Bill (1997). The Wonderful World of Disney Television: A Complete History. Hyperion. p. 195. ISBN 978-0786863594.
Selby, Jenn (July 8, 2014). "Happy 50th birthday, Courtney Love. And thank you for this - the most". The Independent. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
Disneyland Records DQ-2501
Moraski, Lauren (June 29, 2017). "Nick Carter Relives His Backstreet Boys Audition". huffpost.com.
"SM Rookies to Star In Variety Show "The Mickey Mouse Club"; Hosted by Super Junior's Leeteuk".
"Disney to look for Malaysia's first ever 'Mouseketeers'". NST Online. May 4, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
"Kosmo! Online - Terkini". www.kosmo.com.my. Retrieved September 11, 2017.
Chaw, Kenneth (September 11, 2017). "Meet the 7 Malaysian Mouseketeers from Club Mickey Mouse". Star2.com. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
Bruner, Raisa. "Disney Just Introduced a New Cast of Mickey Mouse Club Kids". Time. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
Spangler, Todd (September 8, 2017). "Disney Launches 'Club Mickey Mouse,' Rebooting Classic Kids' Show for Social Media". Variety.com. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
"'The Mickey Mouse Club' Is Back With Todrick Hall and All-New Mouseketeers!". Etonline.com. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
"Disney Digital Network Brings Fresh, Original Content Directly to Fans Around the World". thewaltdisneycompany.com. September 12, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
External links
Official website
The Mickey Mouse Club at IMDb (1950s version)
The New Mickey Mouse Club at IMDb (1970s version)
MMC at IMDb (1989–1990s version)
vte
Mickey Mouse in animation
Short films
1920s
Steamboat Willie (1928)The Gallopin' Gaucho (1928)The Barn Dance (1929)Plane Crazy (1929)The Opry House (1929)When the Cat's Away (1929)The Barnyard Battle (1929)The Plowboy (1929)The Karnival Kid (1929)Mickey's Follies (1929)Mickey's Choo-Choo (1929)The Jazz Fool (1929)Jungle Rhythm (1929)The Haunted House (1929)Wild Waves (1929)
1930s
1930
Just Mickey (1930)The Barnyard Concert (1930)The Cactus Kid (1930)The Fire Fighters (1930)The Shindig (1930)The Chain Gang (1930)The Gorilla Mystery (1930)The Picnic (1930)Pioneer Days (1930)
1931
The Birthday Party (1931)Traffic Troubles (1931)The Castaway (1931)The Moose Hunt (1931)The Delivery Boy (1931)Mickey Steps Out (1931)Blue Rhythm (1931)Fishin' Around (1931)The Barnyard Broadcast (1931)The Beach Party (1931)Mickey Cuts Up (1931)Mickey's Orphans (1931)
1932
The Duck Hunt (1932)The Grocery Boy (1932)The Mad Dog (1932)The Barnyard Olympics (1932)Mickey's Revue (1932)Musical Farmer (1932)Mickey in Arabia (1932)Mickey's Nightmare (1932)Trader Mickey (1932)The Whoopee Party (1932)Touchdown Mickey (1932)The Wayward Canary (1932)The Klondike Kid (1932)Mickey's Good Deed (1932)
1933
Building a Building (1933)The Mad Doctor (1933)Mickey's Pal Pluto (1933)Mickey's Mellerdrammer (1933)Ye Olden Days (1933)The Mail Pilot (1933)Mickey's Mechanical Man (1933)Mickey's Gala Premier (1933)Puppy Love (1933)The Steeple Chase (1933)The Pet Store (1933)Giantland (1933)
1934
Shanghaied (1934)Camping Out (1934)Playful Pluto (1934)Gulliver Mickey (1934)Mickey's Steam Roller (1934)Orphans' Benefit (1934; remake 1941)Mickey Plays Papa (1934)The Dognapper (1934)Two-Gun Mickey (1934)
1935
Mickey's Man Friday (1935)The Band Concert (1935)Mickey's Service Station (1935)Mickey's Kangaroo (1935)Mickey's Garden (1935)Mickey's Fire Brigade (1935)Pluto's Judgement Day (1935)On Ice (1935)
1936
Mickey's Polo Team (1936)Orphan's Picnic (1936)Mickey's Grand Opera (1936)Thru the Mirror (1936)Mickey's Rival (1936)Moving Day (1936)Alpine Climbers (1936)Mickey's Circus (1936)Mickey's Elephant (1936)
1937
The Worm Turns (1937)Magician Mickey (1937)Moose Hunters (1937)Mickey's Amateurs (1937)Hawaiian Holiday (1937)Clock Cleaners (1937)Lonesome Ghosts (1937)
1938
Boat Builders (1938)Mickey's Trailer (1938)The Whalers (1938)Mickey's Parrot (1938)Brave Little Tailor (1938)
1939
Society Dog Show (1939)Mickey's Surprise Party (1939)The Pointer (1939)
1940s
Tugboat Mickey (1940)Pluto's Dream House (1940)Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940)The Little Whirlwind (1941)A Gentleman's Gentleman (1941)Canine Caddy (1941)The Nifty Nineties (1941)Lend a Paw (1941)Mickey's Birthday Party (1942)Symphony Hour (1942)Pluto and the Armadillo (1943)Squatter's Rights (1946)Mickey's Delayed Date (1947)Mickey Down Under (1948)Mickey and the Seal (1948)
1950s
R'coon Dawg (1951)Pluto's Party (1952)Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952)The Simple Things (1953)
1980s
Mickey's Christmas Carol (1983)
1990s
The Prince and the Pauper (1990)Runaway Brain (1995)
2010s
Get a Horse! (2013)
Feature films
Theatrical
Fantasia (1940)Fun and Fancy Free (1947)Fantasia 2000 (1999)
Direct-to-video
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)Mickey's Magical Christmas (2001)Mickey's House of Villains (2002)Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
TV series
The Mickey Mouse ClubThe Mouse FactoryGood Morning, Mickey!Mickey's Mouse TracksMickey Mouse and FriendsMickey Mouse WorksDisney's House of Mouse (episodes)Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (episodes)Mickey Mouse episodesMickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures (episodes)The Wonderful World of Mickey MouseMickey Mouse Funhouse
Film cameos
Hollywood Party (1934)Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988)A Goofy Movie (1995)The Lion King 1½ (2004)Ralph Breaks the Internet (2018)
Non-Disney
Mickey Mouse in Vietnam (1969)
Categories: The Mickey Mouse Club1955 American television series debuts1959 American television series endings1960 American television series debuts1977 American television series endings1989 American television series debuts1996 American television series endings1950s American children's television series1960s American children's television series1970s American children's television series1980s American children's television series1990s American children's television series1950s American music television series1960s American music television series1970s American music television series1980s American music television series1990s American music television series1950s American sketch comedy television series1960s American sketch comedy television series1970s American sketch comedy television series1980s American sketch comedy television series1990s American sketch comedy television series1950s American variety television series1960s American variety television series1970s American variety television series1980s American variety television series1990s American variety television seriesAmerican Broadcasting Company original programmingAmerican child singersAmerican children's musical television seriesAmerican television series revived after cancellationAmerican television series with live action and animationBlack-and-white American television showsChildren's sketch comedyDisney Channel original programmingDonald Duck television seriesEnglish-language television showsMickey Mouse television seriesMouseketeersTelevision series by DisneyTelevision series created by Walt DisneyTelevision series created by Hal Adelquist
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Disneyland Paris
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Disneyland Paris
Disneyland Paris logo.svg
Location Chessy, France
Coordinates 48°52′7.39″N 2°46′54.48″ECoordinates: 48°52′7.39″N 2°46′54.48″E
Owner
Disney Parks, Experiences and Products
(The Walt Disney Company)
Operated by Disney Parks International
Opened 12 April 1992; 29 years ago
Visitors per year 14.99 million (2019)
Area 19.425 km2 (4,800 acres)
Website disneylandparis.com
Status Operating
Disneyland Paris
Theme parks
Disneyland Park
Walt Disney Studios Park
Resort hotels
Disneyland Hotel
Disney's Hotel New York — The Art of Marvel
Disney's Newport Bay Club
Disney's Sequoia Lodge
Disney's Hotel Cheyenne
Disney's Hotel Santa Fe
Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch
Les Villages Nature Paris
Related
Disney Village
Golf Disneyland
Val d'Europe
vte
Disneyland Paris, formerly Euro Disney Resort, is an entertainment resort in Chessy, France, a town located 32 km (20 mi) east of the centre of Paris. It encompasses two theme parks, many resort hotels, Disney Nature Resorts, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, and a golf course, in addition to several additional recreational and entertainment venues. Disneyland Park is the original theme park of the complex, opening with the resort on 12 April 1992. A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened in 2002, 10 years after the original park. Disneyland Paris celebrated its 25th anniversary in 2017. Within 25 years of opening, 320 million people visited Disneyland Paris, making it the most visited theme park in Europe.[1] The Parisian resort is the second Disney park to open outside the United States following the opening of the Tokyo Disney Resort in 1983 and is the largest Disney resort to open outside of the United States. Disneyland Paris is also the only Disney resort outside of the United States to be completely owned by The Walt Disney Company.


Contents
1 Ownership
2 History
2.1 Seeking a location for a European resort
2.2 Design and construction
2.3 Recruitment/employment
2.4 Controversies
2.5 Opening day and early years
2.6 Financial, attendance and employment struggles
2.7 1995 turnaround
2.8 2000 onwards
3 Name changes
4 Theme Years
5 Anniversary list
6 The complex
6.1 Parks
6.2 Disney Nature Resorts
6.3 Shopping, dining, and entertainment
6.4 Other recreation
6.5 Rides and attractions
6.5.1 Roller coasters
6.5.2 Rides
6.6 Hotels
6.7 Disney Nature Resorts
6.8 Transport
6.9 Backstage Disney
6.10 Attendance
6.11 Electroland Festival
7 Notable Incidents
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
Ownership
Walt Disney announced a €1 billion ($1.25 billion) bailout plan to rescue its subsidiary Disneyland Paris, the Financial Times reported on 6 October 2014.[2] The park is burdened by its debt, which is calculated at about €1.75 billion ($2.20 billion) and roughly 15 times its gross average earnings.

Until June 2017, Disney only held a minority stake in the resort, when they bought the remaining shares. In 2017, The Walt Disney Company offered an informal takeover of Euro Disney S.C.A., buying 9% of the company from Kingdom Holding and an open offer of 2 euros per share for the remaining stock. This brought The Walt Disney Company's total ownership to 85.7%. The Walt Disney company will also invest an additional 1.5 billion euros to strengthen the company.[3] On 19 June 2017 Disney completed a tender offer to own over 97% of Euro Disney and then implemented a full buyout of the shares they didn't already own.[4]

History
Seeking a location for a European resort
Following the success of Disneyland in California, top to the plans to build a similar theme park in Europe emerged in 1966 with sites in Frankfurt, Paris, London or Milan under consideration.[5] Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker, Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success, forming a catalyst for international expansion. In late 1984 the heads of Disney's theme park division, Dick Nunis and Jim Cora, presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park. Britain, France, Italy and Spain were all considered. However, Britain and Italy were dropped from the list due to both lacking a suitable expanse of flat land. By March 1985, the number of possible locations for the park had been reduced to four; two in France and two in Spain. Both nations saw the potential economic advantages of a Disney theme park and offered competing financing deals to Disney.

Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean and offered a subtropical climate similar to Disney's parks in California and Florida. Disney had asked each site to provide average temperatures for every month for the previous 40 years, which proved a complicated endeavour as none of the records were computerised and were registered on paper.[6] The site in Pego, Alicante became the front-runner, but the location was controversial as it would have meant the destruction of Marjal de Pego-Oliva marshlands, a site of natural beauty and one of the last homes of the almost extinct Samaruc or Valencia Toothcarp, so there was some local outcry among environmentalists.[7] Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France, not far from Marseille. The pleasing landscape of that region, as well as its climate, made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland. However, shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site, which would have rendered construction too difficult. Finally, a site in the rural town of Marne-la-Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe. This location was estimated to be no more than a four-hour drive for 68 million people and no more than a two-hour flight for a further 300 million.

Michael Eisner, Disney's CEO at the time, signed the first letter of agreement with the French government for the 20-square-kilometre (4,940-acre) site on 18 December 1985, and the first financial contracts were drawn up during the following spring. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company and the French government and territorial collectivities on 24 March 1987.[8] Construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named "Espace Euro Disney" was opened to show the public what was being constructed. Plans for a theme park next to Euro Disneyland based on the entertainment industry, Disney-MGM Studios Europe, quickly went into development, scheduled to open in 1996 with a construction budget of US$2.3 billion.[9] The construction manager was Bovis.[10]

Design and construction

'Disneyland Hotel'. Through the hotel is the entrance ticket hall to the Park.
In order to provide lodging to patrons, it was decided that 5,200 Disney-owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex. In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects (Frank Gehry, Michael Graves, Robert A.M. Stern, Stanley Tigerman, and Robert Venturi) decided on an exclusively American theme in which each hotel would depict a region of the United States. At the time of the opening in April 1992, seven hotels collectively housing 5,800[11] rooms had been built.

An entertainment, shopping, and dining complex based on Walt Disney World's Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry.

With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze-coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights, it opened as Festival Disney.[12] For a projected daily attendance of 55,000, Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park. In order to accomplish this, 29 restaurants were built inside the park (with a further 11 restaurants built at the Euro Disney resort hotels and five at Festival Disney). Menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disney's precedent of not serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park.

2,300 patio seats (30% of park seating) were installed to satisfy Europeans' expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather. In test kitchens at Walt Disney World, recipes were adapted for European tastes. Walter Meyer, executive chef for menu development at Euro Disney and executive chef of food projects development at Walt Disney World noted, "A few things we did need to change, but most of the time people kept telling us, 'Do your own thing. Do what's American'."[13]

Recruitment/employment
Unlike Disney's American theme parks, Euro Disney aimed for permanent employees (an estimated requirement of 12,000 for the theme park itself), as opposed to seasonal and temporary part-time employees. Casting centres were set up in Paris, London, and Amsterdam. However, it was understood by the French government and Disney that "a concentrated effort would be made to tap into the local French labour market".[14] Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills, who spoke two European languages (French and one other), and were socially outgoing. Following precedent, Euro Disney set up its own Disney University to train workers. 24,000 people had applied by November 1991.[14]

Controversies
The prospect of a Disney park in France was a subject of debate and controversy. Critics, who included prominent French intellectuals, denounced what they considered to be the cultural imperialism of Euro Disney and felt it would encourage an unhealthy American type of consumerism in France.[15] On 28 June 1992, a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States.[16]

A journalist at the centre-right French newspaper Le Figaro wrote, "I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to [Euro] Disneyland."[17] Ariane Mnouchkine, a Parisian stage director, named the concept a "cultural Chernobyl",[18] a phrase which would be echoed in the media during Euro Disney's initial years.

In response, French philosopher Michel Serres noted, "It is not America that is invading us. It is we who adore it, who adopt its fashions and above all, its words." Euro Disney S.C.A.'s then-chairman Robert Fitzpatrick responded, "We didn't come in and say O.K., we're going to put a beret and a baguette on Mickey Mouse. We are who we are."[14]

Topics of controversy also included Disney's American managers requiring English to be spoken at all meetings and Disney's appearance code for members of staff, which listed regulations and limitations for the use of makeup, facial hair, tattoos, jewellery, and more.

French labour unions mounted protests against the appearance code, which they saw as "an attack on individual liberty". Others criticised Disney as being insensitive to French culture, individualism, and privacy, because restrictions on individual or collective liberties were illegal under French law, unless it could be demonstrated that the restrictions are requisite to the job and do not exceed what is necessary.

Disney countered by saying that a ruling that barred them from imposing such an employment standard could threaten the image and long-term success of the park. "For us, the appearance code has a great effect from a product identification standpoint," said Thor Degelmann, Euro Disney's personnel director. "Without it we couldn't be presenting the Disney product that people would be expecting."[19]

Opening day and early years
Euro Disney opened for employee preview and testing in March 1992. During this time visitors were mostly park employees and their family members, who tested facilities and operations. The press was able to visit the day before the park's opening day on 12 April 1992.

On 12 April 1992, Euro Disney Resort and its theme park, Euro Disneyland, officially opened (on the same date that Mediaset's La Cinq TV channel closed permanently[20]). Visitors were warned of chaos on the roads. A government survey indicated that half a million people carried by 90,000 cars might attempt to enter the complex. French radio warned traffic to avoid the area. By midday, the car park was approximately half full, suggesting an attendance level below 25,000. Explanations of the lower-than-expected turnout included speculation that people heeded the advice to stay away and that the one-day strike that cut the direct RER railway connection to Euro Disney from the centre of Paris made the park inaccessible.[17] Due to the European recession that August, the park faced financial difficulties as there were a lack of things to do and an overabundance of hotels, leading to underperformance.[21]

A new Indiana Jones roller-coaster ride was opened at Euro Disney in 1993. A few weeks after the ride opened there were problems with the emergency brakes which resulted in guest injuries.[22]

In 1994, the company was still having financial difficulties. There were rumours that Euro Disney was getting close to having to file for bankruptcy. The banks and the backers had meetings to work out some of the financial problems facing Euro Disney. In March 1994 Team Disney went into negotiations with the banks so that they could get some help for their debt. As a last resort, the Walt Disney Company threatened to close the Disneyland Paris park, leaving the banks with the land.[21]

Financial, attendance and employment struggles

Disney's Newport Bay Club
In May 1992, entertainment magazine The Hollywood Reporter reported that about 25% of Euro Disney's workforce – approximately 3,000 people – had resigned from their jobs because of unacceptable working conditions. It also reported that the park's attendance was far behind expectations. The disappointing attendance can be at least partly explained by the recession and increased unemployment, which was affecting France and most of the rest of the developed world at this time; when construction of the resort began, the economy was still on an upswing.[23]

Euro Disney S.C.A. responded in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, in which Robert Fitzpatrick claimed only 1,000 people had left their jobs. In response to the financial situation, Fitzpatrick ordered that the Disney-MGM Studios Europe project would be put on halt until a further decision could be made. Prices at the hotels were reduced.

Despite these efforts in May 1992, park attendance was around 25,000 (some reports give a figure of 30,000) instead of the predicted 60,000. The Euro Disney Company stock price spiraled downwards and on 23 July 1992, Euro Disney announced an expected net loss in its first year of operation of approximately 300 million French francs. During Euro Disney's first winter, hotel occupancy was so low that it was decided to close the Newport Bay Club hotel during the season.

Initial hopes were that each visitor would spend around US$33 per day, but near the end of 1992, analysts found spending to be around 12% lower.[24] Efforts to improve attendance included serving alcoholic beverages with meals inside the Euro Disneyland park, in response to a presumed European demand, which began 12 June 1993.[25]

By the summer of 1994, Euro Disney was burdened with $3 billion worth of debt. Disney CFO Richard Nanula and Wall Street financier Steve Norris worked with Alwaleed's business advisor Mustafa Al Hejailan to rescue the overleveraged company. In that deal, the Walt Disney Corporation's 49 percent stake was reduced to 39 percent, the banks agreed to forego interest payments until 1997, Disney wrote off royalties and fees until 1999, and Alwaleed agreed to pay $345 million for a 24 percent stake in Euro Disney.[26]

1995 turnaround
On 1 October 1994, Euro Disney changed its name to Disneyland Paris. On 31 May 1995, a new attraction opened at the theme park. Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune had been planned since the inception of Disneyland Paris under the name Discovery Mountain, but was reserved for a revival of public interest. With a redesign of the attraction (which had premiered as Space Mountain at the Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom in 1975)[27] including a "cannon launch" system, inversions, and an on-ride soundtrack, the US$100 million attraction was dedicated in a ceremony attended by celebrities such as Elton John, Claudia Schiffer, and Buzz Aldrin.

On 25 July 1995, Disneyland Paris reported its first quarterly profit of US$35.3 million.[28] On 15 November 1995, the results for the fiscal year ending 30 September 1995, were released; in one year the theme park's attendance had climbed from 8.8 million to 10.7 million – an increase of 21%. Hotel occupancy had also climbed from 60 to 68.5%.[29] After debt payments, Disneyland Paris ended the year with a net profit of US$22.8 million.[30]

2000 onwards
As of March 2002, Disneyland Paris underwent a second name change to Disneyland Resort Paris. In 2002, Euro Disney S.C.A. and the Walt Disney Company announced another annual profit for Disneyland Paris. However, it then incurred a net loss in the three years following.[31] By March 2004, the Walt Disney Company had agreed to write off all debt that Euro Disney S.C.A. owed to the Walt Disney Company.[32] On 1 December 2003, Euro Disney S.C.A launched the 'Need Magic' campaign, which lasted until March 2006 to bring new, first-time European visitors to the resort. And by 2005, having been open fewer than fifteen years, Disneyland Paris had become the number one tourist destination for Europe, outselling the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower.[33]

In March 2006, Disneyland Resort Paris launched the advertising campaign, "believe in your dreams" and paired with the TGV East European Line to encourage European family attendance to the resort.[33][34] Shortly after announcing a 12% increase in revenues for the fiscal year of 2007,[35] Euro Disney S.C.A. implemented a "reverse split" consolidation of shares of 100 to 1.[36] August 2008 brought the resort's 200 millionth visitor,[37] and made for the third consecutive year of growth in revenues for the resort as well as record a record of 15.3 million visitors in attendance.[38]

In 2009, the resort demonstrated dedication to the recruitment of new employment positions, especially for the Christmas and summer seasons,[39] which continued in 2010 and 2011 when 2,000 and 3,000 employment contracts being offered, respectively.[40][41] The 2009 fiscal year saw a decrease in revenues by 7% and a net loss of 63 million[42] followed by stable revenues at 1.2 billion in fiscal 2010.[43] Euro Disney S.C.A. refinanced their debt to Walt Disney Company again for 1.3 billion euros in September 2012.[44]

A study done by the Inter-ministerial Delegation reviewing Disneyland Paris' contribution to the French economy was released in time for the Resort's 20th anniversary in March 2012. It found that despite the resort's financial hardships, it has generated "37 billion euros in tourism-related revenues over twenty years", supports on average 55,000 jobs in France annually, and that one job at Disneyland Paris generates nearly three jobs elsewhere in France.[45]

For the first time in the resort's history, both the Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park closed from 14 to 17 November 2015, as part of France's national days of mourning following the November 2015 Paris attacks.[46]

On 19 June 2017, the resort's operating company, Euro Disney S.C.A, was acquired by The Walt Disney Company, in the process, giving them full control of the resort. In December 2018, Natacha Rafalski took over as CEO.[47] On 1 September 2017 the resort's second nature resort opened as Les Villages Nature Paris.

On 27 February 2018, Walt Disney Company CEO Bob Iger announced that company would invest €2 billion into the Disneyland Paris resort. The Walt Disney Studios Park will be expanded with three new areas based upon Marvel, Frozen and Star Wars. In addition to the three new areas, the expansion includes a new lake, which will be the focal point for entertainment experiences and will also connect each of the new park areas. The first phase of the expansion will be completed in 2021.[48] In April 2019, the location hosted a Dota 2 esports tournament.[49]

In March 2018, a Disney Parks West regional division was formed with Disneyland Resort in California, Walt Disney World in Florida, and Disneyland Paris under Catherine Powell, outgoing Disneyland Paris president. This mirrors the Disney Parks East regional division consisting of Shanghai Disney Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland and Walt Disney Attractions Japan and headed by Michael Colglazier.[50] Natacha Rafalski was promoted from chief financial officer to president for Disneyland Paris in December 2018.[51] In September 2019, Powell exited her post as president of the park west division with division dissolving and Disneyland Paris transferred to Disney Parks International, East region reverting to its prior name.[52]

On 1 June 2019, Disneyland Paris sponsored the Magical Pride Party, an LGBTQ celebration.[53] Previous similar events have taken place at the park since 2014, but were not officially sponsored by Disney.[53]

On 15 March 2020, in line with other Disney parks and resorts, Disneyland Paris was shut down due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park reopened to the public on 15 July with the rest of the resort. On 29 October 2020, the resort closed again due a second nationwide lockdown.[54][55][56] In May 2021, Disneyland Paris announced that it will re-open on 17 June.[57]

Name changes
Disneyland Paris and its properties have been subject to a number of name changes, initially an effort to overcome the negative publicity that followed the inception of the Euro Disney Resort.[58]

12 April 1992 – 31 May 1994: Euro Disney Resort
1 June – 30 September 1994: Euro Disneyland Paris
1 October 1994 – 15 March 2002, 4 April 2009–present: Disneyland Paris
16 March 2002 – 3 April 2009: Disneyland Resort Paris
Theme Years
1st Anniversary (12 April 1993 – 1994)
5th Anniversary (12 April 1997 – 1998)
10th Anniversary (12 April 2002 – 2003)
15th Anniversary (following premieres: 31 March 2007, The events officially began: 1 April 2007, 12 April 2007 – March 2009)
Mickey's Magical Party (4 April 2009 – March 2010
New Generation Festival (1 April 2010 – 2011)
20th Anniversary (12 April 2012 – 2013 (extended until 2014))
25th Anniversary (12 April 2017 – 2018)
30th Anniversary (12 April 2022 – 2023)
Anniversary list
1st Anniversary (1993–1994)
5th Anniversary (1997–1998)
10th Anniversary (2002–2003)
15th Anniversary (2007–2008)
20th Anniversary (2012–2013)
25th Anniversary (2017–2018)
30th Anniversary (2022–2023)
The complex

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Disneyland Paris contains 2 theme parks, 8 resort hotels, 7 associated hotels, a golf course, a high-speed rail station, a large outlet centre (la vallée village), and a large shopping mall: Val d'Europe.

Parks
Disneyland Park opened with the resort on 12 April 1992 and is based on a larger scale of the original Disneyland in California and the Magic Kingdom in Florida.
Walt Disney Studios Park opened on 16 March 2002 celebrating show business, films, and behind-the-scenes
Disney Nature Resorts
Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch
Villages Nature Paris
Shopping, dining, and entertainment
Disney Village, an entertainment district containing a variety of restaurants, entertainment venues and shops.
Val d'Europe, a shopping centre with a variety of outlet shops and large department stores.
Other recreation
Golf Disneyland features 9-hole and 18-hole courses.
Rides and attractions
Main article: List of Disneyland Park (Paris) attractions
According to the Disneyland Paris website the theme park's top five attractions in Disneyland Park are It's a Small World, Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain (formerly known as Space Mountain: Mission 2), Big Thunder Mountain, Pirates of the Caribbean, and Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters.[59][60] It's a Small World, located in Fantasyland, takes visitors on a musical tour of world attractions;[61] Star Wars and Hyperspace Mountain which is a roller coaster situated in the Discoveryland district; Big Thunder Mountain is a mine train roller coaster within Frontierland;[59][62] Pirates of the Caribbean is located in Adventureland; and Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters, also located in Discoveryland, was inspired by the Disney/Pixar film Toy Story 2 and features people attempting to successfully shoot lasers at seemingly moving targets to earn as many points as possible.[62]

The park is approximately 4,800 acres (1,942 ha), and is divided into two main parks that each hold separate attraction areas within them. The park receives around twelve million visitors a year which makes it the most visited place in Europe.[63]

In 2018, The Walt Disney Company announced a multi-year expansion project.[64] It is expected to be completed by 2024 in time for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

Roller coasters
Name Manufacturer Speed Height Length Park (Section) Opened Closed
Big Thunder Mountain Railroad Vekoma 65 km/h (40 mph) 22 m (72 ft) 1,500 m (4,900 ft) Disneyland Park, Frontierland 1992
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Peril Intamin 58 km/h (36 mph) 18 m (59 ft) 600 m (2,000 ft) Disneyland Park, Adventureland 1993
Casey Jr. Circus Train Vekoma 45 km/h (28 mph) 3 m (9.8 ft) unknown Disneyland Park, Fantasyland 1994
Euro Disney Railroad Hugh Phillips Engineering Disneyland Park, 1992
Hyperspace Mountain Vekoma 71 km/h (44 mph) 32 m (105 ft) 1,000 m (3,300 ft) Disneyland Park, Discoveryland 1995
RC Racer Intamin 80 km/h (50 mph) 25 m (82 ft) 82 m (269 ft) Walt Disney Studios Park, Toon studio, Toy Story Playland 2010
Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Vekoma 92 km/h (57 mph) 24 m (79 ft) 1,037 m (3,402 ft) Walt Disney Studios Park, Backlot 2002 2019
Crush's Coaster Maurer Söhne 60.7 km/h (37.7 mph) 16 m (52 ft) 545 m (1,788 ft) Walt Disney Studios Park, Toon Studio 2007
Stark's Test I.A Coaster Vekoma 92 km/h (57 mph) 24 m (79 ft) 1,037 m (3,402 ft) Walt Disney Studios Park, Avengers Campus Paris TBC
Rides
Name Manufacturer Type Length Park (Section) Opened
Buzz Lightyear Laser Blast Sansei Technologies, Inc. Dark ride 164 m (538 ft) Disneyland Park, Discoveryland 2006
Phantom Manor Vekoma Dark ride 239 m (784 ft) Disneyland Park, Frontierland 1992
Hotels
The complex features six Disneyland Paris hotels. The Disneyland Hotel is located over the entrance of the Disneyland Park and is marketed as the most prestigious hotel on property. A body of water known as Lake Disney is surrounded by Disney's Hotel New York — The Art of Marvel, Disney's Newport Bay Club, and Disney's Sequoia Lodge. Disney's Hotel Cheyenne and Disney's Hotel Santa Fe are located near Lake Disney; Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch is located in a woodland area outside the resort perimeter.

Name Theme Architect Number of Rooms Opening Date Price Rating
Disneyland Hotel American-Victorian Walt Disney Imagineering & Wimberly, Allison, Tong & Goo 496 12 April 1992 €€€ 5*
Disney's Hotel New York — The Art of Marvel Marvel Cinematic Universe Michael Graves 565 21 June 2021 €€€ 4*+
Disney's Newport Bay Club New England Robert A.M. Stern Architects 1098 12 April 1992 €€ 4*
Disney's Sequoia Lodge American National Park Lodge Antoine Grumbach 1011 12 April 1992 €€ 3*
Disney's Hotel Cheyenne 60s/70s Western Movie Set Robert A.M. Stern Architects 1000 12 April 1992 € 3*
Disney's Hotel Santa Fe American Southwest Antoine Predock 1000 12 April 1992 € 2*
Disneyland Paris includes six on-site partner hotels that are not managed by The Walt Disney Company but provide free shuttle buses to the parks: B&B Hotel, Algonquin's Explorers Hotel, Vienna House Dream Castle Hotel, Vienna House Magic Circus Hotel, Kyriad Hotel, and Radisson Blu Hotel. There are also 2 associated hotels located in Val d'Europe: Adagio Marne-la-Vallée Val d'Europe and Hôtel l'Élysée Val d'Europe.

Disney's Hotel New York - The Art of Marvel opened on 21 June 2021.[65]

Disney Nature Resorts
Located set back from the parks, these resorts specialize in adventurous and aquatic activities.
Name Theme Design Number of Rooms Opening Date Price Rating
Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch Wilderness and adventure Set back from the parks, the ranch is located in the midst of a large forest. Guests stay in cozy log cabins with access to swimming pools and other sports facilities. There is a restaurant and a bar. 595 12 April 1992 € 2*
Villages Nature Paris Aquatic activities and well-being Les Villages Nature Paris was constructed on a massive scale. With many different styles of rooms, guests have the opportunity to explore huge aquatic spaces and swim. There is also 4-5 restaurants for guests to dine. 1 September 2017 €€ 4*
Transport

Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy station, view to the platform area
A large railway station, Marne-la-Vallée–Chessy, is located between the theme parks and Disney Village. It opened on 1 April 1992 and is notably served by regional express line RER A which provides a direct connection with the centre of Paris and for further connections, direct to Paris - Gare de Lyon.

The railway station is also served by long-distance high-speed TGV and Ouigo trains offering direct services to many cities across France. There are services from and to London St Pancras International, Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International by Eurostar. There are also Thalys services to both Brussels and Amsterdam.

Free Disney shuttle buses provide transport to all Disney hotels and Les Villages Nature Paris (except Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch) and Associated Hotels. They are accessed from the Disneyland bus station.

Backstage Disney
Disneyland Paris has strict rules designed to prevent guests from seeing backstage areas of the park. Photography and filming are strictly forbidden in all backstage areas. The edges of the parks are lined with ride buildings and foliage to hide areas that are not for the public to see. Numerous area gates allow entrance into the park for cast members, parade floats, etc. When area gates around the park are open, anything that can be seen through them is considered to be on-stage and part of the Disney Magic. Therefore, from the moment the gates are open, all of the cast must be in character and in place to 'perform'. As the complex is so big, shuttle buses take cast members to different parts of the parks via service roads located around the perimeter of the parks.

Many attractions are housed in large, soundstage-like buildings called "show buildings", some of which are partially or completely disguised by external theming. Most show buildings have off-white flat roofs that support HVAC units and footpaths for maintenance cast members. Housed inside show buildings are the actual attractions, which include hidden walkways, service areas, control rooms, and other backstage operations.

Attendance
Annual attendance of Disneyland Paris parks[66][67]
(In thousands of visitors and world rank in brackets)
Year Park Disneyland Walt Disney
Studios Park Disneyland Paris
(total)
1992 10,000 (4) — 10,000
1993 9,800 (4) — 9,800
1994 8,800 (5) — 8,800
1995 10,700 (4) — 10,700
1996 11,700 (4) — 11,700
1997 12,600 (4) — 12,600
1998 12,500 (4) — 12,500
1999 12,500 (4) — 12,500
2000 12,000 (4) — 12,000
2001 12,200 (4) — 12,200
2002 10,300 (5) 2,800 (>25) 13,100
2003 10,200 (5) 2,200 (>25) 12,400
2004 10,200 (5) 2,200 (>25) 12,400
2005 10,200 (5) 2,100 (>25) 12,300
2006 10,600 (5) 2,200 (>25) 12,800
2007 12,000 (5) 2,500 (>25) 14,500
2008 12,688 (4) 2,612 (>25) 15,300
2009 12,740 (4) 2,655 (>25) 15,395
2010 10,500 (6) 4,500 (19) 15,000
2011 10,990 (5) 4,710 (20) 15,700
2012 11,200 (6) 4,800 (21) 16,000
2013 10,430 (6) 4,470 (21) 14,900
2014 9,940 (9) 4,260 (25) 14,200
2015 10,360 (9) 4,440 (>25) 14,800
2016 8,400 (13) 4,970 (22) 13,370
2017 9,660 (12) 5,200 (22) 14,860
2018 9,843 (13) 5,298 (23) 15,141
2019[68] 9,745 (14) 5,245 (23) 14,990
Main article: Données opérationnelles d'Euro Disney SCA
Electroland Festival
On 8 July 2017, Disneyland hosted its first-ever EDM festival entitled Electroland, in celebration of Disneyland Paris' 25th anniversary. Steve Aoki, NERVO & Michael Calfan were the main highlights of the first edition.[69] The second edition of the festival was held on 29 and 30 June 2018 which featured Afrojack, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Klingande, Robin Schulz, Bob Sinclair, Mosimann and Lovely Laura & Ben Santiago. The third edition was held over a span of 3 days from 5 July through to 7 July in 2019. The theme of the third edition was based upon Disney's movie The Lion King. The lineup included Steve Aoki, Nervo, Showtek, The Magician, Nicky Romero, Alesso, Armin Van Buuren, Nora En Pure. etc. Disneyland also announced the fourth edition of the 3-day festival in 2020 starting from 4 July.[70]

Notable Incidents
For a list of incidents that occurred at Disneyland Paris see: List of incidents at Disneyland Paris.

See also
icon Disney portal
icon Trains portal
icon Transport portal
flag France portal
The Walt Disney Company
Rail transport in Walt Disney Parks and Resorts
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disneyland Paris.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Disneyland Resort Paris.
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Hilton Orlando Buena Vista Palace

Up to 27% Off Rates over select dates, plus waived Self Parking!
Hilton Orlando Buena Vista Palace Disney Springs is a lake front resort, which features stylish, newly renovated modern guest rooms, a collection of new restaurants and lounges, and the addition of two large pools with zero-entry Float Lagoon and private cabanas.

Disney Extra Magic Hours Benefit
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Steps from Disney Springs via Skybridge
4 restaurants and lounges
2 resort pools with Float Lagoon and kidssplash pad
Continuous shuttle transportation to all Disney Theme Parks.
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*Nightly rate does not include daily resort fee. Self-parking will be waived at the resort. Valet parking will incur a fee.
Limited Time Offer! Book Now!

Holiday Inn Orlando-Disney Springs Area


The newly renovated Holiday Inn Orlando Disney Springs is conveniently located within 15 minute walk to Disney Springs.

At no additional cost, guests will receive added benefits, such as:
Disney Extra Magic Hours Benefit
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No Deposit required at time of booking. Tax and resort fee are not inclusive of nightly rate. Self-parking fee will be waived at the hotel (free parking does not apply to valet parking).

Reserve on the web link below or call 877-666-3243 and mention Discount Code "ILWXL"
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Disney Springs Information
Disney Springs Address:
1486 Buena Vista Drive
PO BOX 10150
Lake Buena Vista, Fl 32830

Disney Springs consists of several different neighborhoods, featuring more than 150 stores, restaurants and entertainment locations. The neighborhoods are named Town Center, The Landing, West Side, and Marketplace, and each has a distinct feel.

As Disney tradition goes, the area has a backstory explaining the history. The idea is that the town grew up around a spring, and guests can see the evolution in the environment as the town has grown and changed. This spring is what connects the neighborhoods along the waterfront.

Parking info


The Landing

The area's main commercial district, with waterfront views and themed dining.
Dining | Shopping| Entertainment | Photos

Downtown Disney Springs

Town Center

Town Center begins the story of Disney Springs. Settlers were attracted to the area by a series of natural springs. This features a central promenade, along which guests can find shopping and dining. Dining | Shopping| Entertainment | Photos



West Side

This area provides entertainment, as well as elevated sections that provide shade to those underneath, and a vantage point for guests to watch all the hustle and bustle of the area. Dining | Shopping| Entertainment | Photos

Downtown Disney Springs

Marketplace

This area is especially family-friendly, offering an expanded World of Disney store and a pedestrian walkway over the water. Dining | Shopping| Entertainment | Photos


Parking and Transportation Options

Downtown Disney Springs


Parking Garages/lots

The different sections of parking at Disney Springs are all named after fruits that are grown in Florida.



There are three parking garages - the Grapefruit Garage (located across Buena Vista Drive), the Orange Garage (near the West Side), and the Lime Garage (near Town Center). As you're going up the ramps through the garages, you'll see electronic signs indicating how many parking spots are available. Once you turn into the row, you'll see a green or red light above each parking spot on levels 2 through 4. A green light indicates that the space is empty, and red means that the space is full.



Surface parking lots available:

Strawberry Lot
Watermelon Lot
Mango Lot
Lemon Lot


Overflow lots will be marked with overhead signs.




Boat transportation is not available at this time.


Boat transportation

This is offered daily from 10:00am-11:30pm, every 20 minutes.

Yellow route - Sassagoula River Cruise goes to and from Port Orleans French Quarter and Riverside from the Marketplace Dock.
Green route - services The Landing to and from Old Key West Resort.
Blue route - services The Landing to and from Saratoga Springs Resort
Red route - Disney Springs Water Taxi at the West Side Dock, The Landing Dock and the Marketplace Dock. Route is West Side, Marketplace, and The Landing. This route is open until 1:00am.

Preferred Parking
Preferred Parking is available daily from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. for $10 in the Mango Lot, located directly across from the NBA Experience.
Valet parking is available for $20 (gratuity not included) in the following areas:

Near the entrance to the Orange Garage from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m.
In West Side in front of Cirque du Soleil from 4:00 p.m. to 2:00 a.m.
In the Lemon Lot near the World of Disney store from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m.
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