New York City Information

[Freddie]

The Bronx
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
"Bronx" redirects here. For other uses, see Bronx (disambiguation).
The Bronx
Bronx County
Borough of New York City
County of New York State
Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. To the right of the current stadium is the site of its predecessor.
Yankee Stadium (center), Bronx County Courthouse and the Grand Concourse towards the top. To the right of the current stadium is the site of its predecessor.
Flag of The Bronx
Flag Official seal of The Bronx
Seal
Motto(s): Ne cede malis – "Yield Not To Evil"
(lit. "Yield Not to Evil Things")
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map outlining The Bronx
The Bronx is located in New YorkThe BronxThe Bronx
Location within the State of New York
Show map of New York
Show map of the US
Show map of North America
Show map of Earth
Show all
Coordinates: 40°50'14?N 73°53'10?WCoordinates: 40°50'14?N 73°53'10?W
Country United States
State New York
County Bronx (coterminous)
City New York City
Borough created 1898 (County in 1914)
Named for Jonas Bronck
Government
• Type Borough of New York City
• Borough President Rubén Díaz Jr. (D)
– (Borough of the Bronx)
• District Attorney Darcel Clark
– (Bronx County)
Area
• Total 57 sq mi (150 km2)
• Land 42 sq mi (110 km2)
• Water 15 sq mi (40 km2) 27%
Highest elevation 280 ft (90 m)
Population (2017)
• Total 1,471,160[1]
• Density 35,027.6/sq mi (13,524.2/km2)
Time zone UTC-05:00 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST) UTC-04:00 (EDT)
ZIP Code prefix
104
Area codes 718/347/929, 917
Website bronxboropres.nyc.gov
The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; northeast and east of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of Queens, across the East River. Since 1914, the borough has had the same boundaries as Bronx County, the third-most densely populated county in the United States.[2]

The Bronx has a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,471,160 in 2017.[1] Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density.[2] It is the only borough predominantly on the U.S. mainland.

The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a hillier section in the west, and a flatter eastern section. East and west street names are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattan's Fifth Avenue. The West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895.[3] Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914.[4] About a quarter of the Bronx's area is open space,[5] including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the borough's north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land deliberately reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north and east from Manhattan.

The name "Bronx" originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639.[6][7][8] The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant and migrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany, and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica, and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the southern United States.[9] This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of Latin music, hip hop and rock.

The Bronx contains the poorest congressional district in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income, and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park, and Country Club.[10][11][12] The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today.[13]


Contents
1 Etymology and naming
1.1 Early names
1.2 Use of definite article
2 History
2.1 Before 1914
2.2 After 1914
2.3 Revitalization
3 Geography
3.1 Location and physical features
3.2 Parks and open space
3.3 Neighborhoods
3.4 Adjacent counties
4 Transportation
4.1 Roads and streets
4.2 Mass transit
5 Demographics
5.1 Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration
5.2 Population and housing
5.3 Individual and household income
6 Government and politics
6.1 Local government
6.2 Representatives in the U.S. Congress
6.3 Votes for other offices
7 Economy
7.1 Shopping districts
8 Education
8.1 Educational attainment
8.2 High schools
8.3 Colleges and universities
9 Culture and institutions
9.1 Founding of hip-hop
9.2 Sports
9.3 Off-Off-Broadway
9.4 Arts
9.5 Maritime heritage
9.6 Community celebrations
9.7 Press and broadcasting
9.8 Gangs
10 In popular culture
10.1 Film and television
10.2 In literature
10.3 In songs
11 See also
12 References
12.1 Notes
12.2 Citations
12.3 Further reading
13 External links
New York City's five boroughsvte
Jurisdiction Population Land area Density
Borough County Estimate
(2017)[14] square
miles square
km persons /
sq. mi persons /
sq. km
Manhattan
New York
1,664,727 22.83 59.13 72,033 27,826
The Bronx
Bronx
1,471,160 42.10 109.04 34,653 13,231
Brooklyn
Kings
2,648,771 70.82 183.42 37,137 14,649
Queens
Queens
2,358,582 108.53 281.09 21,460 8,354
Staten Island
Richmond
479,458 58.37 151.18 8,112 3,132
City of New York
8,622,698 302.64 783.83 28,188 10,947
State of New York
19,849,399 47,214 122,284 416.4 159
Sources: [15] and see individual borough articles
Etymology and naming
Early names

Map of the Bronx in 1867
The Bronx was called Rananchqua[16] by the native Siwanoy[17] band of Lenape (also known historically as the Delawares), while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck.[18] It was divided by the Aquahung River.

The origin of the person of Jonas Bronck (c.?1600–43) is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639.[8][19][20][21][22][23] Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx and built a farm named "Emmanus" close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue and 132nd Street in Mott Haven.[24] He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan Island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (200 ha) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River or the Bronx [River]. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land.[19] The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.[25]

Use of definite article
The Bronx is referred to with the definite article as "The Bronx", both legally[26] and colloquially.[27] The County of Bronx does not place "The" immediately before "Bronx" in formal references, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses (the city and state mailing-address format is simply "Bronx, NY").[28] The region was apparently named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the "Annexed District of The Bronx" created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County. It was continued in the "Borough of The Bronx", which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers.[29][30] Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name stems from the phrase "visiting the Broncks", referring to the settler's family.[31]

The capitalization of The Bronx's name is sometimes disputed. Generally, the definite article is lowercase in place names ("the Bronx") except in official references to the borough. It would be capitalized ("The Bronx") at the beginning of a sentence or in any other situation when a normally lowercase word would be capitalized.[32] However, some people and groups refer to the borough with a capital letter at all times, such as Lloyd Ultan, a Bronx County Historical Society historian, and the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx, a Bronx-based organization. These people say that the definite article is part of the proper name.[33][34] In particular, the Great and Glorious Grand Army of The Bronx is leading efforts to make the city refer to the borough with an uppercase definite article in all uses, comparing the lowercase article in The Bronx's name to "not capitalizing the 's' in 'Staten Island.'"[34]

History
See also: Timeline of the Bronx
European colonization of the Bronx began in 1639. The Bronx was originally part of Westchester County, but it was ceded to New York County in two major parts (West Bronx, 1874 and East Bronx, 1895) before it became Bronx County. Originally, the area was part of the Lenape's Lenapehoking territory inhabited by Siwanoy of the Wappinger Confederacy. Over time, European colonists converted the borough into farmlands.

Before 1914
See also: List of former municipalities in New York City
The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. The King's Bridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor.[35] The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek, and in 1759, Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer led them into building a free bridge across the Harlem River.[36] After the American Revolutionary War, the King's Bridge toll was abolished.[37][35]

The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns in Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town was created by division of Westchester, called West Farms. The town of Morrisania was created, in turn, from West Farms in 1855. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge was established within the former borders of Yonkers, roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn.

Among famous settlers in the Bronx during the 19th and early 20th centuries were author Willa Cather, tobacco merchant Pierre Lorillard, and inventor Jordan L. Mott, who established Mott Haven to house the workers at his iron works.[38]

The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were soon abolished in the process.[39][40]

The whole territory east of the Bronx River was annexed to the city in 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. This included the Town of Westchester (which had voted against consolidation in 1894) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham.[3][39][41][42][43] The nautical community of City Island voted to join the city in 1896.

On January 1, 1898, the consolidated City of New York was born, including the Bronx as one of the five distinct boroughs. (At the same time, the Bronx's territory moved from Westchester County into New York County, which already contained Manhattan and the rest of pre-1874 New York City.)

On April 19, 1912, those parts of New York County which had been annexed from Westchester County in the past decades were newly constituted as Bronx County, the 62nd and last county to be created by the state, effective in 1914.[39][44] Bronx County's courts opened for business on January 2, 1914 (the same day that John P. Mitchel started work as Mayor of New York City).[4] Marble Hill, Manhattan was now connected to the Bronx, but it did not become part of that county by a historical accident due to changes in waterways.

After 1914
The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today.[45]

New York City expands

Grand Concourse and 161st Street as it appeared around 1900

The Simpson Street (IRT White Plains Road) elevated station' was built in 1904 and opened on November 26, 1904. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2004, reference #04001027.
The Bronx was a mostly rural area for many generations, small farms supplying the city markets, but it grew into a railroad suburb in the late 19th century. Faster transportation enabled rapid population growth in the late 19th century, involving the move from horse-drawn street cars to elevated railways and the subway system, which linked to Manhattan in 1904.[45]

The South Bronx was a manufacturing center for many years and was noted as a center of piano manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century. In 1919, the Bronx was the site of 63 piano factories employing more than 5,000 workers.[46]

At the end of World War I, the Bronx hosted the rather small 1918 World's Fair at 177th Street and DeVoe Avenue.[3][47]

The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans, and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish, and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population),[48] while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses.[49]

Decline
Bootleggers and gangs were active in the Bronx during Prohibition (1920–33). Irish, Italian, Jewish, and Polish gangs smuggled in most of the illegal whiskey, and the oldest sections of the borough became poverty-stricken.

Between 1930 and 1960, moderate and upper income Bronxites (predominantly non-Hispanic Whites) began to relocate from the southwestern neighborhoods of the borough. This migration has left a mostly poor African American and Hispanic (largely Puerto Rican) population in the West Bronx. One significant factor that shifted the racial and economic demographics was the construction of Co-op City, built with the intent of housing middle-class residents in family-sized apartments. The high-rise complex played a significant role in draining middle-class residents from older tenement buildings in the borough's southern and western fringes. Most predominantly non-Hispanic White communities today are located in the eastern and northwestern sections of the borough.

From the early 1960s to the early 1980s, the quality of life declined sharply for many Bronx residents. Historians and social scientists have suggested many factors, including the theory that Robert Moses' Cross Bronx Expressway destroyed existing residential neighborhoods and created instant slums, as put forward in Robert Caro's biography The Power Broker.[50] Another factor in the Bronx's decline may have been the development of high-rise housing projects, particularly in the South Bronx.[51] Yet another factor may have been a reduction in the real estate listings and property-related financial services offered in some areas of the Bronx, such as mortgage loans or insurance policies—a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting.[52][53] There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings.[54]

In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, such as the South Bronx. One explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money, as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area.[55] The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx.[56]

Out of 289 census tracts in the Bronx borough, 7 tracts lost more than 97% of their buildings to fire and abandonment between 1970 and 1980; another 44 tracts had more than 50% of their buildings meet the same fate. By the early 1980s, the South Bronx was considered one of the most blighted urban areas in the country, with a loss of 60% of the population and 40% of housing units. However, starting in the 1990s, many burned-out and run-down tenements were replaced by multi-unit housing.[56]

Revitalization
four-story houses along a city street
Row houses on a location where there was once burnt rubble. The Bronx has seen an increase in revitalization in recent years.
Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan"[57][58] and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons[59][60][61] began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx.[62] The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ?5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs.[63][64][65][66]

In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century.[67] In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings."[68] The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx.[69]

In addition, there is a revitalization of the existing housing market in areas such as Hunts Point, the Lower Concourse, and the neighborhoods surrounding the Third Avenue Bridge as people buy apartments and renovate them.[70] Several boutique and chain hotels have opened in recent years in the South Bronx.[71]

New developments are underway. The Bronx General Post Office[72][73] on the corner of the Grand Concourse and East 149th Street is being converted into a market place, boutiques, restaurants and office space with a USPS concession.[74] The Kingsbridge Armory, often cited as the largest armory in the world, is scheduled for redevelopment as the Kingsbridge National Ice Center.[75]

Under consideration for future development is the construction of a platform over the New York City Subway's Concourse Yard adjacent to Lehman College. The construction would permit approximately 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2) of development and would cost US$350–500 million.[76]

Geography
Main article: Geography of New York City

Location of The Bronx (red) within New York City (remainder white)

Aerial view of The Bronx from the east at night
Location and physical features

The New York Times 1896 map of parks and transit in the newly annexed Bronx. Marble Hill is in pink, cut off by water from the rest of Manhattan in orange. Parks are light green, Woodlawn Cemetery medium green, sports facilities dark green, the not-yet-built Jerome Park Reservoir light blue, St. John's College (now Fordham University) in violet, and the city limits of the newly expanded New York in red.[77]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Bronx County has a total area of 57 square miles (150 km2), of which 42 square miles (110 km2) is land and 15 square miles (39 km2) (27%) is water.[78]

The Bronx is the only part of New York City that is almost entirely situated on the North American mainland.[79] Its bedrock is primarily Fordham gneiss, a high-grade heavily banded metamorphic rock containing significant amounts of pink feldspar.[80] Marble Hill – politically part of Manhattan but now physically attached to the Bronx – is so-called because of the formation of Inwood marble there as well as in Inwood, Manhattan and parts of the Bronx and Westchester County.

The Hudson River separates the Bronx on the west from Alpine, Tenafly and Englewood Cliffs in Bergen County, New Jersey; the Harlem River separates it from the island of Manhattan to the southwest; the East River separates it from Queens to the southeast; and to the east, Long Island Sound separates it from Nassau County in western Long Island. Directly north of the Bronx are (from west to east) the adjoining Westchester County communities of Yonkers, Mount Vernon, Pelham Manor and New Rochelle. (There is also a short southern land boundary with Marble Hill in the Borough of Manhattan, over the filled-in former course of the Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Marble Hill's postal ZIP code, telephonic area codes and fire service, however, are shared with the Bronx and not Manhattan.)

The Bronx River flows south from Westchester County through the borough, emptying into the East River; it is the only entirely freshwater river in New York City.[81] A smaller river, the Hutchinson River (named after the religious leader Anne Hutchinson, killed along its banks in 1641), passes through the East Bronx and empties into Eastchester Bay.

The Bronx also includes several small islands in the East River and Long Island Sound, such as City Island and Hart Island. Rikers Island in the East River, home to the large jail complex for the entire city, is also part of the Bronx.

See also: List of smaller islands in New York City
The Bronx's highest elevation at 280 feet (85 m) is in the northwest corner, west of Van Cortlandt Park and in the Chapel Farm area near the Riverdale Country School.[82] The opposite (southeastern) side of the Bronx has four large low peninsulas or "necks" of low-lying land that jut into the waters of the East River and were once salt marsh: Hunt's Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck and Throggs Neck. Further up the coastline, Rodman's Neck lies between Pelham Bay Park in the northeast and City Island. The Bronx's irregular shoreline extends for 75 square miles (194 km2).[83]

Parks and open space
See also: Category:Parks in the Bronx
Sample of Bronx open spaces and parks
Acquired Name acres mi2 hectares
1863 Woodlawn Cemetery 400 0.6 162
1888 Pelham Bay Park 2,764 4.3 1,119
Van Cortlandt Park 1,146 1.8 464
Bronx Park 718 1.1 291
Crotona Park 128 0.2 52
St. Mary's Park 35 0.05 14
1890 Jerome Park Reservoir 94 0.15 38
1897 St. James Park 11 0.02 4.6
1899 Macombs Dam Park † 28 0.04 12
1909 Henry Hudson Park 9 0.01 4
1937 Ferry Point Park 414 0.65 168
Soundview Park 196 0.31 79
1962 Wave Hill 21 0.03 8.5
Land area of the Bronx in 2000 26,897 42.0 10,885
Water area 9,855 15.4 3,988
Total area[78] 36,752 57.4 14,873
† closed in 2007 to build a new park & Yankee Stadium[84]
Main source: New York City Department of Parks & Recreation
Although Bronx County was the third most densely populated county in the United States as of 2006 (after Manhattan and Brooklyn),[2] 7,000 acres (28 km2) of the Bronx—about one-fifth of the Bronx's area, and one-quarter of its land area—is given over to parkland.[5] The vision of a system of major Bronx parks connected by park-like thoroughfares is usually attributed to John Mullaly.

Woodlawn Cemetery, one of the largest cemeteries in New York City, sits on the western bank of the Bronx River near Yonkers. It opened in 1863, at a time when the Bronx was still considered a rural area.

The northern side of the borough includes the largest park in New York City—Pelham Bay Park, which includes Orchard Beach—and the third-largest, Van Cortlandt Park, which is west of Woodlawn Cemetery and borders Yonkers.[85] Also in the northern Bronx, Wave Hill, the former estate of George W. Perkins—known for a historic house, gardens, changing site-specific art installations and concerts—overlooks the New Jersey Palisades from a promontory on the Hudson in Riverdale. Nearer the borough's center, and along the Bronx River, is Bronx Park; its northern end houses the New York Botanical Gardens, which preserve the last patch of the original hemlock forest that once covered the entire county, and its southern end the Bronx Zoo, the largest urban zoological gardens in the United States.[86] Just south of Van Cortlandt Park is the Jerome Park Reservoir, surrounded by 2 miles (3 km) of stone walls and bordering several small parks in the Bedford Park neighborhood; the reservoir was built in the 1890s on the site of the former Jerome Park Racetrack.[87] Further south is Crotona Park, home to a 3.3-acre (1.3 ha) lake, 28 species of trees, and a large swimming pool.[88] The land for these parks, and many others, was bought by New York City in 1888, while land was still open and inexpensive, in anticipation of future needs and future pressures for development.[89]

Some of the acquired land was set aside for the Grand Concourse and Pelham Parkway, the first of a series of boulevards and parkways (thoroughfares lined with trees, vegetation and greenery). Later projects included the Bronx River Parkway, which developed a road while restoring the riverbank and reducing pollution, Mosholu Parkway and the Henry Hudson Parkway.


Northern tip of Hunter Island in Pelham Bay Park
In 2006, a five-year, $220-million program of capital improvements and natural restoration in 70 Bronx parks was begun (financed by water and sewer revenues) as part of an agreement that allowed a water filtration plant under Mosholu Golf Course in Van Cortlandt Park. One major focus is on opening more of the Bronx River's banks and restoring them to a natural state.[90]

Neighborhoods

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
See also: List of Bronx neighborhoods, Bronx Community Board, and Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York
The number, locations, and boundaries of the Bronx's neighborhoods (many of them sitting on the sites of 19th-century villages) have become unclear with time and successive waves of newcomers. In 2006, Manny Fernandez of The New York Times wrote,

According to a Department of City Planning map of the city's neighborhoods, the Bronx has 49. The map publisher Hagstrom identifies 69. The borough president, Adolfo Carrión Jr., says 61. The Mayor's Community Assistance Unit, in a listing of the borough's community boards, names 68. Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia, lists 44.[91]

Notable Bronx neighborhoods include the South Bronx; Little Italy on Arthur Avenue in the Belmont section; and Riverdale.

East Bronx
Main article: East Bronx
(Bronx Community Boards 9 [south central], 10 [east], 11 [east central] and 12 [north central] )[92]


The neighborhood of Co-op City is the largest cooperative housing development in the world.
East of the Bronx River, the borough is relatively flat and includes four large low peninsulas, or 'necks,' of low-lying land which jut into the waters of the East River and were once saltmarsh: Hunts Point, Clason's Point, Screvin's Neck (Castle Hill Point) and Throgs Neck. The East Bronx has older tenement buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multifamily homes, as well as single family homes. It includes New York City's largest park: Pelham Bay Park along the Westchester-Bronx border.

Neighborhoods include: Clason's Point, Harding Park, Soundview, Castle Hill, Parkchester (Board 9); Throggs Neck, Country Club, City Island, Pelham Bay, Edgewater Park, Co-op City (Board 10); Westchester Square, Van Nest, Pelham Parkway, Morris Park (Board 11); Williamsbridge, Eastchester, Baychester, Edenwald and Wakefield (Board 12).

City Island and Hart Island
Main articles: City Island, Bronx and Hart Island, New York

A sunken boat off the shore of City Island
(Bronx Community Board 10)

City Island is located east of Pelham Bay Park in Long Island Sound and is known for its seafood restaurants and private waterfront homes.[93] City Island's single shopping street, City Island Avenue, is reminiscent of a small New England town. It is connected to Rodman's Neck on the mainland by the City Island Bridge.

East of City Island is Hart Island, which is uninhabited and not open to the public. It once served as a prison and now houses New York City's potter's field for unclaimed bodies.[94]

West Bronx
Main article: West Bronx

Grand Concourse at East 165th Street
(Bronx Community Boards 1 to 8, progressing roughly from south to northwest)

The western parts of the Bronx are hillier and are dominated by a series of parallel ridges, running south to north. The West Bronx has older apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, multifamily homes in its lower income areas as well as larger single family homes in more affluent areas such as Riverdale and Fieldston.[95] It includes New York City's third-largest park: Van Cortlandt Park along the Westchester-Bronx border. The Grand Concourse, a wide boulevard, runs through it, north to south.

Northwestern Bronx
(Bronx Community Boards 7 [between the Bronx and Harlem Rivers] and 8 [facing the Hudson River] – plus part of Board 12)

Neighborhoods include: Fordham-Bedford, Bedford Park, Norwood, Kingsbridge Heights (Board 7), Kingsbridge, Riverdale (Board 8), and Woodlawn (Board 12). (Marble Hill, Manhattan is now connected by land to the Bronx rather than Manhattan and is served by Bronx Community Board 8.)

South Bronx
Main article: South Bronx
(Bronx Community Boards 1 to 6 plus part of Board 7—progressing northwards, Boards 2, 3 and 6 border the Bronx River from its mouth to Bronx Park, while 1, 4, 5 and 7 face Manhattan across the Harlem River)

Like other neighborhoods in New York City, the South Bronx has no official boundaries. The name has been used to represent poverty in the Bronx and is applied to progressively more northern places so that by the 2000s, Fordham Road was often used as a northern limit. The Bronx River more consistently forms an eastern boundary. The South Bronx has many high-density apartment buildings, low income public housing complexes, and multi-unit homes. The South Bronx is home to the Bronx County Courthouse, Borough Hall, and other government buildings, as well as Yankee Stadium. The Cross Bronx Expressway bisects it, east to west. The South Bronx has some of the poorest neighborhoods in the country, as well as very high crime areas.

Neighborhoods include: The Hub (a retail district at Third Avenue and East 149th Street), Port Morris, Mott Haven (Board 1), Melrose (Board 1 & Board 3), Morrisania, East Morrisania [also known as Crotona Park East] (Board 3), Hunts Point, Longwood (Board 2), Highbridge, Concourse (Board 4), West Farms, Belmont, East Tremont (Board 6), Tremont, Morris Heights (Board 5), University Heights. (Board 5 & Board 7).

Adjacent counties
The Bronx adjoins:[96]

Westchester County – north
Nassau County, New York – southeast (across the East River)
Queens County, New York (Queens) – south (across the East River)
New York County, New York (Manhattan) – southwest
Bergen County, New Jersey – west (across the Hudson River)
Transportation
See also: Transportation in New York City
Roads and streets

Bronx–Whitestone Bridge
Surface streets
The Bronx street grid is irregular. Like the northernmost part of upper Manhattan, the West Bronx's hilly terrain leaves a relatively free-style street grid. Much of the West Bronx's street numbering carries over from upper Manhattan, but does not match it exactly; East 132nd Street is the lowest numbered street in the Bronx. This dates from the mid-19th century when the southwestern area of Westchester County west of the Bronx River, was incorporated into New York City and known as the Northside.

The East Bronx is considerably flatter, and the street layout tends to be more regular. Only the Wakefield neighborhood picks up the street numbering, albeit at a misalignment due to Tremont Avenue's layout. At the same diagonal latitude, West 262nd Street in Riverdale matches East 237th Street in Wakefield.

Three major north-south thoroughfares run between Manhattan and the Bronx: Third Avenue, Park Avenue, and Broadway. Other major north-south roads include the Grand Concourse, Jerome Avenue, Sedgwick Avenue, Webster Avenue, and White Plains Road. Major east-west thoroughfares include Mosholu Parkway, Gun Hill Road, Fordham Road, Pelham Parkway, and Tremont Avenue.

Most east-west streets are prefixed with either East or West, to indicate on which side of Jerome Avenue they lie (continuing the similar system in Manhattan, which uses Fifth Avenue as the dividing line).[97]

The historic Boston Post Road, part of the long pre-revolutionary road connecting Boston with other northeastern cities, runs east-west in some places, and sometimes northeast-southwest.

Mosholu and Pelham Parkways, with Bronx Park between them, Van Cortlandt Park to the west and Pelham Bay Park to the east, are also linked by bridle paths.

As of the 2000 Census, approximately 61.6% of all Bronx households do not have access to a car. Citywide, the percentage of autoless households is 55%.[98]

Highways
Several major limited access highways traverse the Bronx. These include:

the Bronx River Parkway
the Bruckner Expressway (I-278/I-95)
the Cross Bronx Expressway (I-95/I-295)
the New England Thruway (I-95)
the Henry Hudson Parkway (NY-9A)
the Hutchinson River Parkway
the Major Deegan Expressway (I-87)
Bridges and tunnels

An aerial view of the Throgs Neck Bridge
Thirteen bridges and three tunnels connect the Bronx to Manhattan, and three bridges connect the Bronx to Queens. These are, from west to east:

To Manhattan: the Spuyten Duyvil Bridge, the Henry Hudson Bridge, the Broadway Bridge, the University Heights Bridge, the Washington Bridge, the Alexander Hamilton Bridge, the High Bridge, the Concourse Tunnel, the Macombs Dam Bridge, the 145th Street Bridge, the 149th Street Tunnel, the Madison Avenue Bridge, the Park Avenue Bridge, the Lexington Avenue Tunnel, the Third Avenue Bridge (southbound traffic only), and the Willis Avenue Bridge (northbound traffic only).

To both Manhattan and Queens: the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge, formerly known as the Triborough Bridge.

To Queens: the Bronx–Whitestone Bridge and the Throgs Neck Bridge.

Mass transit

Middletown Road subway station on the 6 and <6>? trains

NYC Transit bus operating on the Bx40 route in University Heights
The Bronx is served by seven New York City Subway services along six physical lines, with 70 stations in the Bronx:[99]

IND Concourse Line (B and ?D trains)
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line (1 train)
IRT Dyre Avenue Line (5 train)
IRT Jerome Avenue Line (4 train)
IRT Pelham Line (6 and <6>? trains)
IRT White Plains Road Line (2 and ?5 trains)
There are also many MTA Regional Bus Operations bus routes in the Bronx. This includes local and express routes as well as Bee-Line Bus System routes.[100]

Two Metro-North Railroad commuter rail lines (the Harlem Line and the Hudson Line) serve 11 stations in the Bronx. (Marble Hill, between the Spuyten Duyvil and University Heights stations, is actually in the only part of Manhattan connected to the mainland.) In addition, trains serving the New Haven Line stop at Fordham Plaza. As part of Penn Station Access, the 2018 MTA budget funded construction of four new stops along the New Haven Line to serve Hunts Point, Parkchester, Morris Park, and Co-op City.[101]

In 2018, NYC Ferry's Soundview line opened, connecting the Soundview landing in Clason Point Park to three East River locations in Manhattan. The ferry is operated by Hornblower Cruises.[102]

Demographics
Main article: Demographics of the Bronx
Race, ethnicity, language, and immigration
See also: List of people from the Bronx
2013 estimates
According to a 2013 Census Bureau estimate,[103] 45.8% of the Bronx's population was white, 43.3% was black or African American, 4.2% Asian, 3.0% American Indian, 0.4% Pacific Islander, and 3.3% of two or more races. In addition, 54.6% of the population was of Hispanic or Latino origin, of any race.

The Census Bureau considers the Bronx to be the most diverse area in the country. There is an 89.7 percent chance that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different race or ethnicity.[104] The borough's most populous racial group, white, declined from 98.3% in 1940 to 45.8% in 2013.[103]

31.7% of the population were foreign born and another 8.9% were born in Puerto Rico, U.S. Island areas, or born abroad to American parents. 55.6% spoke a language other than English at home and 16.4% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[105]

Approximately 44.3% of the population over the age of five spoke only English at home, which is roughly 570,000 people. The majority (55.7%) of the population spoke a language other than English at home. Over 580,600 people (45.2% of the population) spoke Spanish at home.[106][107]

2010 Census
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1790 1,781 —
1800 1,755 -1.5%
1810 2,267 29.2%
1820 2,782 22.7%
1830 3,023 8.7%
1840 5,346 76.8%
1850 8,032 50.2%
1860 23,593 193.7%
1870 37,393 58.5%
1880 51,980 39.0%
1890 88,908 71.0%
1900 200,507 125.5%
1910 430,980 114.9%
1920 732,016 69.8%
1930 1,265,258 72.8%
1940 1,394,711 10.2%
1950 1,451,277 4.1%
1960 1,424,815 -1.8%
1970 1,471,701 3.3%
1980 1,168,972 -20.6%
1990 1,203,789 3.0%
2000 1,332,650 10.7%
2010 1,385,108 3.9%
Est. 2017 1,471,160 [1] 6.2%
Sources: 1790–1990;[108]
According to the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race); 30.1% non-Hispanic Black or African American, 10.9% of the population was non-Hispanic White, 3.4% non-Hispanic Asian, 0.6% from some other race (non-Hispanic) and 1.2% of two or more races (non-Hispanic).

As of 2010, 46.29% (584,463) of Bronx residents aged five and older spoke Spanish at home, while 44.02% (555,767) spoke English, 2.48% (31,361) African languages, 0.91% (11,455) French, 0.90% (11,355) Italian, 0.87% (10,946) various Indic languages, 0.70% (8,836) other Indo-European languages, and Chinese was spoken at home by 0.50% (6,610) of the population over the age of five. In total, 55.98% (706,783) of the Bronx's population age five and older spoke a language at home other than English.[109] A Garifuna-speaking community from Honduras and Guatemala also makes the Bronx its home.[110]

2009 Community Survey
According to the 2009 American Community Survey, White Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-fifth (22.9%) of the Bronx's population. However, non-Hispanic whites formed under one-eighth (12.1%) of the population, down from 34.4% in 1980.[111] Out of all five boroughs, the Bronx has the lowest number and percentage of white residents. 320,640 whites called the Bronx home, of which 168,570 were non-Hispanic whites. The majority of the non-Hispanic European American population is of Italian and Irish descent. People of Italian descent numbered over 55,000 individuals and made up 3.9% of the population. People of Irish descent numbered over 43,500 individuals and made up 3.1% of the population. German Americans and Polish Americans made up 1.4% and 0.8% of the population respectively.

The Bronx is the only New York City borough with a Hispanic majority, many of whom are Puerto Ricans and Dominicans.[citation needed]

At the 2009 American Community Survey, Black Americans made the second largest group in the Bronx after Hispanics and Latinos. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin represented over one-third (35.4%) of the Bronx's population. Blacks of non-Hispanic origin made up 30.8% of the population. Over 495,200 blacks resided in the borough, of which 430,600 were non-Hispanic blacks. Over 61,000 people identified themselves as "Sub-Saharan African" in the survey, making up 4.4% of the population.[citation needed]

Native Americans are a very small minority in the borough. Only some 5,560 individuals (out of the borough's 1.4 million people) are Native American, which is equal to just 0.4% of the population. In addition, roughly 2,500 people are Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin.[citation needed]

In 2009, Hispanic and Latino Americans represented 52.0% of the Bronx's population. Puerto Ricans represented 23.2% of the borough's population. Over 72,500 Mexicans lived in the Bronx, and they formed 5.2% of the population. Cubans numbered over 9,640 members and formed 0.7% of the population. In addition, over 319,000 people were of various Hispanic and Latino groups, such as Dominican, Salvadoran, and so on. These groups collectively represented 22.9% of the population. At the 2010 Census, 53.5% of Bronx's population was of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin (they may be of any race). Asian Americans are a small but sizable minority in the borough. Roughly 49,600 Asians make up 3.6% of the population. Roughly 13,600 Indians call the Bronx home, along with 9,800 Chinese, 6,540 Filipinos, 2,260 Vietnamese, 2,010 Koreans, and 1,100 Japanese.[citation needed]

Multiracial Americans are also a sizable minority in the Bronx. People of multiracial heritage number over 41,800 individuals and represent 3.0% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and African American heritage number over 6,850 members and form 0.5% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Native American heritage number over 2,450 members and form 0.2% of the population. People of mixed Caucasian and Asian heritage number over 880 members and form 0.1% of the population. People of mixed African American and Native American heritage number over 1,220 members and form 0.1% of the population.[citation needed]

Older estimates
The Census of 1930 counted only 1.0% (12,930) of the Bronx's population as Negro (while making no distinct counts of Hispanic or Spanish-surname residents).[112]

Foreign or overseas birthplaces of Bronx residents, 1930 and 2000
1930 United States Census[112] 2000 United States Census[113]
Total population of the Bronx 1,265,258 Total population of the Bronx 1,332,650
All born abroad or overseas ‡ 524,410 39.4%
Puerto Rico 126,649 9.5%
Foreign-born Whites 477,342 37.7% All foreign-born 385,827 29.0%
White persons born in Russia 135,210 10.7% Dominican Republic 124,032 9.3%
White persons born in Italy 67,732 5.4% Jamaica 51,120 3.8%
White persons born in Poland 55,969 4.4% Mexico 20,962 1.6%
White persons born in Germany 43,349 3.4% Guyana 14,868 1.1%
White persons born in the Irish Free State † 34,538 2.7% Ecuador 14,800 1.1%
Other foreign birthplaces of Whites 140,544 11.1% Other foreign birthplaces 160,045 12.0%
† the 26 counties now within the Republic of Ireland ‡ beyond the 50 states & District of Columbia
Population and housing

Poverty concentrations within the Bronx, by Census Tract
At the 2010 Census, there were, 1,385,108 people living in Bronx, a 3.9% increase since 2000. As of the United States Census[114] of 2000, there were 1,332,650 people, 463,212 households, and 314,984 families residing in the borough. The population density was 31,709.3 inhabitants per square mile (12,242.2/km²). There were 490,659 housing units at an average density of 11,674.8 per square mile (4,507.4/km²).[114] Recent Census estimates place total population of Bronx county at 1,392,002 as of 2012.[115]

There were 463,212 households out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.4% were married couples living together, 30.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the average family size was 3.37.[114]

The age distribution of the population in the Bronx was as follows: 29.8% under the age of 18, 10.6% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.0 males.[114]

Individual and household income
Ambox current red.svg
This article needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2017)
The 1999 median income for a household in the borough was $27,611, and the median income for a family was $30,682. Males had a median income of $31,178 versus $29,429 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $13,959. About 28.0% of families and 30.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 41.5% of those under age 18 and 21.3% of those age 65 or over.

From 2015 Census data, the median income for a household was (in 2015 dollars) $34,299. Per capita income in past 12 months (in 2015 dollars): $18,456 with persons in poverty at 30.3%. Per the 2016 Census data, the median income for a household was $35,302. Per capita income was cited at $18,896.[116]

Government and politics
Local government
Main article: Government of New York City
Since New York City's consolidation in 1898, the Bronx has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized New York City government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services in the Bronx.

Borough Presidents of the Bronx
Name Party Term †
Louis F. Haffen Democratic 1898 – Aug. 1909
John F. Murray Democratic Aug. 1909–1910
Cyrus C. Miller Democratic 1910–1914
Douglas
Mathewson Republican-
Fusion 1914–1918
Henry Bruckner Democratic 1918–1934
James J. Lyons Democratic 1934–1962
Joseph F. Periconi Republican-
Liberal 1962–1966
Herman Badillo Democratic 1966–1970
Robert Abrams Democratic 1970–1979
Stanley Simon Democratic 1979 – April 1987
Fernando Ferrer Democratic April 1987 – 2002
Adolfo Carrión, Jr. Democratic 2002 – March 2009
Ruben Diaz, Jr. Democratic May 2009 –
† Terms begin and end in January
where the month is not specified.
The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989 the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional on the grounds that Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough, a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause pursuant to the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" decision.[117]

Since 1990 the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations.

Until March 1, 2009, the Borough President of the Bronx was Adolfo Carrión Jr., elected as a Democrat in 2001 and 2005 before retiring early to direct the White House Office of Urban Affairs Policy. His successor, Democratic New York State Assembly member Rubén Díaz, Jr., who won a special election on April 21, 2009 by a vote of 86.3% (29,420) on the "Bronx Unity" line to 13.3% (4,646) for the Republican district leader Anthony Ribustello on the "People First" line,[118][119] became Borough President on May 1.

All of the Bronx's currently elected public officials have first won the nomination of the Democratic Party (in addition to any other endorsements). Local party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Controversial political issues in the Bronx include environmental issues, the cost of housing, and annexation of parkland for new Yankee Stadium.

Since its separation from New York County on January 1, 1914, the Bronx, has had, like each of the other 61 counties of New York State, its own criminal court system[4] and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. Darcel D. Clark has been the Bronx County District Attorney since 2016. Her predecessor was Robert T. Johnson, was the District Attorney from 1989 to 2015. He was the first African-American District Attorney in New York State.

Eight members of the New York City Council represent districts wholly within the Bronx (11–18), while a ninth represents a Manhattan district (8) that also includes a small area of the Bronx. One of those members, Joel Rivera (District 15), has been the Council's Majority Leader since 2002. In 2008, all of them were Democrats.

The Bronx also has twelve Community Boards, appointed bodies that field complaints and advise on land use and municipal facilities and services for local residents, businesses and institutions. (They are listed at Bronx Community Boards).

Representatives in the U.S. Congress
Candidates winning non-judicial elections in the Bronx since 2004
Year Office Winner of the Bronx
† (failed to win overall contest) Bronx
% Over-
all %
Borough-wide votes
2004 U.S. President & V.P. † John Kerry–John Edwards, D-WF 81.8% 48.3%
2005 Mayor of New York † Fernando Ferrer, D 59.8% 39.0%
Public Advocate Betsy Gotbaum, D 93.8% 90.0%
City Comptroller William C. Thompson, Jr., D-WF 95.5% 92.6%
Borough President Adolfo Carrión, Jr., D 83.8%
2006 U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton, D-WF-Independence 89.5% 67.0%
Governor & Lt Gov. Eliot Spitzer–David Paterson, D-WF-Indpce 88.8% 69.0%
State Comptroller Alan G. Hevesi, D-WF-Independence 84.5% 56.8%
NY Attorney-General Andrew M. Cuomo, D-Working Families 82.6% 58.3%
2007 Bronx Dist. Attorney Robert T. Johnson, D-R-Conservative 100–%
2008 Democratic Pres. † Hillary Clinton 61.2% 48.0%
Republican Pres. John McCain 54.4% 46.6%
U.S. President & V.P. Barack Obama–Joe Biden, D-WF 87.8% 52.9%
2009 Borough President Ruben Diaz, Jr., Bronx Unity 86.3%
Individual legislative districts
2005 New York City Council
Council District 8 Melissa Mark Viverito, D-WF 100.% 100.%
Council District 11 G. Oliver Koppell, D 81.1%
Council District 12 Larry B. Seabrook, D 87.2%
Council District 13 James Vacca, D 64.4%
Council District 14 María Baez, D 94.7%
Council District 15 Joel Rivera, D (majority leader) 91.0%
Council District 16 Helen D. Foster, D-R-Working Families 98.6%
Council District 17 María Del Carmen Arroyo, D-Indep'ce 98.3%
Council District 18 Annabel Palma, D-WF 89.1%
2006 U.S. House of Representatives
Cong. District 7 Joseph Crowley, D-WF 84.9% 84.0%
Cong. District 16 José E. Serrano, D-WF 95.3%
Cong. District 17 Eliot L. Engel, D-WF 89.3% 76.4%
New York State Senate
Senate District 28 José M. Serrano, D-WF 100.% 100.%
Senate District 31 Eric T. Schneiderman, D-WF 88.8% 92.3%
Senate District 32 Rubén Díaz, D 92.5%
Senate District 33 Efraín González, Jr., D 96.9%
Senate District 34 Jeffrey D. Klein, D-WF 64.8% 61.2%
Senate District 36 Ruth H. Thompson, D-WF 95.4% 95.4%
New York State Assembly
Assembly District 76 Peter M. Rivera, D-WF 91.8%
Assembly District 77 Aurelia Greene, D-WF 94.9%
Assembly District 78 José Rivera, D 89.7%
Assembly District 79 Michael A. Benjamin, D 95.1%
Assembly District 80 Naomi Rivera, D 74.6%
Assembly District 81 Jeffrey Dinowitz, D-WF 95.1%
Assembly District 82 Michael R. Benedetto, D-WF 81.4%
Assembly District 83 Carl E. Heastie, D-WF 94.1%
Assembly District 84 Carmen E. Arroyo, D 92.7%
Assembly District 85 Rubén Díaz, Jr., D 94.8%
Assembly District 86 Luís M. Diaz, D 94.6%
D = Democratic Party; R = Republican Party;
WF = Working Families Party; Indpce = Independence Party of New York
In 2018, four Democrats represented all of the Bronx in the United States House of Representatives.[120]

Adriano Espaillat (first elected in 2016) represents New York's 13th congressional district, which includes the northwest Bronx neighborhoods of Norwood, Bedford Park and Kingsbridge, as well as upper Manhattan.[120]
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 14th congressional district, which includes the East Bronx neighborhoods of Co-op City, Pelham Bay, Morris Park, Pelham Parkway, Parkchester, Castle Hill and Throgs Neck, as well as the Rikers Island jail complex and parts of northwest Queens.[120]
José E. Serrano (first elected in March 1990) represents New York's 16th congressional district, which includes neighborhoods in the South Bronx.[120]
Eliot Engel (first elected in 1988) represents New York's 17th congressional district which includes the northwest Bronx neighborhoods of Bedford Park, Spuyten Duyvil, and Riverdale as well as parts of Westchester and Rockland counties.[120]
National Journal's neutral rating system placed all of their voting records in 2005 and 2006 somewhere between very liberal and extremely liberal.[11][12]

11 out of 150 members of the New York State Assembly (the lower house of the state legislature) represent districts wholly within the Bronx. Six State Senators out of 62 represent Bronx districts, half of them wholly within the County, and half straddling other counties. All these legislators are Democrats who won between 65% and 100% of their districts' vote in 2006.[121]

Votes for other offices
In the 2004 presidential election, Senator John Kerry received 81.8% of the vote in the Bronx (79.8% on the Democratic line plus 2% on the Working Families Party's line) while President George W. Bush received 16.3% (15.5% Republican plus 0.85% Conservative).

In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama improved on Kerry's showing, and took 88.7% of the vote in the Bronx to Republican John McCain's 10.9%.

In 2005, the Democratic former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer won 59.8% of the borough's vote against 38.8% (35.3% Republican, 3.5% Independence Party) for Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who carried every other borough in his winning campaign for re-election.

In 2006, successfully reelected Senator Hillary Clinton won 89.5% of the Bronx's vote (82.8% Dem. + 4.1% Working Families + 2.6% Independence) against Yonkers ex-Mayor John Spencer's 9.6% (8.2% Republican + 1.4% Cons.), while Eliot Spitzer won 88.8% of the Borough's vote (82.1% Dem. + 4.1% Working Families + 2.5% Independence Party) in winning the Governorship against John Faso, who received 9.7% of the Bronx's vote (8.2% Republican + 1.5% Cons.)[122]

In the Presidential primary elections of February 5, 2008, Sen. Clinton won 61.2% of the Bronx's 148,636 Democratic votes against 37.8% for Barack Obama and 1.0% for the other four candidates combined (John Edwards, Dennis Kucinich, Bill Richardson and Joe Biden). On the same day, John McCain won 54.4% of the borough's 5,643 Republican votes, Mitt Romney 20.8%, Mike Huckabee 8.2%, Ron Paul 7.4%, Rudy Giuliani 5.6%, and the other candidates (Fred Thompson, Duncan Hunter and Alan Keyes) 3.6% between them.[123]

After becoming a separate county in 1914, the Bronx has supported only two Republican Presidential candidates. It voted heavily for the winning Republican Warren G. Harding in 1920, but much more narrowly on a split vote for his victorious Republican successor Calvin Coolidge in 1924 (Coolidge 79,562; John W. Davis, Dem., 72,834; Robert La Follette, 62,202 equally divided between the Progressive and Socialist lines).

Since then, the Bronx has always supported the Democratic Party's nominee for President, starting with a vote of 2–1 for the unsuccessful Al Smith in 1928, followed by four 2–1 votes for the successful Franklin D. Roosevelt. (Both had been Governors of New York, but Republican former Gov. Thomas E. Dewey won only 28% of the Bronx's vote in 1948 against 55% for Pres. Harry Truman, the winning Democrat, and 17% for Henry A. Wallace of the Progressives. It was only 32 years earlier, by contrast, that another Republican former Governor who narrowly lost the Presidency, Charles Evans Hughes, had won 42.6% of the Bronx's 1916 vote against Democratic President Woodrow Wilson's 49.8% and Socialist candidate Allan Benson's 7.3%.)[124]

The Bronx has often shown striking differences from other boroughs in elections for Mayor. The only Republican to carry the Bronx since 1914 was Fiorello La Guardia in 1933, 1937 and 1941 (and in the latter two elections, only because his 30% to 32% vote on the American Labor Party line was added to 22% to 23% as a Republican).[125] The Bronx was thus the only borough not carried by the successful Republican re-election campaigns of Mayors Rudolph Giuliani in 1997 and Michael Bloomberg in 2005. The anti-war Socialist campaign of Morris Hillquit in the 1917 mayoral election won over 31% of the Bronx's vote, putting him second and well ahead of the 20% won by the incumbent pro-war Fusion Mayor John P. Mitchel, who came in second (ahead of Hillquit) everywhere else and outpolled Hillquit citywide by 23.2% to 21.7%.[126]

The Bronx County vote for President and Mayor since 1952
President and Vice President of the United States Mayor of the City of New York
Year Republican,
Conservative &
Independence Democratic,
Liberal &
Working Families Won the
Bronx Elected
President Year Candidate carrying
the Bronx Elected Mayor
2016 9.5% 37,797 88.5% 353,646 Hillary Clinton Donald Trump 2017 Bill de Blasio,
D-Working Families Bill de Blasio,
D-Working Families
2012 8.1% 29,967 91.5% 339,211 Barack Obama Barack Obama 2013 Bill de Blasio,
D-Working Families Bill de Blasio,
D-Working Families
2008 10.9% 41,683 88.7% 338,261 Barack Obama Barack Obama 2009 William C. Thompson, Jr,
D-Working Families Michael Bloomberg,
R–Indep'ce/Jobs & Educ'n
2004 16.3% 56,701 81.8% 283,994 John Kerry George W. Bush 2005 Fernando Ferrer, D Mike Bloomberg, R/Lib-Indep'ce
2000 11.8% 36,245 86.3% 265,801 Al Gore George W. Bush 2001 Mark Green,
D-Working Families Michael Bloomberg,
R-Independence
1996 10.5% 30,435 85.8% 248,276 Bill Clinton Bill Clinton 1997 Ruth Messinger, D Rudolph Giuliani, R-Liberal
1992 20.7% 63,310 73.7% 225,038 Bill Clinton Bill Clinton 1993 David Dinkins, D Rudolph Giuliani, R-Liberal
1988 25.5% 76,043 73.2% 218,245 Michael Dukakis George H. W. Bush 1989 David Dinkins, D David Dinkins, D
1984 32.8% 109,308 66.9% 223,112 Walter Mondale Ronald Reagan 1985 Edward Koch, D-Indep. Edward Koch, D-Independent
1980 30.7% 86,843' 64.0% 181,090 Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan 1981 Edward Koch, D-R Edward Koch, D-R
1976 28.7% 96,842 70.8% 238,786 Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter 1977 Edward Koch, D Edward Koch, D
1972 44.6% 196,756 55.2% 243,345 George McGovern Richard Nixon 1973 Abraham Beame, D Abraham Beame, D
1968 32.0% 142,314 62.4% 277,385 Hubert Humphrey Richard Nixon 1969 Mario Procaccino,
D-Nonpartisan-Civil Svce Ind. John V. Lindsay, Liberal
1964 25.2% 135,780 74.7% 403,014 Lyndon B. Johnson Lyndon B. Johnson 1965 Abraham Beame,
D-Civil Service Fusion John Lindsay,
R-Liberal-Independent Citizens
1960 31.8% 182,393 67.9% 389,818 John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy 1961 Robert F. Wagner, Jr.,
D-Liberal-Brotherhood Robert F. Wagner, Jr.,
D-Liberal-Brotherhood
1956 42.8% 256,909 57.2% 343,656 Adlai Stevenson II Dwight D. Eisenhower 1957 Robert F. Wagner, Jr.,
D-Liberal-Fusion Robert F. Wagner, Jr.,
D-Liberal-Fusion
1952 37.3% 241,898 60.6% 309,482 Adlai Stevenson II Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953 Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D Robert F. Wagner, Jr., D
Republican and Democratic columns for Presidential elections also include their candidates' votes on other lines, such as the New York State Right to Life Party and the Working Families Party.
For details of votes and parties in a particular election, click the year or see New York City mayoral elections.
Presidential elections results[127]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2016 9.5% 37,797 88.5% 353,646 2.0% 8,079
2012 8.1% 29,967 91.5% 339,211 0.5% 1,760
2008 10.9% 41,683 88.7% 338,261 0.4% 1,378
2004 16.5% 56,701 82.8% 283,994 0.7% 2,284
2000 11.8% 36,245 86.3% 265,801 2.0% 6,017
1996 10.5% 30,435 85.8% 248,276 3.7% 10,639
1992 20.7% 63,310 73.7% 225,038 5.6% 17,112
1988 25.5% 76,043 73.2% 218,245 1.3% 3,793
1984 32.8% 109,308 66.9% 223,112 0.4% 1,263
1980 30.7% 86,843 64.0% 181,090 5.3% 14,914
1976 28.7% 96,842 70.8% 238,786 0.5% 1,763
1972 44.6% 196,754 55.2% 243,345 0.2% 1,075
1968 32.0% 142,314 62.4% 277,385 5.6% 24,818
1964 25.2% 135,780 74.7% 403,014 0.2% 800
1960 31.8% 182,393 67.9% 389,818 0.4% 2,071
1956 42.8% 257,382 57.2% 343,823 0.0% 0
1952 37.3% 241,898 60.6% 392,477 2.1% 13,420
1948 27.8% 173,044 54.2% 337,129 18.0% 112,182
1944 31.8% 211,158 67.7% 450,525 0.5% 3,352
1940 31.8% 198,293 67.1% 418,931 1.1% 6,980
1936 17.6% 93,151 79.4% 419,625 3.0% 16,042
1932 19.2% 76,587 70.4% 281,330 10.5% 42,002
1928 28.7% 98,636 67.7% 232,766 3.7% 12,545
1924 36.7% 79,583 33.6% 72,840 29.6% 64,234
1920 56.6% 106,050 24.4% 45,741 19.0% 35,538
1916 42.6% 40,938 49.8% 47,870 7.7% 7,396
Economy
See also: Economy of New York City
Shopping malls and markets in the Bronx include:

Bay Plaza Shopping Center
Bronx Terminal Market
Hunts Point Cooperative Market
Shopping districts

The Hub on Third Avenue

Renovated Prow Building, part of the original Bronx Terminal Market

An aerial view of the Bronx, Harlem River, Harlem, Hudson River, and George Washington Bridge

Morris Heights, a Bronx neighborhood of over 45,000

Street scene on Fordham Road, a major street in the Bronx
Prominent shopping areas in the Bronx include Fordham Road, Bay Plaza in Co-op City, The Hub, the Riverdale/Kingsbridge shopping center, and Bruckner Boulevard. Shops are also concentrated on streets aligned underneath elevated railroad lines, including Westchester Avenue, White Plains Road, Jerome Avenue, Southern Boulevard, and Broadway. The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market contains several big-box stores, which opened in 2009 south of Yankee Stadium.

There are three primary shopping centers in the Bronx: The Hub, Gateway Center and Southern Boulevard. The Hub–Third Avenue Business Improvement District (B.I.D.), in The Hub, is the retail heart of the South Bronx, located where four roads converge: East 149th Street, Willis, Melrose and Third Avenues.[128] It is primarily located inside the neighborhood of Melrose but also lines the northern border of Mott Haven.[129] The Hub has been called "the Broadway of the Bronx", being likened to the real Broadway in Manhattan and the northwestern Bronx.[130] It is the site of both maximum traffic and architectural density. In configuration, it resembles a miniature Times Square, a spatial "bow-tie" created by the geometry of the street.[131] The Hub is part of Bronx Community Board 1.

The Gateway Center at Bronx Terminal Market, in the West Bronx, is a shopping center that encompasses less than one million square feet of retail space, built on a 17 acres (7 ha) site that formerly held the Bronx Terminal Market, a wholesale fruit and vegetable market as well as the former Bronx House of Detention, south of Yankee Stadium. The $500 million shopping center, which was completed in 2009, saw the construction of new buildings and two smaller buildings, one new and the other a renovation of an existing building that was part of the original market. The two main buildings are linked by a six-level garage for 2,600 cars. The center has earned itself a LEED "Silver" designation in its design.[132]

Education
See also: Education in New York City, List of public elementary schools in New York City, and Category:Charter schools in New York (state)
Education in the Bronx is provided by a large number of public and private institutions, many of which draw students who live beyond the Bronx. The New York City Department of Education manages public noncharter schools in the borough. In 2000, public schools enrolled nearly 280,000 of the Bronx's residents over 3 years old (out of 333,100 enrolled in all pre-college schools).[133] There are also several public charter schools. Private schools range from élite independent schools to religiously affiliated schools run by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and Jewish organizations.

A small portion of land that is between Pelham and Pelham Bay Park, with a total of 35 houses, is a part of the Bronx, but is cut off from the rest of the borough due to the way the county boundaries were established; the New York City government pays for the residents' children to go to Pelham Union Free School District schools, including Pelham Memorial High School, since that is more cost effective than sending school buses to take the students to New York City schools. This arrangement has been in place since 1948.[134]

Educational attainment
In 2000, according to the U.S. Census, out of the nearly 800,000 people in the Bronx who were then at least 25 years old, 62.3% had graduated from high school and 14.6% held a bachelor's or higher college degree. These percentages were lower than those for New York's other boroughs, which ranged from 68.8% (Brooklyn) to 82.6% (Staten Island) for high school graduates over 24, and from 21.8% (Brooklyn) to 49.4% (Manhattan) for college graduates. (The respective state and national percentages were [NY] 79.1% & 27.4% and [US] 80.4% & 24.4%.)[135]

High schools
See also: List of high schools in New York City § Bronx

The Bronx High School of Science
In the 2000 Census, 79,240 of the nearly 95,000 Bronx residents enrolled in high school attended public schools.[133]

Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.

High schools linked to the Catholic Church include: Saint Raymond's Academy for Girls, All Hallows High School, Fordham Preparatory School, Monsignor Scanlan High School, St. Raymond High School for Boys, Cardinal Hayes High School, Cardinal Spellman High School, The Academy of Mount Saint Ursula, Aquinas High School, Preston High School, St. Catharine Academy, Mount Saint Michael Academy, and St. Barnabas High School.

The SAR Academy and SAR High School are Modern Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva coeducational day schools in Riverdale, with roots in Manhattan's Lower East Side.

In the 1990s, New York City began closing the large, public high schools in the Bronx and replacing them with small high schools. Among the reasons cited for the changes were poor graduation rates and concerns about safety. Schools that have been closed or reduced in size include John F. Kennedy, James Monroe, Taft, Theodore Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson, Evander Childs, Christopher Columbus, Morris, Walton, and South Bronx High Schools. More recently the City has started phasing out large middle schools, also replacing them with smaller schools.


Fordham University's Keating Hall
Colleges and universities
See also: List of colleges and universities in New York City
In 2000, 49,442 (57.5%) of the 86,014 Bronx residents seeking college, graduate or professional degrees attended public institutions.[133]

Several colleges and universities are located in the Bronx.

Fordham University was founded as St. John's College in 1841 by the Diocese of New York as the first Catholic institution of higher education in the northeast. It is now officially an independent institution, but strongly embraces its Jesuit heritage. The 85-acre (340,000 m2) Bronx campus, known as Rose Hill, is the main campus of the university, and is among the largest within the city (other Fordham campuses are located in Manhattan and Westchester County).[86]

Three campuses of the City University of New York are in the Bronx: Hostos Community College, Bronx Community College (occupying the former University Heights Campus of New York University)[136] and Herbert H. Lehman College (formerly the uptown campus of Hunter College), which offers both undergraduate and graduate degrees.

The College of Mount Saint Vincent is a Catholic liberal arts college in Riverdale under the direction of the Sisters of Charity of New York. Founded in 1847 as a school for girls, the academy became a degree-granting college in 1911 and began admitting men in 1974. The school serves 1,600 students. Its campus is also home to the Academy for Jewish Religion, a transdenominational rabbinical and cantorial school.

Manhattan College is a Catholic college in Riverdale which offers undergraduate programs in the arts, business, education, engineering, and science. It also offers graduate programs in education and engineering.

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, part of the Montefiore Medical Center, is in Morris Park.

Two colleges based in Westchester County have Bronx campuses. The Catholic and nearly all-female College of New Rochelle maintains satellite campuses at Co-op City and in The Hub. The coeducational and non-sectarian Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, founded by the Catholic Sisters of Mercy in 1950, has a campus near Westchester Square.

By contrast, the private, proprietary Monroe College, focused on preparation for business and the professions, started in the Bronx in 1933 but now has a campus in New Rochelle (Westchester County) as well the Bronx's Fordham neighborhood.[137]

The State University of New York Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (Throggs Neck)—at the far southeastern tip of the Bronx—is the national leader in maritime education and houses the Maritime Industry Museum. (Directly across Long Island Sound is Kings Point, Long Island, home of the United States Merchant Marine Academy and the American Merchant Marine Museum.) As of 2017, graduates from the university earned an average annual salary of $144,000, the highest of any university graduates in the United States.[138]

Culture and institutions
See also: Culture of New York City; Music of New York City; List of people from the Bronx; and List of Registered Historic Places in Bronx County, New York

The Bronx Zoo is the largest zoo in New York City, and among the largest in the country.

The Bronx's P.L.A.Y.E.R.S. Club Steppers performing at the 2007 Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival in Brooklyn. (Note the T-shirts' inscription "I ? BX" [Bronx], echoing the ubiquitous slogan "I ? NY" ).[139][140]
Author Edgar Allan Poe spent the last years of his life (1846 to 1849) in the Bronx at Poe Cottage, now located at Kingsbridge Road and the Grand Concourse. A small wooden farmhouse built around 1812, the cottage once commanded unobstructed vistas over the rolling Bronx hills to the shores of Long Island.[141] Poe moved there to get away from the Manhattan city air and crowding in hope that the then rural area would be beneficial for his wife's tuberculosis. It was in the Bronx that Poe wrote one of his most famous works, Annabel Lee.[142]

More than a century later, the Bronx would evolve from a hot bed of Latin jazz to an incubator of hip hop as documented in the award-winning documentary, produced by City Lore and broadcast on PBS in 2006, "From Mambo to Hip Hop: A South Bronx Tale."[143] Hip Hop first emerged in the South Bronx in the early 1970s. The New York Times has identified 1520 Sedgwick Avenue "an otherwise unremarkable high-rise just north of the Cross Bronx Expressway and hard along the Major Deegan Expressway" as a starting point, where DJ Kool Herc presided over parties in the community room.[144][145] The 2016 Netflix series The Get Down is based on the development of hip hop in 1977 in the South Bronx.[146] Ten years earlier, the Bronx Opera had been founded.

Founding of hip-hop
On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was a D.J. and M.C. at a party in the recreation room of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in the Bronx adjacent to the Cross Bronx Expressway.[147] While it was not the actual "Birthplace of Hip Hop" – the genre developed slowly in several places in the 1970s – it was verified to be the place where one of the pivotal and formative events occurred.[147] Specifically:

[Cool Herc] extended an instrumental beat (mixing or scratching) to let people dance longer (B-boying) and began MC'ing (rapping) during the extended breakdancing. ... [This] helped lay the foundation for a cultural revolution.

—?History Detectives[147]
Beginning with the advent of beat match DJing, in which Bronx disc jockeys) including Grandmaster Flash, Afrika Bambaataa and DJ Kool Herc extended the breaks of funk records, a major new musical genre emerged that sought to isolate the percussion breaks of hit funk, disco and soul songs. As hip hop's popularity grew, performers began speaking ("rapping") in sync with the beats, and became known as MCs or emcees. The Herculoids, made up of Herc, Coke La Rock, and Clark Kent, were the earliest to gain major fame. The Bronx is referred to in hip-hop slang as "The Boogie Down Bronx", or just "The Boogie Down". This was hip-hop pioneer KRS-One's inspiration for his group BDP, or Boogie Down Productions, which included DJ Scott La Rock. Newer hip hop artists from the Bronx include Big Pun, Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz, Camp Lo, Swizz Beatz, Drag-On, Fat Joe, Terror Squad and Cory Gunz.[148]

Hush Hip Hop Tours, a tour company founded in 2002 by local licensed sightseeing tour guide Debra Harris,[149] has established a sightseeing tour of the Bronx showcasing the locations that helped shape hip hop culture, and features some of the pioneers of hip hop as tour guides. The Bronx's recognition as an important center of African-American culture has led Fordham University to establish the Bronx African-American History Project (BAAHP).[150]

Sports

New Yankee Stadium at 161st and River Avenue
The Bronx is the home of the New York Yankees, nicknamed "the Bronx Bombers", of Major League Baseball. The original Yankee Stadium opened in 1923 on 161st Street and River Avenue, a year that saw the Yankees bring home their first of 27 World Series Championships. With the famous facade, the short right field porch and Monument Park, Yankee Stadium has been home to many of baseball's greatest players including Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Joe DiMaggio, Whitey Ford, Yogi Berra, Mickey Mantle, Reggie Jackson, Thurman Munson, Don Mattingly, Derek Jeter and Mariano Rivera.

The original stadium was the scene of Lou Gehrig's Farewell Speech in 1939, Don Larsen's perfect game in the 1956 World Series, Roger Maris' record breaking 61st home run in 1961, and Reggie Jackson's 3 home runs to clinch Game 6 of the 1977 World Series. The Stadium was the former home of the New York Giants of the National Football League from 1956 to 1973.

The original Yankee Stadium closed in 2008 to make way for a new Yankee Stadium in which the team started play in 2009. It is located north-northeast of the 1923 Yankee Stadium, on the former site of Macombs Dam Park. The current Yankee Stadium is also the home of New York City FC of Major League Soccer, who began play in 2015.

Off-Off-Broadway
Main article: Off-Off-Broadway
The Bronx is home to several Off-Off-Broadway theaters, many staging new works by immigrant playwrights from Latin America and Africa. The Pregones Theater, which produces Latin American work, opened a new 130-seat theater in 2005 on Walton Avenue in the South Bronx. Some artists from elsewhere in New York City have begun to converge on the area, and housing prices have nearly quadrupled in the area since 2002. However rising prices directly correlate to a housing shortage across the city and the entire metro area.

Arts
The Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance, founded in 1998 by Arthur Aviles and Charles Rice-Gonzalez, provides dance, theatre and art workshops, festivals and performances focusing on contemporary and modern art in relation to race, gender, and sexuality. It is home to the Arthur Aviles Typical Theatre, a contemporary dance company, and the Bronx Dance Coalition. The Academy was formerly in the American Bank Note Company Building before relocating to a venue on the grounds of St. Peter's Episcopal Church.[151]

The Bronx Museum of the Arts, founded in 1971, exhibits 20th century and contemporary art through its central museum space and 11,000 square feet (1,000 m2) of galleries. Many of its exhibitions are on themes of special interest to the Bronx. Its permanent collection features more than 800 works of art, primarily by artists from Africa, Asia and Latin America, including paintings, photographs, prints, drawings, and mixed media. The museum was temporarily closed in 2006 while it underwent a major expansion designed by the architectural firm Arquitectonica.

The Bronx has also become home to a peculiar poetic tribute in the form of the "Heinrich Heine Memorial", better known as the Lorelei Fountain. After Heine's German birthplace of Düsseldorf had rejected, allegedly for anti-Semitic motives, a centennial monument to the radical German-Jewish poet (1797–1856), his incensed German-American admirers, including Carl Schurz, started a movement to place one instead in Midtown Manhattan, at Fifth Avenue and 59th Street. However, this intention was thwarted by a combination of ethnic antagonism, aesthetic controversy and political struggles over the institutional control of public art.[152] In 1899, the memorial by Ernst Gustav Herter was placed in Joyce Kilmer Park, near the Yankee Stadium. In 1999, it was moved to 161st Street and the Concourse.

Maritime heritage
The peninsular borough's maritime heritage is acknowledged in several ways.The City Island Historical Society and Nautical Museum occupies a former public school designed by the New York City school system's turn-of-the-last-century master architect C. B. J. Snyder. The state's Maritime College in Fort Schuyler (on the southeastern shore) houses the Maritime Industry Museum.[153] In addition, the Harlem River is reemerging as "Scullers' Row"[154] due in large part to the efforts of the Bronx River Restoration Project,[155] a joint public-private endeavor of the city's parks department. Canoeing and kayaking on the borough's namesake river have been promoted by the Bronx River Alliance. The river is also straddled by the New York Botanical Gardens, its neighbor, the Bronx Zoo, and a little further south, on the west shore, Bronx River Art Center.[156]

Community celebrations
"Bronx Week," traditionally held in May, originated as a one-day celebration. Initiated by Bronx historian Lloyd Ultan and supported by then borough president Robert Abrams, the original one-day program was based on the "Bronx Borough Day" festival which took place in the 1920s. The following year, at the height of the decade's civil unrest, the festival was extended to a one-week event. In the 1980s the key event, the "Bronx Ball," was launched. The week includes the Bronx Week Parade as well as inductions into the "Bronx Walk of Fame."[157]

Various Bronx neighborhoods conduct their own community celebrations. The Arthur Avenue "Little Italy" neighborhood conducts an annual Autumn Ferragosto Festival that celebrates Italian culture.[158] Hunts Point hosts an annual "Fish Parade and Summer Festival" at the start of summer.[159] Edgewater Park hosts an annual "Ragamuffin" children's walk in November.[160] There are several events to honor the borough's veterans.[161] Albanian Independence Day is also observed.[162]

There are also parades to celebrate Dominican, Italian, and Irish heritage.[163][164][165]

Press and broadcasting
The Bronx is home to several local newspapers and radio and television studios.

Newspapers
The Bronx has several local newspapers, including The Bronx News,[166] Parkchester News, City News, The Norwood News, The Riverdale Press, Riverdale Review, The Bronx Times Reporter, Inner City Press[167] (which now has more of a focus on national issues) and Co-op City Times. Four non-profit news outlets, Norwood News, Mount Hope Monitor, Mott Haven Herald and The Hunts Point Express serve the borough's poorer communities. The editor and co-publisher of The Riverdale Press, Bernard Stein, won the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for his editorials about Bronx and New York City issues in 1998. (Stein graduated from the Bronx High School of Science in 1959.)

The Bronx once had its own daily newspaper, The Bronx Home News, which started publishing on January 20, 1907, and merged into the New York Post in 1948. It became a special section of the Post, sold only in the Bronx, and eventually disappeared from view.

Radio and television
One of New York City's major non-commercial radio broadcasters is WFUV, a National Public Radio-affiliated 50,000-watt station broadcasting from Fordham University's Rose Hill campus in the Bronx. The radio station's antenna is atop an apartment building owned by Montefiore Medical Center.

The City of New York has an official television station run by NYC Media and broadcasting from Bronx Community College, and Cablevision operates News 12 The Bronx, both of which feature programming based in the Bronx. Co-op City was the first area in the Bronx, and the first in New York beyond Manhattan, to have its own cable television provider. The local public-access television station BronxNet originates from Herbert H. Lehman College, the borough's only four year CUNY school, and provides government-access television (GATV) public affairs programming in addition to programming produced by Bronx residents.[168]

Gangs
The Bronx is the home of many gangs, including:

Dominicans Don't Play - formed around 1990, it primarily targets high school students and second-generation immigrants to join their gang, and make most of their money from robberies and drug deals.[169]
Trinitarios - also formed around 1990, a spin-off of Dominicans Don't Play, mostly involved with drug, sex, and weapons trafficking[170][171]
Latin Kings - a nationwide gang whose Bronx chapter began in 1986, involved with gun and drug trafficking, extortion, credit card fraud, and auto theft as their sources of income[169]
Ñetas - a gang that was started in 1979 in Puerto Rico. The organization began as a prison gang which gave members protection while serving their prison sentences. It eventually transformed into a drug trafficking gang.[169]
St. James Boys[172]
194 Crew - a drug trafficking gang[173][better source needed]
Sureños - made up of first- and second-generation Mexican-Americans, mainly involved in small-scale crime and gang warfare[174][better source needed]
In popular culture
Film and television
See also: List of films set in New York City and List of television shows set in New York City
Mid-20th century
Mid-20th century movies set in the Bronx portrayed densely settled, working-class, urban culture. Hollywood films such as From This Day Forward (1946), set in Highbridge, occasionally delved into Bronx life. Paddy Chayefsky's Academy Award-winning Marty was the most notable examination of working class Bronx life[175] was also explored by Chayefsky in his 1956 film The Catered Affair, and in the 1993 Robert De Niro/Chazz Palminteri film, A Bronx Tale, Spike Lee's 1999 movie Summer of Sam, centered in an Italian-American Bronx community, 1994's I Like It Like That that takes place in the predominantly Puerto Rican neighborhood of the South Bronx, and Doughboys, the story of two Italian-American brothers in danger of losing their bakery thanks to one brother's gambling debts.

The Bronx's gritty urban life had worked its way into the movies even earlier, with depictions of the "Bronx cheer", a loud flatulent-like sound of disapproval, allegedly first made by New York Yankees fans. The sound can be heard, for example, on the Spike Jones and His City Slickers recording of "Der Fuehrer's Face" (from the 1942 Disney animated film of the same name), repeatedly lambasting Adolf Hitler with: "We'll Heil! (Bronx cheer) Heil! (Bronx cheer) Right in Der Fuehrer's Face!"[176]

As a symbolism
Some movies have also used the term Bronx for comic effect, such as "Bronx", the character on the Disney animated series Gargoyles.

Starting in the 1970s, the Bronx often symbolized violence, decay, and urban ruin. The wave of arson in the South Bronx in the 1960s and 1970s inspired the observation that "The Bronx is burning": in 1974 it was the title of both a The New York Times editorial and a BBC documentary film. The line entered the pop-consciousness with Game Two of the 1977 World Series, when a fire broke out near Yankee Stadium as the team was playing the Los Angeles Dodgers. Numerous fires had previously broken out in the Bronx prior to this fire. As the fire was captured on live television, announcer Howard Cosell is wrongly remembered to have said something like, "There it is, ladies and gentlemen: the Bronx is burning". Historians of New York City frequently point to Cosell's remark as an acknowledgement of both the city and the borough's decline.[177] A new feature-length documentary film by Edwin Pagan called Bronx Burning[178] is in production[179] in 2006, chronicling what led up to the numerous arson-for-insurance fraud fires of the 1970s in the borough.

Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.

The 1981 film Fort Apache, The Bronx is another film that used the Bronx's gritty image for its storyline. The movie's title is from the nickname for the 41st Police Precinct in the South Bronx which was nicknamed "Fort Apache". Also from 1981 is the horror film Wolfen making use of the rubble of the Bronx as a home for werewolf type creatures. Knights of the South Bronx, a true story of a teacher who worked with disadvantaged children, is another film also set in the Bronx released in 2005. The Bronx was the setting for the 1983 film Fuga dal Bronx, also known as Bronx Warriors 2 and Escape 2000, an Italian B-movie best known for its appearance on the television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. The plot revolves around a sinister construction corporation's plans to depopulate, destroy and redevelop the Bronx, and a band of rebels who are out to expose the corporation's murderous ways and save their homes. The film is memorable for its almost incessant use of the phrase, "Leave the Bronx!" Many of the movie's scenes were filmed in Queens, substituting as the Bronx. Rumble in the Bronx, filmed in Vancouver, was a 1995 Jackie Chan kung-fu film, another which popularized the Bronx to international audiences. Last Bronx, a 1996 Sega game played on the bad reputation of the Bronx to lend its name to an alternate version of post-Japanese bubble Tokyo, where crime and gang warfare is rampant.

As a setting
Bronx native Nancy Savoca's 1989 comedy, True Love, explores two Italian-American Bronx sweethearts in the days before their wedding. The film, which debuted Annabella Sciorra and Ron Eldard as the betrothed couple, won the Grand Jury Prize at that year's Sundance Film Festival. The CBS television sitcom Becker, 1998–2004, was more ambiguous. The show starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a doctor who operated a small practice and was constantly annoyed by his patients, co-workers, friends, and practically everything and everybody else in his world. It showed his everyday life as a doctor working in a small clinic in the Bronx.

Penny Marshall's 1990 film Awakenings, which was nominated for several Oscars, is based on neurologist Oliver Sacks' 1973 account of his psychiatric patients at Beth Abraham Hospital in the Bronx who were paralyzed by a form of encephalitis but briefly responded to the drug L-dopa. Robin Williams played the physician; Robert De Niro was one of the patients who emerged from a catatonic (frozen) state. The home of Williams' character was shot not far from Sacks' actual City Island residence. A 1973 Yorkshire Television documentary and "A Kind of Alaska", a 1985 play by Harold Pinter,[180] were also based on Sacks' book.

Gus Van Sant's 2000 Finding Forrester was quickly billed "Good Will Hunting in the Hood." Sean Connery is in the title role of a reclusive old man who 50 years earlier wrote a single novel that garnered the Pulitzer Prize. He meets 16-year-old Jamal, portrayed by Rob Brown, a gifted basketball player and aspiring writer from the Bronx, and becomes his mentor. The movie includes stock footage of Bronx housing projects from 1990, as well as some other scenes shot in Manhattan and Brooklyn.

The 2012 documentary "South Bronx United" features the Mott Haven neighborhood and its conflict over the online grocery delivery service Fresh Direct's move of their trucking facility from Long Island City to the South Bronx.

In literature
See also: List of books set in New York City
Books
The Bronx has been featured significantly in fiction literature. All of the characters in Herman Wouk's City Boy: The Adventures of Herbie Bookbinder (1948) live in the Bronx, and about half of the action is set there. Kate Simon's Bronx Primitive: Portraits of a Childhood is directly autobiographical, a warm account of a Polish-Jewish girl in an immigrant family growing up before World War II, and living near Arthur Avenue and Tremont Avenue.[181] In Jacob M. Appel's short story, "The Grand Concourse" (2007),[182] a woman who grew up in the iconic Lewis Morris Building returns to the Morrisania neighborhood with her adult daughter. Similarly, in Avery Corman's book The Old Neighborhood (1980),[183] an upper-middle class white protagonist returns to his birth neighborhood (Fordham Road and the Grand Concourse), and learns that even though the folks are poor, Hispanic and African-American, they are good people.

By contrast, Tom Wolfe's Bonfire of the Vanities (1987)[184] portrays a wealthy, white protagonist, Sherman McCoy, getting lost off the Major Deegan Expressway in the South Bronx and having an altercation with locals. A substantial piece of the last part of the book is set in the resulting riotous trial at the Bronx County Courthouse. However, times change, and in 2007, The New York Times reported that "the Bronx neighborhoods near the site of Sherman's accident are now dotted with townhouses and apartments." In the same article, the Reverend Al Sharpton (whose fictional analogue in the novel is "Reverend Bacon") asserts that "twenty years later, the cynicism of The Bonfire of the Vanities is as out of style as Tom Wolfe's wardrobe."[185]

Don DeLillo's Underworld (1997) is also set in the Bronx and offers a perspective on the decline of the area from the 1950s onwards. John Patrick Shanley's "Savage in Limbo" is set in a 1980s Bronx bar called 'Scales' where the frustrated characters feel they are unable to move.

Poetry
In poetry, the Bronx has been immortalized by one of the world's shortest couplets:

The Bronx
No Thonx
Ogden Nash, The New Yorker, 1931

Nash repented 33 years after his calumny, penning in 1964 the following prose poem to the Dean of Bronx Community College:

I can't seem to escape
the sins of my smart-alec youth;
Here are my amends.
I wrote those lines, "The Bronx?
No thonx";
I shudder to confess them.
Now I'm an older, wiser man
I cry, "The Bronx?
God bless them!"[68]

In 2016, W. R. Rodriguez published Bronx Trilogy—consisting of the shoe shine parlor poems et al, concrete pastures of the beautiful bronx, and from the banks of brook avenue. The trilogy celebrates Bronx people, places, and events. DeWitt Clinton High School, St. Mary's Park, and Brook Avenue are a few of the schools, parks, and streets Rodriguez uses as subjects for his poems.[186]

Nash's couplet "The Bronx No Thonx" and his subsequent blessing are mentioned in Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough, edited by Llyod Ultan and Barbara Unger and published in 2000. The book, which includes the work of Yiddish poets, offers a selection from Allen Ginsberg's Kaddish, as his Aunt Elanor and his mother, Naomi, lived near Woodlawn Cemetery. Also featured is Ruth Lisa Schecther's poem, "Bronx", which is described as a celebration of the borough's landmarks. There is a selection of works from poets such as Sandra María Esteves, Milton Kessler, Joan Murray, W. R. Rodriguez, Myra Shapiro, Gayl Teller, and Terence Wynch.[187]

"Bronx Migrations" by Michelle M. Tokarczyk is a collection that spans five decades of Tokarczyk's life in the Bronx, from her exodus in 1962 to her return in search of her childhood tenement.[188][189]

Bronx Memoir Project
Bronx Memoir Project: Vol. 1 is a published anthology by the Bronx Council on the Arts and brought forth through a series of workshops meant to empower Bronx residents and shed the stigma on the Bronx's burning past.[190] The Bronx Memoir Project was created as an ongoing collaboration between the Bronx Council on the Arts and other cultural institutions, including The Bronx Documentary Center, The Bronx Library Center, the (Edgar Allan) Poe Park Visitor Center, Mindbuilders, and other institutions and funded through a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.[191][192] The goal was to develop and refine memoir fragments written by people of all walks of life that share a common bond residing within the Bronx.[191]

In songs
The theme song to the 1960s U.S. television comedy series Car 54, Where Are You? begins "There's a holdup in the Bronx".
The song "New York, New York" from the 1944 musical comedy and 1949 film, On the Town explains that "The Bronx is up and the Battery's down."
"Manhattan" by Rodgers and Hart for the 1925 musical The Garrick Gaieties declares "We'll have Manhattan,/The Bronx and Staten/Island too./It's lovely going through/the zoo."
In Marc Ferris's 5-page, 15-column list of "Songs and Compositions Inspired by New York City" in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995),[193] only a handful refer to the Bronx; most refer to New York City proper, especially Manhattan and Brooklyn. Ferris's extensive but selective 1995 list mentions only four songs referring specifically to the Bronx: "On the Banks of the Bronx" (1919), William LeBaron, Victor Jacobi; "Bronx Express" (1922), Henry Creamer and Henry Creamer; "The Tremont Avenue Cruisewear Fashion Show" (1973), Jerry Livingston, Mark David; "I Love the New York Yankees" (1987), Paula Lindstrom.
The following songs also mention the Bronx (see also list of songs about New York City):

"Bronx Season" by Cardi B on her 2017 album Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 2
"Alfie from the Bronx" (1983) by the Toy Dolls
"Back to the Bronx" by 2 Live Crew
"Boogie Down Bronx" by Man Parrish[194]
"Bronx" by Kurtis Blow
"The Bronx" by Regina Spektor
"Bronx Backyard" by The Johnny Seven Band
"Bronx Bombers" by Grandmaster Flash
"The Bronx Is Beautiful" by Robert Klein
"Bronx Keeps Creating It" by Fat Joe
"Bronx Tale" by Fat Joe
"Bronx War Stories" by A.I.G.
"BX Warrior" by Tim Dog
"BX We Invented Hip-Hop" by Tim Dog
"Cousin in the Bronx" by Kaiser Chiefs
"Cross Bronx Expressway" by Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz
"Deja Vu (Uptown Baby)" by Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz
"From BX" by Tim Dog
"Ha Ya Doin? Yankees" – The Haya Doin'? Boys
"Here Come the Yankees", by Bob Bundin and Lou Stallman
"Jenny from the Block" by Jennifer Lopez featuring Styles P & Jadakiss
"On The Streets Of the Bronx" by The Moonglows
"Our Lady of the Bronx" by Black 47
"Rockin' the Bronx" by Black 47
"School of Hard Knocks" by Swizz Beatz and Drag-On
"South Bronx" by Boogie Down Productions
"Lost in the Flood" by Bruce Springsteen
"Bulls In the Bronx" by Pierce the Veil
See also
The Bronx portal
flag New York City portal
flag New York portal
Bronx Borough Hall
Bronx court system delays
Joseph P. Day, early land auctioneer
List of people from the Bronx
National Register of Historic Places listings in the Bronx
General:

List of counties in New York
References
Notes
This data was as of 2006. By May 25, 2014, English Wikipedia listed 58.
Not Clark Kent (producer).
Citations
"QuickFacts Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
New York State Department of Health, Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010, retrieved on August 8, 2015.
Lloyd Ultann, Bronx Borough Historian, "History of the Bronx River," Paper presented to the Bronx River Alliance, November 5, 2002 (notes taken by Maarten de Kadt, November 16, 2002), retrieved on August 29, 2008. This 2½ hour talk covers much of the early history of the Bronx as a whole, in addition to the Bronx River.
On the start of business for Bronx County: Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day. The New York Times, January 3, 1914 (PDF retrieved on June 26, 2008):
"Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..."
"Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..."
"There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed."
"Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."
Ladies and gentlemen, the Bronx is blooming! by Beth J. Harpaz, Travel Editor of Associated Press (AP), June 30, 2008, retrieved on July 11, 2008 Archived May 1, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Wylie, Jonathon (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University of Kentucky Press. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8. Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.
* "Jonas Bronx". Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
van Laer, A. J. F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164. JSTOR 1836219. "... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...".
Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. ... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 161.
Braver (1998)
"datatables". www.frac.org. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
The Almanac of American Politics 2008, edited by Michael Barone with Richard E. Cohen and Grant Ujifusa, National Journal Group, Washington, D.C., 2008 ISBN 978-0-89234-117-7 (paperback) or ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0 (hardback), chapter on New York state
U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2003, Section 31, Table 1384. Congressional District Profiles – 108th Congress: 2000
See the "Historical Populations" table in History above and its sources.
"Current Population Estimates: NYC". NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York; New York County (Manhattan Borough), New York; Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; Richmond County (Staten Island Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 11, 2018.
"Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York Public Library. Retrieved March 15, 2008. The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland.
"Harding Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. p. 55. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0.
Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective
van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836219. JSTOR 1836219. ... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...
Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8. …many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
"The first Bronxite". The Advocate. Bronx County Bar Association. 24: 59. 1977. It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.
Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. [1] which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.
"The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective". Bronxmall.com. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
"Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman". uiuc.edu.
See, for example, New York City Administrative Code §2–202 Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
See, for example, references on the New York City website
"ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Note that the database also does not use punctuation, and other articles (such as the) to improve automated scanning of addresses.
Clarke, Erin "What's in a Name: How 'The' Bronx Got the 'The'", NY1, June 7, 2015, Retrieved on February 6, 2016.
Steven Hess, "From The Hague to the Bronx: Definite Articles in Place Names", Journal of the North Central Name Society, Fall 1987.
Rev. David J. Born (who asserts it was a Jakob Bronck and his family who settled there), letter to William F. Buckley Jr. in "Notes & Asides", National Review, January 28, 2002, retrieved on July 3, 2008.
"3. Capitalization Rules" (PDF). gpo.gov. United States Government Publishing Office. p. 29. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
"Why The Bronx?". The New York Times. May 9, 1993. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
Slattery, Denis. "Bronx residents call on media and city agencies to capitalize 'The Bronx'". nydailynews.com. New York Daily News. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
"Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Croton Water Treatment Plant at the Harlem River Site; 7.12: Historic and Archaeological Resources" (PDF). New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 30, 2004. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
"Dyckman House – History". fordham.edu.
Stephen Jenkins (1912). The Story of the Bronx from the Purchase Made by the Dutch from the Indians in 1639 to the Present Day. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 177–208. Retrieved January 2, 2017.
For Jordan L. Mott:
John Thomas Scharf (1886). History of Westchester County: New York, Including Morrisania, Kings Bridge, and West Farms, which Have Been Annexed to New York City. L. E. Preston & Company. pp. 830–832.
Troxell Freedley, Edwin; Young, Edward (1868). A History of American Manufactures from 1608 to 1860...: Comprising Annals of the Industry of the United States in Machinery, Manufactures and Useful Arts, with a Notice of the Important Inventions, Tariffs, and the Results of Each Decennial Census. E. Young. pp. 576–578.
Thorne, Kathryn Ford (1993). Long, John H., ed. New York Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Simon & Schuster. pp. 33, 118–133. ISBN 0-13-051962-6.
New York. Laws of New York. 1873, 96th Session, Chapter 613, Section 1. p. 928.
Articles on "consolidation" (by David C. Hammack) and the "Bronx" (by David C. Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan) in The Encyclopedia of New York City, Yale 1995
New York. Laws of New York. 1895, 118th Session, Chapter 934, Section 1. p. 1948.
Peck, Richard. "In the Bronx, the Gentry Live On; The Gentry Live On", The New York Times, December 2, 1973. Accessed July 17, 2008. "But the Harlem riverfront was industrializing, and in 1874 the city annexed the area west of the Bronx River: Morrisania, West Farms and Kingsbridge. A second annexation in 1894 gathered in Westchester and portions of Eastchester and Pelham." However, 1894 must refer to the referendum, since the enabling act was not passed or signed until 1895.
New York. Laws of New York. 1912, 135th Session, Chapter 548, Section 1. p. 1352.
Olmsted (1989); Olmsted (1998)
"Piano Workers May Strike" (PDF). The New York Times. August 29, 1919. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
Christopher Gray, "Streetscapes: The New York Coliseum; From Auditorium To Bus Garage to..." The New York Times, Real Estate section, March 22, 1992, retrieved on July 2, 2008
The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 1943, page 494, citing the American Jewish Committee and the Jewish Statistical Bureau of the Synagogue Council of America
Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx, by Seymour J. Perlin, Ed.D. (retrieved on August 10, 2008), citing population estimates in "The Jewish Community Study of New York: 2002", UJA [United Jewish Appeal] Federation of New York, June 2004, and his own survey of synagogue sites.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1974; ISBN 0-394-72024-5
"American Realities". American Realities.
Roderick Wallace: "A synergism of plagues: 'planned shrinkage,' contagious housing destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx." Environmental Research, October 1988, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1–33, and "Urban desertification, public health and public order: 'planned shrinkage', violent death, substance abuse and AIDS in the Bronx", Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 37, No. 7 (1990) pp. 801–813—abstracts retrieved on July 5, 2008 from PubMed. One sentence in the abstract of the 1990 article reads, "Empirical and theoretical analyses strongly imply present sharply rising levels of violent death, intensification of deviant behaviors implicated in the spread of AIDS, and the pattern of the AIDS outbreak itself, have been gravely affected, and even strongly determined, by the outcomes of a program of 'planned shrinkage' directed against African-American and Hispanic communities, and implemented through systematic and continuing denial of municipal services—particularly fire extinguishment resources—essential for maintaining urban levels of population density and ensuring community stability."
Issues such as redlining, hospital quality, and what looked like the planned shrinkage of garbage collection were alleged as the motivations which sparked the Puerto Rican activists known as the Young Lords. The Young Lords coalesced with similar groups who claimed to be fighting for neighborhood empowerment, such as the Black Panthers, to protest urban renewal and arson for profit with sit-ins, marches, and violence. See pages 6–9 of the guide to ¡Palante Siempre Palante! The Young Lords a "P.O.V." (Point of View) documentary on the Public Broadcasting Service.
For an example of this argument, as well as of several other theses mentioned here, see "When the Bronx was burning" City-data forum (blog), 2007, where rubygreta writes: {{quote|Rent control destroyed the Bronx, especially starting in the 1960s and 1970s, when oil prices rose through the roof, and heavily subsidized Coop City opened in the East Bronx. Essentially, tenants never moved out of their apartments because they had below-market rents thanks to rent control. The apartments deteriorated and common areas deteriorated because the landlords had no cash-flow. And no cash flow meant that they could not get mortgages for major repairs such as boilers, roofs and window replacement.
"Arson for Hate and Profit". Time. October 31, 1977. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
Gonzalez (2004)
PERSPECTIVES: The 10-Year Housing Plan; Issues for the 90's: Management and Costs, The New York Times, January 7, 1990
Neighborhood Change and the City of New York's Ten-Year Housing Plan Housing Policy Debate • Volume 10, Issue 4. Fannie Mae Foundation 1999.
NOS QUEDAMOS/WE STAY Melrose Commons, Bronx, New York Sustainable Communities Network Case Studies Sustainability in Action 1997, retrieved on July 6, 2008
David Gonzalez, Yolanda Garcia, 53, Dies; A Bronx Community Force, The New York Times, February 19, 2005, retrieved on July 6, 2008
Meera Subramanian, Homes and Gardens in the South Bronx Archived August 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Portfolio, November 8, 2005, New York University Department of Journalism, retrieved on July 6, 2008
Powell, Michael (July 27, 2011). "How the South Bronx's Ruins Became Fertile Ground". City Room. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Wealthy are drowning in new bank branches, says study, New York Daily News, Monday, September 10, 2007
Superintendent Neiman Addresses the Ninth Annual Bronx Bankers Breakfast Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. June 15, 2007. Among the remarks of Richard H. Neiman, New York State's Superintendent of Banks, were these: "The Bronx was an economically stable community until the mid-1960s when the entire South Bronx struggled with major construction, real estate issues, red-lining, and block busting. This included a thoroughfare that divided communities, the deterioration of property as a result of rent control, and decrease in the value of real estate. Due to strong community leadership, advances in policing, social services, and changing economic migration patterns to New York City, the Bronx is undergoing a resurgence, with new housing developments and thriving business. From 2000 to 2006, there was a 2.2% increase in population, and home ownership rates increased by 19.6%. Still, bank branches were absent in places such as Community districts 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12.
New bank targets Latinos in South Bronx December 11, 2007
On June 30, 2005, there were 129 Federally insured banking offices in the Bronx, for a ratio of 1.0 offices for every 10,000 inhabitants. By contrast the national financial center of Manhattan had 555 for a ratio of 3.5/10,000, Staten Island a ratio of 1.9, Queens 1.7 and Brooklyn 1.1. In New York State as a whole the ratio was 2.6 and in the United States, 3.5 (a single office can serve more people in a more-densely-populated area). U.S. Census Bureau, City and County Data Book, 2007 Table B-11. Counties – Banking, Retail Trade, and Accommodation and Food Services For 1997 and 2007, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Summary of Deposits; summary tables Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Deposits of all FDIC-Insured Institutions Operating in New York: State Totals by County – all retrieved on July 15–16, 2008.
Smalls, F. Romall (July 20, 1997). "The Bronx Is Named an 'All-America' City". The New York Times. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
Williams, Timothy (June 27, 2006). "Celebrities Now Give Thonx for Their Roots in the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2008.
Topousis, Tom (July 23, 2007). "Bx is Booming". New York Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved March 15, 2008.
Kaysen, Rhonda (September 17, 2015). "The South Bronx Beckons". The New York Times.
Slattery, Denis (September 15, 2014). "The Bronx is booming with boutique and luxury hotels". New York Daily News.
"NYC Post Offices to observe Presidents' Day Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.." United States Postal Service. February 11, 2009. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
"Post Office Location – BRONX GPO." United States Postal Service. Retrieved on May 5, 2009.
Anthony, Madeline (March 18–24, 2016). "Bronx GPO conversion to retail space in motion". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 28.
"Residents fear gentrification around Ice Center". News 12: The Bronx. February 17, 2016.
Wirsing, Robert (February 12, 2016). "Concourse Yard revisited as 'new' development site". Bronx Times Reporter.
FUTURE OF NEW WARDS; New-York's Possession in Westchester County Rapidly Developing. The New York Times, Wednesday, May 17, 1896, page 15 (The subheadlines continue "Trolley and Steam Road Systems Vast Areas Being Brought Close to the Heart of the City – Miles of New Streets and Sewers. Botanical and Zoological Gardens. Advantages That Will Soon Relieve Crowded Sections of the City of Thousands of Their Inhabitants.") This is a very useful glimpse into the state of the Bronx (and the hopes of Manhattan's pro-Consolidation forces) as parks, housing and transit were all being rapidly developed.
"2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
"Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
The fact that the immediate layer of bedrock in the Bronx is Fordham gneiss, while that of Manhattan is schist has led to the expression: "The Bronx is gneiss (nice) but Manhattan is schist." Eldredge, Niles & Horenstein, Sidney (2014). Concrete Jungle: New York City and Our Last Best Hope for a Sustainable Future. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 42, n1. ISBN 978-0-520-27015-2.
Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). "Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
Bronx High Point and Ascent of Bronx Point on June 24, 2008 at Peakbaggers.com, retrieved on July 22, 2008
Waterfront Development Initiative Archived September 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Bronx Borough President's office, March 19, 2004, retrieved on July 29, 2008
Last Section Of Macombs Dam Park Closes To The Public For Redevelopment On-site construction begins on Garage A and the New Macombs Dam Park, Press Release, November 1, 2007, New York City Department of Parks and Recreation retrieved on July 19, 2008
"Van Cortlandt Park : NYC Parks". Nycgovparks.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
In September 2008, Fordham University and its neighbor, the Wildlife Conservation Society, a global research organization which operates the Bronx Zoo, will begin a joint program leading to a Master of Science degree in adolescent science education (biology grades 7–12).
Jerome Park (New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 12, 2008).
Crotona Park New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008
Article on the Bronx by Gary Hermalyn and Lloyd Ultan in The Encyclopedia of New York City (1995 – see Further reading for bibliographic details)
Bronx Parks for the 21st Century Archived June 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, retrieved on July 20, 2008. This links to both an interactive map and a downloadable (1.7 MB PDF) map showing nearly every public park and green space in the Bronx.
As Maps and Memories Fade, So Do Some Bronx Boundary Lines by Manny Fernandez, The New York Times, September 16, 2006, retrieved on August 3, 2008
Most correlations with Community Board jurisdictions in this section come from Bronx Community Boards at the Bronx Mall web-site, and New York: a City of Neighborhoods Archived September 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., New York City Department of City Planning, both retrieved on August 5, 2008
Fischler, Marcelle Sussman (September 13, 2015). "City Island, a Quainter Side of the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Walshe, Sadhbh (June 3, 2015). "'Like a prison for the dead': welcome to Hart Island, home to New York City's pauper graves". The Guardian. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
Fieldston Property Owners' Association, Inc. By-Laws Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., by the FPOA, September 17, 2006
Areas touching Bronx County, MapIt. Accessed August 1, 2016.
"Unlock the Grid, Then Ditch the Maps and Apps", WNET, February 24, 2012. Accessed August 1, 2016. "Jerome Avenue is the Bronx's Fifth Avenue: Jerome Avenue divides the eastern and western halves of the Bronx. Much of the West Bronx's numbering continues where Upper Manhattan's street grid left off."
Bronx factsheet, Tri-State Transportation Campaign. Accessed August 1, 2016.
"Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
"Bronx Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
"MTA Budget For Four New East Bronx Metro North Stations Finally Approved". Welcome2TheBronx. May 25, 2016. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
Roccio, Patrick (August 17–23, 2018). "SV Ferry Launched". BronxTimesReporter.
"Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". census.gov. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011.
"Photos: Bronx Residents on Obama". Newsweek. January 17, 2009. Retrieved May 12, 2011.
"American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
"American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
"American FactFinder". Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on January 3, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
(1) Population 1790–1960: The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1966, page 452, citing estimates of the Department of Health, City of New York.
(2) Population 1790–1990: Article on "population" by Nathan Kantrowitz in The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), citing the United States Census Bureau
N.B., Estimates in (1) and (2) before 1920 re-allocate the Census population from the counties whose land is now partly occupied by Bronx County.
(3) Population 1920–1990: Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990, Compiled and edited by Richard L. Forstall, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, United States Census Bureau, Washington, D.C. 20233, March 27, 1995, retrieved July 4, 2008.
"Bronx County, New York". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved February 10, 2013.
"New York – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 6, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
Historical Census Browser Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. University of Virginia, Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, retrieved on August 7, 2008, querying 1930 Census for New York State. "The data and terminology presented in the Historical Census Browser are drawn directly from historical volumes of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing." "Archived copy". Archived from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2008.
Quick Tables QT-P15 and QT-P22, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved on August 10, 2008 Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
"American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
"Bronx County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
2016 U.S. Census, "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS, 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates" factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF retrieved, October 26, 2018
Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris, accessed June 12, 2006
Trymaine Lee, "Bronx Voters Elect Díaz as New Borough President", The New York Times, New York edition, April 22, 2009, page A24, retrieved on May 13, 2009
The Board of Elections in the City of New York, Bronx Borough President special election results, April 21, 2009 Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF with details by Assembly District, April 29, 2009), retrieved on May 13, 2009
"New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
New York State Board of Elections: 2006 Results Page, retrieved on July 23, 2008.
Board of Elections in the City of New York election results, retrieved on July 8, 2008.
Board of Elections in the City of New York Summary of Election Results (1999–2008), retrieved on July 21, 2008.
The World Almanac and Book of Facts for 1929 & 1957; Our Campaigns (New York Counties Bronx President History); The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), article on "government and politics"
(The Republican line exceeded the ALP's in every other borough)
To see a comparison of borough votes for Mayor, see New York City mayoral elections#How the boroughs voted
Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
The Hub Archived January 6, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
Bronx Neighborhood Histories Archived May 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Bronx Hub revival gathers steam Archived November 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
"Michael Sorkin Studio". Michael Sorkin Studio. Archived from the original on August 1, 2009.
"Chains of Silver: Gateway Center At Bronx Terminal Market Earns LEED Silver Bona Fides"
QT-P19. School Enrollment: 2000; Data Set: Census 2000 Summary File 3 (SF 3) – Sample Data; Geographic Area: Bronx County, New York, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved August 22, 2008 Archived January 16, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
Gross, Jane (May 6, 1997). "A Tiny Strip of New York That Feels Like the Suburbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2012. ()
U.S. Census Bureau, County and City Data Book:2007, Table B-4. Counties – Population Characteristics
Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24". Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
Monroe College history (from the College's web site) retrieved on July 27, 2008.
Gary M. Stern (March 16, 2017). "The Young Mariners of Throgs Neck". The New York Times. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
"2007 Fort Greene Park Summer Literary Festival". July 29, 2007. Archived from the original on July 29, 2007. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
"Photograph album of the 2007 Festival". Flickr.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
"Edgar Allan Poe Cottage". Archived from the original on October 5, 2006. Retrieved October 9, 2006.
Stamp, Jimmy (January 28, 2014). "When Edgar Allan Poe Needed to Get Away, He Went to the Bronx". Smithsonian Magazine.
The Bronx on IMDb
David Gonzalez, "Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?", The New York Times, May 21, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008
Jennifer Lee, "Tenants Might Buy the Birthplace of Hip-Hop", The New York Times, January 15, 2008, retrieved on July 1, 2008
"The Get Down review – an insanely extravagant love letter to 70s New York" by Sam Wollaston, The Guardian, August 15, 2016
Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "Birthplace of Hip Hop", History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at PBS official website. Accessed February 24, 2009.
Kugelberg, Johan, ed. (2007). Born in the Bronx: A Visual Record of the Early Days of Hip Hop. New York: Rizzoli New York. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7893-1540-3.
Jody Rosen (February 12, 2006). "A Rolling Shout-Out to Hip-Hop History". The New York Times. Retrieved April 4, 2009.
"Bronx African American History Project".
"About". BAAD! Bronx Academy of Arts and Dance. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
Christopher Gray, "Sturm und Drang Over a Memorial to Heinrich Heine", The New York Times, May 27, 2007, retrieved on July 3, 2008. Archived on July 12, 2012. See also Public Art in the Bronx: Joyce Kilmer Park, from Lehman College Archived March 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
Maritime Industry Museum, retrieved on August 21, 2008 Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
"Harlem River Community Rowing". Harlem River Community Rowing.
[2]
"Bronx River Art Center :: Welcome". bronxriverart.org.
Mitchell, Alex (May 11, 2018). "Top Bronx Week events set for May 19–20 weekend". Bronx Times Reporter. p. 42.
"Ferragosto festival brings lively celebration of Italian culture". News12:The Bronx. September 10, 2017.
Slattery, Denis (June 19, 2014). "There's something fishy going on in the Bronx". The New York Daily News.
Wirsing, Robert (November 24, 2017). "Edgewater Park Hosts Annual Ragamuffin Parade". The Bronx Times.
Rocchio, Patrick (November 11, 2017). "Plethora of Bronx Veterans Day events on Nov. 11th". Bronx Times.
Samuels, Tanyanika (November 27, 2012). "In Bronx and beyond, local Albanians to mark the 100th anniversary of independence from Turkish rule".
"Thousands turn out for parade celebrating Dominican pride". News12:The Bronx. July 30, 2017.
Rocchio, Patrick (October 6, 2017). "Bronx Columbus Parade steps off on Sunday". Bronx Times.
"Bronx St Patrick's Day Parade in Throgs Neck". Bronx Buzz NYC. March 12, 2018.
bxnews.net Archived June 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
"(some) About Us". Inner City Press. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
Its website showcases very short selections (less than 20 seconds and over 2 MB each in uncompressed AIFF format) from Bronx Music Vol.1, an out-of-press compact disc of the old and new sounds and artists of the Bronx. Archived August 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
nypost.com/2007/10/28/gangs-of-new-york/
patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/trinitarios-long-history-gang-tied-bronx-stabbing
www.nydailynews.com/new-york/bronx/ny-metro-gang-violence-the-bronx-trinitarios-20180627-story.html
www.nytimes.com/2007/10/02/nyregion/02murder.html
www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/28-members-bronx-drug-trafficking-crew-charged-manhattan-federal-court-distributing
narratively.com/echoes-of-the-mexican-mafia-in-the-bronx/
Chronopoulos, Themis. ""Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59". Archived from the original on January 20, 2013.
David Hinkley, "Scorn and disdain: Spike Jones giffs Hitler der old birdaphone, 1942." New York Daily News, "March 3, 2004.http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2004/03/03/2004-03-03_scorn_and_disdain_spike_jone.html[permanent dead link]
Mahler, Jonathan (2005). Ladies and Gentlemen, the Bronx is Burning. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-312-42430-2.
"Bronx Burning (2008)". IMDb.com. January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 15, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
"Opportunities for Arts Organizations and Community Based Organizations". E-News Update. Bronx Council on the Arts. January 2006.
(ISBN 0-573-12129-X)
Kate Simon, Bronx Primitive: Portraits in a Childhood. New York: Harper Colophon, 1983.
The Threepenny Review, Volume 109, Spring 2007
Avery Corman, The Old Neighborhood, Simon & Schuster, 1980; ISBN 0-671-41475-5
Tom Wolfe, The Bonfire of the Vanities, Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1987 (hardback) ISBN 978-0-374-11535-7, Picador Books 2008 (paperback) ISBN 978-0-312-42757-3
Anne Barnard, Twenty Years After 'Bonfire,' A City No Longer in Flames, The New York Times, December 10, 2007, retrieved on July 1, 2008
"From the Banks of Brook Avenue by W.R. Rodriguez". Kirkusreviews.com. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
Ultan, Lloyd; Unger, Barbara (2006). Bronx Accent: A Literary and Pictorial History of the Borough. Rivergate Regionals Collection. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-3862-4. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
Tokarczyk, M.M. (2016). Bronx Migrations. Cherry Castle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-692-73765-1. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
Daniels, Jim (December 2016). "Tokarczyk, Michelle M. (2016) Bronx Migrations, Cherry Castle Publishing, Columbia, Md" (PDF). Journal of Working-Class Studies. 1 (1).
"A trio of Bronx tomes tell the tales of the borough". NY Daily News. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
"Writing to Heal in the Bronx". The Huffington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
"Bronx Council on the Arts Receives National Endowment for the Arts Grant for The Bronx Memoir Project – Bronx, NY". www.americantowns.com. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
The Encyclopedia of New York City, edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995 ISBN 0-300-05536-6), pages 1091–1095
"Man Parrish Featuring Freeze Force – Boogie Down (Bronx)". Discogs.
Further reading
See also: Bibliography of the history of the Bronx
General:

Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999)
Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9.
Briggs, Xavier de Souza, Anita Miller and John Shapiro. 1996. "CCRP in the South Bronx." Planners' Casebook, Winter.
Corman, Avery. "My Old Neighborhood Remembered, A Memoir." Barricade Books (2014)
Chronopoulos, Themis. "Paddy Chayefsky's 'Marty' and Its Significance to the Social History of Arthur Avenue, The Bronx, in the 1950s." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLIV (Spring/Fall 2007): 50–59.
Chronopoulos, Themis. "Urban Decline and the Withdrawal of New York University from University Heights, The Bronx." The Bronx County Historical Society Journal XLVI (Spring/Fall 2009): 4–24.
de Kadt, Maarten. The Bronx River: An Environmental and Social History. The History Press (2011)
DiBrino, Nicholas. The History of the Morris Park Racecourse and the Morris Family (1977)
Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition
Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 ISBN 0-231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition
Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.
Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition
McNamara, John History In Asphalt: The Origin of Bronx Street and Place Names (1993) ISBN 0-941980-16-2
McNamara, John McNamara's Old Bronx (1989) ISBN 0-941980-25-1
Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91.
Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180.
Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition
Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia
Twomey, Bill and Casey, Thomas Images of America Series: Northwest Bronx (2011)
Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Throggs Neck Memories (1993)
Twomey, Bill and McNamara, John. Images of America Series: Throggs Neck-Pelham Bay (1998)
Twomey, Bill and Moussot, Peter. Throggs Neck (1983), pictorial
Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: East Bronx (1999)
Twomey, Bill. Images of America Series: South Bronx (2002)
Twomey, Bill. The Bronx in Bits and Pieces (2007)
Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history
Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994)
Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated
Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular
Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the Innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular
Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history
Bronx history:

Barrows, Edward, and Mike Wallace. Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (1999)
Baver, Sherrie L (1988). "Development of New York's Puerto Rican Community". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 25 (1): 1–9.
Federal Writers' Project. New York City Guide: A Comprehensive Guide to the Five Boroughs of the Metropolis: Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Richmond (1939) online edition
Fitzpatrick Benedict. The Bronx and Its People; A History 1609–1927 (The Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1927. 3 volumes), Narrative history plus many biographies of prominent citizens
Gonzalez, Evelyn. The Bronx. (Columbia University Press, 2004. 263 pp. 0–231-12114-8), scholarly history focused on the slums of the South Bronx online edition
Goodman, Sam. "The Golden Ghetto: The Grand Concourse in the Twentieth Century", Bronx County Historical Society Journal 2004 41(1): 4–18 and 2005 42(2): 80–99
Greene, Anthony C., "The Black Bronx: A Look at the Foundation of the Bronx's Black Communities until 1900", Bronx County Historical Society Journal, 44 (Spring–Fall 2007), 1–18.
Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City, (Yale University Press and the New-York Historical Society, (1995) ISBN 0-300-05536-6), has entries, maps, illustrations, statistics and bibliographic references on almost all of the significant topics in this article, from the entire borough to individual neighborhoods, people, events and artistic works.
Jonnes, Jull. South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of an American City (2002) online edition
Melancholy in the Bronx, but Not Because of the Stadium by David Gonzales, The New York Times, published and retrieved on September 19, 2008
Olmsted, Robert A (1989). "A History of Transportation in the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 26 (2): 68–91.
Olmsted, Robert A (1998). "Transportation Made the Bronx". Bronx County Historical Society Journal. 35 (2): 166–180.
Purnell, Brian (2009). "Desegregating the Jim Crow North: Racial Discrimination in the Postwar Bronx and the Fight to Integrate the Castle Hill Beach Club (1953–1973)". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 47–78.
Purnell, Brian; LaBennett, Oneka (2009). "The Bronx African American History Project (BAAHP) and Approaches to Scholarship about/for Black Communities". Afro-Americans in New York Life and History. 33: 7–23.
Rodríguez, Clara E. Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A (1991) online edition
Samtur, Stephen M. and Martin A. Jackson. The Bronx: Lost, Found, and Remembered, 1935–1975 (1999) online review, nostalgia
Ultan, Lloyd. The Northern Borough: A History Of The Bronx (2009), popular general history
Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the frontier era: from the beginning to 1696 (1994)
Ultan, Lloyd. The Beautiful Bronx (1920–1950) (1979), heavily illustrated
Ultan, Lloyd. The Birth of the Bronx, 1609–1900 (2000), popular
Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx in the innocent years, 1890–1925 (1985), popular
Ultan, Lloyd. The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday, "The Bronx: It Was Only Yesterday 1935–1965 (1992), heavily illustrated popular history
External links
The Bronx
at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Travel guide from Wikivoyage
Resources from Wikiversity
Bronx Borough President's Office
Bronx County at Curlie
Newspapers:

The Bronx Times Reporter
The Bronx Times
Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press
The Hunts Point Express
The Mott Haven Herald
Norwood News
The Riverdale Press
Associations:

The Bronx River Alliance
Bronx Council for Environmental Quality
Throggs Neck Merchant Association
The Bronx Market
The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation
Bronx County, NY Website
History:

City Island Nautical Museum
East Bronx History Forum
Kingsbridge Historical Society
Museum of Bronx History
The Bronx County Historical Society
The Bronx: A Swedish Connection
Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918, retrieved on July 24, 2008
Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008
Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City
Places adjacent to The Bronx
Links to related articles
Categories: The BronxBoroughs of New York CityCounty seats in New York (state)Populated coastal places in New York (state)Populated places established in 18981898 establishments in New York (state)
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch

Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage

Languages
?
Español

?
Suomi
Svenska
?

??
72 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 January 2019, at 01:51 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

[Freddie]

Brooklyn
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
This article is about the borough in New York City. For other uses, see Brooklyn (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 40°41'34?N 73°59'25?W

Brooklyn
Kings County
Borough of New York City
County of New York State
Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island
Clockwise from top left: Brooklyn Bridge, Brooklyn brownstones, Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch, Brooklyn Borough Hall, Coney Island
Flag of Brooklyn
Flag Official seal of Brooklyn
Seal
Motto(s): Eendraght Maeckt Maght
("Unity makes strength")
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map outlining Brooklyn
Brooklyn is located in New YorkBrooklynBrooklyn
Location within the State of New York
Show map of New York
Show map of the US
Show map of North America
Show map of Earth
Show all
Coordinates: 40°37'29?N 73°57'8?W
Country United States
State New York
County Kings (coterminous)
City New York City
Settled 1634
Named for Breukelen, Netherlands
Government
• Type Borough (New York City)
• Borough President Eric Adams (D)
— (Borough of Brooklyn)
• District Attorney Eric Gonzalez (D)
— (Kings County)
Area
• Total 97 sq mi (250 km2)
• Land 71 sq mi (180 km2)
• Water 26 sq mi (70 km2)
Population (2017)
• Total 2,648,771[1]
• Density 37,306.6/sq mi (14,404.2/km2)
• Demonym Brooklynite, Brooklyn people (plural)
ZIP Code prefix
112
Area codes 718/347/929, 917
Website www.Brooklyn-USA.org
Brooklyn (/'br?kl?n/) is the most populous borough of New York City, with a census-estimated 2,648,771 residents in 2017.[1] Named after the Dutch village of Breukelen, it borders the borough of Queens, at the western end of Long Island. Brooklyn also has several bridge connections to the boroughs of Manhattan (across the East River) and Staten Island (across the Verrazzano Narrows Bridge). Since 1896, the borough has been coterminous with Kings County, the most populous county in the U.S. state of New York and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after the county of New York (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan).[2]

With a land area of 71 square miles (180 km2) and water area of 26 square miles (67 km2), Kings County is New York's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area, though it is the second-largest among the city's five boroughs.[3] Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U.S. after Los Angeles and Chicago.

Brooklyn was an independent incorporated city (and previously an authorized village and town within the provisions of the New York State Constitution) until January 1, 1898, when, after a long political campaign and public relations battle during the 1890s, according to the new Municipal Charter of "Greater New York", Brooklyn was consolidated with the other cities, boroughs, and counties to form the modern City of New York, surrounding the Upper New York Bay with five constituent boroughs. The borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves. Brooklyn's official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght, which translates from early modern Dutch as "Unity makes strength".

In the first decades of the 21st century, Brooklyn has experienced a renaissance as an avant garde destination for hipsters,[4] with concomitant gentrification, dramatic house price increases, and a decrease in housing affordability.[5] Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,[6][7] and of postmodern art[8] and design.[7]

New York City's five boroughsvte
Jurisdiction Population Land area Density
Borough County Estimate
(2017)[9] square
miles square
km persons /
sq. mi persons /
sq. km
Manhattan
New York
1,664,727 22.83 59.13 72,033 27,826
The Bronx
Bronx
1,471,160 42.10 109.04 34,653 13,231
Brooklyn
Kings
2,648,771 70.82 183.42 37,137 14,649
Queens
Queens
2,358,582 108.53 281.09 21,460 8,354
Staten Island
Richmond
479,458 58.37 151.18 8,112 3,132
City of New York
8,622,698 302.64 783.83 28,188 10,947
State of New York
19,849,399 47,214 122,284 416.4 159
Sources: [10] and see individual borough articles

Contents
1 Toponymy
2 History
2.1 Colonial era
2.1.1 Six Dutch towns
2.1.2 Six townships in an English province
2.1.3 Revolutionary War
2.2 Post-colonial era
2.2.1 Urbanization
2.2.2 Civil War
2.2.3 Twin city
2.2.3.1 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
2.3 New York City borough
3 Geography
3.1 Boroughscape
3.2 Climate
4 Demographics
4.1 2010 Census
4.2 2012 estimates
4.3 Languages
5 Neighborhoods
5.1 Community diversity
5.1.1 Jewish American
5.1.2 Chinese American
5.1.3 Caribbean and African American
5.1.4 Latino American
5.1.5 Russian and Ukrainian American
5.1.6 Polish American
5.1.7 Italian American
5.1.8 Muslim American
5.1.9 Irish American
5.1.10 Greek American
5.1.11 Same-sex couples
5.1.12 Artists-in-residence
6 Government and politics
6.1 Federal representation
7 Economy
8 Culture
8.1 Cultural venues
8.2 Media
8.2.1 Local periodicals
8.2.2 Ethnic press
8.2.3 Television
8.3 Events
9 Parks and other attractions
9.1 Sports
9.1.1 Recreational Fishing
10 Transportation
10.1 Public transport
10.2 Roadways
10.3 Waterways
11 Education
11.1 Higher education
11.1.1 Public colleges
11.1.2 Private colleges
11.1.3 Community colleges
12 Brooklyn Public Library
13 Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
14 Hospitals and healthcare
15 See also
16 References
17 Further reading
17.1 Published 1950–present
17.2 Published until 1949
18 External links
Toponymy
The name Brooklyn is derived from the original Dutch colonial name Breuckelen, meaning marshland. Established in 1646, the name first appeared in print in 1663.[11] The Dutch colonists named it after the scenic town of Breukelen, Netherlands.[12][13] Over the past two millennia, the name of the ancient town in Holland has been Bracola, Broccke, Brocckede, Broiclede, Brocklandia, Broekclen, Broikelen, Breuckelen and finally Breukelen.[14] The New Amsterdam settlement of Breuckelen also went through many spelling variations, including Breucklyn, Breuckland, Brucklyn, Broucklyn, Brookland, Brockland, Brocklin, and Brookline/Brook-line. There have been so many variations of the name that its origin has been debated; some have claimed breuckelen means "broken land."[15] The final name of Brooklyn, however, is the most accurate to its meaning.[16][17]

History
Part of a series of articles on
Long Island—Title.svg
Topics
Geography History Economy Transportation Politics People Popular culture Recreation Law enforcement Viticulture
Regions
Brooklyn Queens
Nassau County Suffolk County
Municipalities
North Shore South Shore
North Fork South Fork
Long Island Sound Barrier islands
vte
New Netherland series

Brooklyn Museum - Hooker's Map of the Village of Brooklyn
See also: Timeline of Brooklyn
The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years. The settlement began in the 17th century as the small Dutch-founded town of "Breuckelen" on the East River shore of Long Island, grew to be a sizeable city in the 19th century, and was consolidated in 1898 with New York City (then confined to Manhattan and part of the Bronx), the remaining rural areas of Kings County, and the largely rural areas of Queens and Staten Island, to form the modern City of New York. The etymology of Breuckelen may be directly from the dialect word Breuckelen meaning buckle or from the Plattdeutsch Brücken meaning bridge.

Colonial era
Six Dutch towns
The Dutch were the first Europeans to settle Long Island's western edge, which was then largely inhabited by the Lenape, an Algonquian-speaking American Indian tribe who are often referred to in colonial documents by a variation of the place name "Canarsie". Bands were associated with place names, but the colonists thought their names represented different tribes. The Breuckelen settlement was named after Breukelen in the Netherlands; it was part of New Netherland. The Dutch West India Company lost little time in chartering the six original parishes (listed here by their later English town names):[18]

Gravesend: in 1645, settled under Dutch patent by English followers of Anabaptist Lady Deborah Moody, named for 's-Gravenzande, Netherlands, or Gravesend, England
Brooklyn Heights: as Breuckelen in 1646, after the town now spelled Breukelen, Netherlands. Breuckelen was located along Fulton Street (now Fulton Mall) between Hoyt Street and Smith Street (according to H. Stiles and P. Ross). Brooklyn Heights, or Clover Hill, is where the village Brooklyn was founded in 1816.
Flatlands: as Nieuw Amersfoort in 1647
Flatbush: as Midwout in 1652
Nieuw Utrecht: in 1657, after the city of Utrecht, Netherlands
Bushwick: as Boswijck in 1661

A typical dining table in the Dutch village of Brooklyn, c.?1664, from The Brooklyn Museum.
The colony's capital of New Amsterdam, across the East River, obtained its charter in 1653, later than the village of Brooklyn. The neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North America's first tide mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today. But the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furman's 1824 compilation.[19]

Six townships in an English province

Village of Brooklyn and environs, 1766
What is Brooklyn today left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. New Netherland was taken in a naval action, and the conquerors renamed their prize in honor of the overall English naval commander, James, Duke of York, brother of the then monarch King Charles II of England and future king himself as King James II of England and James VII of Scotland; Brooklyn became a part of the new English and later British colony, the Province of New York.

The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683,[20] one of the "original twelve counties" then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity.

Lacking the patroon and tenant farmer system established along the Hudson River Valley, this agricultural county unusually came to have one of the highest percentages of slavery among the population in the "Original Thirteen Colonies" along the Atlantic Ocean eastern coast of North America.[21]

Revolutionary War
Further information: Battle of Long Island and New York and New Jersey campaign

The Battle of Long Island was fought across Kings County.
On August 27, 1776, was fought the Battle of Long Island (also known as the 'Battle of Brooklyn'), the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the modern sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park, and Grand Army Plaza.[22]

Washington, viewing particularly fierce fighting at the Gowanus Creek from atop a hill near the west end of present-day Atlantic Avenue, was famously reported to have emotionally exclaimed: "What brave men I must this day lose!".[23]

The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, leaving the British in control of New York Harbor. While Washington's defeat on the battlefield cast early doubts on his ability as the commander, the tactical withdrawal of all his troops and supplies across the East River in a single night is now seen by historians as one of his most brilliant triumphs.[23]

The British controlled the surrounding region for the duration of the war, as New York City was soon occupied and became their military and political base of operations in North America for the remainder of the conflict. The British generally enjoyed a dominant Loyalist sentiment from the residents in Kings County who did not evacuate, though the region was also the center of the fledgling—and largely successful—American intelligence network, headed by Washington himself.

The British set up a system of notorious prison ships off the coast of Brooklyn in Wallabout Bay, where more American patriots died of intentional neglect than died in combat on all the battlefields of the American Revolutionary War, combined. One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century.

Post-colonial era
Urbanization

A preindustrial Winter Scene in Brooklyn, c.?1819–20, by Francis Guy (Brooklyn Museum).
The first half of the 19th century saw the beginning of the development of urban areas on the economically strategic East River shore of Kings County, facing the adolescent City of New York confined to Manhattan Island. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay (border between Brooklyn and Williamsburgh) for the entire 19th century and two-thirds of the 20th century.

The first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a commuter town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York. Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834.

In parallel development, the Town of Bushwick, a little farther up the river, saw the incorporation of the Village of Williamsburgh in 1827, which separated as the Town of Williamsburgh in 1840 and formed the short-lived City of Williamsburgh in 1851. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the northern part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems.

However, the East River shore was growing too fast for the three-year-old infant City of Williamsburgh; it, along with its Town of Bushwick hinterland, was subsumed within a greater City of Brooklyn in 1854.

By 1841, with the appearance of The Brooklyn Eagle, and Kings County Democrat published by Alfred G. Stevens, the growing city across the East River from Manhattan was producing its own prominent newspaper.[24] It later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19, 1842,[25] and the paper was renamed The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and Kings County Democrat on June 1, 1846.[26] On May 14, 1849, the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle;[27] on September 5, 1938, it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle.[28] The establishment of the paper in the 1840s helped develop a separate identity for Brooklynites over the next century. The borough's soon-to-be-famous National League baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, also assisted with this. Both major institutions were lost in the 1950s: the paper closed in 1955 after unsuccessful attempts at a sale following a reporters' strike, and the baseball team decamped for Los Angeles in a realignment of major league baseball in 1957.

Agitation against Southern slavery was stronger in Brooklyn than in New York[citation needed], and under Republican leadership the city was fervent in the Union cause in the Civil War. After the war the Henry Ward Beecher Monument was built downtown to honor a famous local abolitionist. A great victory arch was built at what was then the south end of town to celebrate the armed forces; this place is now called Grand Army Plaza.

The city had a population of 25,000 in 1834, but the police department comprised only 12 men on the day shift and another 12 at night. Every time a rash of burglaries broke out, officials blamed burglars coming in from New York City. Finally in 1855, a modern police force was created, employing 150 men. Voters complained of inadequate protection and excessive costs. In 1857, the state legislature merged the Brooklyn force with that of New York City.[29]

Civil War

"Any Thing for Me, if You Please?" Post Office, 1864
Fervent in the Union cause, the city of Brooklyn played a major role in supplying troops and materiel for the American Civil War. The most well-known regiment to be sent off to war from the city was the 14th Brooklyn "Red Legged Devils". They fought from 1861 to 1864, wore red the entire war, and were the only regiment named after a city; President Lincoln called them into service personally, making them part of a handful of three-year enlisted soldiers in April 1861. Unlike other regiments during the American Civil War, the 14th wore a uniform inspired by that of the French Chasseurs, a light infantry used for quick assaults on the enemy.

As both a seaport and a manufacturing center, Brooklyn was well prepared to contribute to the Union's strengths in shipping and manufacturing. The two combined in shipbuilding; the ironclad Monitor was built in Brooklyn.

Twin city
Brooklyn is referred to as a twin city of New York in the 1883 poem, "The New Colossus" by Emma Lazarus, which appears on a plaque inside the Statue of Liberty. The poem calls New York Harbor "the air-bridged harbor that twin cities frame". As a twin city to New York, it played a role in national affairs that was later overshadowed by its century-old submergence into its old partner and rival.

Economic growth continued, propelled by immigration and industrialization, and Brooklyn established itself as the third-most populous American city for much of the 19th century. The waterfront from Gowanus Bay to Greenpoint was developed with piers and factories. Industrial access to the waterfront was improved by the Gowanus Canal and the canalized Newtown Creek. The USS Monitor was only the most famous product of the large and growing shipbuilding industry of Williamsburg. After the Civil War, trolley lines and other transport brought urban sprawl beyond Prospect Park and into the center of the county.


Brooklyn Bridge in 1883, by Currier and Ives
The rapidly growing population needed more water, so the City built centralized waterworks including the Ridgewood Reservoir. The municipal Police Department, however, was abolished in 1854 in favor of a Metropolitan force covering also New York and Westchester Counties. In 1865 the Brooklyn Fire Department (BFD) also gave way to the new Metropolitan Fire District.

Throughout this period the peripheral towns of Kings County, far from Manhattan and even from urban Brooklyn, maintained their rustic independence. The only municipal change seen was the secession of the eastern section of the Town of Flatbush as the Town of New Lots in 1852. The building of rail links such as the Brighton Beach Line in 1878 heralded the end of this isolation.


Borough of Brooklyn wards, 1900
Sports became big business, and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms played professional baseball at Washington Park in the convenient suburb of Park Slope and elsewhere. Early in the next century, under their new name of Brooklyn Dodgers, they brought baseball to Ebbets Field, beyond Prospect Park. Racetracks, amusement parks, and beach resorts opened in Brighton Beach, Coney Island, and elsewhere in the southern part of the county.


Currier and Ives print of Brooklyn, 1886.
Toward the end of the 19th century, the City of Brooklyn experienced its final, explosive growth spurt. Railroads and industrialization spread to Bay Ridge and Sunset Park. In the space of a decade, the city annexed the Town of New Lots in 1886, the Town of Flatbush, the Town of Gravesend, the Town of New Utrecht in 1894, and the Town of Flatlands in 1896. Brooklyn had reached its natural municipal boundaries at the ends of Kings County.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn
See also: List of mayors of New York City and Brooklyn borough presidents
Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.

Mayors of the City of Brooklyn[30]
Mayor Party Start year End year
George Hall Democratic-Republican 1834
Jonathan Trotter Democrat 1835 1836
Jeremiah Johnson Whig 1837 1838
Cyrus P. Smith 1839 1841
Henry C. Murphy Democrat 1842
Joseph Sprague 1843 1844
Thomas G. Talmage 1845
Francis B. Stryker Whig 1846 1848
Edward Copland 1849
Samuel Smith Democrat 1850
Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852
Edward A. Lambert Democrat 1853 1854
George Hall 1855 1856
Samuel S. Powell Democrat 1857 1860
Martin Kalbfleisch 1861 1863
Alfred M. Wood Republican 1864 1865
Samuel Booth 1866 1867
Martin Kalbfleisch Democrat 1868 1871
Samuel S. Powell 1872 1873
John W. Hunter 1874 1875
Frederick A. Schroeder Republican 1876 1877
James Howell Democrat 1878 1881
Seth Low Republican 1882 1885
Daniel D. Whitney Democrat 1886 1887
Alfred C. Chapin 1888 1891
David A. Boody 1892 1893
Charles A. Schieren Republican 1894 1895
Frederick W. Wurster 1896 1897
New York City borough
Further information: History of New York City (1898–1945)

Brooklyn in 1897
In 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was completed, transportation to Manhattan was no longer by water only, and the City of Brooklyn's ties to the City of New York were strengthened.

The question became whether Brooklyn was prepared to engage in the still-grander process of consolidation then developing throughout the region, whether to join with the county of New York, the county of Richmond and the western portion of Queens County to form the five boroughs of a united City of New York. Andrew Haskell Green and other progressives said Yes, and eventually they prevailed against the Daily Eagle and other conservative forces. In 1894, residents of Brooklyn and the other counties voted by a slight majority to merge, effective in 1898.[31]

Kings County retained its status as one of New York State's counties, but the loss of Brooklyn's separate identity as a city was met with consternation by some residents at the time. The merger was called the "Great Mistake of 1898" by many newspapers of the day, and the phrase still denotes Brooklyn pride among old-time Brooklynites.[32]

Geography

Location of Brooklyn (red) within New York City (remainder white)
Brooklyn totals 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest in land area among the boroughs of New York City. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.[3] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's Jamaica neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn.

Boroughscape

The Downtown Brooklyn skyline, the Manhattan Bridge (far left), and the Brooklyn Bridge (near left) are seen across the East River from Lower Manhattan at sunset in 2013.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 32 °F (0 °C) coldest month (January) isotherm, Brooklyn experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa),[33] with partial shielding from the Appalachian Mountains and moderating influences from the Atlantic Ocean. Brooklyn receives plentiful precipitation all year round, with nearly 50 in (1,300 mm) yearly. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum.[34] Brooklyn lies in the USDA 7b plant hardiness zone.[35]

Climate data for JFK Airport, New York (1981–2010 normals,[36] extremes 1948–present)
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Brooklyn

Brooklyn has been New York City's most populous borough since the mid-1920s. (Key: Each borough's historical population in millions. The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island)
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1731 2,150 —
1756 2,707 +25.9%
1771 3,623 +33.8%
1786 3,966 +9.5%
1790 4,549 +14.7%
1800 5,740 +26.2%
1810 8,303 +44.7%
1820 11,187 +34.7%
1830 20,535 +83.6%
1840 47,613 +131.9%
1850 138,822 +191.6%
1860 279,122 +101.1%
1870 419,921 +50.4%
1880 599,495 +42.8%
1890 838,547 +39.9%
1900 1,166,582 +39.1%
1910 1,634,351 +40.1%
1920 2,018,356 +23.5%
1930 2,560,401 +26.9%
1940 2,698,285 +5.4%
1950 2,738,175 +1.5%
1960 2,627,319 -4.0%
1970 2,602,012 -1.0%
1980 2,230,936 -14.3%
1990 2,300,664 +3.1%
2000 2,465,326 +7.2%
2010 2,504,700 +1.6%
2017 2,648,771 +5.8%
1731–1786[40]
U.S. Decennial Census[41]
1790–1960[42] 1900–1990[43]
1990–2000[44] 2010 and 2017[1]
Source:
U.S. Decennial Census[45]
Since 2010, the population of Brooklyn was estimated by the United States Census Bureau to have increased 5.8% to 2,648,771, as of 2017 – Brooklyn's estimated population represented 30.7% of New York City's estimated population of 8,622,698; 33.7% of Long Island's population of 7,869,820; and 13.3% of New York State's population of 19,849,399.[46][47][48][49][50]


Haredim Jewish (??) residents in Brooklyn, home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with approximately 600,000 individuals. About 23% of the borough's population in 2011 was Jewish.[51]
2010 Census
According to the 2010 United States Census, Brooklyn's population was 42.8% White, including 35.7% non-Hispanic White; 34.3% Black, including 31.9% non-Hispanic black; 10.5% Asian; 0.5% Native American; 0.0% (rounded) Pacific Islander; 3.0% Multiracial American; and 8.8% from Other races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 19.8% of Brooklyn's population.[52]


Celebrating Chinese New Year in "Little Fuzhou ()", one of several Chinatowns in Brooklyn, in Sunset Park (?). Brooklyn's rapidly growing Chinese American population was estimated to have surpassed 200,000 in 2014.[53]
In 2010, Brooklyn had some neighborhoods segregated based on race, ethnicity, and religion. Overall, the southwest half of Brooklyn is racially mixed although it contains few black residents; the northeast section is mostly black and Hispanic/Latino.[54]

2012 estimates
According to the 2012 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, there are 2,565,635 people (up from 2.3 million in 1990), 880,727 households, and 583,922 families living in Brooklyn.[55][56] The population density was 34,920/square mile (13,480/km²). There were 930,866 housing units at an average density of 13,180/square mile (5,090/km²).

Of the 880,727 households in Brooklyn, 38.6% were married couples living together, 22.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households 27.8% are made up of individuals and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.41.

In Brooklyn the population was spread out with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 30.8% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 11.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. Brooklyn has more women and girls, with 88.4 males for every 100 females. Brooklyn's lesbian community is the largest out of all of the New York City boroughs.[57]

The median income for households in Brooklyn was $32,135, and the median income for a family was $36,188. Males had a median income of $34,317, which was higher than females, whose median income was $30,516. The per capita income was $16,775. About 22% of families and 25.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 34% of those under age 18 and 21.5% of those age 65 or over.

Racial composition 2015[58] 2010[59] 1990[60] 1950[60] 1900[60]
White 49.3% 42.8% 46.9% 92.2% 98.3%
—Non-Hispanic 35.9% 35.7% 40.1% n/a n/a
Black or African American 34.8% 34.3% 37.9% 7.6% 1.6%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race) 19.5% 19.8% 20.1% n/a n/a
Asian 12.4% 10.5% 4.8% 0.1% 0.1%
Languages
Brooklyn has a high degree of linguistic diversity. As of 2010, 54.12% (1,240,416) of Brooklyn residents ages 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 17.16% (393,340) spoke Spanish, 6.46% (148,012) Chinese, 5.31% (121,607) Russian, 3.47% (79,469) Yiddish, 2.75% (63,019) French Creole, 1.35% (31,004) Italian, 1.20% (27,440) Hebrew, 1.01% (23,207) Polish, 0.99% (22,763) French, 0.95% (21,773) Arabic, 0.85% (19,388) various Indic languages, 0.70% (15,936) Urdu, and African languages were spoken as a main language by 0.54% (12,305) of the population over the age of five. In total, 45.88% (1,051,456) of Brooklyn's population ages 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[61]

Neighborhoods
See also: List of Brooklyn neighborhoods and New York City ethnic enclaves

Landmark 19th-century rowhouses on tree-lined Kent Street in Greenpoint Historic District

Park Slope

150–159 Willow Street, three original red-brick early 19th-century Federal Style houses in Brooklyn Heights

Middagh Street, Brooklyn Heights
Brooklyn's neighborhoods are dynamic in ethnic composition. For example, during the early to mid-20th century, Brownsville had a majority of Jewish residents; since the 1970s it has been majority African American. Midwood during the early 20th century was filled with ethnic Irish, then filled with Jewish residents for nearly 50 years, and is slowly becoming a Pakistani enclave. Brooklyn's most populous racial group, white, declined from 97.2% in 1930 to 46.9% by 1990.[60]

The borough attracts people previously living in other cities in the United States. Of these, most come from Chicago, Detroit, San Francisco, Washington, D.C., Baltimore, Philadelphia, Boston, Cincinnati, and Seattle.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68]

Community diversity
Given New York City's role as a crossroads for immigration from around the world, Brooklyn has evolved a globally cosmopolitan ambience of its own, demonstrating a robust and growing demographic and cultural diversity with respect to metrics including nationality, religion, race, and domiciliary partnership. Brooklyn contains dozens of distinct neighborhoods representing many of the major culturally identified groups found within New York City. Among the most prominent are listed below:

Jewish American
Main article: Jews in New York City
Over 600,000 Jews, particularly Orthodox Jews and Hasidic Jews, have become concentrated in Borough Park, Williamsburg, and Flatbush, where there are many yeshivas, synagogues, and kosher restaurants, as well as many other Jewish businesses. Other notable religious Orthodox and Hasidic Jewish neighborhoods are Kensington, Midwood, Canarsie, Sea Gate, and Crown Heights (home to the Chabad world headquarters). Many hospitals in Brooklyn were started by Jewish charities, including Maimonides Medical Center in Borough Park and Brookdale Hospital in Brownsville.[69][70] Many non-Orthodox Jews are concentrated in Ditmas Park and Park Slope, with smaller Jewish populations in Brooklyn Heights, Cobble Hill, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island.

Chinese American
Main articles: Chinatowns in Brooklyn and Chinese Americans in New York City
Over 200,000 Chinese Americans live throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn, in Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Gravesend, and Homecrest. The largest concentration is in Sunset Park along 8th Avenue, which is known for Chinese culture. It is called "Brooklyn's Chinatown" and its Chinese population is composed in majority by Fuzhounese Americans, rendering this Chinatown with the nicknames "Fuzhou Town (), Brooklyn" or the "Little Fuzhou ()" of Brooklyn. Many Chinese restaurants can be found throughout Sunset Park, and the area hosts a popular Chinese New Year celebration.

Caribbean and African American
Main article: Caribbeans in New York City
Brooklyn's African American and Caribbean communities are spread throughout much of Brooklyn. Brooklyn's West Indian community is concentrated in the Crown Heights, Flatbush, East Flatbush, Kensington, and Canarsie neighborhoods in central Brooklyn. Brooklyn is home to one of the largest communities of West Indians outside of the Caribbean, being rivaled only by Toronto, Miami, Montreal, and London. Although the largest West Indian groups in Brooklyn are mostly Jamaicans, Guyanese and Haitians, there are West Indian immigrants from nearly every part of the Caribbean. Crown Heights and Flatbush are home to many of Brooklyn's West Indian restaurants and bakeries. Brooklyn has an annual, celebrated Carnival in the tradition of pre-Lenten celebrations in the islands. Started by natives of Trinidad and Tobago, the West Indian Labor Day Parade takes place every Labor Day on Eastern Parkway. Bedford-Stuyvesant is home to one of the most famous African American communities in the city, along with Brownsville, East New York, and Coney Island.

Latino American
Further information: Puerto Rican migration to New York City and Nuyorican
Bushwick is the largest hub of Brooklyn's Latino American community. Like other Latino neighborhoods in New York City, Bushwick has an established Puerto Rican presence, along with an influx of many Dominicans, South Americans, Central Americans, Mexicans, as well as a more recent influx of Puerto Ricans. As nearly 80% of Bushwick's population is Latino, its residents having created many businesses to support their various national and distinct traditions in food and other items. Sunset Park's population is 42% Latino, made up of these various ethnic groups. Brooklyn's main Latino groups are Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Dominicans, and Panamanians; they are spread out throughout the borough. Puerto Ricans and Dominicans are predominant in Bushwick, Williamsburg, and East New York, while Mexicans are predominant in Sunset Park and Panamanians in Crown Heights.

Russian and Ukrainian American
Main article: Russian Americans in New York City
Brooklyn is also home to many Russians and Ukrainians, who are mainly concentrated in the areas of Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay. Brighton Beach features many Russian and Ukrainian businesses and has been nicknamed Little Russia and Little Odessa, respectively. Originally these communities were mostly Jewish; however, in more recent years, the non-Jewish Russian and Ukrainian communities of Brighton Beach have grown in size and the area now reflects diverse aspects of Russian and Ukrainian culture.

Polish American
Brooklyn's Polish are largely concentrated in Greenpoint, which is home to Little Poland. They are also scattered throughout the southern parts of Brooklyn.

Italian American
Main article: Italians in New York City
Italian Americans are mainly concentrated in the neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Dyker Heights, Bay Ridge, Bath Beach, Gravesend, Cobble Hill, and Carroll Gardens, where there are many Italian restaurants, bakeries, delicatessens, pizzerias, cafes, and social clubs.

Muslim American
Today, Arab Americans and Pakistani Americans along with other Muslim communities have moved into the southwest portion of Brooklyn, particularly to Bay Ridge, where there are many Middle Eastern restaurants, hookah lounges, halal shops, Islamic shops and mosques. Coney Island Avenue is home to Little Pakistan as Church Avenue is to Bangladeshis. Jay Street Borough Hall (Downtown Brooklyn) is little Arabia. Pakistani Independence Day is celebrated every year with parades and parties on Coney Island Avenue. Earlier, the area was known predominantly for its Irish, Norwegian, and Scottish populations. There are also many Middle Eastern, particularly Yemeni, businesses, mosques, and restaurants on Atlantic Avenue west of Flatbush Avenue, in Boerum Hill.

Irish American
Third-, fourth- and fifth-generation Irish Americans can be found throughout Brooklyn, in moderate concentrations[clarification needed] in the neighborhoods of Windsor Terrace, Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Marine Park, Gerritsen Beach, and Vinegar Hill. Many moved east on Long Island, to suburban and Upstate New York Counties (Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, and Sullivan Counties), Staten Island, and New Jersey in the mid-twentieth century. Those that stayed engendered close-knit and stable communities, representing many to the civil services (esp. in law enforcement, transportation and the FDNY) as well as the legal profession and the building and construction trades.[citation needed]

Greek American
Brooklyn's Greek Americans live throughout the borough, especially in Bay Ridge and adjacent areas where there is a noticeable cluster of Hellenic-focused schools and cultural institutions, with many businesses concentrated there and in Downtown Brooklyn near Atlantic Avenue. Greek-owned diners are also found throughout the borough.

Same-sex couples
Main article: Same-sex marriage in New York
Brooklyn is home to a large and growing population of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.[71] The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBTQ communities.

Artists-in-residence
Brooklyn became a preferred site for artists and hipsters to set up live/work spaces after being priced out of the same types of living arrangements in Manhattan. Various neighborhoods in Brooklyn, including Williamsburg, DUMBO, Red Hook, and Park Slope evolved as popular neighborhoods for artists-in-residence. However, rents and costs of living have since increased dramatically in these same neighborhoods, forcing artists to move to somewhat less expensive neighborhoods in Brooklyn or across Upper New York Bay to locales in New Jersey, such as Jersey City or Hoboken.[72]

Government and politics
See also: Government and politics in Brooklyn

Brooklyn Borough Hall
Since consolidation with New York City in 1898, Brooklyn has been governed by the New York City Charter that provides for a "strong" mayor-council system. The centralized government of New York City is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, and welfare services. On the other hand, the Brooklyn Public Library is an independent nonprofit organization partially funded by the government of New York City, but also by the government of New York State, the U.S. federal government, and private donors.

The office of Borough President was created in the consolidation of 1898 to balance centralization with local authority. Each borough president had a powerful administrative role derived from having a vote on the New York City Board of Estimate, which was responsible for creating and approving the city's budget and proposals for land use. In 1989, the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Board of Estimate unconstitutional because Brooklyn, the most populous borough, had no greater effective representation on the Board than Staten Island, the least populous borough; it was a violation of the high court's 1964 "one man, one vote" reading of the Fourteenth Amendment.[73]

Since 1990, the Borough President has acted as an advocate for the borough at the mayoral agencies, the City Council, the New York state government, and corporations. Brooklyn's current Borough President is Eric Adams, elected as a Democrat in November 2013 with 90.8% of the vote. Adams replaced popular Borough President Marty Markowitz, also a Democrat, who partially used his office to promote tourism and new development for Brooklyn.

The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices, and the borough is very liberal. As of November 2017, 89.1% of registered voters in Brooklyn were Democrats.[74] Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development. Pockets of majority Republican influence exist in Gravesend, Bensonhurst, Bay Ridge, Dyker Heights and Midwood by U.S. Representative Dan Donovan and New York State Senator Marty Golden.

Each of the city's five counties (coterminous with each borough) has its own criminal court system and District Attorney, the chief public prosecutor who is directly elected by popular vote. The District Attorney of Kings County is Eric Gonzalez, who replaced Democrat Kenneth P. Thompson following his death in October 2016.[75] Brooklyn has 16 City Council members, the largest number of any of the five boroughs. Brooklyn has 18 of the city's 59 community districts, each served by an unpaid Community Board with advisory powers under the city's Uniform Land Use Review Procedure. Each board has a paid district manager who acts as an interlocutor with city agencies.

Federal representation
As is the case with sister boroughs Manhattan and the Bronx, Brooklyn has not voted for a Republican in a national presidential election since Calvin Coolidge in 1924. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 79.4% of the vote in Brooklyn while Republican John McCain received 20.0%. In 2012, Barack Obama increased his Democratic margin of victory in the borough, dominating Brooklyn with 82.0% of the vote to Republican Mitt Romney's 16.9%.

In 2019, five Democrats represented Brooklyn in the United States House of Representatives. One congressional district lies entirely within the borough.[76]

Nydia Velázquez (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 7th congressional district, which includes the central-west Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brooklyn Heights, Boerum Hill, Bushwick, Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Dumbo, East New York, East Williamsburg, Greenpoint, Gowanus, Red Hook, Sunset Park, and Williamsburg. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.[76]
Hakeem Jeffries (first elected in 2012) represents New York's 8th congressional district, which includes the southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Bergen Beach, Brighton Beach, Brownsville, Brighton Beach, Canarsie, Clinton Hill, Coney Island, East Flatbush, East New York, Fort Greene, Gerritsen Beach, Marine Park, Mill Basin, Ocean Hill, Sheepshead Bay, and Spring Creek. The district also covers a small portion of Queens.[76]
Yvette Clarke (first elected in 2006) represents New York's 9th congressional district, which includes the central and southern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Flatbush, Midwood, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Windsor Terrace.[76]
Jerrold Nadler (first elected in 1992) represents New York's 10th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Midwood, Red Hook, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, Borough Park, Gravesend, Kensington, and Mapleton. The district also covers the West Side of Manhattan.[76]
Max Rose (first elected in 2018) represents New York's 11th congressional district, which includes the southwestern Brooklyn neighborhoods of Bensonhurst, Gravesend, Bath Beach, Bay Ridge, and Dyker Heights. The district also covers all of Staten Island.[76]
Economy
See also: Economy of New York City

The USS North Carolina, launched at Brooklyn Navy Yard, June 1940

Newer buildings near East River State Park
Brooklyn's job market is driven by three main factors: the performance of the national and city economy, population flows and the borough's position as a convenient back office for New York's businesses.[77]

Forty-four percent of Brooklyn's employed population, or 410,000 people, work in the borough; more than half of the borough's residents work outside its boundaries. As a result, economic conditions in Manhattan are important to the borough's jobseekers. Strong international immigration to Brooklyn generates jobs in services, retailing and construction.[77]

Since the late 20th century, Brooklyn has benefited from a steady influx of financial back office operations from Manhattan, the rapid growth of a high-tech and entertainment economy in DUMBO, and strong growth in support services such as accounting, personal supply agencies, and computer services firms.[77]

Jobs in the borough have traditionally been concentrated in manufacturing, but since 1975, Brooklyn has shifted from a manufacturing-based to a service-based economy. In 2004, 215,000 Brooklyn residents worked in the services sector, while 27,500 worked in manufacturing. Although manufacturing has declined, a substantial base has remained in apparel and niche manufacturing concerns such as furniture, fabricated metals, and food products.[78] The pharmaceutical company Pfizer was founded in Brooklyn in 1869 and had a manufacturing plant in the borough for many years that once employed thousands of workers, but the plant shut down in 2008. However, new light-manufacturing concerns packaging organic and high-end food have sprung up in the old plant.[79]

First established as a shipbuilding facility in 1801, the Brooklyn Navy Yard employed 70,000 people at its peak during World War II and was then the largest employer in the borough. The Missouri, the ship on which the Japanese formally surrendered, was built there, as was the Maine, whose sinking off Havana led to the start of the Spanish–American War. The iron-sided Civil War vessel the Monitor was built in Greenpoint. From 1968–1979 Seatrain Shipbuilding was the major employer.[80] Later tenants include industrial design firms, food processing businesses, artisans, and the film and television production industry. About 230 private-sector firms providing 4,000 jobs are at the Yard.

Construction and services are the fastest growing sectors.[81] Most employers in Brooklyn are small businesses. In 2000, 91% of the approximately 38,704 business establishments in Brooklyn had fewer than 20 employees.[82] As of August 2008, the borough's unemployment rate was 5.9%.[83]

Brooklyn is also home to many banks and credit unions. According to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, there were 37 banks and 26 credit unions operating in the borough in 2010.[84][85]

The rezoning of Downtown Brooklyn has generated over US$10 billion of private investment and $300 million in public improvements since 2004. Brooklyn is also attracting numerous high technology start-up companies, as Silicon Alley, the metonym for New York City's entrepreneurship ecosystem, has expanded from Lower Manhattan into Brooklyn.[86]

Culture
See also: Culture of New York City and Media of New York City

The Brooklyn Museum on Eastern Parkway

Brooklyn Botanic Garden

The Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch at Grand Army Plaza
Main article: Culture of Brooklyn
Brooklyn has played a major role in various aspects of American culture including literature, cinema, and theater. The Brooklyn accent has often been portrayed as the "typical New York accent" in American media, although this accent and stereotype are supposedly fading out.[87] Brooklyn's official colors are blue and gold.[88]

Cultural venues
Brooklyn hosts the world-renowned Brooklyn Academy of Music, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, and the second largest public art collection in the United States, housed in the Brooklyn Museum.

The Brooklyn Museum, opened in 1897, is New York City's second-largest public art museum. It has in its permanent collection more than 1.5 million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art. The Brooklyn Children's Museum, the world's first museum dedicated to children, opened in December 1899. The only such New York State institution accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, it is one of the few globally to have a permanent collection – over 30,000 cultural objects and natural history specimens.

The Brooklyn Academy of Music (BAM) includes a 2,109-seat opera house, an 874-seat theater, and the art house BAM Rose Cinemas. Bargemusic and St. Ann's Warehouse are located on the other side of Downtown Brooklyn in the DUMBO arts district. Brooklyn Technical High School has the second-largest auditorium in New York City (after Radio City Music Hall), with a seating capacity of over 3,000.[89]

Media
Local periodicals
Brooklyn has several local newspapers: The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Bay Currents (Oceanfront Brooklyn), Brooklyn View, The Brooklyn Paper, and Courier-Life Publications. Courier-Life Publications, owned by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, is Brooklyn's largest chain of newspapers. Brooklyn is also served by the major New York dailies, including The New York Times, the New York Daily News, and the New York Post.

The borough is home to the bi-weekly cultural guide The L Magazine and the arts and politics monthly Brooklyn Rail, as well as the arts and cultural quarterly Cabinet. Hello Mr. is also published in Brooklyn.

Brooklyn Magazine is one of the few glossy magazines about Brooklyn. Several others, that are now defunct, include: BKLYN Magazine (a bimonthly lifestyle book owned by Joseph McCarthy, that saw itself as a vehicle for high-end advertisers in Manhattan and was mailed to 80,000 high-income households), Brooklyn Bridge Magazine, The Brooklynite (a free, glossy quarterly edited by Daniel Treiman), and NRG (edited by Gail Johnson and originally marketed as a local periodical for Clinton Hill and Fort Greene, but expanded in scope to become the self-proclaimed "Pulse of Brooklyn" and then the "Pulse of New York").[90]

Ethnic press
Brooklyn has a thriving ethnic press. El Diario La Prensa, the largest and oldest Spanish-language daily newspaper in the United States, maintains its corporate headquarters at 1 MetroTech Center in downtown Brooklyn.[91] Major ethnic publications include the Brooklyn-Queens Catholic paper The Tablet, Hamodia, an Orthodox Jewish daily and The Jewish Press, an Orthodox Jewish weekly. Many nationally distributed ethnic newspapers are based in Brooklyn. Over 60 ethnic groups, writing in 42 languages, publish some 300 non-English language magazines and newspapers in New York City. Among them the quarterly "L'Idea", a bilingual magazine printed in Italian and English since 1974. In addition, many newspapers published abroad, such as The Daily Gleaner and The Star of Jamaica, are available in Brooklyn.[citation needed] Our Time Press published weekly by DBG Media covers the Village of Brooklyn with a motto of "The Local paper with the Global View".

Television
The City of New York has an official television station, run by NYC Media, which features programming based in Brooklyn. Brooklyn Community Access Television is the borough's public access channel.[citation needed]

Events
The annual Coney Island Mermaid Parade (mid-to-late June) is a costume-and-float parade.[92]
Coney Island also hosts the annual Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest (July 4).[92]
The annual Labor Day Carnival (also known as the Labor Day Parade or West Indian Day Parade) takes place along Eastern Parkway in Crown Heights.
The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival runs annually around the second week of June.[93]
Parks and other attractions
See also: Tourism in New York City

Kwanzan Cherries in bloom at Brooklyn Botanic Garden.

Astroland in Coney Island.
Brooklyn Botanic Garden: located adjacent to Prospect Park is the 52-acre (21 ha) botanical garden, which includes a cherry tree esplanade, a one-acre (0.4 ha) rose garden, a Japanese hill and pond garden, a fragrance garden, a water lily pond esplanade, several conservatories, a rock garden, a native flora garden, a bonsai tree collection, and children's gardens and discovery exhibits.
Coney Island developed as a playground for the rich in the early 1900s, but it grew as one of America's first amusement grounds and attracted crowds from all over New York. The Cyclone rollercoaster, built in 1927, is on the National Register of Historic Places. The 1920 Wonder Wheel and other rides are still operational. Coney Island went into decline in the 1970s, but has undergone a renaissance.[94]
Floyd Bennett Field: the first municipal airport in New York City and long closed for operations, is now part of the National Park System. Many of the historic hangars and runways are still extant. Nature trails and diverse habitats are found within the park, including salt marsh and a restored area of shortgrass prairie that was once widespread on the Hempstead Plains.
Green-Wood Cemetery, founded by the social reformer Henry Evelyn Pierrepont[95] in 1838, is an early Rural cemetery. It is the burial ground of many notable New Yorkers.
Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge: a unique Federal wildlife refuge straddling the Brooklyn-Queens border, part of Gateway National Recreation Area
New York Transit Museum displays historical artifacts of Greater New York's subway, commuter rail, and bus systems; it is located at Court Street, a former Independent Subway System station in Brooklyn Heights on the Fulton Street Line.
Prospect Park is a public park in central Brooklyn encompassing 585 acres (2.37 km2).[96] The park was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, who created Manhattan's Central Park. Attractions include the Long Meadow, a 90-acre (36 ha) meadow, the Picnic House, which houses offices and a hall that can accommodate parties with up to 175 guests; Litchfield Villa, Prospect Park Zoo, the Boathouse, housing a visitors center and the first urban Audubon Center;[97] Brooklyn's only lake, covering 60 acres (24 ha); the Prospect Park Bandshell that hosts free outdoor concerts in the summertime; and various sports and fitness activities including seven baseball fields. Prospect Park hosts a popular annual Halloween Parade.
Fort Greene Park is a public park in the Fort Greene Neighborhood. The park contains the Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument, a monument to American prisoners during the revolutionary war.
Sports
Main article: Sports in Brooklyn

Barclays Center, located in Pacific Park within Prospect Heights, home of the Nets and Islanders.
Brooklyn's major professional sports teams are the NBA's Brooklyn Nets and the NHL's New York Islanders. The Nets and Islanders moved into the borough in 2012 and 2015, respectively, and both play their home games at Barclays Center in Prospect Heights. Previously, the Nets had played in Uniondale, New York and in New Jersey, while the Islanders had played in Uniondale since their inception.

Brooklyn also has a storied sports history. It has been home to many famous sports figures such as Joe Paterno, Vince Lombardi, Mike Tyson, Joe Torre, Sandy Koufax, Billy Cunningham and Vitas Gerulaitis. Basketball legend Michael Jordan was born in Brooklyn though he grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina.

In the earliest days of organized baseball, Brooklyn teams dominated the new game. The second recorded game of baseball was played near what is today Fort Greene Park on October 24, 1845. Brooklyn's Excelsiors, Atlantics and Eckfords were the leading teams from the mid-1850s through the Civil War, and there were dozens of local teams with neighborhood league play, such as at Mapleton Oval.[98] During this "Brooklyn era", baseball evolved into the modern game: the first fastball, first changeup, first batting average, first triple play, first pro baseball player, first enclosed ballpark, first scorecard, first known African-American team, first black championship game, first road trip, first gambling scandal, and first eight pennant winners were all in or from Brooklyn.[99]

Brooklyn's most famous historical team, the Brooklyn Dodgers, named for "trolley dodgers" played at Ebbets Field.[100] In 1947 Jackie Robinson was hired by the Dodgers as the first African-American player in Major League Baseball in the modern era. In 1955, the Dodgers, perennial National League pennant winners, won the only World Series for Brooklyn against their rival New York Yankees. The event was marked by mass euphoria and celebrations. Just two years later, the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles. Walter O'Malley, the team's owner at the time, is still vilified, even by Brooklynites too young to remember the Dodgers as Brooklyn's ball club.

After a 43-year hiatus, professional baseball returned to the borough in 2001 with the Brooklyn Cyclones, a minor league team that plays in MCU Park in Coney Island. They are an affiliate of the New York Mets. The New York Cosmos of the NASL began playing at MCU Park in 2017.[101]

Brooklyn once had a National Football League team named the Brooklyn Lions in 1926, who played at Ebbets Field.[102]

Recreational Fishing
Brooklyn has one of the most active recreational fishing fleets in the United States. In addition to a large private fleet along Jamaica Bay, there is also a substantial public fleet within Sheepshead Bay that includes the Marily Jean, Ocean Eagle, Brooklyn, Captain Dave, Midnight Star, Sea Queen and Flamingo. Species that are caught include Black Fish, Porgy, Striped Bass, Black Sea Bass, Fluke, and Flounder.[103][104][105]

Transportation
Public transport
See also: Transportation in New York City
About 57 percent of all households in Brooklyn were households without automobiles. The citywide rate is 55 percent in New York City.[106]


Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue subway station
Brooklyn features extensive public transit. Nineteen New York City Subway services, including the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, traverse the borough. Approximately 92.8% of Brooklyn residents traveling to Manhattan use the subway, despite the fact that some neighborhoods like Flatlands and Marine Park are poorly served by subway service. Major stations, out of the 170 currently in Brooklyn, include:

Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center
Broadway Junction
DeKalb Avenue
Jay Street – MetroTech
Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue[107]
Proposed New York City Subway lines never built include a line along Nostrand or Utica Avenues to Marine Park,[108] as well as a subway line to Spring Creek.[109][110]

Brooklyn was once served by an extensive network of streetcars, many of which were replaced by the public bus network that covers the entire borough. There is also daily express bus service into Manhattan.[111] New York's famous yellow cabs also provide transportation in Brooklyn, although they are less numerous in the borough. There are three commuter rail stations in Brooklyn: East New York, Nostrand Avenue, and Atlantic Terminal, the terminus of the Atlantic Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. The terminal is located near the Atlantic Avenue – Barclays Center subway station, with ten connecting subway services.

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin a citywide ferry service called NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to communities in the city that have been traditionally underserved by public transit.[112][113] The ferry opened in May 2017,[114][115] with the Bay Ridge ferry serving southwestern Brooklyn and the East River Ferry serving northwestern Brooklyn. A third route, the Rockaway ferry, makes one stop in the borough at Brooklyn Army Terminal.[116]

A streetcar line, the Brooklyn–Queens Connector, was proposed by the city in February 2016,[117] with the planned timeline calling for service to begin around 2024.[118]

Roadways
See also: Brooklyn streets and List of lettered Brooklyn avenues

View of Eastern Parkway looking toward the Brooklyn Museum, cellulose nitrate negative photograph by Eugene Wemlinger ca. 1903-1910 Brooklyn Museum

The Marine Parkway Bridge

Williamsburg Bridge, as seen from Wallabout Bay with Greenpoint and Long Island City in background
The great majority of limited-access expressways and parkways are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, the Gowanus Expressway (which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[119] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.[120] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.

Much of Brooklyn has only named streets, but Park Slope, Bay Ridge, Sunset Park, Bensonhurst, and Borough Park and the other western sections have numbered streets running approximately northwest to southeast, and numbered avenues going approximately northeast to southwest. East of Dahill Road, lettered avenues (like Avenue M) run east and west, and numbered streets have the prefix "East". South of Avenue O, related numbered streets west of Dahill Road use the "West" designation. This set of numbered streets ranges from West 37th Street to East 108 Street, and the avenues range from A-Z with names substituted for some of them in some neighborhoods (notably Albemarle, Beverley, Cortelyou, Dorchester, Ditmas, Foster, Farragut, Glenwood, Quentin). Numbered streets prefixed by "North" and "South" in Williamsburg, and "Bay", "Beach", "Brighton", "Plumb", "Paerdegat" or "Flatlands" along the southern and southwestern waterfront are loosely based on the old grids of the original towns of Kings County that eventually consolidated to form Brooklyn. These names often reflect the bodies of water or beaches around them, such as Plumb Beach or Paerdegat Basin.

Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg Bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel (also known as the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Pulaski Bridge, the Greenpoint Avenue Bridge, the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), and the Grand Street Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.

Waterways
Brooklyn was long a major shipping port, especially at the Brooklyn Army Terminal and Bush Terminal in Sunset Park. Most container ship cargo operations have shifted to the New Jersey side of New York Harbor, while the Brooklyn Cruise Terminal in Red Hook is a focal point for New York's growing cruise industry. The Queen Mary 2, one of the world's largest ocean liners, was designed specifically to fit under the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the United States. She makes regular ports of call at the Red Hook terminal on her transatlantic crossings from Southampton, England.[116]

In February 2015, Mayor Bill de Blasio announced that the city government would begin NYC Ferry to extend ferry transportation to traditionally underserved communities in the city.[112][113] The ferry opened in May 2017,[121][122] offering commuter services from the western shore of Brooklyn to Manhattan via three routes. The East River Ferry serves points in Lower Manhattan, Midtown, Long Island City, and northwestern Brooklyn via its East River route. The South Brooklyn and Rockaway routes serve southwestern Brooklyn before terminating in lower Manhattan.[116] NY Waterway offers tours and charters. SeaStreak also offers weekday ferry service between the Brooklyn Army Terminal and the Manhattan ferry slips at Pier 11 downtown and East 34th Street in midtown. A Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel, originally proposed in the 1920s as a core project for the then new Port Authority of New York is again being studied and discussed as a way to ease freight movements across a large swath of the metropolitan area.

Manhattan Bridge
Manhattan Bridge seen from Brooklyn Bridge Park.
Education
See also: Education in New York City and List of high schools in New York City
Education in Brooklyn is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system.

Brooklyn Technical High School (commonly called Brooklyn Tech), a New York City public high school, is the largest specialized high school for science, mathematics, and technology in the United States.[123] Brooklyn Tech opened in 1922. Brooklyn Tech is located across the street from Fort Greene Park. This high school was built from 1930 to 1933 at a cost of about $6,000,000 and is 12 stories high. It covers about half of a city block.[124] Brooklyn Tech is noted for its famous alumni[125] (including two Nobel Laureates), its academics, and the large number of graduates attending prestigious universities.

Higher education
Public colleges
Brooklyn College is a senior college of the City University of New York, and was the first public coeducational liberal arts college in New York City. The College ranked in the top 10 nationally for the second consecutive year in Princeton Review’s 2006 guidebook, America’s Best Value Colleges. Many of its students are first and second generation Americans.

Founded in 1970, Medgar Evers College is a senior college of the City University of New York, with a mission to develop and maintain high quality, professional, career-oriented undergraduate degree programs in the context of a liberal arts education. The College offers programs both at the baccalaureate and associate degree levels, as well as Adult and Continuing Education classes for Central Brooklyn residents, corporations, government agencies, and community organizations. Medgar Evers College is a few blocks east of Prospect Park in Crown Heights.

CUNY's New York City College of Technology (City Tech) of The City University of New York (CUNY) (Downtown Brooklyn/Brooklyn Heights) is the largest public college of technology in New York State and a national model for technological education. Established in 1946, City Tech can trace its roots to 1881 when the Technical Schools of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were renamed the New York Trade School. That institution—which became the Voorhees Technical Institute many decades later—was soon a model for the development of technical and vocational schools worldwide. In 1971, Voorhees was incorporated into City Tech.

SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, founded as the Long Island College Hospital in 1860, is the oldest hospital-based medical school in the United States. The Medical Center comprises the College of Medicine, College of Health Related Professions, College of Nursing, School of Public Health, School of Graduate Studies, and University Hospital of Brooklyn. The Nobel Prize winner Robert F. Furchgott was a member of its faculty. Half of the Medical Center's students are minorities or immigrants. The College of Medicine has the highest percentage of minority students of any medical school in New York State.

Private colleges

Brooklyn Law School's 1994 new classical "Fell Hall" tower, by architect Robert A. M. Stern
Brooklyn Law School was founded in 1901 and is notable for its diverse student body. Women and African Americans were enrolled in 1909. According to the Leiter Report, a compendium of law school rankings published by Brian Leiter, Brooklyn Law School places 31st nationally for quality of students.[126]

Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.

Pratt Institute, in Clinton Hill, is a private college founded in 1887 with programs in engineering, architecture, and the arts. Some buildings in the school's Brooklyn campus are official landmarks. Pratt has over 4700 students, with most at its Brooklyn campus. Graduate programs include library and information science, architecture, and urban planning. Undergraduate programs include architecture, construction management, writing, critical and visual studies, industrial design and fine arts, totaling over 25 programs in all.


NYU Tandon Wunsch Building
The New York University Tandon School of Engineering, the United States' second oldest private institute of technology, founded in 1854, has its main campus in Downtown's MetroTech Center, a commercial, civic and educational redevelopment project of which it was a key sponsor. NYU-Tandon is one of the 18 schools and colleges that comprise New York University (NYU).[127][128][129][130]

St. Francis College is a Catholic college located in Brooklyn Heights and was founded in 1859 by Franciscan friars. Today, there are over 2,400 students attending the small liberal arts college. St. Francis is considered by The New York Times as one of the more diverse colleges, and was ranked one of the best baccalaureate colleges by both Forbes magazine and U.S. News & World Report.[131][132][133]

Brooklyn also has smaller liberal arts institutions, such as Saint Joseph's College in Clinton Hill and Boricua College in Williamsburg.

Community colleges
Kingsborough Community College is a junior college in the City University of New York system, located in Manhattan Beach.

Brooklyn Public Library

The Central Library at Grand Army Plaza.
As an independent system, separate from the New York and Queens public library systems, the Brooklyn Public Library[134] offers thousands of public programs, millions of books, and use of more than 850 free Internet-accessible computers. It also has books and periodicals in all the major languages spoken in Brooklyn, including English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, Hebrew, and Haitian Creole, as well as French, Yiddish, Hindi, Bengali, Polish, Italian, and Arabic. The Central Library is a landmarked building facing Grand Army Plaza.

There are 58 library branches, placing one within a half mile of each Brooklyn resident. In addition to its specialized Business Library in Brooklyn Heights, the Library is preparing to construct its new Visual & Performing Arts Library (VPA) in the BAM Cultural District, which will focus on the link between new and emerging arts and technology and house traditional and digital collections. It will provide access and training to arts applications and technologies not widely available to the public. The collections will include the subjects of art, theater, dance, music, film, photography and architecture. A special archive will house the records and history of Brooklyn's arts communities.

Partnerships with districts of foreign cities
See also: New York City § Sister cities
Anzio, Lazio, Italy (since 1990)
Gdynia, Poland (since 1991)[135]
Besiktas, Istanbul Province, Turkey (since 2005)[136]
Leopoldstadt, Vienna, Austria (since 2007)[137][138][139]
London Borough of Lambeth, United Kingdom
Bnei Brak, Israel
Hospitals and healthcare
Main article: List of hospitals in Brooklyn
Brookdale University Hospital and Medical Center [140]
Kings County Hospital Center
NYC Health + Hospitals/Kings County
See also
Portal-puzzle.svg Brooklyn portal
General links:

NRHP listings in Kings County
List of people from Brooklyn
List of counties in New York
List of tallest buildings in Brooklyn
History of neighborhoods:

Bedford–Stuyvesant
Bushwick
Canarsie
Coney Island
Crown Heights
East Williamsburg
Flatbush
Gravesend
Greenpoint
New Utrecht
Park Slope
Williamsburg
General history:

Brooklyn Visual Heritage
History of New York City
List of former municipalities in New York City
Timeline of Brooklyn history
Flag of New York City.svgNew York City portalFlag of New York.svgNew York portal
References
QuickFacts for Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 28, 2018.
GCT-PH1; Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000 - United States -- County by State; and for Puerto Rico from the Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 18, 2016.
2010 Gazetteer for New York State, United States Census Bureau. Accessed September 18, 2016.
Henry Alford (May 1, 2013). "How I Became a Hipster". The New York Times. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Oshrat Carmiel (April 9, 2015). "Brooklyn Home Prices Jump 18% to Record as Buyers Compete". Bloomberg, L.P. Missing or empty |url= (help)
"19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Startup Hotspot". CB Insights. October 19, 2015. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
Vanessa Friedman (April 30, 2016). "Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2016.
Alexandria Symonds (April 29, 2016). "One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice". The New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
"Current Population Estimates: NYC". NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York; New York County (Manhattan Borough), New York; Queens County (Queens Borough), New York; Richmond County (Staten Island Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 11, 2018.
Carroll, Maurice (September 16, 1971). "Historical District Named in Brooklyn". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Dexter, Franklin B. (April 1885). "The History of Connecticut, as Illustrated by the Names of Her Towns". Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. American Antiquarian Society: 438.
Powell, Lyman Pierson (1899). Historic Towns of the Middle States. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 216. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Winter, J. M. Van (1998). Sources concerning the hospitallers of St John in the Netherlands: 14th-18th centuries. BRILL. p. 765. ISBN 9004108033. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Ellis, Edward Robb (2011). The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History. Basic Books. p. 42. ISBN 9780465030538. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Rensselaer, Schuyler Van (1909). History of the City of New York in the Seventeenth Century: New York under the Stuarts. Macmillan. p. 149. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Chisholm, Hugh (1910). The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information. Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 648. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
Brooklyn Daily Eagle, "Map of six townships"
Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island.
N.Y. Col. Laws, ch4/1:122
"Slavery Here. Right in Brooklyn and Out on Long Island". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 29, 1891. p. 2. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
McCullough, David. 1776. Simon & Schuster. May 24, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4
McCullough, David. 1776. Simon & Schuster. May 24, 2005. ISBN 978-0-7432-2671-4
"The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat". October 26, 1841. Retrieved July 29, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
"The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat". October 26, 1841. Retrieved July 29, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
"The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat". bklyn.newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. October 26, 1841. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
"The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat". October 26, 1841. Retrieved July 29, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
"The Brooklyn Eagle and Kings County Democrat". October 26, 1841. Retrieved July 29, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.
Jacob Judd, "Policing the City of Brooklyn in the 1840's and 1850's", Journal of Long Island History (1966) (6)2 pp. 13–22.
The Encyclopedia of New York City; (P. 149 3rd Column.)
The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation of the 5 Boroughs into New York City, New York City, retrieved January 31, 2008
McCullough, David W; Kalett, Jim (1983). Brooklyn-- and how it got that way. New York, NY: Dial Press. p. 58. ISBN 0385274270.
Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. "World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification". The University of Melbourne. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
[1] Accessed March 29, 2016.
"USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". Agricultural Research Center, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
"Station Name: NY NEW YORK JFK INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 28, 2014.
"NEW YORK/JFK, NY Climate Normals 1961-1990". NOAA. Retrieved March 23, 2014.
""Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, i" by Gabriel Furman and Paul Royster (transcriber & depositor)". Digitalcommons.unl.edu. March 21, 2006. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
"U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
"Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
"Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
[2] Accessed March 30, 2018.
"Kings County, New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"State & County QuickFacts - Queens County (Queens Borough), New York". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 8, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"Nassau County, New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
"Suffolk County, New York QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
Weichselbaum, Simone (June 26, 2012). "Nearly one in four Brooklyn residents are Jews, new study finds". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 - 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
"Selected Population Profile in the United States - 2014 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates - Kings County, New York Chinese alone". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
"The Racial Dot Map: One Dot Per Person for the Entire U.S." Archived from the original on September 21, 2013.
"American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
"U.S. Census Bureau, "Residential Population and Components of Change New York State and Counties, April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2005"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2006. Retrieved August 4, 2006.
Tracy, Thomas (October 7, 2009). "Brooklyn's LGBT community to join Washington march". New York Post. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
"Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York". State & County QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016.
Gibson, Campbell; and Jung, Kay. "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for Large Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States" Archived August 6, 2012, at WebCite, United States Census Bureau, February 2005. Accessed November 19, 2016.
"Kings County, New York". Modern Language Association. Archived from the original on August 15, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
"African Americans", Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved March 1, 2008.
Gibson, Campbell (June 1998). Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, United States Census Bureau. Accessed November 19, 2016.
Ritter, John (August 28, 2007). "San Francisco Hopes to Reverse Black Flight". USA Today. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Census Shows More Black Residents Are Leaving New York and Other Cities". The New York Times. September 12, 2007.
"State & County QuickFacts: California". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 28, 2009. Retrieved February 11, 2007.
Brooklyn Economic Development Corporation. Comprehensive Economic Development Strategy Report, 2002. www.bedc.org. Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
Muhammad, Nisa Islam. "D.C. 'exodus' sparks district renewal efforts for Whites", The Final Call, June 21, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
"We Speak Your Language". maimonidesmed.org. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
"'Scrubs' Near the D Train". The New York Times. May 11, 2008.
Nicholas Confessore & Michael Barbaro (June 24, 2011). "New York Allows Same-Sex Marriage, Becoming Largest State to Pass Law". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Michelle Higgins (August 22, 2014). "Life After Brooklyn - Moving Out of Brooklyn Because of High Prices". The New York Times. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
Cornell Law School Supreme Court Collection: Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris. Retrieved June 12, 2006.
"Enrollment info" (PDF). www.elections.ny.gov.
"Acting DA Gonzalez to finish term despite push for Letitia James".
"New York Senators, Representatives, and Congressional District Maps". GovTrack.us. May 21, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
New York State Department of Labor Brooklyn Report, April 2006 Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
New York City Economic Development Corporation, Brooklyn Borough Update March 2004. [3] Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
"Food Start-Ups Find a Home in Brooklyn". The New York Times. March 28, 2012.
A Case Study of Seatrain Shipbuilding & the Brooklyn Navy Yard.
New York State Dept of Labor Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
U.S. Census Bureau, 2001 County Business Patterns Archived February 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
"New York State Dept of Labor". Labor.state.ny.us. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"FDIC Office Directory". FDIC.gov. Archived from the original on May 10, 2000. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Credit Unions in Brooklyn, NY". Branchspot.com. November 9, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
Maya Kosoff (February 5, 2015). "These are the 11 hottest tech startups in Brooklyn". Business Insider. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Sheila McClear (February 6, 2010). "Why the classic Noo Yawk accent is fading away". New York Post. Retrieved March 29, 2016.
Borough of Brooklyn.blue and gold Archived October 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
"Brooklyn Technical High School, K430, Borough of Brooklyn, Zip Code 11217". Schools.nyc.gov. October 31, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
LEON NEYFAKH, Special to the Sun (July 5, 2006). "Latest Boom in Brooklyn is in Failures of Glossy Magazines". New York Sun.
"Contact Archived June 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.." ImpreMedia. Retrieved June 1, 2010.
Ward, Nathan (August–September 2005). "Brooklyn Rising". American Heritage. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007.
"The Art of Brooklyn Film Festival". The Art of Bklyn. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
"New park adds rides at Coney Island". Reading Eagle. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
"Henry Evelyn Pierrepont". Findagrave.com. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
"About Prospect Park". Prospect Park Alliance: Official Web Site of Prospect Park. Prospect Park Alliance. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
"Audubon New York". National Audubon Society. 2008. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2008.
"BrooklynBallParks.com".
"Rare Sport for Connoisseurs: How Baseball Was Born in Brooklyn". Oldbrooklynbaseball.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Ebbets Field Archived October 9, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved October 10, 2007.
Elstein, Aaron. "Renowned Cosmos soccer team faces possible extinctionThe sport's governing body has moved to relegate the team Pele once played for to a lower division", Crain's New York Business, September 11, 2017. Accessed September 16, 2017. "In 2009 the NASL was revived, and the Cosmos reappeared soon after. But few attended games at Hofstra University on Long Island, and, after piling up about $30 million in losses, the Cosmos were about to shut down again last year when Commisso rescued the team and moved it to Coney Island's MCU Park, the 7,000-seat home of the Brooklyn Cyclones minor-league baseball team."
Ebbets Field History, Pro-Football-Reference.com. Accessed September 16, 2017.
"Brooklyn Living: Brooklyn Fishing". www.brooklyn-living.com.
"Sheepshead Bay Brooklyn New York Party Charter Fishing Boat - Marilyn Jean IV". mj2fishing.com.
"I FISH NY Saltwater Fishing Guide for New York City Area - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". www.dec.ny.gov.
Brooklyn. Tri-State Transportation Campaign and the Pratt Center for Community Development. Accessed May 16, 2015.
"Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
nycsubway.org—IND Second System 1929 Plan
"1968 NYCTA Expansion Plans (Picture)". Second Avenue Sagas. Retrieved December 6, 2013
Program for Action maps from thejoekorner.com
"Brooklyn Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
Mcgeehan, Patrick (June 15, 2016). "De Blasio's $325 Million Ferry Push: Rides to 5 Boroughs, at Subway Price". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2016.
"New York City's Ferry Service Set to Launch in 2017". NBC New York. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
"NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (2017-05-01). "New York Today: Our City's New Ferry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
"Route Map" (PDF). NYC Ferry. 2017. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
"Citywide Ferry Service to Launch in June 2017, Official Says". DNAinfo New York. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 3, 2016). "Mayor de Blasio to Propose Streetcar Line Linking Brooklyn and Queens". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
"Bushwick Expressway (I-78, unbuilt)". Nycroads.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Cross Brooklyn Expressway (I-878, unbuilt)". Nycroads.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"NYC launches ferry service with Queens, East River routes". NY Daily News. Associated Press. May 1, 2017. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
Levine, Alexandra S.; Wolfe, Jonathan (May 1, 2017). "New York Today: Our City's New Ferry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
New York City School Reports 2006–07
"Brooklyn Technical High School". Bths.edu. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Brooklyn Tech Alumni Foundation Hall of Fame
"Leiter's Law School Rankings". Leiterrankings.com. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"About NYU". New York University. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
"Sam Pitroda to give inaugural address at NYU engineering school". Jagran Post. May 15, 2012. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
"8. Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) - 24/7 Wall St.: Colleges That Guarantee the Highest Salaries - Comcast.net". Archived from the original on July 24, 2013.
"Schools and Colleges". New York University. Retrieved October 19, 2012.
"Colleges of Many Colors". The New York Times. November 5, 2006. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
"America's Best Colleges List". Forbes. August 5, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
"Baccalaureate Colleges (North) Rankings". U.S News & World Report. 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2010.
"Brooklyn Public Library". Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Gdynia: Twin Cities". Gdynia.pl. Archived from the original on January 21, 2016.
"Brooklyn Borough President". Brooklyn-usa.org. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"BP (Borough Pres.) Markowitz joins Vienna deputy mayor to announce new "district partnership" (March 05)". Brooklyn-usa.org. March 5, 2007. Archived from the original on May 25, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Vienna in New York 2007 - (March 15, 2007)". Wieninternational.at. March 15, 2007. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Brooklyn in Leopoldstadt (July 5, 2007)". Wieninternational.at. Archived from the original on September 14, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
"Brookdale Hospital - General Information". Archived from the original on April 13, 2015.
Further reading
See also: Bibliography of the history of Brooklyn
Published 1950–present
Curran, Winifred. "Gentrification and the nature of work: exploring the links in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Environment And Planning A. 36 (2004): 1243-1258.
Curran, Winifred. "'From the Frying Pan to the Oven': Gentrification and the Experience of Industrial Displacement in Williamsburg, Brooklyn." Urban Studies (2007) 44#8 pp: 1427-1440.
Golenbock, Peter. Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (Courier Corporation, 2010)
Harris, Lynn. "Park Slope: Where Is the Love?" The New York Times May 18, 2008
Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)
McCullough, David W., and Jim Kalett. Brooklyn...and How It Got That Way (1983); guide to neighborhoods; many photos
McCullough, David. The Great Bridge: The Epic Story of the Building of the Brooklyn Bridge (2001)
Ment, David. The shaping of a city: A brief history of Brooklyn (1979)
Trezza, Frank J. "Brooklyn Navy Yard 1966–1986, the Yard was still a Shipyard not an Industrial Park"
Robbins, Michael W., ed. Brooklyn: A State of Mind. Workman Publishing, New York, 2001.
Shepard, Benjamin Heim / Noonan, Mark J.: Brooklyn Tides. The Fall and Rise of a Global Borough (transcript Verlag, 2018)
Snyder-Grenier, Ellen M. Brooklyn!: an illustrated history (Temple University Press, 2004)
Warf, Barney. "The reconstruction of social ecology and neighborhood change in Brooklyn." Environment and Planning D (1990) 8#1 pp: 73-96.
Wellman, Judith. Brooklyn's Promised Land: The Free Black Community of Weeksville, New York (2014)
Wilder, Craig Steven. A Covenant with Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn 1636-1990 (Columbia University Press, 2013)
Published until 1949
Howard, Henry Ward Beecher (1893). The Eagle and Brooklyn: the record of the progress of the Brooklyn daily eagle. Vol 1.
W. Williams (1850), "Brooklyn", Appleton's northern and eastern traveller's guide, New York: D. Appleton
Henry Reed Stiles (1867), A history of the city of Brooklyn, Brooklyn: Pub. by subscription
"Brooklyn", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
Brooklyn Daily Eagle (1898). Almanac: 1898 (2nd ed.). Brooklyn.
Harrington Putnam (1899), "Brooklyn", in Lyman P. Powell, Historic towns of the middle states, New York: G. P. Putnam's sons, OCLC 248109
Ernest Ingersoll (1906), "Greater New York: Brooklyn", Rand, McNally & Co.'s handy guide to New York City, Brooklyn, Staten Island, and other districts included in the enlarged city (20th ed.), Chicago: Rand, McNally, OCLC 29277709
Edward Hungerford (1913), "Across the East River", The Personality of American Cities, New York: McBride, Nast & Company
Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Brooklyn". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Federal Writers’ Project (1940). "New York City: Brooklyn". New York: a Guide to the Empire State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press.
External links
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Brooklyn
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn, New York City.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Brooklyn
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Brooklyn.
Official website of the Brooklyn Borough President
History:

Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Brooklyn, various dates.
The Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online, 1841-1902 (from the Brooklyn Public Library)
Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman
Notes Geographical and Historical, relating to the Town of Brooklyn, in Kings County on Long-Island. (1824) An Online Electronic Text Edition. by Gabriel Furman
""Becoming Wards One By One" The Brooklyn Daily Eagle (May 4, 1894). p. 12.
Society of Old Brooklynites
Links to related articles
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
BNF: cb14434078x (data) GND: 4224069-4 LCCN: n80040311 MusicBrainz: a71b0d32-7752-49e9-8594-2247ad6ac12c NARA: 10046368 VIAF: 262147414 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 262147414
Categories: BrooklynBoroughs of New York CityCounty seats in New York (state)Former villages in New York CityFormer towns in New York CityPopulated places established in 1634Populated coastal places in New York (state)Long Island1634 establishments in the Dutch Empire
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch

Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Wikiquote
Wikivoyage

Languages
?
Español

Nederlands
Suomi
Svenska
?

??
80 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 January 2019, at 00:26 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

[Freddie]

Grand Central Terminal
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
"Grand Central Station" redirects here. For other uses, see Grand Central Station (disambiguation).
Grand Central Terminal
Logo of Grand Central Terminal, with interlocking letters "G", "C", and "T"
Metro-North Railroad terminal
Exterior of the terminal building Train shed platform and tracks
Central Main Concourse clock Main Concourse, facing east
Clockwise from top left: 42nd Street facade; underground train shed and tracks; Main Concourse; iconic clock atop the information booth
Location 89 East 42nd Street at Park Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Owned by
NYC & Hudson River Railroad (1913–1914)
New York Central (1914–1968)
Penn Central (1968–1994)
American Premier Underwriters (1994–2006)
Midtown Trackage Ventures (2006–present)
Operated by
NYC & Hudson River Railroad (1913–1914)
New York Central (1914–1968)
New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad (1913–1968)
Penn Central (1968–1976)
Amtrak (1971–1991)
Conrail (1976–1983)
Metro-North Railroad (1983–present)
Line(s) Park Avenue main line
Platforms 44: 43 island platforms, 1 side platform
(6 tracks with Spanish solution)
Tracks 67: 56 passenger tracks (30 on upper level, 26 on lower level)
43 in use for passenger service
11 sidings
Connections MTA New York City Subway:
"4" train ?"5" train ?"6" train "6" express train? "7" train "7" express train?? 42nd Street Shuttle trains
at Grand Central–42nd Street
Bus transport NYCT Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M42, M101, M102, M103, Q32
NYCT Bus, MTA Bus, Academy Bus: express services
Construction
Platform levels 2
Disabled access Accessible[N 1]
Other information
Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Key dates
Construction 1903–1913
Opened February 2, 1913
Traffic
Passengers (FY 2017) 66,952,732 Annually, based on weekly estimate[2] (Metro-North)
Services
Preceding station MTA NYC logo.svg Metro-North Railroad Following station
Terminus Harlem Line
Harlem–125th Street
toward Wassaic
Hudson Line
Harlem–125th Street
toward Poughkeepsie
New Haven Line
Harlem–125th Street
toward New Haven State Street
Former / future services
Grand Central Terminal
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
NYC Landmark
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map highlighting Grand Central Terminal
Architect Reed and Stem;
Warren and Wetmore
Architectural style Beaux-Arts
NRHP reference # 75001206
83001726 (increase)
Significant dates
Added to NRHP January 17, 1975
August 11, 1983 (increase)[5]
Designated NHL December 8, 1976[6]
Designated NYCL August 2, 1967[3]
Designated NYCL September 23, 1980 (interior)[4]
Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal located at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Grand Central is the southern terminus of the Metro-North Railroad's Harlem, Hudson and New Haven Lines, serving the northern parts of the New York metropolitan area. It also contains a connection to the New York City Subway at Grand Central–42nd Street. The terminal is the third-busiest train station in North America, after Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station.

The distinctive architecture and interior design of Grand Central Terminal's station house have earned it several landmark designations, including as a National Historic Landmark. Its Beaux-Arts design incorporates numerous works of art. Grand Central Terminal is one of the world's ten most visited tourist attractions,[7] with 21.9 million visitors in 2013, excluding train and subway passengers.[8] The terminal's main concourse is often used as a meeting place, and is especially featured in films and television. Grand Central Terminal contains a variety of stores and food vendors, including a food court on its lower-level concourse.

Grand Central Terminal was built by and named for the New York Central Railroad; it also served the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad and, later, successors to the New York Central. Opened in 1913, the terminal was built on the site of two similarly named predecessor stations, the first of which dates to 1871. Grand Central Terminal served intercity trains until 1991, when Amtrak began routing its trains through nearby Penn Station. The East Side Access project, which will bring Long Island Rail Road service to the terminal, is expected to be completed in late 2022.

Grand Central covers 48 acres (19 ha) and has 44 platforms, more than any other railroad station in the world. Its platforms, all below ground, serve 30 tracks on the upper level and 26 on the lower. Currently, 43 tracks are in use for passenger service; two dozen more serve as a rail yard and sidings. Another eight tracks and four platforms are being built on two new levels deep underneath the existing station as part of East Side Access.

Unlike most stations in the Metro-North system, Grand Central Terminal is owned by Midtown Trackage Ventures, a private company, rather than by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA), which operates Metro-North and most of its stations, including Grand Central.


Contents
1 Name
2 Services
3 Interior
4 Architecture
5 Related structures
6 History
7 Innovations
8 Emergency services
9 Art installations and performances
10 In popular culture
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Name
Grand Central Terminal was named by and for the New York Central Railroad, which built the station and its two precursors on the site. It has "always been more colloquially and affectionately known as Grand Central Station", the name of its immediate precursor[9][10][N 2] that operated from 1900[12] until 1910[13] and which also shares its name with the nearby U.S. Post Office station at 450 Lexington Avenue[14] and, colloquially, with the Grand Central–42nd Street subway station next to the terminal.[15]

Services
Commuter rail
Grand Central Terminal serves some 67 million passengers a year, more than any other Metro-North station.[2][16] At morning rush hour, a train arrives at the terminal every 58 seconds.[17]

Three of Metro-North's five main lines terminate at Grand Central:[18]

Harlem Line to Wassaic, New York
Hudson Line to Poughkeepsie, New York (Amtrak connection to Albany)
New Haven Line to New Haven, Connecticut (Amtrak connection to Hartford, Springfield, Boston; Shore Line East to New London)
New Canaan Branch to New Canaan, Connecticut
Danbury Branch to Danbury, Connecticut
Waterbury Branch to Waterbury, Connecticut
Through these lines, the terminal serves Metro-North commuters traveling to and from the Bronx in New York City; Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess counties in New York; and Fairfield and New Haven counties in Connecticut.[18]

Connecting services
The New York City Subway's adjacent Grand Central–42nd Street station serves these routes:[19]

4, ?5, ?6, and <6> trains (IRT Lexington Avenue Line), situated diagonally under the Pershing Square Building, 42nd Street, and Grand Hyatt New York
7 and <7>? trains (IRT Flushing Line), under 42nd Street between Park Avenue and west of Third Avenue
S train (42nd Street Shuttle), under 42nd Street between Madison Avenue and Vanderbilt Avenue
These MTA Regional Bus Operations buses stop near Grand Central:[1][20]

NYCT Bus:
M1, M2, M3, M4 and Q32 local buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound)
X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM6, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM11, SIM22, SIM25, SIM26, SIM30, SIM31 and SIM33C express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound)
X27, X28, X37, X38, SIM4C, SIM8, SIM8X, SIM25, SIM31 and SIM33C express buses at Fifth Avenue (southbound)
M42 local bus at 42nd Street
M101, M102 and M103 local buses at Third Avenue (northbound) and Lexington Avenue (southbound)
X27, X28, X63, X64 and X68 express buses at Third Avenue (northbound)
SIM6, SIM11, SIM22 and SIM26 express buses at Lexington Avenue (southbound)
MTA Bus:
BxM3, BxM4, BxM6, BxM7, BxM8, BxM9, BxM10, BxM18, BM1, BM2, BM3, BM4 and BM5 express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound)
BxM1 express bus at Lexington Avenue (southbound)
BxM1, QM21, QM31, QM32, QM34, QM35, QM36, QM40, QM42 and QM44 express buses at Third Avenue (northbound)
Academy Bus:
SIM23 and SIM24 express buses at Madison Avenue (northbound) and Fifth Avenue (southbound)
Former services
The terminal and its predecessors were designed for intercity service, which operated from the first station building's completion in 1871 until Amtrak ceased operations in the terminal in 1991. Through transfers, passengers could connect to all major lines in the United States, including the Canadian, the Empire Builder, the San Francisco Zephyr, the Southwest Limited, the Crescent, and the Sunset Limited under Amtrak. Destinations included San Francisco, Los Angeles, Vancouver, New Orleans, Chicago, and Montreal.[21] Another notable former train was New York Central's 20th Century Limited, a luxury service that operated to Chicago's LaSalle Street Station between 1902 and 1967 and was among the most famous trains of its time.[22][23]

Planned services
Main article: East Side Access
The Metropolitan Transportation Authority plans to bring Long Island Rail Road commuter trains to Grand Central as part of its East Side Access project.[24] The project will connect the terminal to the railroad's Main Line,[25] which connects to all of the LIRR's branches and almost all of its stations.[26] As of 2018, service is expected to begin in late 2022.[27][28]

Interior
The original proposal for Grand Central Terminal, devised by New York Central vice president William J. Wilgus, contained two passenger levels: the upper level for intercity trains and the lower level for commuter trains. The present Main Concourse was used by departing intercity passengers, while the present Dining Concourse below it was used by commuters.[29][30] This allowed for the segregation of intercity and commuter-rail passengers, but with the cessation of intercity service, this separation is no longer in use.[29] The original plan for Grand Central's interior was designed by Reed and Stem, with some work by Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore.[31][32] Grand Central Terminal's 48-acre (19 ha) basements are among the largest in the city.[33]

Main Concourse

Midday pedestrian traffic in the Main Concourse

Two of the concourse's ten chandeliers lowered for cleaning, 2013
The Main Concourse, originally known as the Express Concourse, is located on the upper platform level of Grand Central, in the geographical center of the station building. Usually filled with bustling crowds and often used as a meeting place,[34] the cavernous concourse measures 275 ft (84 m) long by 120 ft (37 m) wide (about 35,000 square feet total[35]) by 125 ft (38 m) high.[36][37][38]:74 Its vastness was meant to evoke the terminal's "grand" status.[31]

The Main Concourse contains an elliptical barrel-vaulted ceiling. Original plans called for the ceiling to contain a skylight, but this was not practical.[39] Instead, the ceiling contains an elaborately decorated mural of constellations.[40][41][42] The celestial mural was conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.[43] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[44] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[45][41] Suspended from other portions of the ceiling are ten globe-shaped chandeliers in the Beaux-Arts style, each of which weighs 800 pounds (360 kg)[46] and contains 110 bulbs.[47]

The concourse is lit by these chandeliers and by large windows in its east and west walls.[48] Each wall has three round-arched windows, about 60 feet (18 m) high,[41] identical in size and shape to the three on the terminal's south facade.[4] Catwalks, used mostly for maintenance, run across the east and west windows.[49][50] Their floors are made of semi-transparent rock crystal, cut two inches thick.[51]

The ticket booths are located in the Main Concourse, although many have been closed or repurposed since the introduction of ticket vending machines. The concourse's large American flag was installed there a few days after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center.[34][11]

The upper-level tracks are reached from the Main Concourse or from various hallways and passages branching off from it.[52]

The Main Concourse is surrounded on most of its sides by balconies. The east side is occupied by an Apple Store, while the west side is occupied by the Italian restaurant Cipriani Dolci (part of Cipriani S.A.), the Campbell Palm Court, and the Campbell Bar, a former financier's office-turned-bar.[52] The balconies may be reached by the concourse's West Stairs, original to the station, or the matching East Stairs, added during a 1990s renovation.[41][53] Underneath the east and west balconies are entrances to Grand Central's passageways, with shops and ticket machines along the walls. This area also features two intricately carved marble water fountains. The fountains, original to the terminal, still operate and are cleaned daily, though they are rarely used.[54]

Information booth and clock
The Main Concourse's round information booth
The Dining Concourse's octagonal stone information booth
The Main Concourse information booth (left) and the Dining Concourse information booth (right). The two are connected by a spiral staircase.
The 18-sided main information booth — originally the "information bureau" — is in the center of the concourse. Its attendants provide train schedules and other information to the public;[55] in 2015, they fielded more than 1,000 questions an hour, according to an MTA spokesman.[56] A door within the marble and brass pagoda conceals a spiral staircase down to a similar booth on the station's Dining Concourse.[57][58][56]

The booth is topped by a four-faced brass clock that may be Grand Central's most recognizable icon.[48] The clock was designed by Henry Edward Bedford, cast in Waterbury, Connecticut,[34] and designed by the Self Winding Clock Company and built by the Seth Thomas Clock Company, along with several other clocks in the terminal.[59][11] Each 24-inch (61 cm) face[57] is made from opalescent glass, now often called opal glass or milk glass. (Urban legend says the faces are actually opal, valued by Sotheby's or Christie's between $10 million and $20 million.[50]) The clock was first stopped for repairs in 1954, after it was found to be losing a minute or two per day.[60]

Along with the rest of the New York Central Railroad system's clocks, it was formerly set to a clock in the train dispatcher's office at Grand Central.[61] Through the 1980s, they were set to a master clock at a workshop in Grand Central.[62] Since 2004, they have been set to the United States Naval Observatory's atomic clock, accurate to a billionth of a second.[63][56]

Display board
A large blackboard for train schedules, hanging behind glass
A split-flap display board, housed in a museum
An LCD display board in current use
From left to right: The original blackboard (kept as a relic in the Biltmore Room), a Solari board (now at the Danbury Railway Museum), and a modern Solari board at the terminal
Originally, the track and status of arriving and departing trains were hand-chalked on a blackboard in the Biltmore Room. In 1967, the blackboard was supplanted by an electromechanical display in the main concourse over the ticket windows.[64][65] Dubbed a Solari board after its Italian manufacturer, it displayed train information on rows of flip panels that made a distinctive flapping sound as they rotated to reflect changes.[66][67]

That sign was replaced with high-resolution mosaic LCD modules[68] also manufactured by Solari Udine. (Similar modules are now also used on Metro-North trains, both on the sides to display the destination, and on the interior to display the time, next station, station stops, and other passenger information.) In December 2017, as part of the Customer Service Initiative, the MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards.[69]

Grand Central's Reservation Bureau sits underneath the large display board.[67]

Uses
The size of the Main Concourse has made it an ideal advertising space.[70] During World War II, a large mural with images of the United States military hung in the concourse,[70] and from the 1950s to 1989, the Kodak Colorama exhibit was a prominent fixture.[71][72][73] A 13.5-foot-diameter (4.1 m) Westclox "Big Ben" clock was sponsored by at least six companies[74] from the 1960s to the 1990s.[75] These advertisements and fixtures were removed around the time of the terminal's renovation in the 1990s; today, only four advertisement screens remain on the concourse, each about 7 x 6 feet.[76]

The Main Concourse has also been used as a gathering venue. In the 1960s, the terminal's tenant CBS installed a CBS News television screen above the ticket offices to follow the spaceflights of Project Mercury;[37] thousands would gather in the Main Concourse to watch key events of the flights.[77][78][79] Politicians such as U.S. presidents Calvin Coolidge and Harry S. Truman; presidential candidates Thomas Dewey and Robert F. Kennedy; and governor Herbert Lehman have also held events within the concourse.[80] The Main Concourse has also been used for memorials, including events to commemorate U.S. ambassador to France Myron T. Herrick and former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis after their deaths; celebrations for Martin Luther King Jr. Day; and an impromptu memorial created after the September 11 attacks in 2001.[81] Several celebrations have also taken place at the terminal, such as a celebration for the New York Giants after they won the NFL championship in 1933;[82] an event for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1941;[82][83] and several large parties and New Year's celebrations.[82][84]

Various special exhibits and events have also been held at the Main Concourse throughout the years.[85]

A diagram of the terminal's main level rooms
Floor plan of the main level of the terminal
Passageways

Graybar Passage
In their design for the station's interior, Reed & Stem created a circulation system that allowed passengers alighting from trains to enter the Main Concourse, then leave through various passages that branch from it.[41] Among these are the north-south 42nd Street Passage and Shuttle Passage, which run south to 42nd Street; and three east-west passageways — the Grand Central Market, the Graybar Passage, and the Lexington Passage — that run about 240 feet east to Lexington Avenue by 43rd Street.[52][86] Several passages run north of the terminal, including the north-south 45th Street Passage, which leads to 45th Street and Madison Avenue,[87] and the network of tunnels in Grand Central North, which lead to exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.[52][88]

Each of the east-west passageways runs through a different building. The northernmost is the Graybar Passage,[52] built on the first floor of the Graybar Building in 1926.[89] Its walls and seven large transverse arches are of coursed ashlar travertine, and the floor is terrazzo. The ceiling is composed of seven groin vaults, each of which has an ornamental bronze chandelier. The first two vaults, as viewed from leaving Grand Central, are painted with cumulus clouds, while the third contains a 1927 mural by Edward Trumbull depicting American transportation.[90][91]

A long hall with food vendors on either side

Grand Central Market's interior and its Lexington Avenue facade between the Graybar Building and Grand Hyatt New York
The middle passageway, which sits within a two-story former savings bank built in the mid-1970s,[92] houses Grand Central Market, a cluster of food purveyor shops opened in 1998.[52][93] The market's second story, whose balcony overlooks the market and 43rd Street, was to house a restaurant; it is currently used for storage.[86][94]

The southernmost of the three, the Lexington Passage, was historically known as the Hyatt or Commodore Passage after the hotel it ran through.[86]

Grand Central North
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
Interactive map: Grand Central North tunnels and entrances
¦ Northwest Passage
¦ Northeast Passage
¦ 45th Street Cross-Passage
¦ 47th Street Cross-Passage
¦ Grand Central Terminal
Grand Central North is a network of four tunnels that allow people to walk between the station building (located between 42nd and 44th Street) and exits at every street from 45th to 48th Street.[95] The 1,000-foot (300 m) Northwest Passage and 1,200-foot (370 m) Northeast Passage run parallel to the tracks on the upper level, while two shorter cross-passages run perpendicular to the tracks.[96][97] The 47th Street cross-passage runs between the upper and lower tracks, 30 feet (9.1 m) below street level; it provides access to upper-level tracks. The 45th Street cross-passage runs under the lower tracks, 50 feet (15 m) below street level. Converted from a corridor built to transport luggage and mail,[97] it provides access to lower-level tracks.

The tunnels' street-level entrances, each enclosed by a freestanding glass structure,[97] sit at the northeast corner of East 47th Street and Madison Avenue (Northwest Passage), northeast corner of East 48th Street and Park Avenue (Northeast Passage), on the east and west sides of 230 Park Avenue (Helmsley Building) between 45th and 46th Streets, and (since 2012) on the south side of 47th Street between Park and Lexington Avenues.[98] Pedestrians can also take an elevator to the 47th Street passage from the north side of East 47th Street, between Madison and Vanderbilt Avenues.[99]

Proposals for these tunnels had been discussed since at least the 1970s. The MTA approved preliminary plans in 1983,[100] gave final approval in 1991,[101] and began construction in 1994.[96] Dubbed the North End Access Project, the work was to be completed in 1997 at a cost of $64.5 million,[101] but it was slowed by the incomplete nature of the building's original blueprints and by previously undiscovered groundwater beneath East 45th Street.[96] The passageways opened on August 18, 1999, at a final cost of $75 million.[96]

The passages contain an MTA Arts & Design mosaic installation by Ellen Driscoll, an artist from Brooklyn.[96]

The entrances to Grand Central North were originally open from 6:30 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. Monday through Friday and 9 a.m. to 9:30 p.m. on Saturday and Sunday. About 6,000 people used the passages on a typical weekend,[102] and about 30,000 on weekdays. Since summer 2006, Grand Central North has been closed on weekends; MTA officials cited low usage and the need to save money.[103]

Other spaces on the main floor
Vanderbilt Hall
Old image of the ornate Vanderbilt Hall
Vanderbilt Hall, c. 1910

The Tournament of Champions squash championship in 2012

Agern
Vanderbilt Hall is an event space on the south side of the terminal, between the Park Avenue entrance and the Main Concourse to its north. Its west side houses a food hall.[52] The space is lit by Beaux-Arts chandeliers with 132 bulbs on four tiers.[46]

It was formerly the main waiting room for the terminal, used particularly by intercity travelers. When intercity service ceased at Grand Central in 1991, the room began to be used by several hundred homeless people. Terminal management responded first by removing the double-sided oak benches, then by closing the space entirely.[N 3] In 1998, the hall was renovated and renamed Vanderbilt Hall after the family that built and owned the station.[86] It is now used for the annual Christmas Market,[105] as well as for special exhibitions and private events.[106]

Since 1999, Vanderbilt Hall has hosted the annual Tournament of Champions squash championship.[107] The event involves installation of a 21 x 32-foot free-standing theatre in the round, made of glass, with spectators sitting on three sides around it.[108]

In 2016, the west half of the hall became the Great Northern Food Hall, an upscale Nordic-themed food court with five pavilions. The food hall is the first long-term tenant of the space; the terminal's landmark status prevents permanent installations.[109]

A men's smoking room and women's waiting room were formerly located on the west and east sides of Vanderbilt Hall, respectively.[109] In 2016, the men's room was renovated into Agern, an 85-seat Nordic-themed 85-seat fine dining and Michelin-starred restaurant operated by Noma co-founder Claus Meyer, [110] who also runs the food hall.[109]

Biltmore Room
The large newsstand in the Biltmore Room
Former newsstand in the Biltmore Room
The Biltmore Room is a 64-by-80-foot (20 by 24 m) marble hall[111] northwest of the Main Concourse that serves as an entrance to tracks 39 through 42.[52] Completed in 1915[112] directly beneath the New York Biltmore Hotel,[111] it originally served as a waiting room for intercity trains known formally as the incoming train room and colloquially as the "Kissing Room".

As the station's passenger traffic declined in mid-century, the room fell into neglect. In 1982 and 1983, the room was damaged during the construction that converted the Biltmore Hotel into the Bank of America Plaza. In 1985, Giorgio Cavaglieri was hired to restore the room, which at the time had cracked marble, makeshift lighting, and series of lockers.[113] Later, the room held a newsstand, flower stand, and shoe shine booths.[112][114] In 2015, the MTA awarded a contract to refurbish the Biltmore Room into an arrival area for Long Island Rail Road passengers as part of the East Side Access project.[115] As part of the project, the room's booths and stands are to be replaced by a pair of escalators and an elevator to the deep-level LIRR concourse.[112][114]

The room's blackboard displayed the arrival and departure times of New York Central trains until 1967,[64] when a mechanical board was installed in the Main Concourse.[111]

Station Master's Office
The Station Master's Office, located near Track 36, has Grand Central's only dedicated waiting room. The space has benches, restrooms, and a floral mixed-media mural on three of its walls. The room's benches were previously located in the former waiting room, now known as Vanderbilt Hall. Since 2008, the area has offered free Wi-Fi.[116]

Former theatre
One of the retail areas of the Graybar Passage, currently occupied by alcohol vendor Central Cellars, was the Grand Central Theatre or Terminal Newsreel Theatre.[117][118] Opened in 1937, the theater showed short films, cartoons, and news reels[119] continuously from 9 a.m. to 11 p.m. for 25-cent tickets.[120][121] Designed by Tony Sarg, it had 242 stadium-style seats and a standing-room section with armchairs. A small bar sat near the entrance.[122] The theater's interior had simple pine walls spaced out to eliminate echos, along with an inglenook, a fireplace, and an illuminated clock for the convenience of travelers. The walls of the lobby, dubbed the "appointment lounge", were covered with world maps; the ceiling had an astronomical mural painted by Sarg.[117] The New York Times reported a cost of $125,000 for the theater's construction, which was attributed to construction of an elevator between the theater and the suburban concourse as well as air conditioning and apparatuses for people hard of hearing.[123]

The theater stopped showing news reels by 1968[124] but continued operating until around 1979, when it was gutted for retail space,[120] A renovation in the early 2000s removed a false ceiling, revealing the theater's projection window and its astronomical mural, which proved similar in colors and style to the Main Concourse ceiling.[119]

Dining Concourse
A long hallway with track entrances and food vendors
The Dining Concourse, with track entrances visible on the right
Access to the lower-level tracks is provided by the Dining Concourse, below the Main Concourse and connected to it by numerous stairs, ramps, and escalators. For decades, it was called the Suburban Concourse because it handled commuter rail trains.[30] Today, it has central seating and lounge areas, surrounded by restaurants and food vendors.[52]

The concourses are connected by two ramps, which comprise a 302-foot (92 m) west-east axis under an 84-foot (26 m) ceiling.[125] They intersect a slight slope from the Dining Concourse just outside the Oyster Bar,[52] under an archway covered with Guastavino tiling.[126] The arch creates a whispering gallery: someone standing in one corner can hear someone speaking softly in the opposite corner.[37][50] An overpass between the main concourse and the Vanderbilt Hall passes over the archway; from 1927 until 1998, the sides of the bridge were enclosed by walls about 8 feet (2.4 m) high.[125]

As part of the Terminal's late-1990s renovation, stands and restaurants were installed in the concourse, and escalators added to link to the main concourse level.[86] Additionally, the MTA spent $2.2 million to construct two 45-foot-wide circular designs in the concourse's floor. The designs were by David Rockwell and Beyer Blinder Belle, made of terrazzo, and installed over the concourse's original terrazzo floor.[127] Since 2015, part of the Dining Concourse has been closed for the construction of structural framework to support stairways and escalators to the new LIRR station being built as part of East Side Access.[128]

A small square-framed clock is installed in the ceiling near Tracks 108 and 109. It was manufactured at an unknown time by the Self Winding Clock Company, which made several others in the terminal. The clock hung inside the gate at Track 19 until 2011, when it was moved so it would not be blocked by lights added during upper-level platform improvements.[59]

Lost-and-found bureau

MTA Police and lost-and-found offices
Metro-North's lost-and-found bureau sits near Track 100 at the far east end of the Dining Concourse. Incoming items are sorted according to function and date: for instance, there are separate bins for hats, gloves, belts, and ties.[129][130] The sorting system was computerized in the 1990s.[131] Lost items are kept for up to 90 days before being donated or auctioned off.[50][132]

As early as 1920, the bureau received between 15,000 and 18,000 items a year.[133] By 2002, the bureau was collecting "3,000 coats and jackets; 2,500 cellphones; 2,000 sets of keys; 1,500 wallets, purses and ID's [sic]; and 1,100 umbrellas" a year.[131] By 2007, it was collecting 20,000 items a year, 60% of which were eventually claimed.[132] In 2013, the bureau reported an 80% return rate, among the highest in the world for a transit agency.[50][56]

Some of the more unusual items collected by the bureau include fake teeth, prosthetic body parts, legal documents, diamond pouches, live animals, and a $100,000 violin.[130][132] One story has it that a woman purposely left her unfaithful husband's ashes on a Metro-North train before collecting it three weeks later.[50][132] In 1996, some of the lost-and-found items were displayed at an art exhibition.[134]

A diagram of the terminal's dining level rooms
Floor plan of the Dining Level
Other food service and retail spaces
Restaurant entrance with a vaulted tile ceiling
Entrance to the Oyster Bar
Interior of the Campbell Bar
The Campbell Bar
Grand Central Terminal contains restaurants such as the Grand Central Oyster Bar & Restaurant and various fast food outlets surrounding the Dining Concourse. There are also delis, bakeries, a gourmet and fresh food market, and an annex of the New York Transit Museum.[135][136] The 40-plus retail stores include newsstands and chain stores, including a Starbucks coffee shop, a Rite Aid pharmacy, and an Apple Store.[52][137]

The Oyster Bar, the oldest business in the terminal, sits next to the Dining Concourse and below Vanderbilt Hall.[52][109]

An elegantly restored cocktail lounge, the Campbell, sits just south of the 43rd Street/Vanderbilt Avenue entrance. A mix of commuters and tourists access it from the street or the balcony level.[52] The space was once the office of 1920s tycoon John W. Campbell, who decorated it to resemble the galleried hall of a 13th-century Florentine palace.[138][139] In 1999, it opened as a bar, the Campbell Apartment; a new owner renovated and renamed it the Campbell in 2017.[140]

Vanderbilt Tennis Club and former studios
Tennis players using the terminal's court
The Vanderbilt Tennis Club's court
From 1939 to 1964, CBS Television occupied a large portion of the terminal building, particularly above Vanderbilt Hall.[141][142] The space contained two "program control" facilities (43 and 44); network master control; facilities for local station WCBS-TV;[141][142][143] and, after World War II, two 700,000-square-foot (65,000 m2) production studios (41 and 42).[144] Broadcasts were transmitted from an antenna atop the nearby Chrysler Building installed by order of CBS chief executive William S. Paley,[144][143] and were also shown on a large screen in the Main Concourse.[144] In 1958, CBS opened the world's first major videotape operations facility in Grand Central. Located in a former rehearsal room on the seventh floor, the facility used 14 Ampex VR-1000 videotape recorders.[141][142]

Douglas Edwards with the News broadcast from Grand Central for several years, covering John Glenn's 1962 Mercury-Atlas 6 space flight and other events. Edward R. Murrow's See It Now originated there, including his famous broadcasts on Senator Joseph McCarthy, which were recreated in George Clooney's movie Good Night, and Good Luck, although the film incorrectly implies that CBS News and corporate offices were in the same building. The long-running panel show "What's My Line?" was first broadcast from Grand Central, as were "The Goldbergs" and Mama. CBS eventually moved its operations to the CBS Broadcast Center.[141][142][144]

In 1966, the vacated studio space was converted to Vanderbilt Tennis Club, a sports club named for the hall just below.[141][142][145][146] Its two tennis courts were once deemed the most expensive place to play the game — $58 an hour — until financial recessions forced the club to lower the hourly fee to $40.[147] In 1984, the club was purchased by real estate magnate Donald Trump, who discovered it while renovating the terminal's exterior[148] and operated it until 2009.[141]

The space is currently occupied by a conductor lounge and a smaller sports facility with a single tennis court.[142][146]

Basement spaces
Power and heating plant
Grand Central Terminal and its predecessors contained their own power plants. The first such plant, built for Grand Central Depot in the 1870s, stood in the surface-level railroad yards at Madison Avenue and 46th Street. The second was built in 1900 under the west side of Grand Central Station near 43rd Street.[149]

When the terminal was created, a new power and heating plant was built on the east side of Park Avenue between 49th and 50th Streets.[150][151] The two-smokestack structure could supply a daily average of 5,000,000 pounds (2,300,000 kg) of heating steam.[149][152] The plant also provided power to the tracks and the station, supplementing other New York Central power plants in Yonkers (today's Glenwood Power Station) and Port Morris in the Bronx (now demolished).[149] While the Port Morris and Yonkers plants provided 11,000-volt alternating current for arriving and departing locomotives, the Grand Central plant converted the alternating current to 800 volts of direct current for use by the terminal's own third-rail-powered locomotives.[149][153] In addition, the Grand Central power plant provided power to nearby buildings.[151][149]

By the late 1920s, most power and heating services were contracted out to Consolidated Edison,[154] and so the power plant was torn down in 1929.[155] (Its only remaining vestige is the storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria New York hotel built in 1931.[151]) A new substation —the world's largest at the time — was built 100 feet (30 m) under the Graybar Building at a cost of $3 million.[149][156] Occupying a four-story space with a footprint of 250 by 50 feet (76 by 15 m)[149][154], it is divided into substation 1T, which provides 16,500 kilowatts (22,100 hp) for third-rail power, and substation 1L, which provides 8,000 kilowatts (11,000 hp) for other lighting and power.[149]

A sub-basement, dubbed M42, contains the AC-to-DC converters that supply DC traction current to the tracks.[50] Though sources vary on its exact depth, it is thought to be located 105 to 109 feet (32 to 33 m) below ground,[157] or either 10 or 13 stories deep.[158] The M42 basement was installed in the former boiler void excavated in the bedrock beneath the present-day Grand Central Market and the entrance to the Graybar Building, three levels below the lower Metro-North level.[159] Two of the original rotary converters remain as a historical record. During World War II, this facility was closely guarded because its sabotage would have impaired troop movement on the Eastern Seaboard.[33][160][161] It is said that any unauthorized person entering the facility during the war risked being shot on sight; the rotary converters could have easily been crippled by a bucket of sand.[162] The Abwehr, a German espionage service, sent two spies to sabotage it; they were arrested by the FBI before they could strike.[33] M42 also included a system to monitor trains in and around the terminal, which was used from 1913 until 1922, when it was supplemented by telegraphs.[50]

Carey's Hole
Another part of the basement is known as Carey's Hole. The two-story section is directly beneath the Shuttle Passage and adjacent spaces. In 1913, when the terminal opened, J. P. Carey opened a barbershop adjacent to and one level below the terminal's waiting room (now Vanderbilt Hall). Carey's business expanded to include a laundry service, shoe store, and haberdashery. In 1921, Carey also ran a limousine service using Packard cars, and in the 1930s, he added regular car and bus service to the city's airports as they opened. Carey would store his merchandise in an unfinished, underground area of the terminal, which railroad employees and maintenance staff began calling "Carey's Hole". The name has remained even as the space has been used for different purposes, including currently as a lounge and dormitory for railroad employees.[163]

Platforms and tracks
A diagram of the upper-level tracks and streets above
A diagram of the lower-level tracks and streets above
c. 1909 layout of the upper-level mainline tracks (top) and lower-level suburban tracks (bottom), showing balloon loops
The terminal holds the Guinness World Record for having the most platforms of any railroad station:[164] 28, which support 44 platform numbers. All are island platforms except one side platform.[165] Odd-numbered tracks are usually on the east side of the platform; even-numbered tracks on the west side. As of 2016, there are 67 tracks, of which 43 are in regular passenger use, serving Metro-North.[166][167] At its opening, the train shed contained 123 tracks, including duplicate track numbers and storage tracks,[167] with a combined length of 19.5 miles (31.4 km).[168]

The tracks slope down as they exit the station to the north, to help departing trains accelerate and arriving ones slow down.[169] Because of the size of the rail yards, Park Avenue and its side streets from 43rd Street to 59th Street are raised on viaducts, and the surrounding blocks were covered over by various buildings.[170]

At its busiest, the terminal is served by an arriving train every 58 seconds.[56]

Track distribution
[ vte ]
Grand Central track map
The upper Metro-North level has 42 numbered tracks. Twenty-nine serve passenger platforms; these are numbered 11 to 42, east to west[168][171] (Tracks 12, 22, and 31 do not currently exist, and appear to have been removed[171]). To their east sits the East Yard: ten storage tracks numbered 1 through 10 from east to west.[171][167] A balloon loop runs from Tracks 38-42 on the far west side of the station, around the other tracks, and back to storage Tracks 1-3 at the far east side of the station;[171] this allows trains to turn around more easily.[172][173]

North of the East Yard is the Lex Yard, a secondary storage yard under the Waldorf Astoria Hotel[171] that formerly served the power plant for Grand Central Terminal.[151] Its twelve tracks are numbered 51 through 65 from east to west (track numbers 57, 58, and 62 do not currently exist). Platforms sit between tracks 53 and 54 and between tracks 61 and 63.[171] Track 61 is known for being a private track for United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt; part of the original design of the Waldorf Astoria,[162][174] it was mentioned in The New York Times in 1929 and first used in 1938 by John J. Pershing, a top U.S. general during World War I.[175] Roosevelt would travel into the city using his personal train, pull into Track 61, and take a specially designed elevator to the surface.[176] It has been used occasionally since Roosevelt's death.[177][178] The upper level also contains 22 more storage sidings.[168][171]

The lower Metro-North level has 27 tracks numbered 100 to 126, east to west.[171][167][179] Two were originally intended for mail trains and two were for baggage handling.[29][30] Today, only Tracks 102–112 and 114–115 are used for passenger service. The lower-level balloon loop, whose curve was much sharper than that of the upper-level loop and could only handle electric multiple units used on commuter lines[180] was removed at an unknown date.[167] Tracks 116–125 were demolished to make room for the Long Island Rail Road concourse being built under the Metro-North station as part of the East Side Access project.[181]

The upper and lower levels have different track layouts, so the upper level is supported by ultra-strong columns, some of which can carry over 7,000,000 foot-pounds force (9,500,000 J).[182]

The LIRR terminal being built as part of East Side Access will add four platforms and eight tracks numbered 201–204 and 301–304 in two 100-foot-deep (30 m) double-decked caverns below the Metro-North station.[183] The new LIRR station will have four tracks and two platforms in each of two caverns, and each cavern would contain two tracks and one platform on each level. The LIRR concourse will sit on a center level between the LIRR's two track levels.[184][185]

Control center
Grand Central Terminal was built with five signal control centers, labeled A, B, C, F, and U, that collectively controlled all of the track interlockings around the terminal. Each switch was electrically controlled by a lever in one of the signal towers, where lights illuminated on track maps to show which switches were in use.[186][180] As trains passed a given tower, the signal controllers reported the train's engine and timetable numbers, direction, track number, and the exact time.[187]

Tower U controlled the interlocking between 48th and 58th Streets; Tower C, the storage spurs; and Tower F, the turning loops. A four-story underground tower at 49th Street housed the largest of the signal towers: Tower A, which handled the upper-level interlockings via 400 levers, and Tower B, which handled the lower-level interlockings with 362 levers.[188][189][190][180][186][191] The towers housed offices for the stationmaster, yardmaster, car-maintenance crew, electrical crew, and track-maintenance crew. There were also break rooms for conductors, train engineers, and engine men.[190][186]

After Tower B was destroyed in a fire in 1986,[192] the signal towers were consolidated into a single Operations Control Center, where controllers could monitor the switches by computer. Completed in 1993,[193] the center is operated by a crew of two dozen.[194]

Hospital
During the terminal's construction, an "accident room" was set up to treat worker injuries in a wrecking car in the terminal's rail yard. Later on, a small hospital was established in the temporary station building on Lexington Avenue to care for injured workers. The arrangement was satisfactory, leading to the creation of a permanent hospital, the Grand Central Emergency Hospital, in Grand Central Terminal in 1911. The hospital was used for every employee injury as well as for passengers. In 1915, it had two physicians who treated a monthly average of 125 new cases per month and 450 dressings.[195] The space had four rooms: Room A (the waiting room), Room B (the operating room), Room C (a private office), and Room D (for resting patients).[196] The hospital was open at least until 1963; a Journal News article that year noted that the hospital treated minor to moderate ailments and was open every day between 8 a.m. and 5 p.m.[197]

Architecture
A large clock and stone sculptural group adorning the building's facade
Glory of Commerce, a sculptural group by Jules-Félix Coutan
See also: Grand Central Terminal art
Grand Central Terminal was designed in the Beaux-Arts style by Reed and Stem, which was responsible for the overall design of the terminal,[41] and Warren and Wetmore, which mainly made cosmetic alterations to the exterior and interior.[198][199][200] Grand Central has both monumental spaces and meticulously crafted detail, especially on its facade.[201] In 2013, historian David Cannadine described it as one of the most majestic buildings of the twentieth century.[202] The facade is based on an overall exterior design by Whitney Warren.[203] Various elements inside the terminal were designed by French architects and artists Jules-Félix Coutan, Sylvain Salieres, and Paul César Helleu.[200]

As proposed in 1904, Grand Central Terminal was bounded by Vanderbilt Avenue to the west, Lexington Avenue to the east, 42nd Street to the south, and 45th Street to the north. It included a post office on its east side.[30] The east side of the station house proper is an alley called Depew Place, which was built along with the Grand Central Depot annex in the 1880s and mostly decommissioned in the 1900s when the new terminal was built.[204][205] Originally slated to measure 680 feet (210 m) along Vanderbilt Avenue by 300 feet (91 m) on 42nd Street, the station house actually measures 800 feet (240 m) long, 300 feet (91 m) wide, and 105 feet (32 m) high.[206][30]

The station and its rail yard have steel frames. The building also uses large columns designed to hold the weight of a 20-story office building, which was to be built when additional room was required.[207][208]

The facade and structure of the terminal building primarily use granite. Because granite emits radiation,[209] people who work full-time in the station receive an average dose of 525 mrem/year, more than permitted in nuclear power facilities.[210][211] The base of the exterior is Stony Creek granite, while the upper portion is of Indiana limestone, from Bedford, Indiana.[207]

The interiors use several varieties of stone, including imitation Caen stone for the Main Concourse; cream-colored Botticino marble for the interior decorations; and pink Tennessee marble for the floors of the Main Concourse, Biltmore Room,[90] and Vanderbilt Hall,[109] as well as the two staircases in the Main Concourse.[53][41][48] Real Caen stone was judged too expensive, so the builders mixed plaster, sand, lime, and Portland cement.[48] Most of the remaining masonry is made from concrete.[207] Guastavino tiling, a fireproof tile-and-cement vault pattern patented by Rafael Guastavino, is used in various spaces.[32][126]

Facade
For further information about art on the facade, see Grand Central Terminal art § Facade.
The south facade of Grand Central Terminal, as seen from 42nd Street
The south facade features a set of three arched windows, with the Glory of Commerce sculpture at the top-center and the Vanderbilt statue at the bottom-center.
In designing the facade of Grand Central, the architects wanted to make the building seem like a gateway to the city.[207] The south facade, facing 42nd Street, is the front side of the terminal building, and contains large arched windows.[212] The central window resembles a triumphal arch.[207][213] There are two pairs of columns on either side of the central window. The columns are of the Corinthian order, and are partially attached to the granite walls behind them, though they are detached from one another.[212] The facade was also designed to complement that of the New York Public Library Main Branch, another Beaux-Arts edifice located on nearby Fifth Avenue.[213]

The facade includes several large works of art. At the top of the south facade is a 13-foot-high (4.0 m) clock, which contains the world's largest example of Tiffany glass.[214] The clock is surrounded by the Glory of Commerce sculptural group, a 48-foot-high (15 m) sculpture by Jules-Félix Coutan, which includes representations of Minerva, Hercules, and Mercury.[203][215] At its unveiling in 1914, the 48-foot-high (15 m) trio was considered the largest sculptural group in the world.[215][216][217] Below these works, facing the Park Avenue Viaduct, is an 1869 statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt, longtime owner of New York Central. Sculpted by Ernst Plassmann,[218] the 8.5-foot (2.6 m) bronze is the last remnant[219] of a 150-foot bronze relief installed at the Hudson River Railroad depot at St. John's Park;[220] it was moved to Grand Central Terminal in 1929.[221]

Main Concourse ceiling
Main article: Grand Central Terminal art § Ceiling
Ceiling painted green, with gold-colored constellations across the entire mural
Main Concourse ceiling
The Main Concourse's ceiling is an elliptical barrel vault, with its base at an elevation of 121.5 feet and its crown at 160.25 feet. There are lunette windows on the north and south sides. A skylight was originally supposed to be installed to provide light into the terminal, and accommodations were made for a large ceiling light, in case an office building were to be constructed over the terminal.[40]

The ceiling is elaborately decorated with a celestial mural,[42] conceived in 1912 by Warren and Helleu, and executed by Hewlett-Basing Studio.[43] The ceiling contains several astronomical inaccuracies: the stars within some constellations appear correctly as they would from earth, other constellations are reversed left-to-right, as is the overall arrangement of the constellations on the ceiling. Though the astronomical inconsistencies were noticed promptly by a commuter in 1913,[44] they have not been corrected in any of the subsequent renovations of the ceiling.[45][41]

The original ceiling was replaced in the late 1930s. By the 1940s, the ceiling had grown moldy, so in 1944, New York Central covered the mural with boards and painted an imitation mural over these boards.[45][222][41] By the 1980s, the ceiling was obscured by decades of what was thought to be coal and diesel smoke. Spectroscopic examination revealed that it was mostly tar and nicotine from tobacco smoke, as well as asbestos.[45] Starting in September 1996, the ceiling was cleaned and restored to its original design.[222][223]

Iconography

Frieze displaying the terminal's original logo
Many parts of the terminal are adorned with sculpted leaves and nuts of the oak tree (acorns, the symbol of the Vanderbilt family).[109] These decorations were designed by Salieres.[224] Among these decorations is a brass acorn finial atop the four-sided clock in the center of the Main Concourse.[119][56] Other acorn decorations include carved wreaths under the Main Concourse's west stairs; sculptures above the lunettes in the Main Concourse; metalwork above the elevators; and the electric chandeliers in the Main Waiting Room and Main Concourse.[224]

The overlapping letters "G", "C", and "T" are sculpted into multiple places in the terminal, including in friezes atop several windows above the terminal's ticket office. The symbol was designed with the "T" resembling an upside-down anchor, intended as a reference to Cornelius Vanderbilt's commercial beginnings in shipping and ferry businesses.[225] In 2017, the MTA based its new logo for the terminal on the engraved design; MTA officials said its black and gold colors have long been associated with the terminal. The spur of the letter "G" has a depiction of a railroad spike.[226] The 2017 logo succeeded one created by the firm Pentagram for the terminal's centennial in 2013. It depicted the Main Concourse's ball clock set to 7:13, or 19:13 using a 24-hour clock, referencing the terminal's completion in 1913. Both logos omit the word "terminal" in its name, in recognition to how most people refer to the building.[227]

Influence
The stage of Saturday Night Live, set up with musical instruments
Stage of Saturday Night Live
Among the buildings modeled on Grand Central's design is the Poughkeepsie station, a Metro-North and Amtrak station in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was also designed by Warren and Wetmore and opened in 1918.[228][229] Additionally, Union Station in Utica, New York was partially designed after Grand Central, and the stage of Saturday Night Live was designed after the terminal as well.[230]

Related structures
Park Avenue Viaduct

1913 illustration showing the viaduct as it approaches and wraps around Grand Central
The Park Avenue Viaduct is an elevated road that carries Park Avenue around the terminal building and the MetLife Building and through the Helmsley Building — three buildings that lie across the line of the avenue. The viaduct rises from street level on 40th Street south of Grand Central, splits into eastern (northbound) and western (southbound) legs above the terminal building's main entrance,[4] and continues north around the station building, directly above portions of its main level. The legs of the viaduct pass around the MetLife Building, into the Helmsley Building, and re-emerge at street level on 46th Street.

The viaduct was built to facilitate traffic along 42nd Street[231] and along Park Avenue, then New York City's only discontinuous major north-south avenue.[232] When the western leg of the viaduct was completed in 1919,[233] it also served as a second level for picking up and dropping off passengers. In 1928, an eastern leg for northbound traffic was added to reduce congestion.[231] A sidewalk, accessible from the Grand Hyatt hotel, runs parallel to 42nd Street.[234]

Post office and baggage building
Grand Central Terminal has a post office at 450 Lexington Avenue, built from 1906 to 1909.[14][29] The architecture of the original post office building matches that of the terminal, as the structures were designed by the same architects.[235] The post office station expanded into a second building, directly north of the original structure, in 1915.[235][236] From the beginning, Grand Central's post office was designed to handle massive volumes of mail, though it was not as large as the James A. Farley Building, the post office that was built with the original Penn Station.[237]

The terminal complex originally included a six-story building for baggage handling just north of the main station building. Departing passengers unloaded their luggage from taxis or personal vehicles on the Park Avenue Viaduct, and elevators brought it to the baggage passageways (now part of Grand Central North), where trucks brought the luggage to the respective platforms. The process was reversed for arriving passengers.[29][238] Biltmore Hotel guests arriving at Grand Central could get baggage delivered to their rooms.[29] The baggage building was later converted to an office building. The structure was demolished in 1961[239][240] to make way for the MetLife Building.[29]

Subway station
Main article: Grand Central–42nd Street (New York City Subway)
People standing around Grand Central's Shuttle Passage
Passageway to the subway; the ramp at right leads to street level
The terminal's subway station, dubbed Grand Central–42nd Street, serves three lines: the IRT Lexington Avenue Line (serving the 4, ?5, ?6, and <6> trains), the IRT Flushing Line (serving the 7 and <7>? trains), and the IRT 42nd Street Shuttle to Times Square.[15] Built by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT),[241][242] the lines are now operated by the MTA as part of the New York City Subway.[243][244]

The Main Concourse is connected to the subway platforms' mezzanine via the Shuttle Passage.[52][243] The platforms can also be reached from the 42nd Street Passage via stairs, escalators, and an elevator to the fare control area for the Lexington Avenue and Flushing Lines.[244]

The 42nd Street Shuttle platforms, located just below ground level, opened in 1904 as an express stop on the original IRT subway.[241] The Lexington Avenue Line's platforms, which were opened in 1918 when the original IRT subway platforms were converted to shuttle use,[245] run underneath the southeastern corner of the station building at a 45-degree angle, to the east of and at a lower level than the shuttle platforms.[246] The Flushing Line platform opened in 1915;[247] it is deeper than the Lexington Avenue Line's platforms because it is part of the Steinway Tunnel, a former streetcar tunnel that descends under the East River to the east of Grand Central.[247][242] There was also a fourth line connected to Grand Central Terminal: a spur of the IRT Third Avenue elevated,[242] which stopped at Grand Central starting in 1878;[248] it was made obsolete by the subway's opening, and closed in 1923.[249]

During the terminal's construction, there were proposals to allow commuter trains to pass through Grand Central and continue into the subway tracks, but they were deemed impractical.[242]

History
Main article: History of Grand Central Terminal
Three buildings serving essentially the same function have stood on the current Grand Central Terminal's site.[250]

Predecessors
Grand Central Terminal arose from a need to build a central station for the Hudson River Railroad, the New York and Harlem Railroad, and the New York and New Haven Railroad in what is now Midtown Manhattan.[250][251][252] The Harlem Railroad originally ran as a steam railroad on street level along Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue),[253][254][255][256] while the New Haven Railroad ran along the Harlem's tracks in Manhattan per a trackage agreement.[253][254][255] The business magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt bought the Hudson River and New York Central Railroads in 1867, and merged them two years later.[257][255][256] Vanderbilt developed a proposal to unite the three separate railroads at a single central station, replacing the separate and adjacent stations that created chaos in baggage transfer.[250]

A train shed with an intricate facade
The depot and station's train shed
Vanderbilt commissioned John B. Snook to design his new station, dubbed Grand Central Depot, on the site of the 42nd Street depot.[258][259] Snook's final design was in the Second Empire style.[260][254][261] Construction started on September 1, 1869, and the depot was completed by October 1871.[254] Due to frequent accidents between pedestrians and trains running on street level, Vanderbilt proposed the Fourth Avenue Improvement Project in 1872.[254] The improvements were completed in 1874, allowing trains approaching Grand Central Depot from the north to descend into the Park Avenue Tunnel at 96th Street and continue underground into the new depot.[254] Traffic at Grand Central Depot grew quickly, filling its 12 tracks to capacity by the mid-1890s, not the late 1890s or early 1900s as expected.[262] In 1885, a seven-track annex with five platforms was added to the east side of the existing terminal.[169][262][263]

Postcard of Grand Central Station, c. 1902
Grand Central Station, c. 1902
Grand Central Depot had reached its capacity again by the late 1890s,[264] and it carried 11.5 million passengers a year by 1897.[265] As a result, the railroads renovated the head house extensively based on plans by railroad architect Bradford Gilbert.[266][264] The reconstructed building was renamed Grand Central Station.[36][37] The new waiting room opened in October 1900.[12]

As train traffic increased in the late 1890s and early 1900s, so did the problems of smoke and soot produced by steam locomotives in the Park Avenue Tunnel, the only approach to the station.[261][267][169][268] This contributed to a crash on January 8, 1902, when a southbound train overran signals in the smoky Park Avenue Tunnel and collided with another southbound train,[269][270][268] killing 15 people and injuring more than 30 others.[271][272][273] Shortly afterward, the New York state legislature passed a law to ban all steam trains in Manhattan by 1908.[267][270][274][275] William J. Wilgus, the New York Central's vice president, later wrote a letter to New York Central president William H. Newman. Wilgus proposed to electrify and place the tracks to Grand Central in tunnels, as well as constructing a new railway terminal with two levels of tracks and making other infrastructure improvements.[36][276] In March 1903, Wilgus presented a more detailed proposal to the New York Central board.[169][269][277][268] The railroad's board of directors approved the $35 million project in June 1903; ultimately, almost all of Wilgus's proposal would be implemented.[269][277]

Replacement
Sketch of a large Beaux-Arts building
Proposal of the associated architects of Grand Central, 1905
The entire building was to be torn down in phases and replaced by the current Grand Central Terminal. It was to be the biggest terminal in the world, both in the size of the building and in the number of tracks.[36][37] The Grand Central Terminal project was divided into eight phases, though the construction of the terminal itself comprised only two of these phases.[N 4]

The current building was intended to compete with the since-demolished Pennsylvania Station, a majestic electric-train hub being built on Manhattan's west side for arch-rival Pennsylvania Railroad by McKim, Mead & White.[279] In 1903, New York Central invited four architecture firms to a design competition to decide who would design the new terminal.[280] Reed and Stem were ultimately selected,[198] as were Warren and Wetmore, who were not part of the original competition.[281][282][198][283][275] Reed and Stem were responsible for the overall design of the station, while Warren and Wetmore worked on designing the station's Beaux-Arts exterior.[283][284][275] However, the team had a tense relationship due to constant design disputes.[282]

Construction on Grand Central Terminal started on June 19, 1903.[281] Wilgus proposed to demolish, excavate, and built the terminal in three sections or "bites",[285] to prevent railroad service from being interrupted during construction.[286] About 3,200,000 cubic yards (2,400,000 m3) of the ground were excavated at depths of up to 10 floors, with 1,000 cubic yards (760 m3) of debris being removed from the site daily. Over 10,000 workers were assigned to the project.[287][191][288] The total cost of improvements, including electrification and the development of Park Avenue, was estimated at $180 million in 1910.[289] Electric trains on the Hudson Line started running to Grand Central on September 30, 1906,[290] and the segments of all three lines running into Grand Central had been electrified by 1907.[288]

After the last train left Grand Central Station at midnight on June 5, 1910, workers promptly began demolishing the old station.[13] The last remaining tracks from the former Grand Central Station were decommissioned on June 21, 1912.[285] The new terminal was opened on February 2, 1913.[291][292][293]

Heyday
The terminal spurred development in the surrounding area, particularly in Terminal City, a commercial and office district created above where the tracks were covered.[294][295][296][297] The development of Terminal City also included the construction of the Park Avenue Viaduct, surrounding the station, in the 1920s.[298][299][300] The new electric service led to increased development in New York City's suburbs, and passenger traffic on the commuter lines into Grand Central more than doubled in the seven years following the terminal's completion.[301] Passenger traffic grew so rapidly that by 1918, New York Central proposed expanding Grand Central Terminal.[302]

In 1923, the Grand Central Art Galleries opened in the terminal. A year after it opened, the galleries established the Grand Central School of Art, which occupied 7,000 square feet (650 m2) on the seventh floor of the east wing of the terminal.[303][304] The Grand Central School of Art remained in the east wing until 1944,[305] and it moved to the Biltmore Hotel in 1958.[306][307]

Decline
The MetLife Building, towering above Grand Central
The MetLife Building was completed in 1963 above Grand Central Terminal.
In 1947, over 65 million people traveled through Grand Central, an all-time high.[191] The station's decline came soon afterward with the beginning of the Jet Age and the construction of the Interstate Highway System. There were multiple proposals to significantly alter the terminal, including several replacing the station building with a skyscraper; none of the plans were carried out.[308] The MetLife Building was ultimately erected behind Grand Central to the north, and opened in 1963.[309]

New York Central, facing bankruptcy, merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1968, forming the Penn Central Railroad. Based on the Pennsylvania Railroad's demolition and replacement of the original Penn Station in 1963, Penn Central proposed another skyscraper replacing Grand Central Terminal.[310] However, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Grand Central a city landmark in 1967, and refused to consider the plans.[311][312] The resulting lawsuit went to the Supreme Court of the United States, which ruled in favor of the city.[313] After Penn Central went into bankruptcy in 1970, it retained title to Grand Central Terminal.[314] When Penn Central reorganized as American Premier Underwriters (APU) in 1994, it retained ownership of Penn Central. In turn, APU was absorbed by American Financial Group.[315]

A 1968 image of the Main Concourse with large and bright advertisements throughout
The Main Concourse in 1968, featuring large advertisements, blackout paint, and a Merrill Lynch office
Grand Central and the surrounding neighborhood became dilapidated during the 1970s, and the interior of Grand Central was dominated by huge billboard advertisements, which included the Kodak Colorama photos and the Westclox "Big Ben" clock.[75] In 1975, Donald Trump bought the Commodore Hotel to the east of the terminal for $10 million and then worked out a deal with Jay Pritzker to transform it into one of the first Grand Hyatt hotels.[316] Grand Central Terminal was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and declared a National Historic Landmark in the following year.[6][317][318] This period was marked by a bombing on September 11, 1976, when a group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal and hijacked a plane; the bomb was not disarmed properly, and the explosion wounded over 30 and killed one NYPD bomb squad specialist.[319][320]

The final Amtrak train stopped at Grand Central on April 7, 1991, upon the completion of the Empire Connection on Manhattan's West Side. The connection allowed trains using the Empire Corridor from Albany, Toronto, and Montreal to use Penn Station.[321] However, some Amtrak trains would use Grand Central during the summers of 2017 and 2018.[322][323]

Renovation and subsequent expansions
In 1988, the MTA commissioned a study of the Grand Central Terminal, which concluded that parts of the terminal could be turned into a retail area.[324] The agency announced an $113.8 million renovation of the terminal in 1995.[325] During this renovation, all billboards were removed and the station was restored.[75] The most striking effect was the restoration of the Main Concourse ceiling, revealing the painted skyscape and constellations.[222][223] The renovations included the construction of the East Stairs, a curved monumental staircase on the east side of the station building that matched the West Stairs.[326] An official re-dedication ceremony was held on October 1, 1998, marking the completion of the interior renovations.[327][328]

Hundreds of people gathered in the Main Concourse for a celebratory event
Centennial celebration performance, 2013
On February 1, 2013, numerous displays, performances, and events were held to celebrate the terminal's centennial.[329][330] As part of the construction of the One Vanderbilt supertall skyscraper, which started construction in October 2016[331] and is expected to be completed in 2020,[332] underground connections to Grand Central Terminal were being constructed.[331] The MTA awarded contracts to replace the display boards and public announcement systems and add security cameras at Grand Central Terminal in December 2017.[69] The MTA also proposed to repair the Grand Central Terminal train shed's concrete and steel as part of the 2020–2024 MTA Capital Program.[333] In February 2019, it was announced that the Grand Hyatt New York hotel outside of Grand Central Terminal would be torn down and replaced with a larger mixed-use structure over the next several years.[334][335]

A large tunnel under construction
East Side Access progress in 2014
The East Side Access project, underway since 2007, is slated to bring Long Island Rail Road trains into the terminal when completed. LIRR trains will reach Grand Central from Harold Interlocking in Sunnyside, Queens, via the existing 63rd Street Tunnel and new tunnels under construction on both the Manhattan and Queens sides. LIRR trains will arrive and depart from a bi-level, eight-track tunnel with four platforms more than 90 feet (27 m) below the Metro-North tracks.[28] The project includes a new 350,000-square-foot retail and dining concourse[336] and new entrances at 45th, 46th, and 48th streets.[337] Cost estimates have jumped from $4.4 billion in 2004, to $6.4 billion in 2006, then to $11.1 billion. The new stations and tunnels are to begin service in December 2022.[27][28]

Midtown TDR Ventures, LLC, an investment group controlled by Argent Ventures,[338] purchased the station from American Financial in December 2006,[339] and renegotiated the lease with the MTA until 2274.[338] In November 2018, the MTA proposed purchasing the Hudson and Harlem Lines as well as the Grand Central Terminal for up to $35.065 million, discounting all required lease payments to their present value via a discount rate of 6.25% and also including a further $500,000 cash discount by the seller.[314][340] The MTA's finance committee approved the proposed purchase on November 13, 2018, and the full board approved the proposal two days later.[341][342][343]

Innovations
Passenger improvements
A vaulted ceiling by the terminal's ramps
Incline between concourses, showing the "whispering gallery" outside the Oyster Bar
A cross-cut drawing of Grand Central, showing its rooms, passages, tunnels, and tracks
Cutaway drawing, illustrating the use of ramps, express and suburban tracks, and the viaduct
Grand Central Terminal offered several innovations in transit-hub design. One was the use of ramps, rather than staircases, to conduct passengers and luggage through the facility. Two ramps connected the lower-level suburban concourse to the main concourse; several more led from the main concourse to entrances on 42nd Street. These ramps allowed all types of travelers to easily move between Grand Central's two underground levels.[32][344][213] There were also 15 passenger elevators and six freight-and-passenger elevators scattered around the station.[213] The separation of commuter and intercity trains, as well as incoming and outgoing trains, ensured that most passengers on a given ramp would be traveling in the same direction.[207] At its opening in 1913, the terminal was theoretically able to accommodate 100 million passengers a year.[188]

The Park Avenue Viaduct, which wrapped around the terminal, allowed Park Avenue traffic to bypass the building without being diverted onto nearby streets,[231] and reconnected the only north-south avenue in midtown Manhattan that had an interruption in it.[232] The station building was also designed to accommodate reconnecting both segments of 43rd Street by going through the concourse, if the City of New York had demanded it.[36][37]

Designers of the new terminal tried to make it as comfortable as possible. Amenities included an oak-floored waiting room for women, attended to by maids; a shoeshine room, also for women; a room with telephones; a beauty salon with gender-separated portions; a dressing room, with maids available for a fee; and a men's barbershop for men, containing a public portion with barbers from many cultures, as well as a rentable private portion.[293][36][37] Initially, Grand Central was to have had two concourses, one on each level. The "outbound" concourse would have a 15,000-person capacity while the "inbound" concourse would have an 8,000-person capacity. A waiting room adjoining each concourse could fit another 5,000 people.[206] Brochures advertised the new Grand Central Terminal as a tourist-friendly space where "[t]imid travelers may ask questions with no fear of being rebuffed by hurrying trainmen, or imposed upon by hotel runners, chauffeurs or others in blue uniforms"; a safe and welcoming place for people of all cultures, where "special accommodations are to be provided for immigrants and gangs of laborers"; and a general tourist attraction "where one delights to loiter, admiring its beauty and symmetrical lines—a poem in stone".[36][37] The waiting room by the Main Concourse, now Vanderbilt Hall, also had an advantage over many, including Penn Station's: Grand Central's waiting room was a tranquil place to wait, with all ticket booths, information desks, baggage areas, and meeting areas instead removed to the Main Concourse.[345]

Every train at Grand Central Terminal departs one minute later than its posted departure time. The extra minute is intended to encourage passengers rushing to catch trains at the last minute to slow down. According to The Atlantic, Grand Central Terminal has the lowest rate of slips, trips, and falls on its marble floors, compared to all other stations in the U.S. with similar flooring.[346]

All of the terminal's light fixtures are bare light bulbs. At the time of the terminal's construction, electricity was still a relatively new invention, and the inclusion of electric light bulbs showcased this innovation.[46][56] In 2009, the incandescent light bulbs were replaced with energy- and money-saving fluorescent lamp fixtures.[47]

When Grand Central Terminal opened, it hired two types of porters, marked with different-colored caps, to assist passengers.[347] Porters with red caps served as bellhops, rolling luggage around Grand Central Terminal, and were rarely paid tips.[347][348] There were more than five hundred red-capped porters at one point.[347] Porters with green caps, a position introduced in 1922,[349] provided information services, sending out or receiving telegrams or phone messages for a fee.[347][350][351] They later started dropping off and picking up packages as well. There were only twelve green-capped porters, as well as two messengers who brought messages to an exchange on the west side of the terminal.[347]

Track improvements
Grand Central Terminal was built to handle 200 trains per hour, though actual traffic never came close to that.[191] It had 46 tracks and 30 platforms, more than twice Penn Station's 21 tracks and 11 platforms.[36][37][208] Its 70-acre (28 ha) rail yard could hold 1,149 cars, far more than the 366 in its predecessor station, and it dwarfed Penn Station's 28-acre (11 ha) yard.[191]

As constructed, the upper level was for intercity trains, and the lower level for commuter trains. This allowed commuter and intercity passengers to board and get off trains without interfering with each other.[29][30]

Balloon loops surrounding the station eliminated the need for complicated switching moves to bring the trains to the coach yards for service.[30][173][352][353] At the time, passenger cars did not run on their own power, but were pulled by locomotives, and it was believed dangerous to perform locomotive shunting moves underground. Trains would drop passengers off at one side of the station, perhaps be stored or serviced in the rail yard, then use the turning loops and pick up passengers on the other side.[353] The loops extended under Vanderbilt Avenue to the west and Lexington Avenue to the east.[354]

Terminal City
The Beaux-Arts skyscraper in front of the more modern MetLife Building
The Helmsley Building, in front of the MetLife Building
Burying electric trains underground brought an additional advantage to the railroads: the ability to sell above-ground air rights over the tracks and platforms for real-estate development.[294][295] The construction of Grand Central had resulted in the creation of several blocks worth of prime real estate in Manhattan, stretching from 42nd to 51st Streets between Madison and Lexington Avenues.[294][295] William Wilgus saw the air rights above Grand Central's rail yards as merely a means to fund the terminal's construction. Reed & Stem originally proposed a "Court of Honor" for this space, while other proposals included a new Metropolitan Opera House, a Madison Square Garden, or a National Academy of Design building.[355] Instead, the area was developed into a commercial office district.[294][295] One early proposed name for this area was "Pershing Square", a name that was ultimately applied to the southern side of Grand Central Terminal.[356] The blocks on the north side of the terminal were later dubbed "Terminal City" or the "Grand Central Zone".[294][295][296] In conjunction with this project, the segment of Park Avenue above Grand Central's rail yards received a landscaped median and was widened to 140 feet (43 m).[357][358]

The New York State Realty and Terminal Company was founded in 1903 as a derivative of the New York Central Railroad that would oversee construction above Grand Central's rail yards.[359] The New Haven Railroad joined the venture later on.[360] Even the announcement of Grand Central's construction resulted in an increase in the values of nearby properties by 1906.[361] By the time the terminal opened in in 1913, the blocks surrounding it were each valued at $2 million to $3 million.[188] Terminal City soon became Manhattan's most desirable commercial and office district. Land values along Park Avenue subsequently increased by 200%, and land values in the Terminal City area increased 244%, from 1904 to 1926.[362]

The Realty and Terminal Company typically either constructed the structures and rented them out, or sold the air rights to private developers who would construct their own buildings.[360] The first building in Terminal City was the new Grand Central Palace, which opened in 1911 and replaced a predecessor building of the same name.[363][364][362] The district came to include the Chrysler Building and other prestigious office buildings; luxury apartment houses along Park Avenue; an array of high-end hotels that included the Commodore, Biltmore, Roosevelt, Marguery, Chatham, Barclay, Park Lane, and Waldorf Astoria;[297][362] the Grand Central Palace; and the Yale Club of New York City.[207][362] The structures immediately around Grand Central Terminal had been developed shortly after the terminal's opening, while the structures along Park Avenue were constructed through the 1920s and 1930s.[360]

These structures were designed in the neoclassical style, complementing the terminal's architecture.[355] Although Warren and Whitmore designed most of these buildings, it also monitored other architects' plans (such as those of James Gamble Rogers, who designed the Yale Club) to ensure that the style of the new buildings was compatible with that of Terminal City.[365] In general, the site plan of Terminal City was derived from the City Beautiful movement, which encouraged aesthetic harmony between adjacent buildings. The consistency of the architectural styles, as well as the vast funding provided by investment bankers, contributed to Terminal City's success.[359]

The Graybar Building, completed in 1927, was one of the last projects of Terminal City. The building incorporates many of Grand Central's train platforms, as well as the Graybar Passage, a hallway with vendors and train gates stretching from the terminal to Lexington Avenue.[366] In 1929, New York Central built its headquarters in a 34-story building, now called the Helmsley Building, which straddled Park Avenue north of the terminal.[367] Development slowed drastically during the Great Depression,[362] and part of Terminal City was gradually razed or reconstructed with steel-and-glass designs after World War II.[297][368] In particular, many of the low-rise residential structures on Park Avenue were replaced with International Style skyscrapers during the 1950s and 1960s, many of which were zoned for commercial use.[369] Some residential buildings from the era still exist along Lexington Avenue.[297] Remnants of the neoclassical design can also be seen in the Yale Club and Roosevelt Hotel on Vanderbilt Avenue.[355]

The area shares similar boundaries as the Grand Central Business Improvement District, a neighborhood with businesses collectively funding improvements and maintenance in the area. The district is well-funded; in 1990 it had the largest budget of any business improvement district in the United States.[370] The district's organization and operation is run by the Grand Central Partnership, which has given free tours of the station building.[371][372] The partnership has also funded some restoration projects around the terminal, including installation of lamps to illuminate its facade, purchase of a streetlamp that used to stand on the Park Avenue Viaduct.[373]

Emergency services
Three parked MTA Police vehicles
MTA Police Department use special vehicles in the terminal
The terminal is served by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Police Department, stationed in the Dining Concourse level.[52] Various actions by MTA officers in the terminal have received media attention over the years. In 1988, seven officers were suspended for behaving inappropriately, including harassing a homeless man and patrolling unclothed.[374] In the early 2000s, officers arrested two transgender people — Dean Spade in 2002 and Helena Stone in 2006 — who were attempting to use restrooms aligning with their gender identities. Lawsuits forced the MTA to drop the charges and to thenceforth allow use of restrooms according to gender identity.[375][376] In 2017, an officer assaulted and arrested a conductor who was removing a passenger from a train in the terminal.[377]

Fire and medical emergency services are provided by the Grand Central Fire Brigade, a volunteer entity formed in 1987. One of six such units in the Metro-North system, the brigade is made up of Metro-North employees, most of which are blue-collar workers: plumbers, electricians, machinists, and custodians. Every member is a volunteer, except for the fire chief. All receive at least 150 hours of training; EMS-certified members get an additional 170 hours every three years. The brigade handles an average of two emergencies a day, mostly medical in nature. The brigade regularly trains the NYPD, FDNY, and MTA Police to navigate the terminal and its miles of tunnels, and trains other Metro-North employees in first aid and CPR. It also conducts fire drills and stations fire guards for special events in the terminal.[378][379]

The brigade's fleet, stored in a bay next to Track 14, includes three electric carts equipped with sirens and red lights: a white-painted ambulance no wider than a hospital bed that carries a stretcher, oxygen tanks, defibrillators, and other medical equipment; a red pumper that carries 200 gallons of water and 300 feet of fire hose; and a red rescue truck with air packs, forcible entry tools, and turnout gear.[378][379][380]

Art installations and performances
Main article: Grand Central Terminal art
Among the permanent works of public art in Grand Central are the celestial ceiling in the Main Concourse,[381][382] the Glory of Commerce work, the statue of Cornelius Vanderbilt in front of the building's south facade,[383][384] and the two cast-iron eagle statues adorning the terminal's facades.[385] Temporary works, exhibitions, and events are regularly mounted in Vanderbilt Hall,[386] while the Dining Concourse features temporary exhibits in a series of lightboxes.[387]

The terminal is also known for its performance and installation art,[388][389] including flash mobs and other spontaneous events.[390]

In popular culture
Grand Central Terminal has been the subject, inspiration, or location for literature, television and radio episodes, and films.[391][37]

Film and television

Platform at Track 34, commonly used in films
Many film and television productions have included scenes shot in the terminal. Kyle McCarthy, who handles production at Grand Central, said, "Grand Central is one of the quintessential New York places. Whether filmmakers need an establishing shot of arriving in New York or transportation scenes, the restored landmark building is visually appealing and authentic."[392] Especially during World War II, Grand Central has been a backdrop for romantic reunions between couples. After the terminal declined in the 1950s, it was more frequently used as a dark, dangerous place, even a metaphor for chaos and disorientation,[391] featuring chase scenes, shootouts, homeless people, and the mentally ill. In the 1990 film The Freshman, for example, Matthew Broderick's character stumbles over an unconscious man and watches fearfully as petty crimes take place around him.[393]

Almost every scene in the terminal's train shed was shot on Track 34, one of the few platforms without columns.[394][56]

The first filmed scene in which Grand Central Terminal appears may be the 1909 short comedy Mr. Jones Has a Card Party.[395] The terminal's first cinematic appearance was in the 1930 musical film Puttin' On the Ritz,[394] and its first Technicolor appearance was in the 1953 film The Band Wagon.[56] Some films from the 20th century, including Grand Central Murder, The Thin Man Goes Home, Hello, Dolly!, and Beneath the Planet of the Apes used reconstructions of Grand Central, built in Hollywood, to stand in for the terminal.[391][396] Additionally, the terminal was drawn and animated for use in the 2005 animated film Madagascar.[397]

Other films in which the terminal appears include:[37][391][395][397]

Twentieth Century (1934)
Spellbound (1945)
Ma and Pa Kettle Go to Town (1950)
North by Northwest (1959)
Seconds (1966)
The Out-of-Towners (1970)
The French Connection (1971)
Necrology (1971)
A Stranger Is Watching (1982)
The Cotton Club (1984)
The House on Carroll Street (1988)
The Fisher King (1991)
The Prince of Tides (1991)
Carlito's Way (1993)
One Fine Day (1996)
The Ice Storm (1997)
Armageddon (1998)
Men in Black II (2002)
I Am Legend (2007)
Revolutionary Road (2008)
Arthur (2011)
Friends with Benefits (2011)
The Avengers (2012)
The Commuter (2018)
On October 19, 2017, several of these films were screened in the terminal for an event created by the MTA, Rooftop Films, and the Museum of the Moving Image and featuring a cinematic history lecture by architect and author James Sanders.[398]

A television show in which Grand Central is depicted is Saturday Night Live, where a soundstage reconstruction of the terminal is shown.[395]

Other
Wikisource has the full text for:
Report on Grand Central Terminal
Literature featuring the terminal includes Report on Grand Central Terminal, written in 1948 by nuclear physicist Leo Szilard; The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger; Grand Central Murder by Sue MacVeigh, which was made into the eponymous film in 1942; A Stranger Is Watching by Mary Higgins Clark;[395] and the 1946 children's classic The Taxi That Hurried by Lucy Sprague Mitchell.[37] The infrastructure in Grand Central inspired the novel The Invention of Hugo Cabret, and in turn, the film Hugo.[399]

The terminal gave its name to the radio series Grand Central Station, an NBC drama filmed at the terminal from 1937 to 1953.[395] Among the video games that feature the terminal are Spider-Man: The Movie and True Crime: New York City.[252]

See also
icon Architecture portal
flag New York City portal
National Register of Historic Places portal
icon Trains portal
Architecture of New York City
Transportation in New York City
List of busiest railway stations in North America
References
Explanatory notes
Grand Central Terminal meets Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) requirements, though it is not classified as a Full Access station; it does not comply with all requirements of the ADA.[1]
A railroad "terminal" such as Grand Central Terminal, the former Reading Terminal in Philadelphia, and the Los Angeles Union Passenger Terminal is a facility at the end of a rail line, which trains enter and depart in the same direction. A railroad station, such as Pennsylvania Station on the West Side, 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, and Union Station in Washington, D.C., is a facility along one or more contiguous rail lines, which trains can enter and depart in different directions.[11]
Several of the hall's benches were moved to a smaller waiting room in the Station Master's Office. In 2018, two of the benches were sent on a long-term loan to Springfield, Massachusetts's Union Station.[104]
The projects included:[278]
excavation of Grand Central Yard
construction of Grand Central's station building
electrification of the Harlem, Hudson, and New Haven divisions
lowering the Port Morris Branch tracks in the Bronx
building tunnels along the Hudson Division around the Harlem River Ship Canal in Marble Hill, Manhattan (ultimately never built, as the Harlem River Ship Canal was relocated)
eliminating grade crossings
adding tracks on the Harlem and New Haven divisions
Citations
"Grand Central Terminal". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
"2017 MNR Ridership Appendix" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. April 23, 2018. p. 9. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1967
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980
National Park Service (2007-01-23). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
"Grand Central Station". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 11, 2007.
Shields, Ann (November 10, 2014). "The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions – No. 3: Times Square, New York City – Annual Visitors: 50,000,000". Travel+Leisure. Retrieved November 14, 2018. No. 3 Times Square,...No. 4 (tie) Central Park,...No. 10 Grand Central Terminal, New York City
Ann Shields (November 10, 2014). "The World's 50 Most Visited Tourist Attractions". Travel+Lesiure. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
Middleton, William D. (1977). Grand Central: The World's Greatest Railway Terminal. Golden West Books. p. 7.
Cannadine, David (February 8, 2013). "A Point of View: Grand Central, the world's loveliest station". BBC. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
Fortier, Alison (2016). A History Lover's Guide to New York City. The History Press. pp. 208–9. ISBN 9781467119030. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
"NEWS OF THE RAILROADS; New Waiting Room at the Grand Central Station Opens To-day. Appointments Are Up to Date and Improvements of a Modern Type -- Some Novel Ideas". The New York Times. October 18, 1900. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Schlichting 2001, pp. 106–107
"Location Details". USPS.com. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
"Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
"news - State-of-Art Renewal Project Begins at White Plains Station". MTA. March 30, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Lunden, Jeff (February 1, 2013). "Grand Central, A Cathedral For Commuters, Celebrates 100". NPR. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
"MNR Map". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
"Subway Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
"Manhattan Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
"Brooklyn Bus Service" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
"Bronx Bus Service" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
"Queens Bus Service" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 2017. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
"Staten Island Bus Map" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2018.
Albright, John Brannon (December 27, 1981). "How to Go Coast to Coast By Train". Retrieved February 2, 2019.
Browne, Malcolm W. (December 3, 1967). "The 20th Century Makes Final Run; Economics Force Central to End Luxury Service Curtain Is Stolen 'Everything Changes' Service Was Luxurious". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
Cameron, Jim (December 3, 2018). "Getting There: Historic 20th Century Limited train service remains unmatched". Connecticut Post. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
"In "Caves" Below Grand Central, East Side Access Project on Track". The Villager. November 5, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
"Capital Programs East Side Access". web.mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
"LIRR Map". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
Siff, Andrew (April 16, 2018). "MTA Megaproject to Cost Almost $1B More Than Prior Estimate". NBC New York. Retrieved April 16, 2018.
"East Side Access Project, Final Environmental Impact Statement" (PDF). p. 22. Retrieved December 16, 2006.
Schlichting 2001, pp. 62-63
"PLANS SUBMITTED FOR GREAT GRAND CENTRAL; Station Itself to Spread Out with Double-Deck Tracks. TERMINAL TO USE 19 BLOCKS Express and Local Traffic Separated -- A Monster Concourse -- Forty-three Tracks and Wide Platforms". The New York Times. December 24, 1904. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Schlichting 2001, p. 125
Langmead 2009, p. 174
"The Top 10 Secrets of Grand Central Terminal". Untapped Cities.
"One Place Really Is as Busy as Grand Central Station: The Cliche Has the New York Terminal's Name Wrong, but Its Character Just Right". Los Angeles Times. November 24, 1985. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
Susman, Tina (June 13, 2013). "At 100, Grand Central still holds secrets". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Roberts, Sam (January 18, 2013). "100 Years of Grandeur: The Birth of Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
Roberts 2013
Solomon, Brian; Mike Schafer (2007). New York Central Railroad. Saint Paul, MN: MBI and Voyageur Press. ISBN 9780760329283. OCLC 85851554.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 90
"Concourse Roof, Grand Central Terminal, New York City". Engineering Record. 67 (8): 210. February 22, 1913. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
Langmead 2009, p. 175
Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 57
"Central Terminal Opening on Sunday". The New York Times. January 29, 1913. p. 13.
"Constellations Reversed: New Grand Central Ceiling Has the Heavens Turned Around", The New York Times, March 23, 1913, p.10.
"What Is That Spot on the Ceiling of Grand Central Terminal?". The New York Times. June 7, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 96
Sulzberger, A. G. (April 29, 2009). "Lighting at Grand Central Goes Green With Fluorescent Bulbs". The New York Times. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 84
Tkaczyk, Christopher (December 20, 2016). "Take a Look Inside Grand Central Terminal Where Most People Never Get to Go". Travel and Leisure. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
"Inaccessible New York: Behind The Scenes At Grand Central Terminal". CBS New York. March 30, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Bilotto & DiLorenzo 2017
"Grand Central Directory" (PDF). Grand Central Terminal. April 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
George, Tara (September 30, 1998). "A Grander Central". New York Daily News. p. 455. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Dominus, Susan (November 16, 2009). "Commuters Overlooking Free Treasure". The New York Times. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
"QUESTIONS OF THE TRAVELER; Every One Has Learned to Consult the Railroad Information Bureau, Which Has Become One of the Chief Aids to Travel". The New York Times. June 11, 1916. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Carlson, Jen (May 12, 2015). "Everything You Never Knew You Wanted To Know About Grand Central Terminal". Gothamist. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Schumach, Murray (January 20, 1954). "Central Derails its 4-Faced Clock". The New York Times. p. 29. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 125
Barron, James (March 25, 2011). "A Clock Moves in Grand Central, and Memories Stir". The New York Times. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
"TIME OUT FOR CLOCK; Grand Central Timepiece Takes First 'Break' for Repairs". The New York Times. January 17, 1954. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 121
Goldman, Ari L. (April 25, 1980). "A Master With Time on His Mind; 41 Years on the Job Tick, Tock, Whir, Hum Checking in the Morning". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
Luo, Michael (July 6, 2004). "Got the Time? At Grand Central, It Has Never Been That Simple". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Devlin, John C. (January 13, 1967). "Grand Central Billboard Going Electric; Blackboard Reports on Train Arrivals to Be Replaced Pushbutton System Will Be Installed in Two Weeks". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
"Grand Central's Departure Board, Gone!". The New York Times. July 23, 1996. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
Roberts 2013, pp. 190–191
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 127
"LCD signs and boards" (PDF). Solari di Udine. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
"Metro-North Railroad Committee Meeting" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. January 22, 2018. p. 108. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 207–208
The New York Times (July 19, 1951). "BIG COLOR PHOTOS SEEN BY MILLION; GIANT COLORAMA AT GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
Grundberg, Anny (December 3, 1989). "Pastimes; Camera". Pastimes; Camera. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 209
Anderson, Susan Heller; Dunlap, David W. (August 11, 1986). "New York Day by Day; Grand Central Clock Gets a Makeover". The New York Times. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
Dunlap, David W. (November 20, 2008). "Space Without Ads Makes Its Own Statement at Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
Anders, Marjorie (February 4, 2013). "Metro-North Railroad Doubles Advertising Revenue with Digital Media in Grand Central Terminal". Mass Transit. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 210
Robertson, Nan (February 21, 1962). "NEW YORK PAUSES TO 'WATCH' GLENN; Millions Rivet Attention on Astronaut in Flight". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Brown, Christian (May 16, 1963). "8,000 WATCH SHOT IN GRAND CENTRAL; Capacity Crowd Jams Floor Around Oversize TV Set 9:04 A.M.: Faces Reflect Tension of the Lift-Off". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 210–211
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 214–215
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 199
Childs, Kingsley (September 26, 1941). "10,000 Fans Pack Grand Central To Acclaim Returning Dodgers; Placards Shown With Appropriate Sentiments in Brooklynese -- MacPhail, at 125th St. Station, Sees Team Train Sweep By". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Barron, James (December 26, 1991). "Preparing to Dance Away 1991 at Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 200, 205–206
Dunlap, David W. (August 2, 1998). "Grand Central, Reborn as a Mall; Terminal Becomes Gateway to Shops and Restaurants". The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
Goldberg, Betsy (2010-01-14). "Grand Central Terminal tour". Timeout.com. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
www.grandcentralterminal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/GCT_Directory_2018_web_3_04-1.pdf
"New Passageway into Terminal is Part of Building". Brooklyn Daily Eagle. September 19, 1926. p. 31. Retrieved December 18, 2018 – via Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
"Grand Central Subdistrict" (PDF). Department of City Planning, New York City. November 1991. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
Thurber, Dan (April 23, 2017). "The Story of Grand Central's Other Ceiling Mural". Bookworm History. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
"152 A.D.2d 216 - Greenwich Assocs. v. MTA., Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, First Department". Retrieved February 1, 2019.
"Grand Central Market". Grand Central Terminal. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
"The dish on Grand Central". Crain's New York Business. May 20, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Finkelstein, Katherine E. (August 19, 1999). "Passageway Easing Exit Is Opened At Terminal". The New York Times. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Ames, Lynn (October 10, 1999). "The View From/Manhattan; A Shorter Commute". The New York Times. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
Ames, Lynne (October 24, 1999). "Shortening the Commute at Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
"New Entrance to the Grand Central North Being Built On 47th Street Between Park and Lexington Avenues" (Press release). Metro-North Railroad. January 11, 2010. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
Map of Grand Central North (brochure (scan)). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. December 6, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via Brian Weinberg, from Flickr.
Joyce, Fay S. (April 30, 1983). "MORE EXITS AT GRAND CENTRAL PLANNED TO EASE BOTTLENECK". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
"No light yet at end of tunnel". The Journal News. White Plains, NY. January 18, 1999. p. 9. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
"MTA 2005 Preliminary Budget (7–29–04) – Volume 2 – MNR" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
"MTA Metro-North Railroad". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
Goonan, Peter (July 16, 2018). "'A work of art': Springfield unveils restored Grand Central benches at Union Station". Mass Live. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
"Grand Central Holiday Fair". The official website of the City of New York. December 20, 2017. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
"Vanderbilt Hall at Grand Central Terminal". NYC & Company. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2019.
"ToC History". Tournament of Champions. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Douglass, Lynn (January 23, 2013). "Grand Central Station's Glass Box Amazes Again". Forbes. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Dunlap, David W. (April 6, 2016). "Nordic Food Court Rises at Grand Central, With an Order to Leave No Trace". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
"Agern - New York : a Michelin Guide restaurant". ViaMichelin. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
Schneider, Daniel B. (August 6, 2000). "F.Y.I." The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
Mann, Ted (September 26, 2012). "Station Will Restore 'Kissing Room'". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
Tomasson, Robert E. (April 21, 1985). "Waiting Room at Grand Central Regains Sense of Grandeur". The New York Times. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
Carlson, Jen (September 26, 2012). "Grand Central's Kissing Room Is Returning To Its Former Glory". Gothamist. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
"news - MTA Awards Contract to Build Long Island Rail Road's Future Terminal Under Grand Central Terminal". MTA. February 5, 2015. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
"Grand Central Terminal's Station Master's Offices Goes Wireless". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 27, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
Diehl, Lorraine (May 25, 2002). "Secret City". New York Daily News. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
Young, Michelle (April 24, 2015). "The Lost Movie Theater of Grand Central Terminal". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
Ferguson, Colleen (August 8, 2018). "Secrets of Grand Central Terminal: missing decorations, hidden staircases and a tiny acorn". The Journal News. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 177–178
McManus, John T (May 9, 1937). "Big Doings at the Depot". The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
Carlson, Jen (April 22, 2015). "Did You Know There Used To Be A Movie Theater In Grand Central Terminal?". Gothamist. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
McManus, John T (May 9, 1937). "BIG DOINGS AT THE DEPOT". The New York Times. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 179–180
"An Oasis of Tranquility, in Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. July 16, 2015. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 89
Rohde, David S. (December 28, 1997). "A Grand Design Takes Shape On the Floor of Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
"Milestone for East Side Access: Workers to Break Through Lower Level Floor To Build Housing for Escalators and Stairways to Future LIRR Concourse". www.mta.info. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Wald, Matthew L. (April 4, 1978). "Parcel Room Lost & Found; Grand Central 'Finds Treasure And Trash Left By Commuters; 'What Was In the Bag?'; False Teeth and Crutches; Systematized Cartons; Commuter Goes Hungry". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Lombardi, Kate Stone (July 28, 1996). "Lost and Found, on Metro-North". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Santora, Marc (August 20, 2002). "Teeth Missing? Try Lost and Found; At Grand Central, Even Dentures Have Been Reclaimed". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Belson, Ken (May 8, 2007). "Lost on Metro-North, but Most Likely Found". The New York Times. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
"STRANGE FINDS ON TRAINS; More Than 15,000 Articles Turned in Annually at Grand Central". The New York Times. September 19, 1920. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 128
Haughney, Christine (July 25, 2011). "More Crowded Crowds: Grand Central to Welcome Apple and Shake Shack". The New York Times. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
Hugh Merwin (October 2, 2013). "7 Things You Should Know About Shake Shack Grand Central, Opening Saturday". GrubStreet. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
"Apple Store Grand Central Opens Friday, December 9" (Press release). Apple. December 7, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
"Campbell Apartment Bar in New York". Archived from the original on February 3, 2007.
Gray, Christopher (January 9, 1994). "Grand Central Terminal; In a Forgotten Corner, a Curious Office of the 20's". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
Simonson, Robert (May 15, 2017). "Return of the Campbell, an Ornate Grand Central Bar". The New York Times. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Sherman, William (March 19, 2009). "Donald Trump Bounced off Grand Central Tennis Deal". Daily News. New York. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
Rubinstein, Dana (November 23, 2010). "A Tennis Court That Will Cost $210 an Hour". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
Wolters, Larry (August 24, 1937). "News of Radio". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 9. Retrieved January 6, 2019 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 174
"A Look at the Hidden Tennis Courts of Grand Central Terminal, Once Leased by Trump". Untapped Cities. February 9, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 164
Friedman, Charles (1978). "Most Expensive Tennis Club Sheds Status Symbol". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
Schmidt, Michael S. (August 31, 2006). "Game, Set, Match Above the Roar of the City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
Blalock, Thomas J. "A Mammoth Move: Relocating the 50th Street Substation". IEEE Power & Energy Magazine. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
Railway and Locomotive Engineering: A Practical Journal of Railway Motive Power and Rolling Stock. 1913. p. 85. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 150
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 154
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 152
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 157
"PREPARING BLOCK FOR NEW WALDORF; Work Will Start Tomorrow in Removal of New York Central's Great Power Plants. Sells Estate in Greenwich". The New York Times. March 31, 1929. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
"HUGE POWER PLANT 100 FEET UNDER CITY; Biggest Substation in World Moved Into Bedrock Under Grand Central Terminal. SERVICE NEVER CUT OFF $3,000,000 System Ran Trains While Being Moved to Make Way for New Waldorf. Engineers Hail Work. HUGE POWER PLANT 100 FEET UNDER CITY Vault Carved in Rock. Apparatus Weighs 850 Tons. Air Cleaned Before Use". The New York Times. February 16, 1930. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
Sources that mention the 109-foot figure include:
Grynbaum, Michael M. (September 12, 2017). "Man and Machine, Both Beautiful, Meet at Grand Central". City Room. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
Taylor, Ross (March 3, 2008). "A GRAND PLACE". The Hartford Courant. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
A figure of 105 feet is also given by Solis 2005, p. 118.
At least two sources give a figure of nine flights or 13 stories:
Heidenry, Margaret (December 7, 2015). "'In 24 Hours': Track 61 and Grand Central's M42". CNN Travel. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
Reynolds, Emma (June 6, 2018). "Dark world under New York streets". NewsComAu. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
The 10-story figure is mentioned by: "9 Secret Spaces Hidden Under Our Cities". Interesting Engineering. December 5, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
Solis, Julia (2005). New York Underground: The Anatomy of a City. Routledge. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-415-95013-8. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
"New York". Cities of the Underworld. Season 1. Episode 107. June 4, 2007. History. Retrieved February 15, 2011.
Inside Grand Central. National Geographic Video. 2005. Archived from the original on August 7, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
"Neglected and rusting deep below Grand Central station, the armoured train that helped heroic Roosevelt keep his polio secret". Daily Mail. March 4, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
"General Engineering Consulting Feasibility Study for Redevelopment of Carey's Hole: Section 1: History of Carey's Hole". Beyer Blinder Belle. November 29, 2010. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
"Largest railway station (no. of platforms)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
"Grand Central Terminal". nyctourist.com.
"Unknown Grand Central Terminal, New York City, New York". Interesting America.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 136
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 138
Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 4
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 63
Green, Richard E. (2009). Metro-North Railroad Track Map (Map). § Grand Central Terminal.
Samson, Peter R. (2004). GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, Upper Level (PDF).
Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 5
Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 67
"Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Retrieved November 18, 2009.
"The secret below Grand Central Station". BBC News. January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 17, 2009.
Joseph Brennan (2002). "Grand Central Terminal, Waldorf-Astoria platform". Retrieved May 2, 2014.
Forrest Wickman (May 1, 2014). "Is the Secret Subway in the New Spider-Man Real? Explained". Slate.
Samson, Peter R. (2004). GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, Lower Level (PDF).
Engineering News-record (in Dutch). McGraw-Hill. 1920. p. 501. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
"Grand Central Terminal Outline of Existing Tracks and Platforms" MTA.info
Schlichting 2001, pp. 77–78
"MTA OK's contract for East Side Access". TimesLedger. Retrieved February 17, 2016.
Dobnik, Verena (November 4, 2015). "Massive East Side Access Project Rolling On Under Grand Central". nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
"East Side Access transforming the LIRR". Herald Community Newspapers. August 21, 2018. Retrieved September 23, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 143
"Taming of the Iron Horse". The New York Times. September 10, 1939. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
"With the Surrounding Buildings It Covers an Area of Thirty City Blocks -- Can Accommodate 100,000,000 People a Year". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 140
Railway Age and Railway Review. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company. 1910. p. 620. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
"Grand Central Terminal". ASCE Metropolitan Section. January 8, 1902. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
Boorstin, Robert O. (September 23, 1986). "Grand Central Blaze Damage to Mean Delays Till Weekend". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 147
Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 25, 2009). "The Zoo That Is Grand Central, at Full Gallop". The New York Times. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
"Developments at the Grand Central Terminal in New York". Railway Review. 57 (8): 231. August 21, 1915.
"Grand Central Emergency Hospital". Railroad Men. 25 (9): 268–9. June 1912. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
"Grand Central Terminal Builds Legend During its 50 Years". The Journal News. November 13, 1963. p. 21. Retrieved February 9, 2019 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Belle & Leighton 2000, pp. 49–50
Schlichting 2001, pp. 118–120
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 66
Dunlap, David W. (March 5, 2014). "At Trade Center Transit Hub, Vision Gives Way to Reality". The New York Times. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
Cannadine, David (February 8, 2013). "A Point of View: Grand Central, the world's loveliest station". BBC News. Retrieved February 8, 2013.
Schlichting 2001, p. 124
National Reporter System; New York (State). Court of Appeals; West Publishing Company; New York (State). Supreme Court (1907). The New York Supplement. 2 years transportation progress. West Publishing Company. p. 747. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 98
"WONDERS GROW NEAR NEW GRAND CENTRAL; Work Will Cost $180,000,000 and a New Park Avenue Will Rise to the North" (PDF). The New York Times. June 26, 1910. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
Grand Central Terminal of the New York Central Lines. New York Central Lines. c. 1912. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
Schlichting 2001, pp. 126–127
"Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects". World Nuclear Association. December 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (August 1998). "Radiation in the Environment". US Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Gale, Robert Peter; Lax, Eric (2013). Radiation: What It Is, What You Need to Know. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 190. ISBN 9780307959706. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
Langmead 2009, p. 176
"New Grand Central Station and Stern's Store Important Factors in 42d Street's Development". The New York Times. May 12, 1912. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Swidler, Kim Stuart (August 29, 2012). "Secrets of NYC's Grand Central Terminal: Outdoor Tiffany Clock Up Close". Times Union. Retrieved December 3, 2018.
Roberts 2013, p. 89; Bilotto & DiLorenzo 2017, p. 2
Morrone, Francis (Summer 1999). "Statues and Civic Memory". City Journal. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Erikson, Chris (February 3, 2013). "Grand Central Terminal: My landmark New York". New York Post. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Durante, Dianne L. (2007). Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
Gray, Christopher (2006-03-19). "The Curious Travels of the Commodore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 6
"Grand Central Terminal to Have Vanderbilt Statue". The New York Times. February 24, 1929. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
Lueck, Thomas J. (September 20, 1996). "Work Starts 100 Feet Above Grand Central Commuters". The New York Times. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
"Grandeur!". New York Daily News. February 16, 1997. p. 698. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 93
Pollak, Michael (February 13, 2015). "What Happened to the Big Armchairs in Grand Central Terminal?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
"Iconic Grand Central Terminal Unveils New Iconic Mark". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 28, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
"New Work: Grand Central". Pentagram. March 20, 2012. Archived from the original on 2015-02-23. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
Howe, Patricia; Katherine Moore (February 25, 1976). National Register of Historic Places nomination, Poughkeepsie Railroad station.
Flad, Harvey K.; Griffen, Clyde (2009). Main Street to Mainframes. State University of New York Press, Albany. p. 70. ISBN 9781438426365. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
Baker, R.C. (May 19, 2017). "Meet SNL's 78-Year-Old "Heart Of The Show"". Village Voice. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
"New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work" (PDF). The New York Times. September 2, 1928. p. Real Estate, Page 123,. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 103
"Link Up Park Av. to Ease Congestion". The New York Times. April 17, 1919. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Durante, Dianne L. (2007). Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 111
"ELECTRIC MARVELS IN NEW POST OFFICE; Belts, Lifts, and Chutes Do All but the Thinking in Building That Opens Today. COVERS N.Y. CENTRAL YARD Built to Handle 800,000 Pounds of Mail a Day ;- Room for 33 Cars of Sacks at Once". The New York Times. August 15, 1915. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 181
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 128
Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 6
Lee, Henry (October 16, 1960). "Grand Old Central Sprouts a Skyscraper". New York Daily News. pp. 52, 53 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
"Our Subway Open, 150,000 Try It" (PDF). New York Times. October 28, 1904. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 100
"Neighborhood Map: Grand Central-42 St (S)" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
"Neighborhood Map: Grand Central-42 St (4)(5)(6)" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
"Shuttle Service In Operation". pudl.princeton.edu. Interborough Rapid Transit Company. September 27, 1918. Retrieved September 19, 2016.
"Lexington Av. Line To Be Opened Today; Subway Service to East Side of Harlem and the Bronx Expected to Relieve Congestion. Begins With Local Trains Running of Express Trains to Await Opening of Seventh AvenueLine of H System". The New York Times. July 17, 1918. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
"Steinway Tunnel Will Open Today; Officials Will Attend Ceremony in the Long Island City Station at 11 A.M. First Public Train At Noon Public Service Commission Renames the Under-River Route the Queensboro Subway". The New York Times. June 22, 1915. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
"RAPID TRANSIT ON THE BOWERY.; OPENING OF THE EAST SIDE ELEVATED RAILROAD TO-DAY TIME-TABLE AND FARES". The New York Times. August 26, 1878. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
"42D ST. ELEVATED STOPS.; Service on Spur to Grand Central Discontinued Last Midnight". The New York Times. December 7, 1923. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
Gray, Christopher (June 21, 1998). "Grand Central Terminal; How a Rail Complex Chugged Into the 20th Century". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 2
Langmead 2009, p. 167
Schlichting 2001, pp. 8–9
Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 3
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 2
Langmead 2009, p. 168
Mid-Harlem Line Third Track Project, Section 4(f) Report: Environmental Impact Statement. Mid-Harlem Line Third Track Project, Section 4(f) Report: Environmental Impact Statement. 2000. p. 8.5. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot & Leadon, Fran (2010), AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.), New York: Oxford University Press, p. 313, ISBN 9780195383867
Belle & Leighton 2000, p. 34
Langmead, D. (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood Icons. Greenwood Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Langmead 2009, p. 169
Schlichting 2001, p. 50
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 87
Schlichting 2001, pp. 51–54
"New York Central's Superb New Terminus". New York World. December 12, 1897. p. 60. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 3
Sprague, J. L.; Cunningham, J. J. (2013). "A Frank Sprague Triumph: The Electrification of Grand Central Terminal [History]". IEEE Power and Energy Magazine. 11 (1): 58–76. doi:10.1109/mpe.2012.2222293. ISSN 1540-7977.
Langmead 2009, p. 170
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 4
Schlichting 2001, pp. 55–56
"WGBH American Experience . Grand Central". PBS. January 8, 1902. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
"FIFTEEN KILLED IN REAR END COLLISION; Trains Crash in Darkness of Park Avenue Tunnel. TWO SCORE ARE INJURED Engineer Disregards or Fails to See Signals. LOCOMOTIVE BURIED IN CAR Firemen Cut Their Way Into the Wreck and Climb Over the Hot Boiler to the Aid of the Wounded -- Heroic Acts of Rescuers and Rescued -- Survivors and Others Tell Thrilling Stories of Their Experiences". The New York Times. January 9, 1902. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
"Fifteen Killed, Thirty-Six Hurt". New-York Tribune. January 9, 1902. p. 1. Retrieved December 10, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Roberts 2013, p. 72
Langmead 2009, p. 171
Roberts 2013, p. 72
Schlichting 2001, pp. 60-62
Schlichting 2001, pp. 64–65
McLowery, Randall (February 18, 2014). "The Rise and Fall of Penn Station - American Experience". PBS. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
Schlichting 2001, pp. 116–117
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 5
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 50
Schlichting 2001, pp. 121–122
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 6
Schlichting 2001, p. 67
"CONSTRUCTING A GREAT MODERN RAILWAY TERMINAL; One of the Most Puzzling of Modem Engineering Problems Is Involved in the Building, Without Interruption to Traffic, of New York's Grand Central Station". The New York Times. August 16, 1908. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
"THE NEW TERMINAL OF THE". The New York Times. September 12, 1909. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
Landmarks Preservation Commission 1980, p. 7
"WONDERS GROW NEAR NEW GRAND CENTRAL; Work Will Cost $180,000,000 and a New Park Avenue Will Rise to the North". The New York Times. June 26, 1910. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
Schlichting 2001, p. 97
Maranzani, Barbara. "Grand Central Terminal: An American Icon". History.com. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
"Grand Central Terminal opens". Railway Age: 78. September 2006. ISSN 0033-8826.
"Modern Terminal Supplies Patrons with Home Comforts". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
"GRAND CENTRAL ZONE BOASTS MANY CONNECTED BUILDINGS; Pedestrians May Walk Underground for Blocks With out Ever Coming Into Contact With Street Traffic Thousands Use Passages. Reducing Vibration". The New York Times. September 14, 1930. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
"Exploring New York's Real Underworld".Popular Science Monthly, November 1931, p. 135
The Gateway to a Continent: Grand Central Zone, 1939
Gray, Christopher (August 19, 2010). "Covering Its Tracks Paid Off Handsomely". The New York Times. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
Langmead 2009, p. 172
"Link Up Park Av. to Ease Congestion". The New York Times. April 17, 1919. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
"New Viaduct Thoroughfare Relieves Park Avenue Traffic Congestion; Result of Many Years' Work" (PDF). The New York Times. September 2, 1928. p. Real Estate, Page 123. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Schlichting 2001, pp. 188
"N.Y. Central Plans Broad Expansion". Buffalo Commercial. May 24, 1918. p. 9. Retrieved December 19, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
"New Art School Opens: Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central". The New York Times. October 2, 1924. p. 27. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
"Terminal Fire Not in Art School". The New York Times. September 6, 1929. p. 9. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
"New Art School Opens: Reception Held in Studios Over the Grand Central". The New York Times. October 2, 1924. Retrieved July 30, 2011.
"Galleries to End 36 Years in Depot; Grand Central Art Group to Move to Biltmore Hotel in March -- Fete Held". The New York Times. October 31, 1958. Retrieved January 14, 2019.
They remained at the Biltmore for 23 years until 1981, and then moved to 24 West 57th Street, and ceased operations by 1994."A Finding Aid to the Grand Central Art Galleries records, 1931-1968, bulk circa 1952-circa 1965". Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. November 14, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Langmead 2009, p. 177
"PAN AM BUILDING DEDICATED IN N.Y.; 100 Million Structure, 59 Stories Tall, City's Biggest Other Speakers at Event". The New York Times. March 8, 1963. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Fowler, Glenn (February 24, 1968). "BREUER TO DESIGN TERMINAL TOWER; Engaged by Briton for a 2d Project Over Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Shipler, David K. (August 27, 1969). "Landmarks Panel Bars Office Tower Over Grand Central; Landmarks Panel Bars Tower on Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104 (1978)
Penn Central Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 135 (U.S. 1978).
"Metro-North Railroad Committee Meeting November 2018" (PDF). Metropolitan Transportation Authority. November 13, 2018. pp. 73–74. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
Reuters (December 13, 1994). "Company News; Insurance Unit to Buy Its Parent in Stock Merger". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
Masello, Robert. "The Trump Card". Town & Country. Town & Country.
""Grand Central Station" August 11, 1976, by Carolyn Pitts" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination. National Park Service. August 11, 1976.
"Grand Central Station—Accompanying 11 photos, exterior and interior, from 1983 and undated" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places Inventory. National Park Service. 1983.
"Skyjackings: Bombs for Croatia". Time. September 20, 1976. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
Katz, Samuel M. (2002). Relentless Pursuit: The DSS and the Manhunt for the Al-Qaeda Terrorists. New York: Forge/Tom Doherty Associates. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7653-0402-5.
Barron, James (April 8, 1991). "Riding the Past From Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
"6 Amtrak trains to use Grand Central Terminal this summer". lohud.com. June 12, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Rulison, Larry; Anderson, and Eric (April 10, 2018). "Repairs will shift Amtrak's Rensselaer trains to Grand Central Terminal". Times Union. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
Levine, Richard (January 11, 1988). "Plan Urges New Look At Terminal". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
Dunlap, David W. (January 29, 1995). "Grand Central Makeover Is Readied". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 11, 2018.
Dunlap, David W. (September 29, 1994). "Grand Central May Be Getting East Staircase". The New York Times. Retrieved December 9, 2018.
Sachs, Susan (October 2, 1998). "From Gritty Depot, A Glittery Destination; Refurbished Grand Central Terminal, Worthy of Its Name, Is Reopened". The New York Times. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
Klein, Melissa (October 2, 1998). "Fanfare marks the rededication of Grand Central Terminal". The Journal News. White Plains, NY. p. 1. Retrieved December 6, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
"Grand Central Centennial Continues in 2013". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. February 3, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
"Grand Central turns 100". RT&S. February 1, 2013. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
Chaban, Matt A. (October 16, 2016). "Future Neighbor Will Tower Over Grand Central, but Allow It to Shine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
Warerkar, Tanay (October 18, 2016). "One Vanderbilt reveals public plaza, huge transit hall in new renderings". Curbed NY. Retrieved October 19, 2016.
"MTA mulling big repairs to Grand Central train shed". Crain's New York Business. December 5, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Barbanel, Josh (February 7, 2019). "New York's Grand Hyatt Hotel to Be Torn Down". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
Plitt, Amy (February 7, 2019). "Midtown's Grand Hyatt Hotel to be replaced by huge mixed-use tower". Curbed NY. Retrieved February 9, 2019.
Dobnik, Verena (November 4, 2015). "Massive East Side Access Project Rolling On Under Grand Central". nbcnewyork.com. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Ocean, Justin (November 4, 2015). "Inside the Massive New Rail Tunnels Beneath NYC's Grand Central". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
Weiss, Lois (July 6, 2007). "Air Rights Make Deals Fly". New York Post. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
"Midtown TDR Ventures LLC-Acquisition Exemption-American Premier Underwriters, Inc., The Owasco River Railway, Inc., and American Financial Group, Inc". Surface Transportation Board, U.S. Department of Transportation. December 7, 2006. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
"MTA to Purchase Grand Central Terminal, Harlem Line and Hudson Line for $35 Million". MTA. November 13, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
Berger, Paul (November 13, 2018). "After Years of Renting, MTA to Buy Grand Central Terminal". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
"MTA to buy Grand Central, Harlem and Hudson lines for $35M, opening development options". lohud.com. November 13, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
"New York's Grand Central Terminal sold for US$35m". Business Times. November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
"FIRST GREAT STAIRLESS RAILWAY TERMINAL IN HISTORY; Unique Architectural Feature by Which Passengers Reach Trains by Easy Grades". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
"New Grand Central Terminal Opens its Doors". The New York Times. February 2, 1913. pp. 69–74. Retrieved December 18, 2018.
Garber, Megan (February 1, 2013). "The Clocks at Grand Central Station Are Permanently Wrong". The Atlantic.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 131–132
"FIFTY YEARS HE WATCHED GROWTH OF GRAND CENTRAL; George Schuman, Now Retiring, Began Work at the Terminal When It Was Called". The New York Times. May 1, 1924. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
"'GREEN CAPS' TO HELP FORGETFUL TRAVELERS; New Functionaries at Grand Central to Perform Offices of aPrivate Secretary". The New York Times. June 25, 1922. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
"DAY IN A GREEN CAP'S LIFE IS FILLED WITH ODD JOBS". The New York Times. August 19, 1923. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
"New Grand Central Green Caps Banish All Trouble for a Dime" (PDF). New York Tribune. July 2, 1922. p. 4. Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via Fultonhistory.com.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 44
Schlichting 2001, p. 80
Schlichting 2001, pp. 81–82
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 106–107
"WANTS 'PERSHING SQUARE.'; J.M. Bowman Proposes Name for Grand Central Terminal Zone". The New York Times. July 22, 1918. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
"CENTRAL NOW PLANS A WONDERFUL PLAZA; More Millions to be Spent in Beautifying the New Grand Central Terminal". The New York Times. 1910-03-04. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
Schlichting 2001, p. 176
Schlichting 2001, p. 161
Schlichting 2001, pp. 162–163
"Values Higher in All Directions Around Proposed Railroad Stations". The New York Times. March 25, 1906. p. 23. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
Fitch & Waite 1974, p. 6
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 111
"New Grand Central Palace to Be Ready in May". Washington Post. Washington, DC. February 12, 1913. p. 39. Retrieved December 22, 2018 – via newspapers.com. open access publication – free to read
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 108–109
"The Graybar Building" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. November 22, 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
"Park Avenue, Interrupted". The New York Times. December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, pp. 113
Schlichting 2001, pp. 180–181
Goldberger, Paul (June 3, 1990). "ARCHITECTURE VIEW; GRAND CENTRAL BASKS IN A BURST OF MORNING LIGHT". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
"Answering Questions About New York". The New York Times. April 27, 2014. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
Kugel, Seth (November 16, 2008). "Sheltering Under Grand Central's Ceiling of Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
Shepard, Richard F. (March 29, 1991). "New Lighting for Grand Central Elegance". The New York Times. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
Hevesi, Dennis (August 4, 1988). "7 Rail Officers Suspended For Joke Tape". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Hevesi, Dennis (August 7, 1988). "Police Tape Gets National Attention". The New York Times. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Cavanagh, S.L. (2010). "grand+central"#v=snippet&q="grand%20central"&f=false Queering Bathrooms: Gender, Sexuality, and the Hygienic Imagination. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. ISBN 978-1-4426-9997-7. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
Associated Press (March 25, 2015). "Transgendered NYC Woman Arrested for Using Women's Restroom". Fox News. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
"Conductors union calls for firing, arrest of MTA cops, citing police brutality". lohud.com. August 18, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
"Metro-North's Grand Central Terminal Fire Brigade Celebrates 20th Anniversary". Metropolitan Transportation Authority. May 14, 2007. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
Kadden, Jack (February 5, 2006). "At Grand Central, Your Life Is in Their Hands". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
Goldberg, Max (December 15, 2015). "Behind the Scenes With New York's Grand Central Fire Brigade". The Drive. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
Schlichting 2001, p. 124
Roberts 2013, p. 89; Bilotto & DiLorenzo 2017, p. 2
Robins & New York Transit Museum 2013, p. 6
Gray, Christopher (March 19, 2006). "The Curious Travels of the Commodore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
Ortiz, Brennan (February 24, 2014). "Where Are the Cast-Iron Eagles of the Original Grand Central Terminal?". Untapped Cities. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
See, for example:
Yarrow, Andrew L. (October 9, 1987). "Adventurous Performers In Unexpected Places". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
Miller, Andrea (September 1, 2013). "Steel, Roses & Slave Ships". Lion's Roar. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
Yablonsky, Linda (June 27, 2004). "ART; The Carpet That Ate Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
"Watch Out for the Horses on Your Way to the Train". The New York Times. March 24, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
"MTA | news | MTA Arts for Transit Unveils New Papercut Exhibition at Grand Central". Mta.info. September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
Opie, Catherine. "Xin Song's Paper Architecture at Grand Central Station". Installationmag.com. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
Song, Xin. "Thomas Witte is Cutting Shadows in Grand Central Station". Installationmag.com. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
Trebay, Guy (February 14, 2011). "Moncler Grenoble Show Takes Over Grand Central". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2018.
"Grand Central Terminal's Ten Greatest Moments on Film". The Bowery Boys: New York City History. February 21, 2018. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
"Industry Star of the Month". Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre & Broadcasting. October 1, 2005. Retrieved February 14, 2019.
Dunlap, David W. (July 5, 2017). "In a 'Summer of Hell,' Grand Central May Be a Bit of Heaven". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
Chaudhury, Nadia (January 27, 2013). "12 things you didn't know about Grand Central Terminal". Time Out New York. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Langmead 2009, pp. 165–166
Winogura, Dale (1972). "Dialogues on Apes, Apes, and More Apes" (PDF). Cinefantastique: Planet of the Apes Issue: 37. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
Rosen, Neil. "The Grand Central Terminal in the Movies". NY1. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Weaver, Shaye (October 11, 2017). "Grand Central Terminal transforming into cinema for one day only". AM New York. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
"Exploring Grand Central's Secrets, With the Author of Hugo Cabret - New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. January 6, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
General references
Belle, John; Leighton, Maxinne Rhea (2000). Grand Central: Gateway to a Million Lives. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-04765-3.
Bilotto, Gregory; DiLorenzo, Frank (2017). Building Grand Central Terminal. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4396-6051-5.
Fitch, James Marston; Waite, Diana S. (1974). Grand Central Terminal and Rockefeller Center: A Historic-critical Estimate of Their Significance. Albany, New York: The Division.
"Grand Central Terminal" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 2, 1967.
"Grand Central Terminal Interior" (PDF). Landmarks Preservation Commission. September 23, 1980.
Langmead, Donald (2009). Icons of American Architecture: From the Alamo to the World Trade Center. Greenwood Icons. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34207-3.
Roberts, Sam (January 22, 2013). Grand Central: How a Train Station Transformed America. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4555-2595-9.
Robins, A.W.; New York Transit Museum (2013). Grand Central Terminal: 100 Years of a New York Landmark. ABRAMS. ISBN 978-1-61312-387-4. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
Schlichting, Kurt C. (2001). Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Architecture and Engineering in New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-6510-7.
Further reading
Federal Writers' Project (1939). New York City: Vol 1, New York City Guide. US History Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60354-055-1.
Fried, Frederick; Gillon, Edmund Vincent Jr. (1976). New York Civic Sculpture: A Pictorial Guide. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-23258-4.
Middleton, William D. (1999). Grand Central, the World's Greatest Railway Terminal. San Marino: Golden West Books. OCLC 49014602.
O'Hara, Frank; Allen, Donald (1995). The Collected Poems of Frank O'Hara. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-520-20166-8.
Reed, Henry Hope; Gillon, Edmund Vincent Jr. (1988). Beaux-Arts Architecture in New York: A Photographic Guide. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-25698-6.
Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 978-0-8478-0511-2.
External links
External video
"Every Detail of Grand Central Terminal Explained" on YouTube, Architectural Digest, 2018
"Train Station Tour: Grand Central Terminal" on YouTube, The Transport Net, 2016
"Grand Central Terminal LED Stars" on YouTube, Metropolitan Transportation Authority, 2010
Media related to Grand Central Terminal at Wikimedia Commons
Official website Edit this at Wikidata
Station listing
vte
Grand Central Terminal
Links to related articles
Authority control Edit this at Wikidata
GND: 4440613-7 VIAF: 229136055 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 229136055
Coordinates: 40°45'10.127?N 73°58'37.974?W

Categories: Grand Central Terminal1871 establishments in New York (state)42nd Street (Manhattan)Beaux-Arts architecture in New York CityFormer Amtrak stations in New York (state)Metro-North Railroad stations in New York CityMidtown ManhattanNational Historic Landmarks in ManhattanPark AvenueProposed Long Island Rail Road stationsRailroad-related National Historic LandmarksRailroad terminals in New York CityRailway and subway stations on the National Register of Historic Places in ManhattanRailway stations in ManhattanRailway stations located underground in New York (state)Railway stations opened in 1871Railway stations in the United States opened in 1913Reed and Stem buildingsFormer New York Central Railroad stationsStations along New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad linesTourist attractions in ManhattanUnion stations in the United StatesWarren and Wetmore buildings
Navigation menu
Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView historySearch

Search Wikipedia
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons

Languages
?
Español
Français
Bahasa Indonesia
Português
?
Suomi
Svenska
??
30 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 14 February 2019, at 17:02 (UTC).
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersCookie statementMobile viewWikimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki